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A Detailed Analysis of Air Pollution Effects on Environment and Control Techniques R A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES R. P. Pandey1 N. Gautam2 H. Chandra3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology, Bhopal, (M.P.), India 2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur, Sarguja University Ambikapur (C.G.)India Abstract This paper investigates the collection We know that, a living organism cannot live efficiency of different pollution control by itself. Organisms interact among devices used to remove particulate matters. themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as Gravitational settlers are found to be least plant, animals and human beings, as well as effective for separation of particulate the physical surrounding with whom we matters and fabric filters are most effective interact, form a part of our environment. All since it separates particles with sizes less these constituents of the environment are than 1 μm. Different classes of dependent upon each other. Thus, they environmental pollution are discussed. maintain a balance in nature. United Nations declared Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi the most polluted cities. 1.1 Classification of environmental Different steps taken by the government pollution- like effective use of renewable energy and Environmental pollution can be classified as replacement of CFC. Harmful effects are air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution considered like depletion of Ozone layer and noise pollution. Air pollution is the and Acid rain. Health impacts of air introduction into atmosphere of chemical, pollution results mainly due to carbon particulates or biological material that cause mono oxide, which combines with discomfort, disease or death of human , haemoglobin to reduce the amount of damage other living organism such as food oxygen which enters in human body. crops ,or damage the natural environment or Finally removal of particulate matters built environment. Water is said to be polluted from gas stream is analysed in this paper. when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that Keywords: Collection efficiency, cyclone adversely affects living organisms or makes separators, dust, particulates, pollution water unsuitable for use. Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by 1. Introduction the presence of anaerobic chemicals or other Presence of matter [gas, liquid, solid] alteration in the nature soil environment it is or energy [heat, noise, radiation] whose typically caused by industrial activity, nature, location, or quantity directly or agriculture chemicals or improper disposal of indirectly alter characteristics of processes of waste. The word noise may be from the Latin any part of the environment and causes [or has word nauseas, which means disgust or the potential to cause] damage to the discomfort the source of most outdoor or condition, health, safety, or welfare to noise worldwide is mainly construction and animals, humans, plants, or property. transportation system, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-2,ISSUE-1,2016 9 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME) direction to form an inner vortex spiralling 1.2 Reason of Pollution upward until it exits from the cone [3]. The ultimate cause of pollution is human action to nature. Industries for various human Table-1 Pollutants Concentration. heeds –directly and indirectly, Agriculture for food production and industrial needs, Health Pollutants Average Concentra care for health of human beings and animals, time tion 3 Transport for mobility of human beings, Sulpher Annual 60 µg\m Dowelling for settlement in city or villages, dioxide average Energy for various direct human needs and [So2] 24 hours industrial needs. All of them contribute to Oxide of A.A.24 60 µg\m3 pollution in one way or other and therefore nitrogen hours cause miseries. A vast array of industries can [No2] cause pollution chemical to popular Suspended A.A 24 140 µg\m3 perception that only a chemical industry can particulate hrs 200ug 1m3 cause pollution IN same industry pollution is matter out rightly visible. In others, it may be Carbon A.A 24 o.75µ g\m3 invisible, indirect. monoxide hrs Carbon A.A 24 2. µg\m3 1.3 Pollution Control Devices monoxide hrs 4.o µg\m Dust collection systems, scrubbers, 1.4 Present Pollution Status of Indian sewage treatment, industrial wastewater Metropolitan Cities treatment, vapour recovery systems are some of the pollution control devices The United Nations reported in 1994 that Electrostatic precipitator are operated Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi were among the at 12,000-30,000 volts applies across two most polluted [air pollution] cities in the spaced electrodes. At the applied voltage gas world. WHO (world health organization) also molecules ionize in between the electrodes. reported that out of the 7 cities in the world Suspended particulate contain in the moving with serious air pollution, 5 were located in air steam collide with the charged ions which Asia-Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi. Kolkata core, in turn