The Spread and Evolution of RNA Viruses Among Honey Bees and the Wider Insect Community with Particular Emphasis on Deformed Wing Virus (DWV)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Spread and Evolution of RNA Viruses Among Honey Bees and the Wider Insect Community with Particular Emphasis on Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) The spread and evolution of RNA viruses among honey bees and the wider insect community with particular emphasis on Deformed wing virus (DWV). Laura Emily BRETTELL Ph.D. Thesis 2017 School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 5 General Introduction........................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1: A comparison of Deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. ..... 5 Chapter 2: Oldest Varroa tolerant honey bee population provides insight into the origins of the global decline of honey bees. ............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 4: Moku virus; a new Iflavirus found in wasps, honey bees and Varroa. ............................. 8 Chapter 5: Common apiary pests as a potential source of honey bee – associated viruses in a Hawaiian apiary environment. ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: A comparison of Deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. ... 10 Chapter 2: Oldest Varroa tolerant honey bee population provides insight into the origins of the global decline of honey bees. ........................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 5: Common apiary pests as a potential source of honey bee – associated viruses in a Hawaiian apiary environment. .......................................................................................................... 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 12 DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: A comparison of Deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. .. 13 Chapter 2: Oldest Varroa tolerant honey bee population provides insight into the origins of the global decline of honey bees. ........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3: Novel RNA virus genome discovered in Ghost ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum) from Hawaii. .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 4: Moku virus; a new Iflavirus found in wasps, honey bees and Varroa. ........................... 15 Chapter 5: Common apiary pests as potential reservoirs of honey bee – associated viruses in a Hawaiian apiary environment. .......................................................................................................... 15 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Appendix 1: Evidence of Varroa-mediated Deformed Wing virus spillover in Hawaii. ................ 16 Appendix 2: Superinfection exclusion and the long-term survival of honey bees in Varroa- infested colonies. .......................................................................................................................... 16 Appendix 3: Covert deformed wing virus infections have long-term deleterious effects on honeybee foraging and survival. ................................................................................................... 17 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 18 GENERAL ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 19 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 21 The honey bee .................................................................................................................................. 21 Honey bee colony losses ................................................................................................................... 21 Varroa destructor .............................................................................................................................. 24 Honey bee viruses ............................................................................................................................. 26 Deformed Wing Virus ........................................................................................................................ 28 Symptoms ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Transmission ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Varroa destructor as a vector ........................................................................................................... 31 History ............................................................................................................................................... 34 Structure ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Honey bee immune response to DWV transmission by Varroa ....................................................... 37 Resistance ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Honey bee viruses and cross species transmission .......................................................................... 40 Studying insect viruses ...................................................................................................................... 41 Aims .................................................................................................................................................. 43 References ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Chapter 1: A comparison of Deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. ....... 59 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 59 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................................... 62 Honeybee Samples ........................................................................................................................ 62 Effect of Viral Load on Wing Deformity ........................................................................................ 62 Next Generation Sequencing, Assembly and Data Normalisation ............................................... 64 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 65 Viral Quantification and Wing Deformity in Honey Bees ............................................................. 65 Next Generation Illumina Sequencing .......................................................................................... 68 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................... 72 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 74 References ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Supplementary Information ............................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 2: Oldest Varroa tolerant honey bee population provides insight into the origins of the global decline of honey bees. ............................................................................................................... 84 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 84 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 87 Mite & honey bee samples ........................................................................................................... 87 Detection of DWV ........................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula, with the Description of Two New Species
