THE AMBRKiAN ARCIIITECTCRAt' FOtJNDATlON

"That Exceptional One: Women in American Architecture, 1888-1988" is organized and circulated by the American Architectural j Foundation and the AIA Women in Architecture Committee. The exhibition will premiere on • May 15,1988, at die AIA National Convention | and Design Exposition in New York City before traveling nationwide during its three-year tour.

The American Institute of Architects, founded in 1857, is a voluntary not-for-profit member- i ship organization representing more than 54,000 architects and architectural profession- i als in nearly 300 state societies and local chapters stretching from Maine to Guam.

The mission of the American Architectural ] Foundation, the publicly oriented arm of the ( AIA, is to advance the quality of American j architecture by stimulating the public's aware- ness and understanding of architecture and its related arts.

"I cannot, in whole conscience, recommend architecture as a profession for girls. I know some women who have done well at it, but the obstacles are so great that it takes an exceptional girl to make a go of it. If she insisted on becoming an architect, I would try to dissuade her. If then, she was still determined, I would give her my blessing—she could be that exceptional one."

Pietro Belluschi, EilA,

1972AIA Gold Medalist, from the 1955New York Life Insurance Company brochure,

"Should You Be an Architect?"

Contents

5 A Message from the President of The American Institute of Architects

6 A Message from the Chair of the AIA Women in Architecture Committee

7 Preface

9 "That Exceptional One: Women in American Architecture, 1888-1988"

27 AIA Archive of Women in Architecture

41 Selected Bibliography

WHHW A Message from the President of The American Institute of Architects

The American Institute of Architects is priv- past decade alone, reflecting the priority placed ileged to sponsor this major national exhibi- by the AIA to breaking down once and for all tion on the history of women in architecture. barriers to equality and full participation "That Exceptional One: Women in American within the profession. Architecture, 1888-1988" serves not only as a The AIA is proud to sponsor this exhibition tribute to the contributions already made by in the hope that it will be not only educa- women to the designed environment, but as a tional, but inspirational, accelerating the visible, tangible expression of the commitment momentum of change and drawing more and of the AIA to expanding even further the role more talented young women to a career in of women within the architectural profession. architecture. But "That Exceptional One" is A particularly auspicious time for this exhi- not only a testament to a century of social bition, the year 1988 marks the 100th anni- progress; it is an acknowledgment of a cen- versary of the election of the first woman to tury of architetcural achievement, a celebra- membership in the AIA, American architec- tion of the enrichment of hundreds of cities ture's professional society. In 1888 Louise and towns through the creative talent and Bethune began the long, and sometimes ardu- professional skill of Americas women architects. ous, process of winning acceptance for women within a traditionally all-male profession. Her accomplishments foreshadowed those of thou- sands of dedicated women who followed her, and today still serve as an inspiration for those who seek even greater participation by women in architectural practice. Importantly, Ted P. Pappas, EAIA the number of women members of the Insti- President tute has increased over a thousandfold in the The American Institute of Architects

5

A Message from the Chair of the AIA Women in Architecture Committee

'That Exceptional One: Women in Ameri- In the 23 years since Belluschi penned can Architecture, 1888-1988" takes its name "Should You Be An Architect?" the profession from a 1955 article for young students written has changed dramatically. More women are by AIA Gold Medalist Pietro Belluschi, EAIA, enrolling in schools of architecture, more who wrote that he could not in "whole con- women are graduating and entering the archi- science recommend architecture as a profes- tectural workforce, and more women are suc- sion for girls." cessfully practicing architecture. This statement has very personal meaning Throughout the United States, women con- for me. In 1955, I was twelve years old and tribute to the profession in a variety of ways. had decided to become an architect. My par- They are intern-architects, firm principals and ents had the good grace not to mention that partners, educators, designers, production the field did not have many women, and even managers, computer specialists, business man- put me in touch with Louise Hall, AIA, for agers, and representatives for government agen- advice on what courses to take. cies and corporate clients. Having gone to the public library to read This exhibition is the culmination of more on my chosen profession, I was stunned several years of work by the AIA Women in by Belluschi s pronouncement. The belief that Architecture Committee and is intended as a architecture was an unsuitable career for celebration of the accomplishments of women women was reiterated many times by my over the past century. school principal, guidance counselor, and numerous others. In the end, none of these voices dissuaded me, but I will always recall the frustration and dismay I felt that afternoon in the library. Presented in its historical context, the title was selected to show the changing composi- tion of the profession. Today, women are no longer "exceptions" to the "rule" of the tra- Ortrude B.White, AIA ditionally male-dominated profession and need Chair not be "exceptional" to be an architect. AIA Women in Architecture Committee

6 Preface

"That Exceptional One: Women in American Chair of the Department of Fine Arts at Tufts Architecture 1888-1988" commemorates University; Elizabeth Grossman, Assistant Pro- the 100th anniversary of the election of the fessor of Art and Architectural History at the first woman, Louise Blanchard Bethune of Rhode Island School of Design; James Stewart Buffalo, New York, to membership in The Polshek, AIA, Principal, James Stewart Polshek American Institute of Architects. The idea for and Partners; Anne Radice, Director, National this exhibition on a century of achievements Museum of Women in the Arts; Carol Sakata, by women came from the AIA Women in AIA, Women in Architecture Committee repre- Architecture Committee. sentative; Helen Searing, Alice Pratt Brown We are grateful to the many institutions and Professor of Art and Architectural History at individuals who have generously allowed the Smith College; Richard Guy Wilson, Associate American Architectural Foundation access to Professor of Architectural History at the Uni- their repositories and material. We thank the versity of Virginia; and Tony P. Wrenn of The AIA Archives; the AIA Archive of Women in American Institute of Architects Archives. 1 Architecture; The Art Institute of Chicago's Therese Ildefonso, Project Director and Staff Ryerson and Burnham Libraries; The Boston Executive, AIA Women in Architecture Com- Athenaeum; The Buffalo & Erie County Histor- mittee, and Judith Schultz, Curator of Exhibi- pass ical Society; California Polytechnic State Uni- tions, the American Architectural Foundation, versity's Special Collections, University Archives; deserve special recognition for their herculean The California State Archives; Harvard Univer- efforts to develop, coordinate, and produce sity's Frances Loeb Library and The Schlesinger "That Exceptional One: Women in American Library, Radcliffe College; The Library of Architecture, 1888-1988." Special thanks also Congress; The MIT Archives; The MIT Museum; go to Tony P. Wrenn for his continued interest The National Archives; The National Park and support for the exhibition and women in Service; The New York Historical Society; architecture and to Marilyn Montgomery, The Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Archives; Director of Development, the American Archi- Smith College's Sophia Smith Library, Archives tectural Foundation, for her expertise. At the and Special Collections; The University of outset, Beverly Sanchez and Mary Means helped California at Berkeley's College of Environ- provide vision for the exhibition. Susan Hecht mental Design; and, The University of provided powerful enthusiasm for the project California at Santa Barbara's University Art during critical periods of development. Museum, Architectural Drawing Collection. Those who also deserve recognition include We are indebted to the exhibition advisory Laura Greenberg for animating the exhibition committee for their guidance: Carol Ross Bar- script with her prose; Lisa Hartjens for ney, AIA, Women in Architecture Committee enlivening the exhibition panels through her representative; Margaret Henderson Floyd, research for images; Beth Miles for enriching

