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Plný Text Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Ústav botaniky a zoologie PŘEHLED DOSAVADNÍCH POZNATKŮ O AFRICKÝCH HLODAVCÍCH RODU AETHOMYS BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Monika Hloušková Brno 2011 Vedoucí BP: Doc. Mgr. et Mgr. Josef Bryja, Ph.D. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v bibliografii. Souhlasím s uložením této bakalářské práce v knihovně Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU v Brně, případně v jiné knihovně MU, s jejím veřejným půjčováním a využitím pro vědecké, vzdělávací nebo jiné veřejně prospěšné účely, a to za předpokladu, že převzaté informace budou řádně citovány a nebudou využívány komerčně. V Brně dne 14. 12. 2011 Podpis: ....................................... Ústav biologie obratlovců Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i. Poděkování: Ráda bych poděkovala vedoucímu své bakalářské práce Doc. Mgr. et Mgr. Josefu Bryjovi, Ph.D. za veškerou jeho snahu a pomoc, za čas, který mi věnoval, za odborné rady i připomínky k mé práci i za to, že ke mně byl vždy ochotný a vstřícný. Tato bakalářská práce byla vypracována na Ústavu biologie obratlovců AV ČR, v.v.i. a byla podpořena projektem GAČR č. P506/10/0983: Comparative phylogeography of Zambezian region in Southeastern Africa using small mammals as a model (2010-2014). ABSTRAKT Hlodavci jsou nejpočetnější, ale také nejméně probádanou skupinou savců, obzvláště v Africe. Rod Aethomys zahrnuje běžně se vyskytující hlodavce v afrických křovinatých savanách. Přesto je jeho taxonomie a systematika stále nejasná, protože zatím žádná studie nezahrnovala všechny známé druhy. V rámci rodu Aethomys je velmi mnoho fylogenetickcýh nejasností. Dříve rod zahrnoval jedenáct druhů, ale po několika morfometrických, karyologických a genetických analýzách byly dva druhy (A. namaquensis a A. granti) vyčleněny do samostatného rodu Micaelamys. Zbylých devět druhů (A. chrysophilus, A. ineptus, A. kaiseri, A. hindei, A. bocagei, A. nyikae, A. thomasi, A. silindensis a A. stannarius) zůstalo v rámci rodu zachováno, ale detailní informace o jejich rozšíření a vnitrodruhové variabilitě většinou chybí. Tato práce se zabývá literární rešerší celého rodu, sumarizuje doposud získané informace a vytyčuje další možné směry výzkumu tohoto významného rodu afrických hlodavců. ABSTRACT Rodents are the most numerous but also the least explored group of mammals, especially in Africa. Genus Aethomys harbours commonly occurring rodents in the African shrubs and savannas. Nevertheless, the taxonomy and systematics of the genus is still unclear, because no study has included all known taxa. Within genus Aethomys there are many phylogenetic uncertainties. Previously the genus included eleven species but after careful morphometric, karyological and genetic analyses two species (A. namaquensis and A. granti) were excluded and transferred to the separate genus Micaelamys. Remaining nine species (A. chrysophilus, A. ineptus, A. kaiseri, A. hindei, A. bocagei, A. nyikae, A. thomasi, A. silindensis and A. stannarius) are now recognized within the genus, but detailed information about their distribution and intraspecific variation is usually missing. This work is based on bibliographical research of the whole genus, summarizes previously obtained information and suggests the future directions in the research of this important genus of African rodents. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Důležitost hlodavců pro lidskou společnost ................................................................ 1 1.2. Aktuálnost dat o afrických hlodavcích ....................................................................... 1 1.3. Cíle práce................................................................................................................... 2 2. CHARAKTERISTIKA RODU AETHOMYS ..................................................................... 3 2.1. Aethomys chrysophilus (de Winton, 1897) ................................................................. 5 2.1.1. Rozšíření ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2. Ekologie a bionomie ............................................................................................... 6 2.1.3. Genetika a karyotyp................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Aethomys ineptus (Thomas & Wroughton, 1908) ....................................................... 9 2.2.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Ekologie a bionomie ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.3. Genetika a karyotyp.............................................................................................. 12 2.3. Aethomys kaiseri (Noack, 1887) ............................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 14 2.3.2. Ekologie a bionomie ............................................................................................. 14 2.3.3. Genetika a karyotyp.............................................................................................. 15 2.3.4. Poznámky ............................................................................................................ 15 2.4. Aethomys bocagei (Thomas, 1904) ........................................................................... 15 2.4.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 16 2.4.2. Ekologie a bionomie ............................................................................................. 17 2.4.3. Genetika a karyotyp.............................................................................................. 17 2.5. Aethomys hindei (Thomas, 1902) ............................................................................. 17 2.5.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 17 2.5.2. Ekologie a bionomie............................................................................................. 19 2.5.3. Genetika a karyoptyp............................................................................................ 19 2.6. Aethomys nyikae (Thomas, 1897) ............................................................................. 20 2.6.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 20 2.6.2. Ekologie a bionomie............................................................................................. 21 2.6.3. Genetika a karyotyp ............................................................................................. 21 2.7. Aethomys silindensis (Roberts, 1938) ....................................................................... 21 2.7.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 21 2.7.2. Ekologie a bionomie............................................................................................. 23 2.7.3. Genetika a karyotyp ............................................................................................. 23 2.8. Aethomys stannarius (Thomas, 1913) ...................................................................... 23 2.8.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 23 2.8.2. Ekologie a bionomie............................................................................................. 24 2.8.3. Genetika a karyotyp ............................................................................................. 25 2.9. Aethomys thomasi (de Winton, 1897) ....................................................................... 25 2.9.1. Rozšíření .............................................................................................................. 25 2.9.2. Ekologie a bionomie............................................................................................. 26 2.9.3. Genetika a karyotyp ................................................................................................ 26 3. FYLOGENETICKÉ VZTAHY MEZI ČLENY RODU AETHOMYS .............................. 27 3.1. Morfologie ............................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Karyologie ............................................................................................................... 29 3.3. Analýzy DNA .......................................................................................................... 31 4. Závěr .............................................................................................................................. 32 5. Literatura ........................................................................................................................ 33 1 1. ÚVOD 1.1. Důležitost hlodavců pro lidskou společnost Na světě je asi 5339 druhů savců (Reeder, Helgen & Wilson, 2007), řád hlodavci je největším řádem žijících savců zahrnující asi 2277 druhů, což je přibližně 42% světové biodiverzity savců. Z nich tvoří nejvýznamnější část čeleď Muridae,
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