Solving the European Defence Market Puzzle
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The Future of European Naval Power and the High-End Challenge Jeremy Stöhs
Jeremy Stöhs ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Jeremy Stöhs is the Deputy Director of the Austrian Center for Intelligence, Propaganda and Security Studies (ACIPSS) and a Non-Resident Fellow at the Institute for Security Policy, HOW HIGH? Kiel University. His research focuses on U.S. and European defence policy, maritime strategy and security, as well as public THE FUTURE OF security and safety. EUROPEAN NAVAL POWER AND THE HIGH-END CHALLENGE ISBN 978875745035-4 DJØF PUBLISHING IN COOPERATION WITH 9 788757 450354 CENTRE FOR MILITARY STUDIES How High? The Future of European Naval Power and the High-End Challenge Jeremy Stöhs How High? The Future of European Naval Power and the High-End Challenge Djøf Publishing In cooperation with Centre for Military Studies 2021 Jeremy Stöhs How High? The Future of European Naval Power and the High-End Challenge © 2021 by Djøf Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior written permission of the Publisher. This publication is peer reviewed according to the standards set by the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Cover: Morten Lehmkuhl Print: Ecograf Printed in Denmark 2021 ISBN 978-87-574-5035-4 Djøf Publishing Gothersgade 137 1123 København K Telefon: 39 13 55 00 e-mail: [email protected] www. djoef-forlag.dk Editors’ preface The publications of this series present new research on defence and se- curity policy of relevance to Danish and international decision-makers. -
Clusters: the Drivers of European Defence
Clusters: the Drivers of European Defence Dick Zandee Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute in The Hague. Prior to his work at Clingendael Institute, he was Head of the Planning & Policy Unit of the European Defense Agency. He holds a Master degree in Modern History and he has a distinguished career with political-military functions at a national level in the Netherlands and internationally for NATO and the EU. Abstract Resumo The article examines three trends that have charac- Clusters: os Vetores Dinamizadores da Defesa terised the development of defence clusters: firstly, Europeia the defence budget cuts up till 2015 have been a driving factor for maintaining capabilities together O artigo examina o desenvolvimento destas modalidades with other countries. Secondly, more permanent de cooperação em três vertentes. Em primeiro à luz do formats have been created, aiming at more struc- impacto dos cortes orçamentais no quadro da defesa tural and longer-term cooperation. Thirdly, defence europeia até 2015. Em segundo, o desenvolvimento cooperation has been deepened, both in opera- recente de novos formatos mais permanentes, destinados tional terms but also in maintenance, logistics and a uma cooperação mais estruturante e de longa duração. for the acquisition of the same equipment. The new Em terceiro, no enquadramento dado pelo aprofunda- EU defence initiatives, such as Permanent Struc- mento da cooperação no domínio da defesa no plano ope- tured Cooperation could offer a framework for racional, mas também da manutenção, da logística e da defence clusters, but it is considered that European aquisição de equipamentos de defesa. Examina ainda a countries will be rather selective in using those forma como a Cooperação Estruturada Permanente pode instruments in the face of existing multinational oferecer uma oportunidade para o desenvolvimento de cooperation formats. -
Some Ideas F Some Ideas for European Defence Or European
Royal High Institute for Defence Centre for Security and Defence Studies Some Ideas fforor European Defence Cooperation from the Case Study of the BelgianBelgian----DutchDutch Navy Cooperation By Capt. Pieter-Jan Parrein FOCUS PAPER 252525 December 2010 Some ideas for European Defence Cooperation from the Case Study of the Belgian-Dutch Navy Cooperation Front cover : ABNL flag (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/F lag_ABNL.jpg ), EU flag (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg ) Abstract This paper examines the current issues concerning European defence cooperation and tries to give some ideas for more defence cooperation on a regional and European level by using the Belgian-Dutch navy cooperation as a benchmark. The main problem of Defence as a whole in Europe is the duplication problem. The features of the small but qualitatively deep Belgian-Dutch navy cooperation give an answer to the issue of combining national sovereignty and defence cooperation and make as such the lessening of duplication possible between the Belgian and Dutch navy. Keywords: EU, ABNL, Admiral Benelux, Belgium, the Netherlands, defence cooperation, Belgian-Dutch navy cooperation. 2 About the Author Captain (Land) Pieter-Jan Parrein is research fellow at the Center for Security and Defence Studies of the Royal High Institute for Defence ( www.mil.be/rdc ). This paper is based on a lecture he delivered for the Baltic Defence College on 7 October 2010 during the Workshop on Small State Security (7-8 October 2010). This paper is related to a field of study he is developing for his Institute around European defence cooperation. -