7 We also thank the many AIA Ann M. Dunning, AIA Rosemary Muller, AIA the exhibition with her design; Matilda chapters and members who Lyn Heme Eisenhauer, AIA Northeastern Minnesota - McQuaid for her consummate and tireless contributed to the exhibition Kristine K. Fallon, AIA Chapter/AIA fabrication: Barbara Flammang, AIA Kathleen Page, AIA research for this exhibition during 1984-1986; Florida North Chapter/AIA Nancy Peacock, AIA and, Vivian Lea Young, Elizabeth May, and Sponsor Frewen Architects, Inc. Nina Pence, AIA The College of Fellows Fund of Joan E. Goody, AIA Wilson Pollock Jr., EMA Millie Riley for their invaluable services. the American Architectural Charles Gwathmey, EUA Madie Rider, AIA We also express our gratitude to those indi- Foundation«fj\- Elsie M. Hurst, Hon. AIA Jean Rose, AIA The Graham Foundation for Indianapolis Chapter/AIA Patricia Sapinsley, AIA viduals who submitted material to the AIA Advanced Studies in the DirkLohan, BUA Kate Johns Shaw, AIA Archive of Women in Architecture. These mate- Fine Arts Harry B. Mahler, SUA Karen Lee Sobol, AIA The National Endowment for Nancy McAdams, AIA Janet W. Solinger rials enabled the AIA Archive to establish a the Arts Margaret McKenzie, AIA Cheryl Stewart, AIA significant collection. We encourage your con- Mis. Jefferson Patterson New Hampshire Chapter/AIA Sarah Susanka, AIA Northern Virginia Chapter/AIA Maureen Tansey-Tokar, AIA tinued interest and submittal of additional Contributors Vicki L Noteis, AIA Jennifer Thompson, AIA material. Iowa Chapter/AIA and Iowa 'm. Pei & Partners Sandra Wadsworth, AIA State Council for the Arts SLR Architects Ortrude White, AIA The Faulkner Catalog Fund of the Ameri- Pennsylvania Society of Tinmen & Beigendorf Jane Tfa, AIA can Architectural Foundation generously pro- Architeds/AIA Janet ^terhouse, AIA . Janice Witteschiebe, AIA Carol Sakata, AIA Joyce Zaidjn|AIA vided funding for the publication of this Western Michigan Chapter/AIA Patrons catalog. The National Endowment for the Arts, CRSS Inc. Donors the College of Fellows Fund of the American Dallas Chapter/AIA Patricia Angell, AIA Fort Worth Chapter/AIA Nancy Beringer, AIA Architectural Foundation, The Graham Foun- Lavone Dickensheets Andrews, EMA Kathryn Berry dation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Mary Jane Fournier, AIA Sheila Fogel Cahnman, AIA Carolyn D. Geise, AIA Marjorie Marks Carney and Mrs. Jefferson Patterson of Washington, Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Liz H. Cashion, AIA Ttaiara K Chambless, AIA Architects D.C., provided support for initial exhibition Tferesita Chao, AIA Cynthia Howard, AIA Beatriz Del Cueto Pantel, AIA research. Rosaria Piomelli, AIA Amy Delson, AIA Siegel Sklarek Diamond, Merle Easton, AIA We are also especially grateful for the gener- AIA Architects ous grant from the W Alton Jones Foundation. Susan Eschweiler, AIA Friends Deborah Fausch, AIA Laura Agrait, AIA Karen Fox, AIA Marie Bentel, EMA Sara Funk, AIA Susan V.Bradley, AIA Susan Gardner, AIA Louise Braverman, AIA Maria Georgopoulos, AIA James Perry Cramer J. Carter Brown Risa Perlmutter Goldstein, AIA President Sarah Buchanan, AIA Lois Grant, AIA Cabrillo Chapter/UA Audrey Greenwald, AIA The American Architectural Foundation Pao-Chi Chang, AIA Joanne Goldfatb, AIA Centerbrook Inc. Ann Hagerty, AIA May 1988 Central Pennsylvania John C. Harkness, FAIA Gia Hartmeier, AIA Chapter/UA Maigo Jones Architects Charrette Corporation Linda Kell Columbus Chapter/AIA M. Susan Condon, AIA Susan Woodward Kbtkins Connecticut Society of Kristin Lewis, AIA Architects/AIA Colleen Mahoney, AIA Cope Linder Associates Jill Morelli, AIA Dougherty & Dougherty Elizabeth Moynahan, AIA

8 is mam

Introduction

n April 4, 1888, Louise Bethune, a designer of schools, factories, and public buildings in Buffalo, New York, became "that exceptional one," the first woman elected to membership in The American Institute of Architects. Addressing the Women's Educational and Women in American Architecture, 1888-1988" Industrial Union in an 1891 speech on "Women attempts to shed light on what, over the course and Architecture," Bethune remarked, "The of a 100 years, women saw fit to make of the future of woman in the architectural profes- architectural profession. It portrays a century sion is what she sees herself fit to make it." of women's achievements in the architectural She also stated: "Women have entered the profession and illustrates the impressive qual- architectural profession at a much earlier stage ity, diversity, and breadth of their work. of its existence even before it received legisla- The exhibition documents women on the tive recognition. They meet no serious opposi- road to successful careers in architecture: tion from the profession nor the public. Neither becoming an architect, practicing architec- are they warmly welcomed. They minister to no ture, and finally, gaining recognition. By doing special needs of women and receive no special so, "That Exceptional One" may open new favors from them...." roads and opportunities to future generations The exhibition "That Exceptional One: of women architects.

11 H Cambridge School Students, Cambridge School of Architecture andlnndscape Architecture. Garabri^e'.^teachiisfetts.';.| .',•

Becoming an Architect

s architecture was evolving from a trade to a I profession with formal training during the last decades of the 19th century, a woman entering the field could either train with a practicing architect—if one could be found who would hire and train her—or architecture and landscape architecture exclu- enroll in one of the new schools of archi- sively to women, the Cambridge School grad- tecture that would admit female students, uated more than 400 women with certificates Only recently, in the wake of post-war advances or degrees during the quarter century in which in equal opportunities and, even more recendy, it operated. The Cambridge School continued a heightened consciousness of women's rights, until 1942, when it sought affiliation with have women in substantial numbers enrolled Smith College. As an alternative, the Cambridge in architectural programs as a matter of course. School faculty arranged for their present Two of the early American architecture students to be admitted to Harvard's Graduate programs were established at The Massachusetts School of Design, a change of policy coinciding Institute of Technology in 1865 and at Cornell with the wartime shortage of male students. University in 1871. The curricula was based In architecture, engineering, and other on the Ecole des Beaux-Arts training methods male-dominated occupations, shortages of men which consisted of six yearly project competi- during World War II meant that women were lions. As land grant institutions, both MIT actively sought for jobs or programs they would and Cornell were required to admit women. ordinarily have been denied or discouraged Not until 1880, however, did the first from seeking. After the war, in the same woman educated in a recognized university patriotic breath," they were urged to relinquish architecture program receive her degree from the jobs to returning servicemen. In the same Cornell University. Although Bethune initially spirit, architectural schools reduced the num- contemplated enrolling in Cornell's architecture ber of places allotted for women, program, she chose to enter the male-dominated The political, social and economic upheavals profession through an apprenticeship which of the late 1960s and the 1970s—civil rights, lasted five years in the office of Buffalo archi- Vietnam, Watergate, recession—were deeply tect Richard A Waite. felt issues on college and university campuses In 1916, the Cambridge School of Architec- throughout the United States. Two products of ture and Landscape Architecture was estab- the '60s — increased social awareness and lished by Harvard professor Henry Atherton political activism—transformed the training Frost. The first to offer formal training in of women as architects just as they altered the

13

nature of education in other disciplines. direction of career, professionalism, and the The Women's Movement of the 1970s marketplace. At the same time, the number demanded equal rights for the sexes; unlike of women in all professional programs con- earlier women's movements in America, this tinues to increase. one had a tremendous impact, leading to the Women comprised approximately 30 per- entry of more women than ever before into cent of the students enrolled in architecture academic training for all professions, backed schools according to the 1985 NAAB statistics. by favorable legislation and court decisions Some schools still have less than 7 percent on affirmative action. In March of 1974, stu- enrollment while others have more than 50 dents at Washington University in St. Louis percent. In 1985, the Columbia Graduate presented a symposium, "The Role of Women School of Architecture and Planning enrolled in Architecture," chaired by graduate student more women than men in its architecture Hannah Roth and attended by more than 300 program for the first time in its 103-year women architecture students from around the history. nation. In April, a conference on women and Women received 24 percent of the bachelor design was held at the University of Oregon. of architecture degrees, 30 percent of the masters From these and similar events at schools of architecture degrees, and 36 percent of the around the country, a clear message emerged: doctor of architecture degrees, according to recruit more women faculty, and enroll more the 1985 National Center for Educational Sta- women students. According to the 1975 statis- tistics. These figures reflect a drastic change tics from the National Architectural Accredit- from the sole woman who graduated with ing Board (NAAB), women represented 14 Cornell's class of 1880. As women's prospects percent of all architecture students. for gaining frill acceptance in architecture In the wake of the activism and idealism have grown, their interest in defining them- of the 1960S and 1970s, the prevailing winds selves simply as architects, rather than women on campus in the 1980s seem to blow in the architects, has also increased.

14

Htit^ T1TTT1T unTOff CORP-

Practicing Architecture and Gaining Recognition

fter completing her apprenticeship, Louise Bethune (1856-1913) opened a Buffalo architect office with her husband in 1881. Bethune & Bethune received commis- sions as diverse as a hotel, a prison, an armory, a baseball grandstand, police stations, public schools, des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Julia Morgan (1872- residences, and industrial and commercial 1957) was one of the first women to be licensed buildings. Years later, as a member of Bethune, in California. In 1919, she began work on her Bethune and Fuchs, Mrs. Bethune was recog- largest commission, San Simeon, the now- nized for taking entire charge of the office famous residence of publisher William Ran- work and completing superintendence of one- dolph Hearst. It is one of more than 800 Mm third of the outside work. buildings that Morgan designed during her However, Bethune was not the only woman long career. ssss practicing architecture in the late 19th cen- In 1922, at a meeting in St. Louis, several tury. Sophia Hayden (1868-1953), the first chapters of women architecture students from woman to complete a full four-year program different universities formed the first national at MIT, won first place in a competition to women's architecture organization, Alpha Alpha design the Woman's Building at the 1893 Worlds Gamma, later known as the Association of Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Hayden Women in Architecture (AWA). supervised part of the building construction. In In 1926, three MIT graduates, Lois Lilley 1895, Pittsburgh architect Elise Mercur was Howe (1864-1964), Eleanor Manning O'Connor selected by competition to build the Woman's (1884-1973), and Mary Almy (1883-1967), Building, financed, designed, decorated, and established the all-female firm of Howe, Man- managed by women, at The Cotton States and ning, and Almy in Boston. Many of the firm s International Exposition in Atlanta. commissions were residential. Howe and Man- During the first decade of this century, ning together designed a series of low-income women began collaborating in architectural single family houses for Mariemont, Ohio, practice. As early as 1909, two MIT graduates, one of the nation's first planned communities tm Ida Annah Ryan (c. 1873-1950) and Florence for workers. Almy brought the firm recogni- Luscomb (1887- ) formed a partnership tion with an award-winning residence for that lasted until World War I. One year later, Mrs. Charles Almy. Anna Schenck ( -1915) and Marcia Mead The decade of the 1930s saw increasing (1879-1967) teamed up to form a two-woman numbers of women entering the profession. New York City firm. Chief designer for California architect George The first woman to graduate from the Ecole Washington Smith in the early '20s, Lutah

