Ethan R. Sanders
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Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa
CAS PO 204: Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa Timothy Longman Summer 2013 M-R 10-12, plus field trips May 27-July 3 Email: [email protected] The islands of Zanzibar have been a crossroads of African, Persian, Arab, Indian, and European cultures for two millenniums, making them a unique setting in which to explore issues of religion, ethnicity, race, gender, class, and politics in East Africa. From about 1000 A.D., the first permanent settlers began to arrive from the African mainland, and they mixed with Arab, Persian, and Indian traders who had used Zanzibar as a port for centuries. Zanzibar was linked early into the Muslim world, with the first mosque in the southern hemisphere was built in there in 1107. Zanzibar’s two main islands of Unguja and Pemba ultimately developed a plantation economy, with slaves imported from the mainland growing cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and other spices. Zanzibar’s strategic and economic importance made it a coveted prize, as it was alternately controlled by the Portuguese, Omani, and British empires. Zanzibar became the launching site for H.M. Stanley and other explorers, the center for many missionary groups, and an important base for European colonial expansion into East Africa. This course explores the role of Zanzibar as a gateway between East Africa and the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe and the fascinating legacy of social diversity left by the many different cultures that have passed through the islands. We study the contrast between the historical development of mainland East Africa and the Swahili coastal communities that range from Mozambique to Somalia and the role of Zanzibar in the expansion of colonialism into East Africa. -
The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa. -
Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius
Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius This book is a product of CODESRIA Comparative Research Network with the Zanzibar Indian Ocean Research Institute (ZIORI) and the University of Mauritius. Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius A Comparative History Abdul Sheriff Vijayalakshmi Teelock Saada Omar Wahab Satyendra Peerthum Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa DAKAR © CODESRIA 2016 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop, Angle Canal IV BP 3304 Dakar, 18524, Senegal Website : www.codesria.org ISBN : 978-2-86978-680-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from CODESRIA. Typesetting: Alpha Ousmane Dia Cover Design: Ibrahima Fofana Distributed in Africa by CODESRIA Distributed elsewhere by African Books Collective, Oxford, UK Website: www.africanbookscollective.com The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is an independent organisation whose principal objectives are to facilitate research, promote research-based publishing and create multiple forums geared towards the exchange of views and information among African researchers. All these are aimed at reducing the fragmentation of research in the continent through the creation of thematic research networks that cut across linguistic and regional boundaries. CODESRIA publishes Africa Development, the longest standing Africa based social science journal; Afrika Zamani, a journal of history; the African Sociological Review; the African Journal of International Affairs; Africa Review of Books and the Journal of Higher Education in Africa. -
43 Cloves, Slaves, and British Imperialism: the Rise and Fall of Omani Plantation Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Zanzibar Nicole