European Defence Cooperation
EUROPEAN DEFENCE COOPERATION The Advisory Council on International Affairs is an advisory body for the Dutch SOVEREIGNTY AND THE CAPACITY TO ACT government and parliament. In particular its reports address the policy of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Defence and the Minister for European Affairs and No. 78, January 2012 International Cooperation. The Council will function as un umbrella body with committees responsible for human rights, peace and security, development cooperation and European integration. While retaining expert knowledge in these areas, the aim of the Council is to integrate the provision of advice. Its staff are: Ms D.E. van Norren, T.D.J. Oostenbrink, J. Smallenbroek, A.D. Uilenreef and M.W.M. Waanders. ADVISORY COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ADVISORY COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS P.O.BOX 20061, 2500 EB THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS ADVIESRAAD INTERNATIONALE VRAAGSTUKKEN TELEPHONE +31(0)70 348 5108/60 60 FAX +31(0)70 348 6256 AIV [email protected] WWW.AIV-ADVICE.NL Members of the Advisory Council on International Affairs Chair F. Korthals Altes Vice-chair Professor W.J.M. van Genugten Members Professor J. Gupta Dr P.C. Plooij-van Gorsel Professor A. de Ruijter Ms M. Sie Dhian Ho Professor A. van Staden Lt. Gen. M.L.M. Urlings (ret.) Ms H.M. Verrijn Stuart Professor J.J.C. Voorhoeve Executive Secretary T.D.J. Oostenbrink P.O. Box 20061 2500 EB The Hague The Netherlands Telephone + 31 70 348 5108/6060 Fax + 31 70 348 6256 [email protected] www.aiv-advice.nl Combined European Defence Cooperation Committee Chair Professor A. -
Clusters: the Drivers of European Defence
Clusters: the Drivers of European Defence Dick Zandee Senior Resettrch Felloztt ¡l the Clingandncl lnslittttc irt Tlrc ITogtrc. Prior to his uork nt Clirrgcttdncl hstitute , he uas ITcnd of the Plnrming t? Itolicy Unit of the F,uro¡.tentt Defense Agency. I-lt holds n Mnster degrce in Modcrn Hislory nnd lrc lns n distitrguislæd cnnrr ¡uitlt politicøl-nrílitary lunctions nt a nntit¡nal leud ín th¿t Nethtrlnntls nnd internatiouallt¡ fn NATO and the EU. Abstract Resunrc Thc articlc cxamircs three trcnds that havc charac- Clusters: os Vetores Dinamizødores dø Defesa terised the development of defence ch"rsters: firstly, Europeiø the clefence budget cuts up till 2015 have been a driving factor for maintaining capabilities together O nrtigo examitn o desetruoluitnento destas nrcdalidndcs ¡,r,'ith other countries. Sccondly, more permanent dc cooperação ant frês aertentes. Em prinrciro à luz do formats have been created, aiming at more struc- irn¡tttcto dos cortes orçonrcntais tto qundro da defesn tural ancl longer-term cooperation. Thirdly, defence europcin nté 20'15. Eut scgtutdo, o dcsenattloinrcnto cooperiltion has been deepencd, both in opera- rccente de rtouos fornntos unis pernntrcntes, destinndos tional terms but aÌso in maintenance, logistics ancl n ufin cooperoÇão mnìs estruturante e de longn durnçã0. for the acquisition of the same equipment. The new Ê,m terceiro, no enquadrnntento dado ¡telo ayroJwtdn- EU defence initiatíves, such as Permanent Struc- manto dn coopunção no dotnínio da defesn no pkttro ope- tured Coope,ration could offer a framework for rncional, mns tnnùént dn manutenção, dn logísticn c dn defe¡rce clusters, but it is considered that European nryúsição de equipnnrcnlos de defesn. -
Solving the European Defence Market Puzzle
Solving the European Defence Market puzzle Solving the European Defence Market puzzle Foreword The European Defence Market – Pieces of the Puzzle | by Sebastian Vagt 4 contributions 1 What drives cooperation on the defence market? Explaining collaboration 7 and non-collaboration | by Michael Kluth 2 Choices and dilemmas for European defence acquisition: alone, together or 23 ‘off-the-shelf’? | by Dr Ben Jones 3 Franco-German industrial cooperation – An example for Europe? To what 45 extent can Franco-German military-industrial cooperation play a role in the achievement of the strategic autonomy of Europe? | by Eve Roehrig 4 Central-Eastern Europe: Still Buying American, For Europe’s Good 61 by András Radnóti 5 Furthering European defence cooperation – Member States-driven 69 operational cooperation as cornerstone for a more effective Union in security and defence | by Mark Feenstra 6 New fighter jets for Belgium – a tale about the pitfalls of procurement 77 by Laurens Bynens AFTErWorD Conclusion | by Sebastian Vagt 88 Author Biographies 89 Imprint 90 © 2018 European Liberal Forum asbl. Published by the European Liberal Forum asbl with the support of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. Co-funded by the European Parliament. Neither the European Parliament nor the European Liberal Forum asbl is responsible for the content of this publication, or for any use that may be made of it. The views expressed herein are those of the authors alone. These views do not necessarily reflect those of the European Parliament, the European Liberal Forum asbl, the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom or other ELF Member Organisations involved. The European Defence Market pieces of the puzzle Europe seeks to provide for its own security. -