17

wm faBai

Maria Riggs (1896-1984) opened her own firm in documented historic buildings in Florida. Today, 1931- Known for her sensitivity to the California up to 50 percent of the architects employed landscape, Riggs worked in styles ranging from by HABS are women. Spanish and Mexican Colonial Revival to Women's contributions to the field of archi- avant-garde contemporary. The Vedanta Tem- tecture in the 1940s can be characterized by ple combines a West Coast regional style with innovation and experimentation. Founded by Japanese design elements and the surround- Walter Gropius and a group of his former ing landscape. students including Sarah Pillsbury Harkness Designer of hotels and buildings in the (b. 1914) and Jean Bodman Fletcher (1915- Grand Canyon, Mary Colter (1869-1958), at 1965), a new type of architecture practice age 41, became the architect for the Fred opened in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1945. Harvey Company. She also supervised the inte- The Architects Collaborative (TAC) was unique rior decoration and renovation of many Grand not only for its philosophy of a "strong sense Canyon structures. Her work is distinguished of community" and "team efforts" for the by an abiding respect for place, a fully devel- firm, but a common aim that architecture oped regional style, and great care to blend should "relate to the environment, culture, buildings with their environment. Colter stud- and climate." ied the remains of ancient Indian watchtowers Eleanor Raymond (b. 1887) attended The to create this 1932 Grand Canyon observation Cambridge School of Architecture and Land- tower using a steel framework beneath its scape Architecture and, in 1919, established a walls of native stone. partnership with the school's founder, Henry Surprisingly, women architects were given Atherton Frost. In 1928, Raymond established their first major professional opportunities dur- her own architectural practice in Boston and ing the Great Depression. In 1933, the National chose to concentrate on designing domestic Park Service, the Library of Congress, and the architecture. She explored the possibilities of American Institute of Architects initiated the housing to the fullest, becoming an innovator Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) to in the field. Among Raymond's achievements document historically important architecture were The Plywood House (1940), the Masonite across the country. The establishment of the House (1944), and the Sun House (1948), one HABS program provided work to a steadily of the earliest solar houses. growing number of women architects. Through MIT graduate Elisabeth Coit (1892-1987) site visits, photographs, and measured drawings, gained public recognition with her AIA Langley architects recorded Americas built environ- Fellowship study, published in 1941, on low- ment, documenting the country's architec- cost urban housing. In 1942, Coit received an tural heritage. Employed by HABS, architect emergency appointment with the Federal Hous- Henrietta Dozier (1872-1947) measured and ing Authority, and began a long career in

18

CurvAyim • Dtseu • ! vQSiA Julia Morgaii; AIA ; (187-2-1957)

San Simeon under cpnstmctip?i, San Luis Obispo Gounty, ; Oaliforiiia' ' •' • ; . ; • 1919-1942

Exterior of Jan Simeon

—TT i" 1 ijSgjes^ lii^liP^r'Sr-r^l Courtesy o fSpL^i^Q^lwt^nJvtlntyersi tyArch tves.; (California Polytechnic State University

.STAIR - DETAILS public housing. She was named a Fellow of Oregon's School of Architecture, and was the the AIA for her lasting contributions to the first woman to be registered as an architect field of public housing. in Oregon. Several published surveys during the 1950s In 1969, Beatrice Dinerman noted in an attempt to determine the number of women article appearing in Architectural Forum that practicing architecture in the United States. women constituted fewer than five percent of The Association of Women in Architecture and all architecture students. Despite low enroll- the Allied Arts reported in its 1958 "Women in ment in architecture schools, women were Architecture Survey" that women accounted for involved in many aspects of the profession in approximately one percent of the total num- the 1960s. ber of architects in the United States. A study The 1970s brought about a heightened published in Architecture and Engineeringawarenes s of women practicing architecture. News the following year found that "one out Coinciding with the general activism of the of every 100 architects in this country—1.5 is early 1970s, women architects formed organi- a woman." zations such as Women in Architecture, Land- By the 1950s, women were practicing in scape Architecture and Planning (WALAP), and large architecture firms. Natalie de Blois (b. the Alliance of Women in Architecture (MK). 1921), a scholarship student at the Columbia In 1973, Doris Cole's important book, From School of Architecture, took a job with Skidmore, Tipi to Skyscraper: A History of W>men in Owings & Merrill (SOM) soon after gradua- Architecture, was published, documenting tion in 1944. Her contribution to corporate women's contributions to architecture. In 1977, architecture during this period was enormous, the Brooklyn Museum mounted the first major and largely anonymous. Working directly for exhibition on "Women in American Architec- SOM s Gordon Bunshaft, she was design coor- ture" organized by Susana Torre. dinator for the Lever House in New York (1952) By the mid-70s, the numbers of women and senior designer for the Connecticut Gen- practicing architecture increased dramatically. eral Life Insurance Building (1957). She was The U.S. Department of Labor statistics from in charge of all aspects of programming, the same year indicated that 4.3 percent of design, and presentation for the Pepsi Cola the nation's architects were women. By the Building (1959) and the Union Carbide Build- 1980s, U.S. Department of Labor statistics ing (i960), both New York City landmarks. showed that women constituted 6.7 percent of In 1964, architect Margaret Fritsch (circa the nation's architects. 1900) completed the first comprehensive plan In 1981, Maya Lin, a 21-year old architec- and zoning ordinances for Juneau, Alaska. ture student from Yale University, won first More than 40 years earlier, Fritsch was the place in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Design first woman graduate of the University of Competition. Lin's funerary architecture proj-

23 ect was selected from 1,420 entries by a team center, a housing project for the elderly, of recognized jurors, including Pietro Belluschi. schools, and mixed-use retail complexes in Located on the Mall, the monument is one of California. the most powerful and visited sites in Wash- ington, D.C. CONCLUSION Women's roles in corporate architecture For many years, the subject of women and became more visible in 1982 when Chicago architecture would not have filled a slim vol- architect Diane Legge Lohan became the first ume in the history of the profession. Over the woman partner of Skidmore, Owings & Mer- past 20 years, this situation has changed irrev- rill. By 1987, SOM had three women partners. ocably. Events of the early years have created A 1975 graduate of the Columbia Graduate a body of history now on record, and women School of Architecture and Planning, Laurinda today are entering architectural programs and Spear (b. 1950) with colleagues Bernardo Fort- professional practice in such numbers that Brescia, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater- their presence and consequence within archi- Zyberk, founded the firm "Arquitectonica" in tecture will never again be denied. The differ- 1977 The firm gained an overnight reputation ence for the future may be the growing voices for creating brightly colored, imaginative of women in the profession and the changing buildings. Partners Duany and Plater-Zyberk perceptions of women as architects. formed their own firm in 1980. Spear con- tinues to act as principal designer for Arquitec- tonica which has been credited with changing the face of Miami. Arquitectonica, with its branches in New York City and Chicago, employs 45 architects. Established in 1986, the Los Angeles Therese A. Ildefonso partnership of Siegel Sklarek Diamond, AIA Project Director and Staff Executive Architects, claims to be "one of the largest AIA Women in Architecture Committee women-owned architecture firms in the cen- tury." Partners Margot Siegel (b. 1932), Norma Sklarek (b. 1928), and Kate Diamond (b. 1954) divide the responsibilities of the firm's Judith S. Schultz operations, project management, and design, Curator of Exhibitions respectively. Their commissions include a civic The American Architectural Foundation

24 Slegel Sklarek Diamond, <;«'i AlA Architects ? f||

Lawndale Civic Center Site Plah rawndale, (^lifomia ' • Ms'

(liurtiSy.of SicrpI SkfarekWaraiind, AIAAiilikcos, AnSwot-Wiraiii fiAirttUTture, 'ALVAithins

liuriiida Spear; AIA,. (b J950) | '

Arquitectonicaj-lpp: • - The Atlantis, • Miami ,Flbrida . A condominium building j|Jiich cost §i4 rptllion ; totpnstnict. 1978 I^Piil

-Mo^esyof^iiit^

'mmmi iSSlI 1 SMS

£ t. fit h . < ft - M | 3

I • • - . . he AIA Archives, which includes the AIA Archive of Women in Architecture, documents the Institute's history from its founding in 1857 to the present day. The largest collection of source materials on the profession in America, the Archives also contains data on The Archive also contains responses from more than 100,000 architects who have prac- schools of architecture to queries on women ticed in the United States. alumnae and notes on the location of addi- As the Bethune centennial approached, it tional information. A working collection that became clear that the AIA records on women does not duplicate material on women in the in architecture were less than complete. With AIA Archives, the Archive has grown from the support of the AIA Women in Architecture nothing to more than 60 linear feet of mate- Committee and frinding from the College of rial today. Fellows Fund of the American Architectural This list includes those files in the collec- Foundation, the Institute established the AIA tion as of March 1, 1988. The only criterion Archive of Women in Architecture. Matilda for inclusion is to be or to have been a McQuaid began the collection, first by identi- woman in the practice of architecture, whether fying women members of the AIA since its AIA member or not. If you, or someone you founding, then by pulling together material know or know about, should be included in on these members from many sources, and the collection or if you wish to use the collec- lastly by adding data to the archive through tion or add material to an existing file, please active collecting. contact: Information in the AIA Archive of Women in Architecture varies widely. Some filescon - Tony P. Wrenn tain little more than the name and place of Archivist practice. Other files contain extensive bio- American Institute of Architects graphical data, building lists, drawings, pho- 1735 New York Avenue, N.W. tographs of both the architect and her work, Washington, D.C. 20006 published works, articles, and correspondence. (202) 626-7496

