DOCSLIB.ORG

In TURKEY: a CASE STUDY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In TURKEY: a CASE STUDY U5MR DECEMBER 2009 U5MR / TURKEY DECLINE IN THE UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATE (U5MR) in TURKEY: A CASE STUDY March 2010 Dr Lilia Jelamschi, UNICEF Turkey Prof. Dr. Timothy De Ver Dye, Epidemiologist U5MR DECEMBER 2009 U5MR / TURKEY Decline in the Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) in Turkey: A Case Study Page (1) Executive Summary 3 (2) Introduction 5 (3) Turkish U5MR in Global Context 6 (4) U5MR Analytic Framework and Data Sources 7 (5) The Context: Social, Economic, and Demographic 9 Change in Turkey (6) The Inputs: Trends in Programs, Policies, and Resources 12 (7) The Outputs: Strengthened Maternal and Child Health 19 Systems (8) The Outcomes: Neonatal, Post-neonatal, Infant, and 27 Child Mortality (9) The Impact: Reduction in U5MR in Turkey 35 (10) Implications of Observations: Achievements and Op- portunities for Maternal and Child Health System Strength- 37 ening in Turkey Appendix A: Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2008: 41 Infant and Child Mortality Reference Tables table of contents U5MR / TURKEY DECEMBER 2009 (1) Executive Summary Several notable points from this assessment • Despite these achievements, some populations include: remain at elevated risk for infant and under-5 mortality, namely: residents of the Eastern • Turkey has observed a rapid decline in the region, in rural areas, with no/ incomplete Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) since 1990, primary education, in the lowest quintile of largely due to the rapid decline in both wealth, and for infants born to women who components (neonatal and post-neonatal) already have several other children (higher birth of the infant mortality rate. Since both order). There has been an impressive expansion components of the infant mortality rate of public health programs and strengthened declined significantly, these declines were health systems in Turkey; though a gap remains likely systemically-induced, the result of broad in health disparities between high- and low-risk comprehensive improvements in the public groups, this gap is narrowing. health and health services systems in Turkey. • While exhibiting a precipitous decline, the • This decline occurred in the context of a infant mortality rate in Turkey could decrease similarly rapid population shift from rural to further with attention to the major causes of urban areas, a corresponding large increase infant death, which are largely preventable with in GDP/capita, decreased family size, and scale-up of and access to existing technology increased education achievement for women. and intervention: low birthweight/ prematurity, • Sustained focus on health strategy and congenital anomalies, and sepsis, among planning, and implementation of widespread, others. effective public health campaigns namely As a result of Turkey’s investments in public focused around family planning, vaccination, health programs and health systems, in the child survival, and neonatal resuscitation have context of a generally stronger socioeconomic contributed significantly to the decline in the status of its population, the U5MR decline since IMR and subsequently in the U5MR. 1990 is one of the highest in the world, likely • The resulting strengthening of components of a decline of more than 70 percent from 1990 maternal and child health systems in Turkey to 2007. The Turkey Demographic and Health – namely, a rapid increase in antenatal care Survey (TDHS) is an invaluable resource in attendance, large increases in the proportion assessing risk, progress, and opportunities; a of women delivering in health institutions and population-based perinatal data system would in the proportion of women whose deliveries enhance the utility of TDHS and provide more were attended by health providers, and the real-time monitoring, evaluation, and research rapid development of neonatal intensive care, opportunities for targeting further declines in all directly contributed to increased survival of U5MR. newborns and children. DECEMBER 2009 U5MR / TURKEY (2) Introduction The Republic of Turkey is a country that has the examination of U5MR in Turkey, a framework undergone rapid social, economic, and health that may help other countries similarly examine change in the past two decades. Since the their declines in U5MR over time in the context 1980s and before, the economy of Turkey of other country changes. has grown rapidly, with occasional setbacks and recoveries, and large portions of the rural The purpose of this report is to present a population have migrated to several rapidly description and analysis of U5MR mortality growing cities, creating challenges facing the decline in Turkey, with a particular focus on Turkish health care system. In the historical policy, programmatic, and epidemiological context of these geographic, sociodemographic, changes observed since 1990 that may and health status challenges, Turkey’s help explain Turkey’s rapid progress toward achievements in reducing mortality among reducing U5MR, and indeed underscoring infants and children since 1990 are quite Turkey’s experience in achieving the remarkable. In fact, Turkey’s Infant Mortality Millennium Development Goal 4 (to reduce Rate (IMR) and Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR)* by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 the are among the most rapidly declining rates under-five mortality rate). Further, this report worldwide. provides interpretation of trends in Turkey and summarizes the Turkish experience in improving As many countries are undergoing similar rapid maternal and child health status. The analysis social and economic changes, Turkey provides adopts a logic model approach, examining an interesting case study in U5MR mortality context, system inputs, system outputs and decline. This report provides a framework for outcomes, impacts. * U5MR: Under-5 Mortality Rate is defined as “the probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates” (http://www.childinfo.org/mortality_ methodology.html). 