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Congo Missionary and Campaigner Chapter 1 the Making of a Missionary

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Congo Missionary and Campaigner Chapter 1 the Making of a Missionary related to the movement’s history, practice, and thought. history, to the movement’s related ennial International History Brethren Conferences, as well as other scholarly works Studies in Brethren History aims to make readily accessible the product of the bi to change them. tirelessly campaigned Lord’ the of soldier ‘fearless this how and times, his and rightful place in history. ielsen from the obscurity into which he had fallen and restores him to vincing his case for each of the central book’s claims. It rescues Daniel J. Dan quest. A forgotten tombstone in an old island cemetery started on Óli Jacobsen his T 9 ISBN • • • is book makes three bold new claims for Daniel J. Danielsen (1871–1916): Danielsen J. Daniel for claims new bold three makes book is 780957 the Faroes. within of the movement in the spread crucial at a critical juncture role As the Congo. in the a change of regime stir the conscience of public and force was the He Twain. writers such as Mark used by Congo under the rule that were of King Leopold II Belgium in the took some of the most famous photographs atrocities He 978-0-9570177-4- T rough rough painstaking original research, he persuasively makes a con 017740 f rst Faroese-speaking, full-time Brethren evangelist, he had a evangelist, full-time Brethren rst Faroese-speaking, f 0 rst to hold public meetings in the campaign which would T e book also paints a fascinating portrait of a man Editor of Editor Daniel J. Danielsen Brethren Historical Review Historical Brethren Dr. Neil Dickson Neil Dr. - - - Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Missionary Campaigns and Atrocity Photographs Atrocity and Campaigns Missionary Congo: the and Danielsen J. Daniel Jacobsen Óli and Atrocity Photographs and Atrocity man to his rightful place in the 20 Óli Jacobsen has done a fascinating job of restoring a previously forgotten a previously has done a fascinating job of restoring Jacobsen Óli Missionary Campaigns Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Adam Hochschild, the author of Adam Hochschild, Óli Jacobsen th century’s century’s f rst great humanitarian crusade. rst great King Leopold’s Ghost King Leopold’s Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Missionary Campaigns and Atrocity Photographs 1 STUDIES IN BRETHREN HISTORY Subsidia Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Missionary Campaigns and Atrocity Photographs Óli Jacobsen 2014 2 STUDIES IN BRETHREN HISTORY Subsidia Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Missionary Campaigns and Atrocity Photographs Óli Jacobsen 2014 3 Copyright © Óli Jacobsen 2014 First published 2014 by Brethren Archivists and Historians Network Brethren Archivists and Historians Network 3 Arran Road, Troon, Ayrshire, KA10 6TD [20 19 18 17 16 15 14 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1] The right of Óli Jacobsen (email: [email protected]) to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying. In the UK such licenses are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-9570177-4-0 Typeset, printed, and bound in the Faroe Islands for Brethren Archivists and Historians Network by Heldin and Føroyaprent 4 CONTENTS List of illustrations . 7 Preface . 9 Part 1 Congo Missionary and Campaigner Chapter 1 The Making of a Missionary. 14 Early life . 14 Congo missionary . 16 The Congo Free State . 17 The Congo Balolo Mission . 20 Chapter 2 Serious Accusations . 30 Questions and answers. 32 Chapter 3 Casement’s Companion . 41 Danielsen meets Casement . 42 Congo survey . 45 Casement’s appreciation of Danielsen . 51 Chapter 4 Back in Britain. 53 The CBM Position . 53 Danielsen’s campaign . 59 Too much attention?. 59 Chapter 5 Press Attention . 62 Reuters. 65 Glasgow newspapers . 68 Chapter 6 A Forgotten Hero . 74 Guinness’s position shifts . 75 Resignation . 78 A parting of the ways . 81 Chapter 7 Congo Reform Association . 84 The American CRA . 85 Countering the Images . 88 Commission of Enquiry . 89 Strained Relations . 92 Lasting good? . 95 5 Chapter 8 Evangelicals, Atrocity Photographs, and Danielsen . 97 The ‘cut-hand’ photographs . 98 The montage. 99 Armstrong and Harris . 103 Danielsen as photographer. 107 Chapter 9 Pictures in Motion . 109 A Lantern in the Faroes . 109 The photographs’ transmission . 112 The photographs in print . 115 Part 2 Missionary Campaigns in the Faroe Islands Introduction . 120 D. J. Danielsen’s letters. 124 1905, Need and Work in Faroe . 126 1906, Instructing New Converts . 129 1907, Service and Need in Faroe Islands . 130 1908, Dancing Hall Hire . 135 1909, Service of Visiting. 136 1910, A Change from Former Days . 138 1911, Retrospect . 139 1912, Two Kinds of Fishing . 141 1913, “Fishers of Men” . 143 1914, Mr. Sloan’s Burial . 146 1915, A season of Blessing. 147 1916, Fallen asleep. 150 Conclusion . 155 Why was Danielsen forgotten?. 155 Real achievements . 160 Appendix 1 Impongi. 162 Appendix 2 Bokwala . 165 Notes . 170 Bibliography . 188 Photo credits. 192 Index . 193 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Danielsen as a young man in national costume . 17 Harry Grattan Guinness . 18 Leopold II . 19 The collection of rubber . 20 Climbing higher to reach the rubber . 21 ‘The Appeal’: a cartoon . 22 Harley House, Bow, London . 23 The village of Bonginda . 24 The Congo Balolo Mission station at Bonginda . 25 The old mission boat Pioneer. 26 Daniel J. Danielsen. 27 A native shaman . 28 A Day on the “Pioneer” . 29 A palaver . 32 Mr. Black. 34 Mr. H. Wallbaum . 34 The S.S. Livingstone . 37 Terence B. Sawyers . 38 E. D. Morel . 41 Roger Casement . 42 The ABMU steamer S.S. Henry Reed. 43 Map of Congo Free State. 44 Sentries attacking the village of Bolime . 45 Mola Ekulite and Yoka . 46 Flogging with the chicotte . 47 Lulama, a Congo village . 48 A Lolanga scene . 49 Fragment of the letter from Casement to the Foreign Office . 50 The crew of a river steamer . 52 Sjöblom with a slaughtered elephant . 54 A guard of the forest with two prisoners . 58 Women held hostage in chains . 62 Rubber collectors with their baskets . 63 Edinburgh’s Synod Hall . 65 The Daily Mirror of the 7th of December 1903 . 66 Carrubbers Close Mission building. 67 Grove Street Institute. 70 Dying of sleeping sickness . 71 How the ABIR system destroys the rubber forests . 72 7 Letter from Danielsen to Morel . 76 The mission station in Ikau . 80 Mark Twain. 86 King Leopold’s Soliloquy . 86 An Answer to Mark Twain . 87 Cartoon from 1908. 88 Demonstrations against the administration in the Congo . 91 Westminster Palace Hotel in London . 95 Positions on board Henry Reed . 95 The Lantern with its operator, Mr. Sambridge . 97 The montage . 100 W. D. Armstrong. 101 Yoka . 102 John and Alice Harris . 103 Atrocity photograph by Alice Harris . 104 A Swedish Missionary? . 105 Mola Ekulite . 107 A widow weeping beside her husband . 108 A letter of thanks from Morel to Danielsen . 111 Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow . ..
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