29 File List for the AIA Archive of Women in Architecture

Aalto, Elissa M., Hon. E\IA Arizona State University New Mexico, University of Abdy, Rowena Weeks Arizona, University of New York School of Applied Design for Women Abell,Jan,AIA Bauhaus Architectural School New York School of Fine & Applied Arts Adam, Kairin Beaux-Arts Institute of Design New York State College Addams.Jane Boston Architectural Center New York University Affirmative Action for the Integration of California State Polytechnic University Women in the Architectural Profession California, University of at Berkeley North Carolina State University Agman, Miss California, University of at Los Angeles North Carolina, Universtiy of at Charlotte Aiken, Ann M., AIA Cambridge School of Architecture and Ohio State University Akamie, Linda Landscape Architecture Oklahoma State University Alakiotou, Roula, AIA Carnegie Institute of Technology Oregon, University of Alden, Clara C. Catholic University Pennsylvania State University Alex, Iris S., EUA Chicago Institute of Architectural Design Rainsylvania, University of Archives

Ali, Zainab Faruqui Chicago School of Architecture Pennsylvania, University of School of Alison, Alice fyer Chicago, University of Architecture Allen, Helen H. Columbia University Pratt Institute Alliance of W)men in Architecture Cooper Union Princeton University AUott, Kathryn Cornell University Puerto Rico, University of Alpha Alpha Gamma Cranbrook Academy Rice Institute Almy, Mary, AIA Detroit, University of Ryerson Polytechnical Institute American Association of University Women Ecole des Beaux Arts Southern California Institute of Architecture AIA Archives—Women in Architecture Fontainebleau School Southern California, University of AIA Policy on Women in Architecture George tehington University Southern University AIA Women in Architecture Committee Harvard University Houston, University of Syracuse University Ametrano, R.E. Howard University Tennessee, University of at Knoxville Andersen, Kristin R. Idaho, University of _ Texas, University of at Austin Anderson, Dorothy May Illinois Institute of Technology Toronto, University of Anderson, Pamila J., AIA Illinois, University of at Chicago Hiskegee University Andrews, C. Jill, AIA Illinois, University of at Urbana-Champaign Virginia Polytechnic Institute & Andrews, Lavone Dickensheels, EMA Kansas State University State University Angelini, Theresa Luthman Kansas, University of Virginia, University of Anthony, Wilfrid E. Louisiana State Univesity Vfeshington State University W&hington University at St. Louis Architects Collaborative, The Lowthrope School of Landscape Architects Tea Set, Women's Division Architecture for Women Wishington, University of "The Architect's Wife" McGill University fetern Reserve University Architectural Advertising, Women in Massachusetts Institute of Technology Yale University Architectural & Allied Arts Exhibition, Miami University Archive of Women in Architecture, New York Women at the 1925 Michigan, University of Archives and Special Collections on Women Architecture: A Place for Women Minnesota, University of in Medicine Architecture Schools, Women in Mississippi State University Ardery, Ann Arkansas, University of Montana State University Armstrong, Leslie, AIA

Armstrong, Louise Bennett, Rachelle R., AIA Art institute of Chicago Bentel, MariaA., EALA Asken, Yvonne fcner, HIA Beigeim, Hilde, AIA Association of Business & Professional Berger, Marsha, AIA Women in Construction Bergsten, Eileen Marie Association of Women in Architecture BeringeJ Nancy, ALA Austin Women in Architecture Berke, Deborah Ast, Gunduz Dagdelen Berkeley, Ellen Perry Atwood, Diane P., AIA Berkoff, Marlene J., AIA Aulenti, Gae Berman, Miriam. AIA Austin Women in Architecture Bernheimer, Betty Ray Austin, Elizabeth M. Best. Nellie Austin-Salvo, Susan, AIA Best, Rosemary, AIA Austin-Smith, Inette, Hon. EMA Bethune, Louise Blanchard. EAIA Ayer, Elizabeth, AIA Betts, Olive Avery Library Bevington, Christine Benglia, .ALA Bahcock, Mabel Keyes Binder, Rebecca L, AIA Baldwin File, Wrnen Included Bingham, Harriette C. Ballard, Agnes, AIA Birkby, Phyllis Balmori, Diana Bishop, Florence E., AIA Balodis, Lidija, AIA Blackbird, Franc. AIA Courtesy of Victoria Budd Opperman Collection, AIA Archives Barbasch, Adriana, AIA Blair, Cynthia, .ALA Barnard, Miss Blair, Katherine D. Breslin, Lynne C. Barney, Carol Ross, AIA Bliznakov, Milka T Katharine Cotheal Budd, AIA Bridgman, Lilian B. Barney, Nora Stanton Blatch Blood, Marion frances, AIA (1860-1951) Brigham, Patti Barnwell, Mary Bly. Jimmie Brockman, Marilyn, AIA YWCA Hostess House, Taylor Field Barn Vilma Bobrow/Thomas and Associates Brodman. Louise A., AIA Montgomery, Alabama Barton, Jane M., AIA Boeke, Lynn M., AIA Brooks, Jane S. Circa 1918 Bassett, Florence Schust Knoll Bombelles. G. Nina, AIA Brooks. Katherine Batter. Janice Kay, AIA Bond. Margaret M., AIA Brosio, Magda Bauer, Catherine Krouse Bonner, DarcyR., AIA Brown, Daphne E., ALA Beals, Jesse Tirbox Bonniwell, Norma Brown, EbbaW, AIA Beeby, Kirsten Peltzer Bonstrom, Sue Lani, AIA Brown. J. Gale, AIA Beecher, Catharine Boston Women in .Architecture Brown, Leslie A, .ALA Beha. Ann Macy, AIA Boutelle, Sara Holmes Brown, Margaret K.. AIA Belden, Michelle, AIA Boyle, Susan Dian Brown, Marjorie E., AIA Bell, Dama Lumly Brady, Mrs. George S. Bruner, Barbara Marilyn Bellas, Jean, AIA Braverman, Louise M., AIA Bryan, Noushin Ehsan, AIA Belmont, AlvaVanderbilt Bremer, Hester Budd, Katharine Cotheal. ALA Bennett, Melissa, AIA Bren. Joan M., AIA

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Norma Burns, AIA Cotton States & International Exposition (b. 1940) Woman's Building Covington, Garnett K. Chatham County Social Services Cowles, Genevieve Building Cox, Sharon Pittsboro, North Carolina Craig, Mrs. 1983 Craig, Mary Osborne Craigo, Mary J. Cranes, Eva Hayes Crawford, Mary Ann E., AIA Creswell, L. Jean, AIA Courtesy of the Archive of Women in Architecture, AIA Archives "Criteria for a Feminist Design Award"

Buildings for Women by Women Chaban, Elizabeth Clere, Hazel Cross & Cross Architects Crosswell, Carol Fain, AIA "Built by Women" Chadeayne, Olive, AIA Close, Elizabeth Scheu, EUA Cunningham, Mary P. Bullock, Helen, Hon. AIA Chafee, Judith, EUA Cobb, Jean Wishburn, AIA • Custer, Betty Lou, EUA Burbank, Gertrude Shuit Chambers, Lorraine Stevenson, AIA Coblentz, Dorothy Chang, Pao-Chi, AIA Coblin, Ethelind, AIA Burkhart, Deborah A, AIA D Dale, Maud Chao, Tferesita, AIA Cocroft, Nancy J., AIA Burnett, Mrs. Cora Timken Daley, June Chapman, Josephine Wight Collin, Marian Burns, Norma DeCamp, AIA Dallas Women in Architecture Chappell, Mrs. Henry W. Cohen, Carol J. Burress, Alice Nixon, AIA D'Ascenzo, Nicola Charles, Ethel M. Coit, Elisabeth, EUA Business and Professional Wimen's Foundation Davern, Jeanne Marguerite, flori. AIA Chemers, Deborah Libby Cole, Doris, AIA Butka, Celile Davidson, Beatrice Centner Chevalier, Barbara Cole, Frieda Butler, Winnifred M. Davie, Miss Chicago Women in Architecture Byerly, Cornelia Cole, Mary Caroline, EUA deAvignon, Fay Child, Susan B)Ers, Christine Coleman, Margaret deBauza, Istra Hernandez, AIA Chimacoffj Barbara Byington, Mrs. Coliver, Susie deBlois, Natalie, EUA Ching, Priscilla M., AIA Collinson, Lynn dejongh, Donna G.C., AIA G Caffey, Linda Cho, Diane Colon, ^dnia deNoriega, T&ina Rikala Campbell, Susan M. Christie, Audrey Koehler, MRA1C Colorado Women in Architecture dePantel, Beatriz del Cueto, AIA Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Colter, Mary E. Jane Faculty, Administrators, & Graduate Students Christie, Margaret Gisborne Defee, GarnethaR. Churchill, Susanne M., AIA Columbian Exposition, Woman's Building Canavan, Miss DeWolfe, Elsie Clark, Alice Hartzel Comfort, Gertrude E. Candela, Rosario, AIA Deakin, Edna Clark, KristinaH., AIA Connor, Rose, AIA Capen, Judith M., AIA Dean, Andrea Oppenheimer Clark, Mary Patterson Conroy, Sarah Booth, Hon. AIA Capitman, Baibara Baer Dean, Ruth Clausen, Meredith L Conway, Helen Caplan, Sherry X Deas, Anne Izard CUrason, Jacqueline Cooke, Susan M. Caples, Sara Elizabeth, AIA Debrezini, Elizabeth Joan Clayberg, Dorothea M. Cooley, Helen Jane Carlisle, Phyllis Cook Delson, Amy L, AIA Clayton, Karen L. Johnson, AIA Cartwright, Virginia Cooper, Jumana J. Denmark, Women Architects Clayton, Pamela, AIA Cooper, Margaret Raiford Cary, Mrs. WH. Denver Women in Architecture Clements, Pamela Cooper, Margaret Robb Shook, AIA Cass, Heather Willson, AIA