    European Journal of Taxonomy 246: 1–36 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.246 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2016 · Sharaf M.R. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:966C5DFD-72A9-4567-9DB7-E4C56974DDFA Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Trichomyrmex Mayr, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of two new species Mostafa R. SHARAF 1,*, Shehzad SALMAN 2, Hathal M. AL DHAFER 3, Shahid A. AKBAR 4, Mahmoud S. ABDEL-DAYEM 5 & Abdulrahman S. ALDAWOOD 6 1,2,3,5,6 Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, P. O. Box 2460, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 4 Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] 4 E-mail: [email protected] 5 E-mail: [email protected] 6 E-mail: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E2A42091-0680-4A5F-A28A-2AA4D2111BF3 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:394BE767-8957-4B61-B79F-0A2F54DF608B 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6117A7D3-26AF-478F-BFE7-1C4E1D3F3C68 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:5A0AC4C2-B427-43AD-840E-7BB4F2565A8B 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:AAAD30C4-3F8F-4257-80A3-95F78ED5FE4D 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:477070A0-365F-4374-A48D-1C62F6BC15D1 Abstract. The ant genus Trichomyrmex Mayr, 1865 is revised for the Arabian Peninsula based on the worker caste. Nine species are recognized and descriptions of two new species, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for and Against Deformed Wing Virus Spillover from Honey Bees to Bumble Bees: a Reverse Genetic Analysis Olesya N
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence for and against deformed wing virus spillover from honey bees to bumble bees: a reverse genetic analysis Olesya N. Gusachenko1*, Luke Woodford1, Katharin Balbirnie‑Cumming1, Eugene V. Ryabov2 & David J. Evans1* Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a persistent pathogen of European honey bees and the major contributor to overwintering colony losses. The prevalence of DWV in honey bees has led to signifcant concerns about spillover of the virus to other pollinating species. Bumble bees are both a major group of wild and commercially‑reared pollinators. Several studies have reported pathogen spillover of DWV from honey bees to bumble bees, but evidence of a sustained viral infection characterized by virus replication and accumulation has yet to be demonstrated. Here we investigate the infectivity and transmission of DWV in bumble bees using the buf-tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris as a model. We apply a reverse genetics approach combined with controlled laboratory conditions to detect and monitor DWV infection. A novel reverse genetics system for three representative DWV variants, including the two master variants of DWV—type A and B—was used. Our results directly confrm DWV replication in bumble bees but also demonstrate striking resistance to infection by certain transmission routes. Bumble bees may support DWV replication but it is not clear how infection could occur under natural environmental conditions. Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a widely established pathogen of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. In synergistic action with its vector—the parasitic mite Varroa destructor—it has had a devastating impact on the health of honey bee colonies globally1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera
    fmicb-11-00943 May 27, 2020 Time: 14:39 # 1 REVIEW published: 28 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00943 Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera Orlando Yañez1,2*, Niels Piot3, Anne Dalmon4, Joachim R. de Miranda5, Panuwan Chantawannakul6,7, Delphine Panziera8,9, Esmaeil Amiri10,11, Guy Smagghe3, Declan Schroeder12,13 and Nor Chejanovsky14* 1 Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland, 3 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 4 INRAE, Unité de Recherche Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France, 5 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 6 Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 7 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 8 General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany, 9 Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany, 10 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States, 11 Department Edited by: of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, 12 Department of Veterinary Akio Adachi, Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States,
    [Show full text]
  • Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera
    fmicb-11-00943 May 27, 2020 Time: 14:39 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS) REVIEW published: 28 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00943 Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera Orlando Yañez1,2*, Niels Piot3, Anne Dalmon4, Joachim R. de Miranda5, Panuwan Chantawannakul6,7, Delphine Panziera8,9, Esmaeil Amiri10,11, Guy Smagghe3, Declan Schroeder12,13 and Nor Chejanovsky14* 1 Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland, 3 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 4 INRAE, Unité de Recherche Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France, 5 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 6 Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 7 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 8 General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany, 9 Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany, 10 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States, 11 Department Edited by: of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, 12 Department
    [Show full text]
  • Sphecos: a Forum for Aculeate Wasp Researchers
