La Préservation D'une Gare Historique Et La Perspective De L'usager

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La Préservation D'une Gare Historique Et La Perspective De L'usager Université de Montréal La préservation d’une gare historique et la perspective de l’usager par Joumana Chemaly Faculté de l‘Aménagement Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l‘obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès sciences appliquées en aménagement option Design et Complexité Août 2016 © Joumana Chemaly, 2016 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : La préservation d’une gare historique et la perspective de l’usager Présenté par : Joumana Chemaly a été évalué par un jury composé de : Tiiu Poldma, Ph.D. Directrice de recherche Jean Therrien Président – rapporteur Christina Cameron, Ph.D. Membre du jury Résumé Les théories contemporaines en conservation, en urbanisme, en architecture se rallient toutes pour intégrer la participation citoyenne dans leurs processus, dans la perspective d‘un développement durable. Plusieurs enjeux entrent en ligne de compte et influencent les décisions prises en ce qui concerne le destin de gares de train abandonnées. Cette étude tente d‘éclairer l‘impact de certains de ces enjeux dont : le ou les nouveaux usages qui seront octroyés à la gare dans sa nouvelle «vie », l‘architecture de la gare elle-même et la façon dont elle sera traitée ou modifiée, l‘espace de la gare ainsi que sa transformation et finalement l‘appropriation de cet espace par le citoyen. L‘approche qualitative est l‘approche méthodologique choisie. La recherche combine la méthodologie d‘analyse de contenu et l‘étude de cas. Le cas de la gare de Westmount est examiné en comparaison avec le cas de la gare d‘Orsay transformée en Musée d‘Orsay. Le point de vue de l‘usager est exploré afin de comprendre comment il vit l‘espace de la gare dans le cas où l‘architecture de la gare resterait intacte et un nouvel usage lui est octroyé, et dans le cas où l‘architecture intérieure ou extérieure serait modifiée en y ajoutant des structures contemporaines pour accommoder un ou plusieurs nouveaux usages. La comparaison entre les résultats obtenus pour le Musée d‘Orsay et pour la gare de Westmount a permis de mieux comprendre le contexte et ses variables politiques / économiques, patrimoniales / de développement durable et sociales /spatiales. Un mélange entre architecture historique et architecture contemporaine favoriserait la préservation des parties historiques en remettant le bâtiment ainsi que ses installations à niveau et en prolongeant leur utilisation, cependant, tout cela ne se concrétisera pas sans la réalisation de certaines conditions, notamment l‘appui politico-économique de la part de la ville, une architecture contemporaine qui soit épurée et simple ou une architecture qui imite l‘architecture existante, les opinions sont partagées, et finalement l‘appropriation de l‘espace par les usagers, chose qui semble dépendre de l‘architecture finale et de son harmonisation avec l‘architecture existante; les usagers semblent s‘approprier davantage l‘espace de la gare avec ou sans nouvelle structure surtout s‘il y a participation de leur part au processus de sa réhabilitation. Donner une voix aux usagers et à leurs suggestions est chose importante : ils «habiteraient» mieux l‘espace s‘ils participaient au projet. Également, prendre en considération les recommandations en matière de conservation, puisqu‘un vent de changement pourrait s‘y opérer, plus précisément en matière de mélange entre architecture historique et architecture contemporaine. i Mots Clés Préservation, réutilisation, architecture historique, architecture contemporaine, mélange, usagers, espace, appropriation, nouvelles ressources, utilisation limitée. ii Abstract Contemporary theories of conservation, urban planning and architecture all work together to integrate citizen participation into their processes, with a view to sustainable development. Several issues influence decisions regarding the fate of abandoned train stations. This study attempts to clarify the impact of some of these issues such as what are the new uses that give the station its new "life", what is the architecture of the station itself and how it will be treated or modified, the space of the station and its transformation and ultimately the appropriation of this space by the citizens. The methodological approach that is chosen is qualitative and combines content analysis and case study methodologies. The case study chosen is of Westmount station in Westmount, Quebec, Canada, it is examined in comparison with the case of Orsay station transformed into the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France. The views of users are explored to comprehend how they understand the space of the station, how they might react in case its architecture remains intact and a new use is