Ina ĖMUŽIENĖ AMERIKOS LIETUVIŲ BENDRUOMENĖS AUDIO

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Ina ĖMUŽIENĖ AMERIKOS LIETUVIŲ BENDRUOMENĖS AUDIO VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS KLAIPĖDOS UNIVERSITETAS Ina ĖMUŽIENĖ AMERIKOS LIETUVIŲ BENDRUOMENĖS AUDIO-VIZUALINĖS ŽINIASKLAIDOS RAIDA 1944–1990 M. Mokslo daktaro disertacija Humanitariniai mokslai, istorija (05 H) Kaunas, 2018 UDK 316.774(73)(=172)(091) Em-61 Mokslo daktaro disertacija rengta 2013–2018 m. Vytauto Didžiojo universitete pagal Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo ir mokslo ministro 2017 m. liepos 17 d. įsakymo Nr. V-574 suteiktą doktorantūros teisę Vytauto Didžiojo universitetui su Klaipėdos universitetui. Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. habil. dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija, 05 H). ISBN 978-609-467-347-4 TURINYS ĮVADAS ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1. ELEKTRONINIŲ MEDIJŲ RAIDOS SĄLYGOS – NUO ATSIRADIMO IKI TYRINĖJIMŲ .......................................................................................................................... 31 JAV elektroninių medijų laukas: stočių veikimo principai ir valdžios santykis ........ 31 Medijų raida JAV: teisinė, socialinė reguliavimo erdvė ...................................... 31 JAV stočių veiklos principai ................................................................................ 38 Bendruomenė ir RT medijos strategija ...................................................................... 48 JAV Lietuvių Bendruomenės elektroninių medijų strategija ............................... 49 Radijo žurnalisto paieškos Lietuvių žurnalistų sąjunga gretose ........................... 53 VLIK‘o informacijos sklaida ................................................................................ 59 2. LIETUVIŠKO RADIJO IR TELEVIZIJOS LAUKAS JAV ............................................. 62 2.1. Lietuviškųjų elektroninių medijų žemėlapis – laikas ir erdvė ................................... 63 2.2. JAV lietuvių radijo ir TV steigimo tendencijos ......................................................... 70 2.3. Lietuvių diasporinės komunikacijos organizacinės formos ....................................... 76 3. SKIRTINGOS LIETUVIŲ ELEKTORNINIŲ MEDIJŲ KONCEPCIJOS ....................... 89 3.1. Pramoginė radijo kultūra: pramogos ir komercija ..................................................... 90 3.2. Religijos vaidmuo lietuvių audio – vizualinėse medijose ......................................... 96 3.3. Politika radijuje ........................................................................................................ 106 3.3.1. Komunistinė lietuvių išeivių radijo koncepcija .................................................. 106 3.3.2. Ideologiškai angažuotos radijo programos ......................................................... 120 3.4. Radijo programos: tarp socialinių ir kultūrinių vaidmenų ....................................... 130 3.5. Lietuviškų televizijos programų samprata ............................................................... 144 4. RADIJO IR TELEVIZIJOS PASAKOJIMAI – TURINIO PĖDSAKAIS ....................... 153 4.1. Komunikacijos kalba: lietuviškumo likimas ............................................................ 154 4.2. Rubrikų reikšmės ir vaidmenys ............................................................................... 158 4.3. Elektroninė žiniasklaida: informaciniai vaidmenys ir lūžiai ................................... 163 4.3.1. Informaciniai vaidmenys .................................................................................... 163 4.3.2. Radijo vaidmuo Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atstatymo laikotarpyje ................. 166 4.4. Tiesioginės transliacijos ir įrašai: tarp gyvo pokalbio ir muzikinio fono ................ 171 4.4.1. Gyvas eteris ir pasirodymai studijoje ................................................................. 171 4.4.2. Muzikiniai įrašai: nuo praeities į ateitį ............................................................... 177 4.5. Radijo teatras: nuo juokų iki literatūros skaitymo ................................................... 181 IŠVADOS .................................................................................................................................. 187 LITERATŪRA IR ŠALTINIAI ................................................................................................. 190 PRIEDAI .................................................................................................................................... 201 3 Priedai nr. 1. JAV LB radijo lauke siuntinėtų juostelių pavyzdys ...................................... 202 Priedas nr. 2. Lietuvių žurnalistų sąjungos rengiamos Bendruomenės – Spaudos – Radijo dienos užklausos radijo programų vedėjams ...................................................................... 