Cloves, Slaves, and British Imperialism: The Rise and Fall of Omani Plantation Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Zanzibar Nicole Crisp In the early nineteenth century, a new slave system emerged which would be all but completely eliminated less than one hundred years later. Following the subversion of the Dutch monopoly of clove production in the Malay Archipelago in the 1820s, plantation slavery aimed at clove production erupted throughout Zanzibar, an Omani-controlled archipelago in East Africa. By the 1850s, exportation of cloves had increased to fifteen times the size of which it had been just thirty years earlier. 1 However, this success was not set to last. Cracks emerged in this system by mid-century as the result of the confluence of factors like political instability, price fluctuations, and the availability of arable land. While efforts to produce cloves for export continued, Omani plantation owners had to further weather increasing European, particularly British, imperialism as well as natural disasters. In this essay, I analyze plantation slavery in Zanzibar from two different, yet related angles. First, I will examine how this slave system developed and collapsed in such a relatively short amount of time. In doing so, the seemingly unique case of nineteenth century Zanzibari slavery elicits comparisons and contrasts with a variety of other historical slave systems, especially that of elite domestic slaves in the late Ottoman Empire and plantation slavery in the antebellum Southern United States. In light of these comparisons, we can see how both economic and domestic slavery must be seen as two interconnected forms of slavery, particularly in the Zanzibari context. -
Oman & Zanzibar
guests Limited12 to just © SA 2.0 & OmanSeptember 26-October Zanzibar 14, 2020 (19 days | 12 guests) with anthropologist & architectural historian Trevor Marchand © Ron Van Oers Archaeology-focused tours for the curious to the connoisseur. Archaeological Institute of Al Mirani Fort America Lecturer & Host 3 MUSCAT NAKHL FORT Samail Hosn AL HAZM CASTLE Seeb Trevor Marchand is Manal Emeritus Professor of Wadi Bani Awf Rustaq Fort Social Anthropology at Birkat Al Mawz the School of Oriental BAT, AL-KHUTM, & AL-AYN Samad Al Shan and African Studies QALHAT Misfat Al Abriyeen Ibra Sur (SOAS, London) NIZWA and recipient of the BAHLA FORT 3 Royal Anthropological Castle of Jabrin Salout Fort Institute’s Rivers RAS AL 1 AL HAMRA JINZ Memorial Medal (2014). Al Mudhaireb 1 He studied architecture Wadi (McGill), received a Bani Khalid PhD in anthropology (SOAS), and qualified 1 WAHIBA as a fine woodworker at London’s Building SANDS Crafts College. Marchand has published extensively. His books include Architectural Heritage of Yemen (2017), Craftwork as Problem Solving (2016), The Masons of Djenné (2009, Taqah winner of three international prizes), and Minaret Empty Quarter Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen (2001). Ubar Marchand produces and directs documentary Sumhuram films on architecture and craftwork, and has Hanun Archaeological Park WADI DAWKAH curated exhibitions for the Brunei Gallery in SALALAH Mirbat London, Museum of Oriental Art in Turin, 4 Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Royal Institute Al-Baleed Archaeological Park Oman of British Architects, and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. He is an independent advisor on World Heritage for ICOMOS and an advisor on the international experts panel for the British Museum’s Endangered Material Knowledge Programme. -
Sources 601 SOURCES