The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus
The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus For security at and from the sea Acknowledgements This brochure is a publication by the Ministry of Defence of the Netherlands Royal Netherlands Navy, Communications Division. Interested in a job in the Navy? Recruitment and selection services centre. P.O. BOX 2630, 1000 CP Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.werkenbijdefensie.nl www.facebook.com/werkenbijdefensie For more information, please contact: Royal Netherlands Navy Communications Division P.O. Box 10000 1780 CA Den Helder, The Netherlands [email protected] November 2015 Photographs: Defence Media Centre No rights can be derived from this publication. All information printed is subject to change. The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus 1 2 Security at and from the sea The Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) represents peace and security at sea and from the sea. Every single day, all over the world, our fleet and marine units contribute to achieve this objective. Besides protecting national and allied territory, the Royal Netherlands Navy does much more in the interest of the Netherlands. Together with our international partners, we combat sources of instability across the globe, in countries such as Mali, Iraq and Afghanistan. In the waters around Somalia, the RNLN keeps the sea routes clear by fighting piracy. On top of that, the Marine Corps provides heavily armed military security teams to protect vulnerable merchant vessels. In the Caribbean, the fleet and marines tackle drug trafficking. Throughout the Netherlands, we are on 24 hour standby with the Marine Corps’ antiterrorism units, guard ships, port protection units, the Defence Diving Group and Marine Spearhead Task Unit, as well as various other units, to ensure the security of our country. -
A Qualitative Analysis of the Support for a Common
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPORT FOR A COMMON EUROPEAN DEFENCE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE STANCE OF BELGIAN ARMY SENIOR RANKS AND FLEMISH FRACTIONS IN THE BELGIAN CHAMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES TOWARDS A EUROPEAN ARMY Aantal woorden/ Word count: 27.058 Laure Vandersmissen Studentennummer/ Student number : 01403403 Promotor/ Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Herman Matthijs Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van: Master’s Dissertation submitted to obtain the degree of: Master of Science in de Bestuurskunde en het Publiek Management Academie jaar/ Academic year: 2017 – 2018 A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPORT FOR A COMMON EUROPEAN DEFENCE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE STANCE OF BELGIAN ARMY SENIOR RANKS AND FLEMISH FRACTIONS IN THE BELGIAN CHAMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES TOWARDS A EUROPEAN ARMY Aantal woorden/ Word count: 27.058 Laure Vandersmissen Studentennummer/ Student number : 01403403 Promotor/ Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Herman Matthijs Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van: Master’s Dissertation submitted to obtain the degree of: Master of Science in de Bestuurskunde en het Publiek Management Academie jaar/ Academic year: 2017 – 2018 Deze pagina is niet beschikbaar omdat ze persoonsgegevens bevat. Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, 2021. This page is not available because it contains personal information. Ghent Universit , Librar , 2021. DUTCH SUMMARY De voorliggende masterproef tot het behalen van de graad van Master of Science in de Bestuurskunde en het Publiek Management betreft een kwalitatieve analyse van de mate waarin de Belgische legertop en de Vlaamse fracties in de Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers voor- of tegenstander van een Europees leger zijn. Hiertoe werden in het totaal twaalf elite-interviews afgenomen. Meer bepaald werd voor elke fractie hetzij een vast lid, hetzij een plaatsvervangend lid van de Kamercommissie Landsverdediging geïnterviewd. -
Permanent Structured Cooperation: National Perspectives and State of Play
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY Permanent Structured Cooperation: national perspectives and state of play ABSTRACT One year after the British vote on Brexit, the Member States of the European Union seem to be on the verge of waking the ‘Sleeping Beauty’ of European defence: permanent structured cooperation (PESCO). Do they have the same understanding of its intended goals and of the ways forward or means of achieving them, or are they simply motivated by the desire not to end up on the edges of the sort of Eurogroup for defence that is being set up? What are the specific areas of agreement and disagreement between the groups taking shape in the European Council? Have any debates intentionally or unintentionally been glossed over and, if so, which ones? Lastly, what are the desirable scenarios for the months and years to come? Is there still time to change things or has the die been cast? The purpose of this study is to answer those questions. EP/EXPO/B/SEDE/FWC/2013-08/LOT6/16 EN July 2017 - PE 603.842 © European Union, 2017 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This document was requested by the European Parliament’s Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE). French-language manuscript was completed on 17 July 2017. Printed in Belgium. Authors: Frédéric MAURO, Lawyer at the bar of Paris and at the bar of Brussels, based in Brussels, Associate Researcher at the Group for Research and Information on Peace and Security (GRIP), France Federico SANTOPINTO, Analyst at GRIP, Belgium. Official Responsible: Jérôme LEGRAND. -