204 Priedas nr. 3. Lithuanian TV society, nepelno siekiančios organizacijos perregistravimo dokumentas 1978 m. kovo 10 d ........................................................................................... 210 Priedas nr. 4. Lentelė su statistiniais duomenimis „Mažumoms priklausančios stotys“ .. 212 Priedas nr. 5. Naujų radijo laidų steigimas JAV 1940–1991 m. ........................................ 212 Priedas nr. 6. Transliuojančių programų skaičius pokytis, chronologiškai pagal regionus ............................................................................................................................... 213 Priedas nr. 7. S. Barcus radijo programos fotografijos minimos tekste ............................ 213 Priedas nr. 8. Radijo ir televizijos gyvenimo fragmentai .................................................... 216 Priedas nr. 9. Radijo programų plano pavyzdys ................................................................. 219 Priedas nr. 10. Lietuviškos elektroninės žiniasklaidos priemonės JAV 1940–1991 m. ..... 221 Priedas nr. 11. Atvejo analizė „Aušros“ radijas................................................................. 222 Priedas nr. 12. Lietuviškos radijo programos. Radijo ir tv programų aprašas. ................ 224 4 Darbe naudojami trumpiniai: Amerikos lietuvių balsas – ALB. Amerikos lietuvių kultūros archyvas – ALKA. Asmeninis I. Ėmužienės archyvas – AIĖA. Asmeninis P. Šlutienės archyvas – APŠA. Balzeko lietuvių kultūros muziejus – BLKM. Detroito lietuvių radijo klubas – DLR klubas. Federalinė komunikacijos komisija (anglų k. Federal communications commission) – FCC. Federalinė radijo komisija (anglų. k. – Federal radio commission) – FRC. JAV Lietuvių bendruomenė – JAV LB. Korporacija visuomeninėms transliacijoms remti (Corporation for public broadcasting) – CPB. Lietuviai televizijoje – LITH TV; LTV. Lietuviškų archyvų projektas, originalo k. Lithuanian archyve Project – LAP. Lietuvių Bendruomenė – LB. Lietuviu literatūros ir meno archyvas – LLMA. Lietuvių Žurnalistų sąjunga – LŽS. Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas – LCVA. Lietuvos ypatingasis archyvas – LYA. Lituanistikos tyrimu ir studijų centras, Pasaulio lietuvių archyvas – LTSC/PLA. Pasaulio Lietuvių Bendruomenė – PLB. Radijas ir televizija – RTV, R ir TV, R – TV. Šiaulių universiteto bibliotekos, rankraščių skyrius – ŠUB RS. VDU Bibliotekos rankraščių skyrius – VDU BR. VDU Lietuvių išeivijos institutas – VDU LII. 5 ĮVADAS Šiuolaikinę visuomenę veikia daugybė moderniųjų technologijų ir komunikacijos priemonių. Jos daro įtaką žmonių gyvenimams ir atspindi jų pasaulėvaizdžius. Pirmieji žodžiai radijo bangomis pasklido dar XIX a. Pirmieji vaizdai iš televizijos ekranų mus pasiekė XX a. pirmoje pusėje. Suvokti didžiulę šių technologijų reikšmę ir įtaką pasauliui nesunku. Šiuolaikinė diena nebeįsivaizduojama be kurios nors iš šių elektroninių komunikacijos priemonių. Parašyta daug knygų apie radijo ir televizijos istoriją, pradedant lietuviška Stasio Štikelio „Eterio šviesa“1, baigiant Keith C. Michael studija “Radio cultures – the sound medium in American life”, aprėpiančia visą JAV žiniasklaidos istoriją.2 Vis dėlto nei viename iš šių tyrimų į Amerikos lietuvių bendruomenės audio – vizualines žiniasklaidos priemones dėmesys nenukrypsta. Vidinė lietuvių išeivijos JAV radijo ir TV komunikacija istorikų darbuose minima tik prabėgomis. Lieka neatsakytas klausimas: kaip elektroninė žiniasklaida paveikė Lietuvos, mažos Europos šalies, išeivių bendruomenę Amerikoje? Tik iš pasakojimų ir pavienių tyrinėtojų pastangų žinomos kelios didžiosios išeivijos radijo ir TV programos, tačiau didžioji dalis likusi tik šaltiniuose ir žmonių sąmonėje. Lietuvių radijo ir televizijos istorija vis labiau atkreipia Lietuvos visuomenės ir istorikų dėmesį. Radijui Lietuvoje neseniai paminėjus 90-metį, o televizijai 60-metį, svarbi šios istorijos dalis - lietuvių išeivijoje kurtos lietuviškos radijo ir TV programos, vis dar lieka primirštos.3 Iš pradžių atlikusi daugiau pramoginę funkciją, o vėliau tapusi neatsiejama lietuvių kultūrinio ir socialinio gyvenimo JAV dalimi, į svetimą šalį nublokštai lietuvių bendruomenei audio – vizualinė komunikacija buvo gyvybiškai svarbi. Tyrinėtojai iki šiol žvelgė tik į okupuotą Lietuvą transliavusias programas, pamiršdami gausų beveik 60-ties radijo ir TV programų tinklą, veikusį Amerikoje. Šios tinklo programos buvo reikšminga lietuvių išeivijos gyvenimo dalis, palikusi stiprų pėdsaką lietuvių išeivių sąmonėje. Šios medijos veikė išeivijos pasaulėvaizdį, per jas buvo palaikomas bendruomeninis ryšys. Tokių medijų egzistavimas bylojo apie bendruomenės išsivystymą, jos gebėjimą komunikuoti tarpusavyje bei koordinuoti veiklas. Tyrinėtojams pažvelgus į audio
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