sources 601 SOURCES a. List of Interlocutors and Locations of al-Farsy, Jabir Haidar Jabir (Stone Conversations Town) Gilsaa, Sören (London, Kopenhagen; Abd as-Salam Muhammad (Stone electronic) Town) Gräbner, Werner (Bayreuth) Abd al-Wahhab Alawi Abd al-Wahhab Haffner, Ulrike (Dar as-Salam) Jamal al-Lail (Chuini) Hamud, Mwalimu (Stone Town) Abd al-Wahid Mazrui (Stone Town) Hamza Zubeir Rijal (Stone Town) Abdilahi Nassir (Berlin; letters) Haroub, Bwana (Stone Town) Abdul Sheriff, M.H. (Bayreuth, Stone Harith Khelef Harith (Khamis) al-Ghay- Town) thi (Mufti, Kilimani, Zanzibar) Abele, Johan van de (Stone Town) Hashim, Abdalqadir (Bu Salim) (Zanzi- Adam Shafi Adam (Oslo) bar University, ZNA, Bergen; elec- Ahmedi, Bwana (Stone Town) tronic) Ahmed, Chanfi (Berlin; electronic) Hoffman, Valerie (Stone Town and elec- Ahmed Issa (Stone Town) tronic) Ali Hassan Umar (Stone Town) Hussein Ali Hussein (SUZA, Vuga, Ali Muhajir Makame (Stone Town) Stone Town) Ali, Mwalimu (Madrasa Research Cen- Idris, Mwalimu Muhammad Idris Mu - tre) hammad (Stone Town; Bayreuth, Ali Sultan Issa (Stone Town) Bergen; electronic) Alloo, Fatma (Stone Town) Ingrams, Bibi Layla (Stone Town) Ameir H. Ameir (College of Education, Ishaq, Mwalimu (Stone Town) Zanzibar) Ismail, Mwalimu (Stone Town) Amina Issa Ameir (Stone Town and Jafar Muhammad (Stone Town) electronic) Karimji, Mufaddal A. (Stone Town) Bakari, Muhammad (Bayreuth, Stone Karume, Amani Abeid (Sultan´s Palace, Town) Stone Town) al-Barwani, Sauda (Stone Town and Khamis, Abd al-Hamid Khamis (Chuo electronic) Cha Kiislamu, -
Workshop: Shifting the Meaning: Time, Space, Connectivity and Its Challenges in the Western Indian Ocean
Workshop: Shifting the Meaning: Time, Space, Connectivity and its Challenges in the Western Indian Ocean Centre for Modern Oriental Studies (CMOS), Berlin, 21.-23. May 2007 Monday, 21.5.2007 9.00: Welcome Address, Introductory Notes: Kai Kresse and Scott Reese Introduction of Participants 9.15-10.45 First Session: Movement Across the Ocean? Edward Simpson, Goldsmiths College, London: Changing Perspectives on Travel and Belonging in Western India Katrin Bromber, CMOS: The Indian Ocean without Limits? Discussant: David Parkin (Oxford University); Chair: Hassan Mwakimako, CMOS 10.45: Coffee Break 11.15-13.15 Second Session: Time and Space Revisited Gerard van de Bruinhorst, The African Studies Centre, Leiden: “Kwanini tusisali Iddi siku moja”: Umma and Nation-State Contested in Tanzanian Id al-Hajj Celebrations Kai Kresse, CMOS: Shifts of Meaning; the Dynamics of Self-Perception, Knowledge and Practice for Muslims in Coastal Kenya Anne Bang, University of Bergen: South of the Border, East of the Sun. Preliminary Notes on a Study of the Network of Islamic Teachers in the South-Western Indian Ocean Discussant: Roman Loimeier (CMOS); Chair: Scott Reese (North Arizona University, Flagstaff) 13.15-14.30: Lunch Break 14.30-16.30 Third Session: Islamic Institutions Elke Stockreiter, SOAS, London: Rethinking Gender and Islamic Law on the Swahili Coast: Muslim Judges and the Institution of Marriage in Colonial Zanzibar Scott Reese: Bureaucrats and Scholars: Re-Imagining Social and Religious Authority in Colonial Aden Kadara Swaleh, University of -
Freamon.Pdf © Do Not Cite Or Circulate Without the Author’S Permission
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at Yale University Slavery and the Slave Trades in the Indian Ocean and Arab Worlds: Global Connections and Disconnections November 7‐8, 2008 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Straight, No Chaser: Slavery, Abolition, and the Modern Muslim Mind Bernard K. Freamon∗, Seton Hall Law School Available online at http://www.yale.edu/glc/indian‐ocean/freamon.pdf © Do not cite or circulate without the author’s permission Introduction It might strike the reader as odd and perhaps somewhat irreverent that I should use an allusion to the drinking of alcohol in the title of a paper concerned with the modern Muslim mind.1 That is not my intention, for the title is actually drawn from the world of jazz. When the allusion is viewed in that sense, it has direct relevance to my topic. My title is borrowed from the famous jazz piece written and often performed by Thelonious Monk, the iconic jazz composer and pianist who brought great influence to the music, beginning in the early 1940’s and continuing until his death in 1982. Monk’s piece, simply entitled “Straight, No Chaser,” and ∗ Professor of Law and Director, Program for the Study of Law in the Middle East, Seton Hall Law School. I extend my deepest thanks to Rebecca Fink for providing excellent research assistance. Thanks also to Abed Awad and H. Kwasi Prempeh for their insightful suggestions and comments. 