    SPHECOS Number 12 - June 1986 , A Forum for Aculeate Wasp Researchers Arnold S. Menke, Editor , Terry Nuhn, E(lj_torial assistant Systematic Entcnology Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA c/o U. s. National Museum of Natural History \olashington OC 20560 (202) 382 1803 Editor's Ramblings Rolling right along, here is issue 12! Two issues of that wonderful rag called Sphecos for the price of one! This number contains a lot of material on collections, collecting techniques, and collecting reports. Recent literature, including another vespine suppliment by Robin Edwards, rounds off this issue. Again I owe a debt of thanks to Terry Nuhn for typing nearly all of this. Rebecca Friedman and Ludmila Kassianoff helped with some French and Russian translations, respectively. Research News John Wenzel (Snow Entomological Museum, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045) writes: "I am broadly interested in problems of chemical communication, mating behavior, sex ratio, population genetics and social behavior. I am currently working on a review of vespid nest architecture and hope that I can contribute something toward resolution of the relationships of the various genera of the tribe Polybiini. After visiting the MCZ, AMNH and the USNM I conclude that there are rather few specimens of nests in the major museums and I am very interested in hearing from anyone who has photos or reliable notes on nests that are anomolous in form, placement, or otherwise depart from expectations. I am especially interested in seeing some nests or fragments of the brood region of any Polybioides or Parapolybia. Tarlton Rayment Again RAYMENT'S DRAWINGS - ACT 3 by Roger A.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Taxon of the Family Heterogynidae Latreille (Hym., Aculeata) 299-303 ©Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, 299 7
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg Jahr/Year: 1965 Band/Volume: 3 Autor(en)/Author(s): Nagy Carol G. Artikel/Article: A New Taxon of the Family Heterogynidae Latreille (Hym., Aculeata) 299-303 ©Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, www.zobodat.at 299 7 Ent. Mitt. Zool. Staatsinst. Zool. Mus. Hamburg Nr. 64 (1969) A New Taxon of the Family HeterogynidaeL atreille (Hym., Aculeata) by Carol G. N agy 1) (with 6 figures) The genera included by L atreille in his 3-me Famille Hétérogy- nes-Heterogyna appear as a group of Hymenoptera with winged males and wingless females. According to L atreille 1825 (Familles na­ turelles du Règne Animal, p. 451) two tribes belonging in this family: Formicariae and Mutillariae. The latter are component by a Dorylus, Apterogyna, Mutilla, Psammotherma, Myrmosa, Scleroderma, Methoca and Myrmecodes. K lug 1840, used this familial name only for the second tribus. G erstaecker 1855, 1863 introduced here the Scolia and Sapyga. M ocsâry 1881 established the correct name as Heterogynidae, including here the Pristocerinae, Mutillinae, Scoliinae, Myzininae, Tiphiinae, Methocinae, Myrmosinae and Sapyginae. H andlirsch 1936 adopted this division, classifying here all major categories as subfamilies. Since M ocsâry not designated nominative genus as type of his family. From this standpoint we now select the new species described below to be type-species of genus Heterogyna. The species described below appear to be distinct from any of the families previously described in Aculeata. This type designation causes no alte­ ration in the use of generic names, but would cause a most unfortunate alteration between the familiar names Heterogynidae L atreille 1825 (Hymenoptera) and Heterogynidae K irby 1892 (Lepidoptera).
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Occurrence of Black-Orange-Black Color Pattern in Hymenoptera
    Journal of Insect Science, (2019) 19(2): 13; 1–12 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iez021 Research Widespread Occurrence of Black-Orange-Black Color Pattern in Hymenoptera R. Mora1,2,3 and P. E. Hanson2 1Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Ciudad de la Investigación Postal 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, SJ, Costa Rica, 2Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Apartado Postal 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, SJ, Costa Rica, and 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Phyllis Weintraub Received 19 October 2018; Editorial decision 3 February 2019 Abstract Certain color patterns in insects show convergent evolution reflecting potentially important biological functions, for example, aposematism and mimicry. This phenomenon has been most frequently documented in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, but has been less well investigated in Hymenoptera. It has long been recognized that many hymenopterans, especially scelionids (Platygastridae), show a recurring pattern of black head, orange/red mesosoma, and black metasoma (BOB coloration). However, the taxonomic distribution of this striking color pattern has never been documented across the entire order. The main objective of our research was to provide a preliminary tabulation of this color pattern in Hymenoptera, through examination of museum specimens and relevant literature. We included 11 variations of the typical BOB color pattern but did not include all possible variations. These color patterns were found in species belonging to 23 families of Hymenoptera, and was most frequently observed in scelionids, evaniids, and mutillids, but was relatively infrequent in Cynipoids, Diaprioids, Chalcidoids, and Apoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus Prevalence and Genetic Diversity Across a Wild Bumblebee Community
    fmicb-12-650747 April 16, 2021 Time: 19:12 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650747 Virus Prevalence and Genetic Diversity Across a Wild Bumblebee Community David J. Pascall1,2*, Matthew C. Tinsley3, Bethany L. Clark4,5, Darren J. Obbard6 and Lena Wilfert2,7* 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom, 3 Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom, 4 BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 5 Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom, 6 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 7 Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany Edited by: Akio Adachi, Viruses are key population regulators, but we have limited knowledge of the diversity Kansai Medical University, Japan and ecology of viruses. This is even the case in wild host populations that provide Reviewed by: ecosystem services, where small fitness effects may have major ecological impacts Scott McArt, Cornell University, United States in aggregate. One such group of hosts are the bumblebees, which have a major Michelle Flenniken, role in the pollination of food crops and have suffered population declines and Montana State University, range contractions in recent decades. In this study, we investigate the diversity of United States four recently discovered bumblebee viruses (Mayfield virus 1, Mayfield virus 2, River *Correspondence: David J. Pascall Liunaeg virus, and Loch Morlich virus), and two previously known viruses that infect [email protected] both wild bumblebees and managed honeybees (Acute bee paralysis virus and Slow Lena Wilfert [email protected] bee paralysis virus) from isolates in Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Species Richness in the Hymenoptera: Insights from a Family-Level Supertree BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:109