32 teJfc-L Deuster, Mary, AIA Ellis, Gena Finn, Dana Fujii, Ellen Parsons, AIA Deustua, Olga Emmons, Audrey, EMA Fiorvich, Martha Ann, AIA Fuller, Mrs. Frank Diamond, Katherine, AIA Emmons, Patricia K., AIA Fitzsimmons, Angela G Gabrielli. Julie E. Dianati-Jahromi, Soheila Epps, Suzi, AIA Flanders, Annette Hoyt GailorJ Charlotte Diercks, Janet E., AIA Erdman, Doris S., AIA Fleisher, Elizabeth Hirsh, AIA Gajeske, Cheryljej AIA DiGenonimo, Suzanne, AIA Ericsson, Katherine G., AIA Fleming. Beula Gallagher, Joan, AIA Divoll, Leslie, AIA Ever Ready Label Coiporation Mural Fletcher, Jean Bodman, AIA Decoration Competition (1934) Galland, Ellen Rockwell, AIA Dixon, Kay Flowers, Deborah R., AIA Exhibitions on Women in Architecture Gannon, Mary Nevan Dixon, Sarah Smith, AIA Fogal, Sheila Garrett, Mrs. Geoige A. Dolson, Martha Ford, Janet L., AIA F Fairbank, Sandra, AIA Garrett, Rhoda Donaphin, Alexa Barnes Ford, Lauren Fallon, Kristine K., AIA Gaskins, Marjorie Anne, AIA Donnelly, Pamela Fox, Carolyn Farrand, Beatrix Jones Gayer, Diane Elliott, AIA Dorgan, Kathleen A., AIA Fox, Dorothy Feldhamer, Thelma, AIA Geddes, Margaret Burnham, AIA Dorain, Ann Fox, Karen, AIA Felt, Vera I. Geddis, Barbara L, AIA Dougherty, Betsey Olenick, AIA Fenton, Jean Giltner, AIA Fredette, Diane Kaufinan, AIA Geise, Carolyn D., AIA Downing, Antoinette Forrester, Hon. AIA Ferebee, Ann Freedley, Anne Gensbutg, Sara E.E, AIA Doyle, Deborah Ficken, Katherine C., AIA Freeman, Ruth Reynolds, AIA George. Vida Dozier, Henrietta C., AIA Fielding, Kristina French, Helen D., AIA Geiberding, Holly, AIA Dreiling, Helen Combs, AIA Fifleld, Ethel Frances Friedman, Elise Gerth, Ruth L. Drennan, Georgia B. Figueria, Leonor Fritsch. Margaret Goodin. AIA Gidoni, Elsa, AIA Driskel, Jean, EUA Films-Wbmen in Architecture Frommer, Maria, AIA Gigos, Virginia Dubrucq, Virginia Rae, AIA Filtzer, Hyman Frost, Rossie Moodie, AIA Gillespie, Helen Chittenden, AIA Dunning, Ann M., AIA Findley, Helen E. Fly, Sherry Girls Shun Architecture" Durham, Katherine Lee, AIA Elasser] Beth L„ AIA Dwjer, Miss Glitsch, M, MA Dykema, Bibiana Bright, AIA Elisabeth Coit, FAIA Goldberg, Regi (1892-1987) 1 Eames, Ray Sj Goldfarb, Joanne Jacob, AIA Eastman, Mary-Jean, AIA Sections for Kitchen Units Goldstein, Barbara n n n n n gg Easton, Cynthia, AIA "Notes on Design and Construction Goiter. Baibara Easton, Merle Lynn, AIA of the Bwellng Unit for the Gooch. Ann Bindiff, AIA Ebbeson, Gertrude E., AIA Lower Income Family" Goodin, Margaret - ELEVATION Eckart, Ruth Virginia, AIA. 1940 Goodman. Janet L, AIA Eckert, Cody A., AIA Goody, Joan Edelman. AIA Edelman, Judith H.j FAIA Gorawara-Bhat, Rita Edinger, Dorothy Gorin, Rosalind E. Edwards-Kammer, Pamela, AIA Gottlieb, CassandraW, AIA A. B - B rC-C V Elam, Merrill Lynn, AIA SECTIONS Gottwald, Sjivia KITCHEN UNIT- Eldar, Maria S., AIA Gould Associatss

Ellis, Charlotte Courtesy of the Archive of Mbmen ill Architecture, Gould, Amy L, AIA AIA Archives Ellis, Elizabeth Moore, AIA

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Grace, Mary Louise, AIA Hansen, Fani Danadjieva, AIA Lydia Straus-Edwards, AIA Grafton, Lennox Hanson, Mrs. E|nar (b. 1940) Graham, Mrs. Mabel A Harding, Elizabeth Lalor Hammonasset State Park Pavilion Graham, Sarah R. Hare,Jeannette Interior Gray, Ellen Harik, Jihad Madison, Connecticut Greely, Rose Harkness, Sarah Pillsbury, EUA 1984 Greene, Mrs. Ernest Harney, Henrietta Greenleaf, Miss Harrell, Rhonda Shephard, AIA Greenwald, Susan, AIA Harrison, Dorothy Gray, AIA Grey, Eileen Hartwell, Leola G. Griffin, Marion Mahony Hashmy, KhatijaA Grisso, Anna D. Hasting?, L Jane, ®1A Gropius, Ise Franck, Hon AIA Hauman, Miss Courtesy of the Archive of \iomen in Architecture, AIA Archives Grossman, Elizabeth G. Haussmann, TMx Gutman, Marta Havey, Ruth Hitchcock, Charlotte R., AIA Howe, Manning & Almy Hayden, Dolores Hodgdon, Rosaria E Howell, Sandra C. 1 Habrylewicz, Carol Hajden, Sophia G. Hodges, Lucille M., AIA Hoyt, Fanny Hacker, Julie Hays, Lisa, AIA Hoffinan, Malvina Hunt, Ellen Pulner, AIA Hadid, Zaha Hazelburst, Mary F. Hogg, Ima Hunt, Sheila A., AIA Hafcer, Genevieve Helen, AIA Hearst, Nan, AIA Holbrook, Patricia Ann, AIA Hutcheson, Mrs. Martha Brookes Hagerty, Ann E, AIA Heaston, Mary Annette (Ann), AIA Hollis, Audrey Huxtable, Ada Louise, Hon. AIA Hahn, H. Hebrard, Jean C. Holloway, Marion Hyde, Mis. A Musgrave Hahn, M. Heindel, Helen M., AIA Holman, Emily Elizabeth Hynes, Therese Weinheimer Haith, Lynda A, AIA Helfand, Margaret, AIA Holt, Edith V. Halderman, Anne Bruce I Imas, LeliaE.,AIA Helmsley, Leona Homsey, Victorine duPont, EUA Halderman, Marina, AIA Imrie, Mary Henault, Odile Honey, Michelle, AIA Hale, Janet P. ingraham, Christine Hencken, Mrs. William H. Hood, Bobbie Sue, AIA Hale, Mary Ann Ingraham, Elizabeth Wright, AIA Hendrie, Carolyn C., AIA Hoog, Marjorie, AIA Hall, Jane C., AIA Ireys, Alice Hermanuz, Ghislaine Hook, Mary Rockwell Hall, Jean Irvin, Helen Stuart Hersh, Anne, AIA Hooper, Janet Estelle, AIA Hall, Leola Irvine, Kathleen Connor Herzig, Julia Hopkins, S. Dutch Hall, Louise, AIA Irwin, Harriet Hess, Kathleen Home, Miss Hall, Sonya Hastings, AIA Heyne, Pamela, AIA Halpin, Anna M., EUA Horstman, Laura A, AIA J Jackson, Alice G. Hill, Marjorie Halpin.JoBeth Horton, Marjorie Norris Jackson, Betty Ruth, AIA Hill, Mrs. RobertC. Halsband, Frances, AIA Hosmer, Clare C., AIA Jacobsen, Jane M. Hillock, Miss Hamlin, Genevieve Hotel Irvin for Women—Competition Janis, KayVierk Himmel, Deborah L Handler, SherylS. The House Thai Jill Built Jansone, \fera E., AIA Hinchman, Margarette S. Hanks, Nancy, Hon. AIA Houston, Ivey Jay, Mary Rutherford Hinckley, Dorinda H. Hann, Marlys, AIA Howard, Lucia Jelfers, Carrie Hinton-Lee, W. Chris Howe, Lois Lilley, EUA Jemne, Elsa Laubach