1 The drinking of alcohol for pleasure is forbidden to Muslims. For the uninitiated, “Straight, No Chaser” describes a fairly widely heard request of the typical alcohol‐drinking tavern customer who, in ordering a drink, tells the bartender that he desires a glass of gin or vodka or whiskey undiluted by a non‐alcoholic mixer (‘straight’) and without the customary glass of beer or water or soda that follows the downing of the straight alcohol, allegedly softening its impact (no ‘chaser’). -
Dodie Mcdow [Pdf]
2 FOUNDER/EDITOR Maha Yahya BOARD OF ADVISORS Philip Khoury, MIT, Chair Lila Abu Lughod, Columbia University Nezar al Sayyad, UC Berkeley Sibel Bozdogan, BAC Leila Fawaz, Tufts University Michael J. Fischer, MIT Timothy Mitchell, NYU A.R. Norton, Boston University http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ Roger Owen, Harvard University Ilan Pappe, Haifa University Elisabeth Picard, Aix en Provence William Quandt, UVA Nasser Rabbat, MIT Edward Said (1935 -2003) Ghassan Salame, Institut d'Etudes Politiques Ella Shohat, NYU Susan Slyomovics, MIT Lawrence Vale, MIT BOARD OF EDITORS Amer Bisat, Rubicon Nadia Abu el Haj, Barnard Jens Hanssen, University of Toronto Bernard Haykel, New York University Paul Kingston, University of Toronto Sherif Lotfi, Ernst & Young Joseph Massad, Columbia University James MacDougall, Princeton University Panayiota Pyla, U of Illinois Champagne Oren Yiftachel, Ben Gurion REVIEW EDITORS OTTOMAN HISTORY James Grehan, Portland State University ART AND CULTURE Kirstin Scheid, American University of Beirut CONTEMPORARY HISTORY/POLITICS Michael Gasper, Yale University ARCHITECTURE CULTURE Brian Mclaren University of Washington GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Rana Yahya WEBMASTER: Ziad Mansouri Vol. 5, Fall 2005, © 2005 The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies FRONTIER GEOGRAPHY AND BOUNDLESS HISTORY ISLAM AND ARABS IN EAST AFRICA A FUSION OF IDENTITIES, NETWORKS AND ENCOUNTERS GUEST EDITOR Amal N. Ghazal INTRODUCTION Amal N. Ghazal 6 CONSTRUCTING ISLAM AND SWAHILI IDENTITY: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THEORY Louise Rolingher 9 PERSONAL MEMORIES, REVOLUTIONARY STATES AND INDIAN OCEAN MIGRATIONS Mandana Limbert 21 BEING BAYSAR: (IN)FLEXIBLE IDENTITIES IN EAST AFRICA Thomas F. McDow 34 THE OTHER ‘ANDALUS’: THE OMANI ELITE IN ZANZIBAR AND THE MAKING OF AN IDENTITY, 1880s-1930s Amal N. -
From Stinkibar to Zanzibar’: Disease, Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Urban Zanzibar, 1870-1963
‘FROM STINKIBAR TO ZANZIBAR’: DISEASE, MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN COLONIAL URBAN ZANZIBAR, 1870-1963 AMINA AMEIR ISSALIBRARY - A Dissertation Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal CODESRIA May 2009 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation has not been submitted to any other university and that it is my entirely own work that I have given due acknowledgement of all sources. LIBRARY - ______________________ ________________ Amina Ameir Issa Professor Julie Parle ________________ ________________ CODESRIA ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my children Abdul-Aziz, Nusayba, Atifa and Mahmoud And to my late father Ameir Issa Haji (1939-1995) LIBRARY - CODESRIA iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix ILLUSTRATIONS xi ABBREVIATIONS xii CHRONOLOGY OF THE OMANI RULERS, ZANZIBAR xiii BRITISH ADMINISTRATORS, ZANZIBAR xiv GLOSSARY xv INTRODUCTION LIBRARY Disease, Medicine and Health, 1870-1963 - 1 Introduction 1 The Literature Review 9 Theoretical Framework 19 Sources and Structure 24 CHAPTER CODESRIA1 A History of Disease in Urban Zanzibar, c. 1860s – c. 1870s 31 The Entrepôt 31 “Stinky Town” 35 Endemic Diseases in Urban Zanzibar: Fever, Yaws and Elephantiasis 43 Epidemic Diseases: Smallpox, Cholera and Dengue fever 54 Disease, Death and Demography 64 Conclusion: Zanzibar Town in the mid-1800s, A Repository of Disease and Death 67 iv CHAPTER 2 The Arrival and Consolidation of Western Medicine in Urban Zanzibar, 1830-1889 68 -