    Davis et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:109 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/109 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access TheResearch origins article of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree Robert B Davis*1,2, Sandra L Baldauf1,3 and Peter J Mayhew1 Abstract Background: The order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps, sawflies) contains about eight percent of all described species, but no analytical studies have addressed the origins of this richness at family-level or above. To investigate which major subtaxa experienced significant shifts in diversification, we assembled a family-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera using supertree methods. We used sister-group species-richness comparisons to infer the phylogenetic position of shifts in diversification. Results: The supertrees most supported by the underlying input trees are produced using matrix representation with compatibility (MRC) (from an all-in and a compartmentalised analysis). Whilst relationships at the tips of the tree tend to be well supported, those along the backbone of the tree (e.g. between Parasitica superfamilies) are generally not. Ten significant shifts in diversification (six positive and four negative) are found common to both MRC supertrees. The Apocrita (wasps, ants, bees) experienced a positive shift at their origin accounting for approximately 4,000 species. Within Apocrita other positive shifts include the Vespoidea (vespoid wasps/ants containing 24,000 spp.), Anthophila + Sphecidae (bees/thread-waisted wasps; 22,000 spp.), Bethylidae + Chrysididae (bethylid/cuckoo wasps; 5,200 spp.), Dryinidae (dryinid wasps; 1,100 spp.), and Proctotrupidae (proctotrupid wasps; 310 spp.). Four relatively species-poor families (Stenotritidae, Anaxyelidae, Blasticotomidae, Xyelidae) have undergone negative shifts.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of New Viruses Specific to the Honey Bee Mite Varroa Destructor
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/610170; this version posted April 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Identification of new viruses specific to the honey bee mite Varroa destructor Salvador Herrero*, Sandra Coll, Rosa M. González-Martínez, Stefano Parenti, Anabel Millán-Leiva, Joel González-Cabrera* ERI BIOTECMED. Department of Genetics. Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain. *Corresponding authors: Email: [email protected], tel: +34 96 354 3006 Email: [email protected], tel: +34 96 354 3122 Keywords: iflavirus, picornavirus, insobevirus, qPCR, +ssRNA virus 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/610170; this version posted April 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Large-scale colony losses among managed Western honey bees have become a serious threat to the beekeeping industry in the last decade. There are multiple factors contributing to these losses but the impact of Varroa destructor parasitism is by far the most important, along with the contribution of some pathogenic viruses vectored by the mite. So far, more than 20 viruses have been identified infecting the honey bee, most of them RNA viruses. They may be maintained either as covert infections or causing severe symptomatic infections, compromising the viability of the colony. In silico analysis of available transcriptomic data obtained from mites collected in the USA and Europe as well as additional investigation with new samples collected locally allowed the description of three novel RNA viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • H SURREY the Food and Environment Research Agency Proquest Number: U583701
    Epidemiology and Taxonomy of Honey Bee Viruses in England and Wales by Guido Cordoni Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey August 2011 © Guido Cordoni 2011 ^ UNIVERSITY OF H fifa h SURREY The Food and Environment Research Agency ProQuest Number: U583701 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest U583701 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This dissertation and the work to which it refers are the results of my own efforts. Any ideas, data, images or text resulting from the work of others (whether published or unpublished) are fully identified as such within the work and attributed to their originator in the text, bibliography or in footnotes. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other academic degree or professional qualification. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to a plagiarism detection service for originality checks. Contents Abstract 7 Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • (ABPV, BQCV, CBPV, DWV, LSV3 and SBV) in Healthy and Clinically Affected Honeybees with Taqman Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Assays
    viruses Article The Comparison of Honeybee Viral Loads for Six Honeybee Viruses (ABPV, BQCV, CBPV, DWV, LSV3 and SBV) in Healthy and Clinically Affected Honeybees with TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Assays Laura Šimenc 1,*, Tanja Knific 2 and Ivan Toplak 1 1 Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiˇceva60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiˇceva60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia; tanja.knifi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The viral loads of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV) were determined in samples with the use of quantitative TaqMan real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 108 samples of healthy adult honeybees from four differently located apiaries and samples of honeybees showing different clinical signs of viral infections from 89 apiaries were collected throughout Slovenia. The aim of this study was to discover correlations between viral loads and clinical signs in adult honeybees and Citation: Šimenc, L.; Knific, T.; confirm previously set threshold viral load levels between healthy and clinically affected honeybees. Toplak, I. The Comparison of Within this study, two new RT-qPCR assays for quantification of LSV3 and SBV were developed. Honeybee Viral Loads for Six Honeybee Viruses (ABPV, BQCV, Statistically significant differences in viral loads of positive samples were identified between healthy CBPV, DWV, LSV3 and SBV) in and clinically affected honeybees for ABPV, CBPV, DWV, and SBV, while for BQCV and LSV3, no Healthy and Clinically Affected statistical differences were observed between both groups.
    [Show full text]