34 SF Jewett, Grace Keane, Jan. AIA Knee, Mary Frances Langdon, Tknnys Jewett, Maude Sherwood Mogg, Mrs. EL Knight, Alyce J., AIA Langhoist, Lois Wilson Worley, AIA Johanson, Patricia Kellogg, Fay Knight, Catherine M., AIA Langtree, Maude H. Johnson, Alhiel C. Kemp, M.L Knight, Geraidine Lari, Sussah, AIA Johnson, Karen Scott, AIA Kemp-Rotan, Renee Koenig&erg, Lisa Larson. Susan Johnson, Karla S., AIA Kennedy, Marie Konti, Isidore Lawrence, Mef^n Johnson, laura M. Kenney, Anne R. Kova, BroneA., AIA Layne, Kay E, AIA Johnson, Ruth Kerbis, Gertrude Lempp, EUA Kbzak, Mary C., AIA League, Ellamae Ellis, EUA Johnston, Frances Benjamin, Hon. AIA Kerwell, Madhu Kramer, EtelThea, AIA Leavitt, Jacqueline Jones, Betty Jo, AIA Kim, Susie Kraus, Lizbeth P., AIA LeCuyer, Annette Jones, Helen Swift Kimball, Theodora Kress, Jerrily H.R., AIA Lederman, Fannie King, Dorothee Stelzer Jones, J. Delaine, AIA Kruger, WC. & Associates Lee, Elizabith Bobbitt, EUA Kingsbury, Allison Mason Justo, Miss Kwok, Annette Lee, Melissa Kingsley, Karen Leenhouts, Lillian Scott, EUA K Kade, Linda V., AIA Kinne, Elizabeth Pennock, AIA L Ladd, Anna Coleman Leers, Andrea P., AIA Kahn, Olga Kinnucan, Virgina Lamar, Lillie B. LeGendre, Laurette, AIA Kapila, Malti Rani, AIA Kinoshita, Ray Lamb, Mrs. Martha], Legge Lohan, Diane, AIA Kardan, Guiti Kirkwood, Grace Hight Lambert, Phyllis Lehman Smith, Debra, AIA Katsikakis, Despina Kiser, Kirsten Lamoree, Karen M. Leitch, Martha Stewart Kausel, Cecilia Lewis Kjaer, Bodil Lampert, Christine Marie, AIA Leivi, Mima Kay, Isabelle Herpin Landmark Sites of Women's History Leland, Louise, AIA Lemaire, Eleanor Joan Goody, AIA Lencek, Lena (b. 1935) Leonard, Edith Lepp,-Maxine Brone, AIA Bedford Kingston Realty Hust -Lerner, Jill Boston, Massachusetts Leroy, Mrs. Edward A. 1986 Levin, Linda S., AIA Leviseur, Elsa, AIA Levy, Florence N. Levy, TobyS., AIA Lewin, Susan Grant Lewis, Ann McCutcheon, AIA Lewis, Kristin A, AIA Lewis, Maigaret M.D., AIA Liacas, Natalie Salkowskis Library of Congress Light. Ellen S. AIA Lin, Maya'Hng

Photograph by Goody, Clancy & Associates, Inc. Architects. Courtesy of the Archive of \ftunen in Architecture, AIA Ardiives Lindheim, Roslyn, AIA

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Linger, Melody Starr, AIA McKenzie, Margaret, AIA Melamede, Ada Karmi, AIA Mothers of Invention: Great Creative Women in History Lobell, Mimi McLaren, Mary Mercur, Elise Muir, Edla, AIA Locke, Sonja Johansson McQueen, Debra, AIA Merola, Giovanna Muller, Lisa, AIA Lockwood, Greene & Co., Inc. Macklin, Elizabeth, AIA Merz, Mary Muller, Rosemary, AIA Lockwood, Mrs. William A. Madan, Achla Bahl, AIA Mesick, Julian C. Murphy, Jean Parker, AIA Loftness, Vivian •• Maddox, Eva L Meyers, Lynn B., AIA Murtagh, Mary Lombard, Joanna, AIA Mahoney, Colleen, AIA Meyers, Mildred S. Long, M.J. ilaier, Annette T&tes, AIA Miao, Nancy A, EUA N National Museum of Women in the Arts Longman, Evelyn Batchelder Mallory, Mrs. Robert J. Michael, Linda Harris, AIA National Women's Studies Association Longjworth, Nellie Malott, Ann Gauthier Milam, Diane J., AIA Neal, Grace P. Longjrar, Helen McGraw Manderson, Miss Miller, Joyce, AIA Nedved, Elizabeth Kimball, AIA Love, Mildred Nora, AIA Manevich, Martha Bil, AIA Milligan, Carina Eaglesfield, AIA Nee, Mary Frances Love Stanley, Ivanue Manley, Marion I., EUA Mills, Angie Nelson, Linda Lee, AIA Lovrek, Laurel, AIA "Manly Art of Architecture, The" Mills, Marlene E. AIA Nemetz, Zena, AIA Lowery, Alleene Manning, Eleanor, AIA Mindnich, Jean F. Neski, Barbara, EUA Lowthrope School of Landscape Architecture Manning, Ula Lee, AIA Minjarez, Julie Ericson, AIA "A New American House" for Women Marcus, Lily, AIA "Minority Women in Architecture: New York City Commission on the Lucey, LenoreM.,AIA Margolis, Estelle T. ASense of Achievement" Status of Women Luis, Rose E., AIA Markison, Karen Mistrik, Barbara I. New York School of Applied Design for Women Lupton, DebraA.AIA Marinovic, Nancy "Modern Woman Gives Us a Problem" Newbold, Mis. EE. Luscomb, Florence Hope Maroldy, Blanche V. Moffitt, Clare Newman, Judith York Lyons, Mrs. B. M. Marriott, Bessie Kniseley, AIA MoholyNagy, Sibyl Newman, Neva Lyons, Isabel M. Marshall, Ann Mohr, Miss Nichols, Minerva Parker Mollenhoff, Gjore Nicholson, Laura Foster McAdams Nancy R., AIA Martin, Ann Heyman, AIA Martin, Arsella B. Moller, Anita jSHon. AIA Nicolias, Muriel E. McBrearty, Nancy E., AIA Monroe, Mrs. F. Adair Noitra, Patricia McBride, Jacquelin S. Martin, Beverly W Moody, Lady Deborah Nolan, M. McBride, Michele Martin, Dorethea Moore, Carol Anne, AIA Nolan, V. McCabe Miele, Geraldine, AIA Martin, Mrs. Leila Sweet Martin, Rochelle Moore, Karen, AIA Nomberg, Monica McCain, Ida F. Martini, Elizabeth A., AIA Moore, Sandra V. Noor, Queen (A1 Hussein) McCawiey, Mrs. William M. Moos, Jane K. Norden, Deborah McConnell, Helena Martinson, Suzanne, AIA Moray, Florence M. Northman, Edith Mortensen, AIA McCoy, Esther Maser, Julia S., AIA Moreno, Elena Marcheso Norwood, Ellie Earl, AIA McCracken, Laurin Mateos, Hortensia, AIA Morgan, Julia, AIA McCrystal, Deirdre, AIA Matheu, Christine Nowicki, Stanislawa Maurer, Laurie Mutchnik, EMA Morgan, Margery McCulloch, Miss 0 Oakley, Violet;* Hon. AIA Maxman, Susan A, AIA Morgan, Sherley W. McCurry, Margaret I., AIA 0'Brifii,JanM.,AIA Mazzella, M.S., AIA Morgan, Verona M. McEntire, Helen S., AIA Obst, Emily Virginia, AIA Mazzoleni, Donatella Moseley-Olaleye, Joyce McEwen, Katharine Ohno, Mijoko Mead, Marcia, AIA Moser, Moira, AIA McGuinness, Mrs. O'Keefe, Suzanne, AIA Meagher, Maude Mother Joseph

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O'Leary, Mrs. Arthur" Phelan, Carol O'Leary, Ellen. AIA Pichaske, Joanne Olin, Ruth S. Picozzi, Anita Marie O'Neil Manion, Sara P., AIA Pierce, Irene McFaul, AIA Organization of Women Architects and Pierce, Marjorie Design Professionals Pine, Barbara Organization of Women in Architecture Piomelli, Rosaria, AIA O'Riordan, Joan P., AIA Pioneer Women Architects from Finland' Omelas, W:ndy, AIA Pistorio, Irene Osborne, Consuela Pittman, Jan G., AIA Osman, MaryE, Hon. AIA Pitts, Carolyn Ostberg, Linda M., AIA "Planning To Meet the Changing Needs Osterlund, David of Women" Owen Wilson, Gwen Plater Zyberk, Elizabeth, AIA Ozdowski, Joanna Barclay de Tolley Podolsky, Amy Poirier, MyrnaJ., AIA P Packwood, Laheesia Paxton Pontius, Geraidine C., AIA Page, Mrs. Edw. cSS Pope, Theodate, AIA Pancoast, Kay Postgate, Margaret J. Pardee, Alice S., AIA Potter, Elisabeth Wton Parish, Jean E. Prassas, Viola S.R. Parker, Ann Pregliasco, Janice, AIA Pattee, Elizabeth, G., AIA Prigmore, Kathryn T^er, AIA Patterson, Mrs. Jefferson Prince, Virginia Payne, Clarice M., AIA Proppe, Jo Anne Pagon, Louise Purves, Mary Carroll Spencer Peacock, Nancy Lyman, AIA