granted to it, and in case the interior and/or exterior architecture is modified by adding contemporary structures to accommodate one or more new uses. Comparing the results of the Musée d'Orsay and Westmount station helped to better understand the context and its political/economic, heritage/sustainability and social/spatial variables. While divided, many participants expressed various and rich opinions. These included having a mix of historic architecture and contemporary architecture to favour the preservation of the historic sections by updating the building and its facilities and extending their use. However, this could not materialize without the fulfillment of certain conditions, including political/economic support from the city, a contemporary architecture that is uncluttered, simple or an architecture that mimics existing architecture, and finally the appropriation of space by users. This appropriation seems to depend on the final architecture and its harmonization with the existing architecture. Users seem to appropriate more the space of the station, with or without a new structure, especially if there is participation on their part in the process of rehabilitation. Giving a voice to users and their suggestions is important as they would "inhabit" better the space if they participate in the project. In addition, recommendations on conservation, especially that some changes could occur, more specifically in terms of the mix of historic architecture and contemporary architecture, are to be considered. iii Keywords Preservation, reuse, historic architecture, contemporary architecture, mix, users, space, appropriation, new resources, limited use iv Avant-propos L‘intérêt que l‘auteure porte pour les gares de train et pour le chemin de fer en général débute il y a presque vingt-cinq (25) ans, lors d‘un voyage de cinq (5) jours en train, à travers l‘Italie. C‘était un des plus beaux voyages entrepris par l‘auteure. Cet intérêt s‘est développé davantage après plusieurs années passées au sein d‘une compagnie de consultants en ingénierie ferroviaire (AECOM) au Québec, dans la gestion de projets de construction de ponts et de voies ferrées pour le Canadien Pacifique (CP). Durant cette période, l‘auteure fait partie, pour une courte durée, d‘un projet d‘agrandissement de gares ferroviaires au Québec ainsi qu‘en Ontario. Les ajouts sont des structures contemporaines additionnées à des gares anciennes, patrimoniales dans deux des cas travaillés. Ce mélange entre architecture contemporaine et architecture historique et patrimoniale pique la curiosité de l‘auteure et la pousse à entreprendre des études de maîtrise en aménagement et dont le sujet est la gare historique abandonnée et la manière idéale de la préserver. Une des raisons qui ont également poussé l‘auteure à effectuer ce travail de recherche est la réalisation du fait que beaucoup de gares ferroviaires historiques ont été démolies à travers le Canada. Cette recherche est entreprise dans l‘espoir d‘apporter une compréhension et un éclairage sur le contexte de ces gares abandonnées, sur la façon dont le citoyen voit les choses et afin d‘ouvrir l‘horizon sur de nouvelles recherches concernant ces gares, leur sauvegarde et la manière de faire participer les citoyens davantage dans ce processus. v Table des matières Résumé i Abstract iii Keywords iv Avant-propos v Table des matières vi Liste des tableaux x Liste des figures xi Liste des sigles xii CHAPITRE 1 - Gare, architecture, espace et ressources naturelles… 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Développement du projet et présentation des questions de recherche 2 1.2.1 Les questions de recherche 2 1.2.2 La mise en contexte – Les gares abandonnées 3 1.2.3 Le contexte de la recherche 4 1.2.3.1 Les théories de la conservation et les contextes historiques et culturels 4 1.2.3.2 L‘importance de l‘espace 10 1.2.3.3 Les lieux et comment nous les habitons 10 1.2.3.4 La notion de «place» 11 1.2.4 La problématique 12 1.2.5 Aperçu de deux cas : la gare de Westmount et la gare d‘Orsay 12 1.3 Les phases de l’étude et l’approche méthodologique 16 1.4 Objectifs de la recherche 17 1.4.1 Intérêt du sujet 17 1.4.2 Enjeux : valeurs et gains. 17 1.4.3 Objectifs de la recherche 18 1.5 Organisation des chapitres du mémoire 19 1.6 Conclusion 20 CHAPITRE 2 – Les gares et bâtiments abandonnés…que deviennent-ils? 21 2.1 Revue de la littérature 21 2.1.1 Aperçu historique : gares de trains et chemin de fer 21 2.1.2 Qu‘est-ce qui se fait de nos jours? Les transformations récentes des gares 22 2.1.2.1 Les gares de petite taille 23 2.1.2.1.1 Canada 23 2.1.2.1.2 Angleterre 27 vi 2.1.2.1.3 Suisse 29 2.1.2.2 Les gares et bâtiments de grande taille 30 2.1.2.2.1 Allemagne 30 2.1.2.2.2 États-Unis 33 2.1.2.2.3 Brésil 36 2.1.2.2.4 Agrandissements et propositions de gares historiques 37 2.1.2.2.5 Bâtiments
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