The Mtepe 'Shungwaya'
The Mtepe ‘Shungwaya’ Sails Again By Professor Abdul Sheriff, Khamis A. Abdalla & Ame I. Mshenga Kilichoundwa kwa kamba A vessel sewn with coir ropes Na misumari ya miti And fixed with wooden pegs Hakipakii sambamba Is not loaded the same way Na Mkele hakipiti and does not go beyond Mukalla Ngololo angakiwamba It is infested with ngololo insects Hukila kivutivuti(1) Gradually eating it The mtepe was a uniquely Swahili double-ended vessel in which the planks were sewn with coir ropes instead of being nailed, like the one mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea in the 1st century. The last such vessel was built in the 1930s in the Lamu archipelago, its orig- inal homeland, and is now extinct. A life-size vessel was built in Zanzibar in 2003 as a centre- piece for an exhibition on the Dhow Culture of the Indian Ocean in the House of Wonders Museum. It was designed and built on the basis of intensive research by Abdul Sheriff using all the available sources, and an illustrated summary was prepared and translated into Kiswahili for the benefit of the prospective dhow builder.(2) With the help of Ahmed Shaikh Nabahany, a foremost expert on Swahili culture in Mombasa, a dhow builder, Fundi Mohammed Bwana of Kizingitini was located in Lamu. The construction of the mtepe was supervised by Khamis Abdalla and Ame Mshenga. The following is an account of how it was built, and the discrep- ancies that crept in between what we had gleaned from written sources and contemporary photographs and drawings, and the memory of the dhow builder about what he was told by his grandfather when he was a young boy. -
The Racial Politicization of Revolutionary Zanzibar
The Racialization of Politics in Revolutionary Zanzibar By MIDN 1/c Matthew Hettiger “Against all predictions at the time and against all odds the Revolution has been able to cultivate an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect among Zanzibaris of all races and creeds.” – Omar Mapuri1 “The situation was really bad. Karume was killing people, undermining everybody and the economy was in a mess… The country was ushered into a thirty-year rule of unprecedented brutality and loss of Zanzibari identity.” – Abdulrahman Babu2 Introduction On January 12, 1964, a group of African youth led a revolution on the island of Zanzibar, overthrowing the nation’s independent government that had been established only a month prior. The words of Omar Mapuri and Abdulrahman Babu represent the juxtaposing memories that the Zanzibari Revolution and the resulting revolutionary government have left in Zanzibari society. To some, the revolution, with the expulsion of evil Arab occupiers, represented a new future, ending centuries of African subservience. Yet to others, what resulted was not progress, but rather a step backwards into a world of stagnation and racialism. In many respects, the revolution is far from over, as evidenced by the bloodshed over recent elections and a re-emergence of the same racial rhetoric that sparked revolutionary violence over forty years ago. In this paper, I will examine the racialization of Zanzibari politics, not only before but, just as importantly, after January 1964, and its effect on the Zanzibari population. Much of the debate over the origins of the Zanzibari Revolution centers on authors who seek to describe it as either a racial/ethnic driven revolution or class-based 1 Omar Mapuri, The 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tema Publishers, 1996), 58.