get charged and move toward with an area of 104 sq. km. and a population oppositely charged electrodes [1]. At the of 4 million has a record of severe air electrodes the charged particles deposit and pollution during winter season. The cities are lose their charge. Both solid and liquid comparatively clean during rainy season (July aerosols can be collected in electrostatic to October) due to heavy rainfall and also precipitators. during summer (April to June) when high A cyclone is a vertical cylinder winds blow away the pollutants. Ambient air attached with an inverted cone at the bottom. quality monitoring in major Indian cities has It has no moving part. The particulate laden been conducted cities has been conducted gas is introduced through a tangential inlet since 1978 by National Environmental into the cylinder at high velocity which Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), imparts a whirling motion to the gas by Nagpur and central pollution Control Boards generating a centrifugal force. Centrifugal (CPCB) under National Ambient Air Quality force acting on particle in a spinning gas Monitoring (NAAQM) Programmes [4]. The steam is greater than the gravitational force. database has been generated since 1978 for The particle laden gas undergoes a spiralling the cities – Ahmadabad, Chennai, Delhi, motion directed toward the cone [2]. The Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Kochi, Kolkata, vortex enough centrifugal forced to throw the Mumbai and Nagpur. The urban particle radially toward the wall of cone. At environmental issues arise from failure to the bottom of the one the gas flow, reverse the provide the basic amenities to urban ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-2,ISSUE-1,2016 10 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME) population. Accumulation of huge solid 2NO+ O2 = 2NO2 wastes [1000 tonnes per day at Kolkata] 1.5.3 Hydrocarbons and enhance the water pollution hazards – this Photochemical Smog along with air pollution and noise pollution Natural sources, particularly trees, emit large pose severe health hazards for the urban quantities of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere population. Industries produce environment [8]. CH4 is the major naturally occurring hazards everywhere .they consume 37 % of hydrocarbons emitted into the atmosphere. It the world’s energy and emit 50% of the is produced in considerable quantities by world’s CO2 ,90% of SOx and almost all the bacteria in the anaerobic decomposition of chemicals now threatening O3 layer with organic matter in water, sediments and soil. It depletion. In developed country, energy is has been estimated that anthropogenic being used more efficiently and expected rate sources [human activities] contribute about of increase of energy consumption is only 1.3 15% of the hydrocarbons emitted to the % a year the energy needed to produce a atmosphere each year. An approximate break- single unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) up of global hydrocarbons is given as has declined by 29% since 1970 [5]. Natural Petroleum -55%, Coal-3.3%, Wood -2.2%, gas is being used as fuel in cars in several Incinerators and refuse burning- 28.3%, countries in reducing Italy where 3lakh cars Solvent evaporation -11.3% [9]. run on compressed natural gas (CNG). Major 1.5.4 Sulphur dioxide [SO2]– efforts have been made in developed It is colourless gas with a pungent odour.it is countries in reducing petrol consumption by produced from the combustion of any sulphur 50% of the amount used two decades ago. bearing material. SO2 is always accompanied Auto emissions have also been cleaned up. by a little SO3. The mixture is denoted by – Use of lead free petrol has curtailed lead S + O2 =SO2 emission lead emission by 87% during 1976- 2SO2 + O 2 = 2SO3 1978 [6]. Under normal humid condition of the atmosphere, SO3 invariably reacts with water 1.5 Pollutants Present in Atmosphere vapour to from droplets of H2SO4. Pollutants present in atmosphere are Carbon 1.5.5 Particulates Monoxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrocarbons Small solid particulates and liquid droplets and Photochemical Smog, Sulphur dioxide are collectively termed particulates. These are and Particulates [7]. present in the atmosphere in fairly large 1.5.1 Carbon Monoxides [CO] numbers and sometimes pose a serious air- It is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas. pollution problem. The most important It is 96.5% as heavy as air and is not soluble physical property is size. Particulates range in in water. The basic chemical reaction yielding size from a diameter of 0.0002 micron to a CO are diameter of 500 micron with lifetimes varying Incomplete combustion of fuel or from a few seconds to several months. carbon-containing compounds – 1.6 Pollution due to Thermal Power Plants 2C + O2 = 2CO Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas CO2 + C = 2CO turbine as well as boiler. The waste heat from CO2 = CO + O a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a 1.5.2 Nitrogen Oxides [NOx] combined cycle plant that improves overall Nox represents composites atmospheric efficiency.
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