Peddle, Juliet Alice, AIA Q Quarles, Jennifer A Photograph by the Union Carbide Corporation. Courtesy of the Archive of TOjmen in Architecture, AIA Archives Peljens, Louise, J. Quaterman, Ozie R.M. Pelton, Jane Kuhn Quasthoff, Donna E., AIA Rasario, Ada Natalie de Blois, FAIA Pence, Nina L, AIA Quebe, Lisbeth Rascoe, Marcia (b. 1921) Pendleton, Isabella Quran, Angela K Ratner, Barbara Worth, AIA Design team member, SOM ftpper, Mrs. O.H.P. Quinn, Kathryn, AIA Rausch, Mrs. R. Union Carbide Corporation Perkins, Ruth Harriett, AIA " Quinn & Searl Architects Rawlins, Mary New York, New York Perlas, Marta Raymond, Eleanor A, EMA R Rahv, Nathalie-Swan, AIA Perry, Arlene Redish, Caren 1957-60 RakStang, Susan Uehara, AIA Pestino, Irene Reeder, Belinda Ralph, Barbara Robinson Peters, Nelle E. Reiser, Deborah K. Ramati, Ratjuel Peterson, Carolyn, AIA Reiss, Janefp., AIA Ramsay, Linda M., AIA Pettersen, Eleanore K, AIA Reiss, Ruthetta Kaplan Raport, Lucille Brjant, AIA Pettus, Gini L, AIA Renshaw, Larch C., AIA m

37 bk Bepin, Irina Barbara Neski, FAIA Resnicow, Barbara J., AIA (b. 1928) with Julian Neski Retz, Susan A., AIA Bruce Kaplan Residence Rice, Lilian J., AIA Sagaponac, New York Richard, Carol Marie, AIA 1979 Richardson, Hildegard A, AIA Ricker, Ethel Riggs, Lutah Maria, EMA Ripley, Cynthia, AIA Ripley, Lucy P. Risque, Caroline Ritter, Betty J., AIA Rivers, Deborah, AIA Rivkin, Julie Anne, AIA Rixey, Victoria G.K., AIA Photograph from Neski Associates/Ardiiteds. Courtesy of the Archive of Wimen in Architecture, AIA Archives Roberts, Candy Fudge, AIA Ryan, Tferry Warriner Schiffelbein, Patricia, AIA Sherr, Lois Roberts, Mrs. G. Brinton Rydell, Sheila K. Schlosberg, Nancy Shipman, Ellen Roberts, Mrs. Isaac Shmertz, Mildred F., EUA Shloss, Frances M., AIA Roberts, Mrs. T Williams Saarinen, Aline Schmidt, Mary Louise Should ibu Be an Architect? Roche, Bonnie, AIA Sachs, Lisa C., AIA Schmitt, Frances S. Shupe, Hollie W., AIA Rockefeller, Anne G. Sadin, Abby Schmitt, Lynn A Siegel, Margot, AIA Rodeck, Melita, AIA Sadler, B.N. Schneider, Helen T.. Hon. AIA Siegel, Sklarek, Diamond Rodriguez, Barbara J. St Louis Women in Architecture Schneider-Criezis, Susan Siemens, Barbara W., AIA Roebling, Emily Sakata, Carol S., AIA Schwinck, Esther, AIA Simcox, Ethel Rook, Eleanore Salmon, Christine F., EMA Scott, Elizabeth Simkhovitch, MaryK. Rosan, ShiraJ., AIA Salomonsky, Vema Cook, AIA Scott, Evelina Massie, AIA Simkins, M. L. Roseman, Lucille San Diego W)men in Architecture Scott Brown, Denise. RIBA Simmons, L\nda Rosen, Laura Sandrisser, Barbara Searl; Linda, AIA Simon, Cathy Jensen, EUA Rosengren, Fredericka M. Santos, Adele Naude, AIA Sears, Anabel Simon, Joan Ross, Eileen Sapinsley, Patricia, AIA Seavey, Mrs. Frances Copley Simon, Madlen, AIA Rother, Maria B. Sarlis Morfbpoulos, Irini, AIA Sebastian, Beatrix, Hon. AIA Simons, loan E. Sawyer, Gertrude, AIA Rounthwaite, Shelagh Macdonnell "See Jane Build" Singer, Carole Sax, Anne Rowell, Louise Semple, Brown, Roberts, P.C. Siris.Jane Scammon, Joy Royal Institute of British Architects, Women in Sennewald, Bea D., AIA Skala, Susan Kimball Schaefer. Bertha Royce, Elizabeth Randolph Seiber, Diane, EMA Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Schaenen, ShellyA, AIA Rucker, Debra G., AIA Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Skinner, Mary Louise, AIA Schafer, Candace Runge, NancyA Stratford Competition Sklarek, Norma M., EUA Schamberg, Joan, AIA Rupp, Sigrid, AIA Sim Po Hu, AIA Sky, Alison Schenck, Anna P. Rutledge, Anna Shepland, Mar)orie Sewell Smale, Catherine Currie Ryan, Ida Annah, AIA Schenker, Rebecca Sherman. Ella Bennett

38 Smiley, Carolyn - Steward, Debra L Sweeney, J. Quinn, AIA Tilton, Betty Smith, Carolyn (Mrs. Wilbur) Stickney, Emily P. Symmes, Mabel Tolmacholf, Helen Smith, Carolyn D. Stiles, Florence Ward, AIA Tomasov, Dominique. AIA 1 Tinnahill, MaryH Smith, Chloethiel Woodard, EMA Stivers, Margaret G. Topousis, Elaine Tanzmann, Virginia Ward, AIA Smith, D.Tferri, AIA Stockman, Judith Torre. Susana Tkrr, Jashina Alexandra Smith, Kim Lynnette, AIA Stoffle, M. Wayne Tournon Branly, Marion. Hon. EUA Tk^or, Margaret Goldthwait Smith, Mary Chapman, Hon. AIA Stokes Moser, Nell Townscape Institute Tkylor, Marilyn Jordan, AIA Smith, SallieT. Stone, Michelle Ttobaugh, Linda S.. AIA Tfemple. Grace Lincoln Smith, Virginia K Stoner.Jill " Ttonney, ArleneR.,AIA Ting, Eleanor A Smoot, Mrs. Russell C. Strain. Kay, AIA Hirano, Emilie Buck Strange, Jean Tkylor That Exceptional One: Women in Smyrl, Elmira Sauberan, AIA Turabull. Mrs. Arthur Stratton, Mary Chase American .Architecture, 1888-1988" Snider. Sheila, AIA Tuthill, Louisa C. Straus Edwards, Lydia, AIA Thaxter, Celia Snow, Martha Love McCagg •ftvachtman, Violet Striner, Erma B. Thomas, Clara Faigo Soares, Leota •fyng, Anne Griswoid, EUA Thomas, F.M. Solinger, Janet W.. Hon, AIA Stroh, Florence Thomas, Susie W. U Ulman. NathaUa Solomon, Barbara Staufecher Stypka, Linda M. Thompson, Elizabeth, AIA South Carolina, Women Architects Sui, Pauline Underhill, Katharine Thompson, Elisabeth Kendall, EUA Spear, Laurinda Hope, AIA Sundell. Pamela E. U nion Internationale des Femmes Architectes Thompson. Jane Spears, Beverly Bruce, AIA Supplee, Patricia E. Thompson, Martha V \&den, Linda Sue, AIA Spencer, Margaret E, AIA Survey: Wbmen'sHistory Guides and Thompson. Polly Povey Van Ginkel. Blanche Lemco Spencer, Mary E. Ending Aids Thompson. Rebecca Hull, AIA Van Lengen, Karen. AIA Spheeris, Caili Sutton. Sharon, AIA Tigner. Helen \&n Meter, Helen J. Spofford, Florence Swan, Pat, AIA Tihanyi, Hona, AIA Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler, Hon. AIA Spottswood, Linda Swanson, Pipsan Saarinen, Hon. AIA YanSickle. 01i\e Tjaden, AIA Sprague,Joan E Vasquez, Leah Stacy, Ann. Hon. AIA Vernon, Shirley Jane, EUA Stamberg, Susan Beverly Willis, MIA Vierk, Kay Stanley Brown, Katherine (b. 1928) Yignelli. Leila Stansfeld, Jane Mary, AIA Vilas, Maigaret Van Pelt Starrett & Van Vleck Architects Shown and Sons Winery Yinciarelli, Lauretta "Status of Women in the Profession St Helena, California Voith, Daniele Stavi, Jacqueline, AIA Yolger, Miss Stearns, Marjorie von Horvath, Irene Artemia, AIA Stedman, Rose Vytlacil, .Anne B., AIA Steiner. RandyA Stem, Lois w Wadsworth, Martha Blow ms Stern. Madeleine B. Waisman, Marina Steuer, Kathleen A., AIA %isman, Tkina, EUA Stevens, Mary Otis, AIA Courtesy of the Archive of Wtmen in Architecture, Walsh. Marion AIA Archives