Defence Cooperation Models Lessons Learned and Usability
Defence cooperation models Lessons learned and usability Dick Zandee Clingendael Report Margriet Drent Rob Hendriks Defence cooperation models Lessons learned and usability Dick Zandee Margriet Drent Rob Hendriks Clingendael Report October 2016 October 2016 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. Cover photo: © Flickr.com / Aurin. About the authors Dick Zandee is Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute. His research focuses on security and defence issues, including policies, defence capability development, research and technology, armaments cooperation and defence industrial aspects. Margriet Drent is Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute and the coordinator of the security cluster within the research department. -
In the Interest of the Netherlands
In the interest of the Netherlands ! 1 A word from the Minister of Defence The strategic environment Military developments Cooperation in perspective Tasks, strategic functions and required capabilities The assessment framework Choices and consequences Investment in the future Finances ! 2 A word from the Minister of Defence The Netherlands has its own unique role to play in the world, having interests to protect as well as values to promote. We live in a time of great insecurity. Domestic and foreign sources of threats and risks, which may gravely affect our interests, are difficult to predict. Defence is not a luxury but a fundamental investment in our freedom, security and prosperity. We can rightly be proud of the continuing efforts of the Netherlands armed forces. Our military personnel contribute significantly to international security and stability, protect humanitarian and economic interests, strengthen our alliances and provide assistance in the area of national security. Our country, with its very open economy, benefits greatly from this. In the coalition agreement of October 2012, entitled ‘Building Bridges’, it was announced that a vision would be developed for the armed forces based on the available budget. The original plans for the replacement of the F-16 had proven to be unfeasible without an adjustment of the total budget. Moreover, there were a number of national measures and internal reorganisations which still had to be implemented. The reality is that, in the past two decades, the military has undergone massive cutbacks in both size and capabilities. Many measures have since led to more efficiency. There has been, for instance, an increase in international cooperation, and services and resources are being used jointly by the armed forces Services. -
De Evolutie En Toekomst Van De Belgisch-Nederlandse Marinesamenwerking: Spill-Over En Politieke Samenwerking
VEILIGHEID & STRATEGIE Nr 111 SÉCURITÉ & STRATÉGIE November 2011 De evolutie en toekomst van de Belgisch-Nederlandse marinesamenwerking: spill-over en politieke samenwerking. Kapitein Pieter-Jan Parrein Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voorHoger Koninklijk Instituut Defensie 1 2 ISSN : De evolutie en toekomst van de Belgisch Nederlandse marinesamenwerking: spill-over en politieke samenwerking Kapitein Pieter-Jan Parrein Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor Defensie Studiecentrum voor Veiligheid en Strategie Renaissancelaan 30 1000 Brussel 3 4 Executive Summary The Belgian-Dutch Navy cooperation is with 11.000 military personnel only a defence cooperation of limited size. Still, this cooperation could be of great importance for people who want to get a better understanding of European military cooperation since it was able to develop its own spillover dynamic that made an ever deeper cooperation possible. As the central capabilities of the binational cooperation, namely the mine hunters and multipurpose frigates, were brought into line, a cooperation developed for military instruction, material-logistic support and operational steering, training and working-up. The spillover dynamic also pushes towards defence-wide and cooperation on the political level of defence. Initiatives from the heads of the Belgian and Dutch Navy gave the cooperation a new impetus after the Cold War and currently the defence-wide spillover from the navy cooperation is complemented by top-down initiatives to obtain a defence-wide Benelux cooperation. In this study, we will also emphasize that a rapid evolution towards a cooperation on the political level is a necessity in support of the military capabilities of the Benelux countries and as such the position of the Benelux in international security.