39 wm TOalter, Linda, AIA Wildsmith, Diane V., AIA Women's Architectural League, San Erancisco Walters, Lynn, AIA Wilks, Barbara E., AIA Women's Caucus for Art Wilton, Alice, AIA Williams, Allison, AIA Women's Clubs Wang, Ming. H. Williams, Brigid, AIA Women's Development Corporation W&ng, Mng, AIA Williams, Elizabeth, AIA Women's History & Studies Warman, Diane J. Williams, Nathalia Ulmann Women's Museums Washington, Roberta Williams, Hsri Women's Rights National Historical Park Competition Washington Women in Architecture Williamson, Valentina G., AIA Women's Task Group, Affirmative Waterman, Hazel Wood, AIA Willis, Beverly A, EUA Action Committee Witters, Clara Erskine Clement Wilson, Miss Women's University Club, New York Waters, Pamela Wilson, Elsie Cobb Competition 1912 Weatherford, Regan, AIA Wilson, Hilda Young, AIA Woo, Carolina Ylng Chu, AIA Webster, Ida Brown, AIA Wilson, Nellie R. Wood, Janice Webster, Margaret Wilson, Hisha Wood, Joan, AIA Weedon, M. Therese, AIA Wilson, Zelma G., EUA Wood, Ruby Ross Wmfield, Geri, AIA Weese, Cynthia, AIA Woodruff, Lorraine Winkle, Sabra P., AIA Wehrheim, Jean, AIA Woolf, Edith Truman Winter, Cynthia A, AIA Wfeinstein, Amy, AIA Woolley, Margaretta, AIA Wintermute, Marjorie McLean, EUA Weinzapfel, Jane, AIA Wootten, Bayard Winzelberg, Elissa E, AIA Wfeir, Irene Wortman, Mary E., Hon. AIA Wrster, Mrs. L Casper mlch, Rachel Wittschiebe, Janice Nease 1 Yanagisawa, Linda Reiko, AIA Welsh, Mary E. Wolcott, Rosamond Yeatman, Georgina Pope, AIA Wesselhoeft, Mary F. Wolinjudith Yoch, Florence Wfestermann, Helge, EMA Yost, Nancy Wetherill, Martha "Wiman as a Domestic Architect" Young Women's Christian Association Wfeyrauch, Laura J. Vlbmen & Environments Young, Hilda "What Do They Have in Common?" Wbmen and Minorities Available for Young, Lucille "What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Teaching Environmental Design Young, Margaret Zirkel, AIA Job Like This?" W>men Architects in Austria Youngman, Angelene Wheeler, Margaret Wbmen Artists News Wheeler, Mary Quirk, AIA Women As Professionals: Youngs, Joanna G., AIA White, Margaret Engineers, Architects, Landscape Architects Yowell, Linda M.

White, Ortrude, AIA Wbmen Critics and Lecturers, Directory ofZ Zaitlin, Joyce, AIA Women in Architecture/Atlanta Whitman, Bertha Y Zar, Angela Marie Women in Architecture Advisory Committee Whitney, Gertrude Wnderbilt Zettersten, Sandra J., AIA Whitney, Isabel L "W>men in HABS" Wightman, Roberta Women in Landscape Architecture Wdbar, Miss Women Photographers in America Wilcox, MaryT Women's Architectural Association Women's Architectural League, St Louis

40 Selected Bibliography on Women in Architecture HI mil Ha fi

"Adyent of the draughtwoman." Architectural Review, v. 41, April Dinerman, Beatrice. "Wmen in Architecture." Architectural Review. lis 1917, p. 86. v. 131, December 1969, pp.50-51.

American Institute of Architects. Task Force on Women in Architecture. Dott, Annabel. "The woman architect and her work" Architectural Review, v. 44, August 1918, pp. 31-32. Affirmative action plan for the integration of women in the archi- tectural profession and the American Institute of Architects; task Doumato, Lamia. Architecture and women, New York, Garland, 1988. force report submitted to the Board of Directors, December 1975. :; m Washington, DC, 19/5- "Female architects." The Builder, v. 19, April 13,1861, p. 254.

Status of women in the architectural profession, task force report, Grattan, Virginia L Mary Colter; builder upon the red earth Flagstaff February 1975. fchington, DC, 1975. AZ, Northland Press, 1980. IP is American Institute of Architects. Women in Architecture Committee. Coldreich, Gloria. What can she be? an architect New York, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1974. AIA survey of membership: the status of women in the profession. Washington, DC, 1983. Harden, Dolores. The grand domestic revolution; a history of feminist designs for American homes, neighborhoods, and cities Cambridge, Anderson, Dorothy May. Vbmen, design, and the Cambridge School MA, MIT Press, 1981. Wst Lafayette, IN, PDA Publishers, 1980. H Hogdon, Rosania Floras. Factors in the career choices of women in Association of Women in Architecture—Alpha Alpha Gamma Direc- environmental design Eugene, OR, Center for Environmental Research, He tory. Clayton, MO, 1957. School of Architecture and Allied Arts, University of Oregon, 1977.

Beem, Lulu S. "Women in architecture: a plea dating from 1884." "House at Cynwyd, Pa." American Architect and Building News. v. 39, H Inland Architect v. 15, December 19/1, p. 6. Feb. 11,1893, p.95. Minerva Parker Nichols. m Berkeley, Ellen Perry, ed. Architecture: a place for women. Washing- Institute of Contemporary Art Eleanor Raymond; architectural pro- ton, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. jects 1919-1973- Boston, 1981.

Berkeley, Ellen Perry. "Women in architecture." Architectural Forum Kemp-Rotan, Renee. "Being a black, female architect in a white, male m v. 137, September 1972; reply with rejoinder, C.R. Meinhardt, v. 138, profession." Report on a conference entitled Minority Women in January 1973, p. 4. Architecture: A sense of Achievement, held December 1983, at Howard University, Wishington, D.C. ARCHITECTURE: THE AIAJOURNAL v. 73, Boutelle, Sara. Julia Morgan, Architect New Ms, Abbeville Press, 1988. ho. 2, February 1984, p; 11.

Boys, Jo. "Shape of work to come: the Matrix groups feminist approach Longstreth, Richard W "Julia Morgan; some introductory notes.*" to architecture." Building Design, no. 500, June 13,1980, p. 27. Perspecta. v. 15,1975, p. 74-86.

California. University. Bancroft Library. Regional Oral History Project Mathews, C.T "Influence of women on architecture." American agog The Julia Morgan architectural history project Edited by Suzanne B. Architect and Building News v. 59, January 1,1898, pp. 3-4. Riess. Berkeley, 1976. Norris, Doreen. "What's it like to be a young lady architect'" American Cole, Doris. Eleanor Raymond, architect. Philadelphia, Art Alliance Architect and Building News. v. 2, February 13,1869- Press, 1981. Oakland Museum. Art Department Architectural drawings by Julia Cole, Doris. From tipi to skyscraper: a history of women in architecture Morgan: beaux-arts assignments and other buildings [an exhibi- Boston, i Press, 1973- tion], Oakland, CA, 1976.

Conference for Women in Design & Planning, Boston, 1975. Record Patterson, Anne. "Woman architects why so few of them?" Inland of an event... held at the Boston Architectural Center, November Architect v. 15, December 1971, pp. 13-19- 7-9,1975. Brookline, MA, 1975.

41

"A plan for women practising architecture." American Architect and "Vfomen architecture students meet in St Lot Architectural Record Building News. v. 76, April 19,1902, pp. 20-22. v. 155, May 1974, p.35.

Richey, Elinor. "Julia Morgan: Architect with empathy" in Eminent Wright, Gwendolyn. Building the dream: a social history of housing women of the VOst Berkeley, CA, Howell-North'Books, 197.5. in America. New York, Pantheon Books, 1981.

Rochlin, Harriet "Distinguished generation of women architects in California." AIA Journal v. 66, Aug. 1977, p.38-42. For more information, a 12-page bibliography on women in archi- tecture is available; through the AIA information center, (202) 626-74?i Schultz, R. Weir. "Architecture for women." Architectural Review, v. 24, September 1908, pp.l\V154. Photo Credits: Lee Stalsworth Photography for Hayden, p. 15; Bethune p. 16; Budd, p. 17; Mercur, p. 20; Colter elevation, p. 20: Speyer, Marion. "Women who build." Michigan Society of Architects and pp 27-37. Bulletin, v. 18, September 12,1944, pp. 1-14.

Standley, Kay; Soule, Bradley; Standley, il ' Women and Architecture." Journal of Architectural Education v. T. no.4,1974, p.78-82.

Stephens, Suzanne. "Women in architecture: breaking new ground." House & Garden, v. 163, March 1981, pp. 140-149.

Stern, Madeleine. "Three women firsts in architecture: Harriet Irwin, Louise Bethune, Sophia G. Hayden." Bfe the women: Career firsts of nineteenth century America. New York, Schulte Publishing Company, 1963.

"A thousand women in architecture." Architectural Record v. 103, March 1948, p. 105-113; June 1948.

Torre, Susana. W6men in American architecture: a historical and contemporary perspective, a publication and exhibition organized by the Architetcural League of New 1brk through its Archive of Wbmen in Architecture New York, Whitney Library of Design, 1977.

Vtetman, Barbara. "The woman architect myth or Mrs.?" Architecture New Jersey, v. 2, Sep./Oct 1968, p.14-15.

Weimann, Jeanne Madeline. The fair women. (The story of the Women's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893). Chicago, Academy Chicago, 1981.

Willis, Stan. "Vtoman architects." The Architect v. 102,1919, p. 44,46.

Withers, Margaret "Women in architecture." The Architect and Building News. v. 233, March 27,1968. pp. 492-4%.

"The woman behind the T square." Progressive Architecture, v. 58. Mar. 1977, p. 37-57.

42

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