5 U5MR / TURKEY DECEMBER 2009 (3) Turkish U5MR in Global Context The Fourth Millennium Development Goal the MDG4 goal and have reduced their U5MR (MDG4) is by 2015 to reduce the under-five by more than two-thirds: in fact, according to mortality rate (U5MR) by two-thirds from the UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children Report 1990 level. To date, all regions of the world (2009), Turkey’s U5MR in 2007 has reduced by and the world in aggregate fall well-below this 72% over 1990 levels. This substantial decline goal, and well-below where one might expect is only slightly less than the decline observed by them to have achieved if the goal is to be met Portugal during the same period, the only other by 2015. Turkey, however, is one country among European or OECD country to have achieved a only a few that have likely already surpassed greater decline than Turkey. Figure 3.1: Comparison of Turkey Under-5 Mortality (U5MR) World Region/ Classification Percent Change in U5MR (90-07) Industrialized Countries - 40.0% Developing Countries - 28.2% Least Developed Countries - 27.4% Middle East and North Africa - 41.8% Central/ Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of - 52.8% Independent States WORLD - 26.9% Republic of Turkey - 72.0% (Source: UNICEF State of the World’s Children 2009) The U5MR in Turkey declined an average of 7.5% per year during this timeframe as well (1990-2007), with only five countries worldwide with a higher annual decline. U5MR declined much faster than expected in Turkey during this period when compared with similar countries throughout the world. 6 DECEMBER 2009 U5MR / TURKEY (4) U5MR Analytic Framework and Data Sources The analytic framework adopted to examine outcomes, and impacts as shown in the model U5MR is the logic model approach, which below. delineates systems inputs and outputs, Figure 4.1: Logic Model Framework for U5MR Reduction o Turkey Underlying this framework is the assumption policies, health reforms, and implementation that direct attribution of a single cause (or, of effective intervention programs surrounding input) that creates the impact desired (in this family planning, childhood immunization, instance, decreased U5MR) is not possible, nor breastfeeding and child nutrition, and oral is appropriate. In fact, U5MR is a multifactoral rehydration/ child survival, all combine to create construct that results from the combined well-functioning MCH systems of care. These effects of health policies and reforms, and well- MCH systems of care (the “outputs”) include functioning maternal and child health (MCH) direct maternal and neonatal care contexts systems and interventions, in the context of (including antenatal, delivery, neonatal, and particular social, demographic, and economic post-neonatal clinical and preventive care), contexts. In this model, we examine the which subsequently directly and indirectly contexts of population and economic change, impact infant mortality, comprised of both and educational change and gender, as these neonatal and post-neonatal death, and child often relate directly and indirectly to under-5 death. These components combined form the mortality. Systems inputs, particularly health U5MR, which is expected to decline as the logic 7 U5MR / TURKEY DECEMBER 2009 model functions, i.e., as the inputs create the from sources from within Turkey that allow for outputs desired, which subsequently impact comparable assessment with other countries’ the outcomes and impacts anticipated. Data data, particularly core UNICEF monitoring data sources
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Competition in Turkey
    Ahmet Burçin Yereli Macroeconomic effects of tax competition in Turkey Introduction Globalisation and new electronic technologies can permit a proliferation of tax re- gimes designed to attract geographically mobile activities. Governments must take measures, in particular intensifying their international co-operation, if the worldwide reduction in welfare caused by tax-induced distortions in capital and financial flows is to be avoided and their tax bases protected. Evidently, the OECD has a problem with tax competition: If nothing is done, governments may increasingly be forced to engage in competitive tax bid- ding to attract or retain mobile activities. That ‘race to the bottom’, where location and fi- nancing decisions become primarily tax driven, will mean that capital and financial flows will be distorted and it will become more difficult to achieve fair competition for real economic activities. (Laband, 2000) The concept of tax competition is the focus of this study, which will discuss the macroeconomic effects of financial policies based upon tax competition which have been pursued after 1980 in Turkey. The Turkish case is also compared with European – especially east European – countries. The concept of tax competition Globalisation is knitting separate national economies into a single world economy. This is occurring as a result of rising trade and investment flows, greater labour mo- bility and rapid transfers of technology. Individuals and businesses gain greater free- dom, as economic integration increases, to take advantage of foreign economic opportunities. This, in turn, increases the sensitivity of investment and location deci- sions to taxation. Countries feel pressure to reduce tax rates to avoid driving away their tax bases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nesting Success of Green Turtles on Beaches at Kazanli, Turkey
    ORYX VOL 26 NO 3 JULY 1992 The nesting success of green turtles on beaches at Kazanli, Turkey Stephanie J. Coley and Andrew C. Smart The green turtle Chelonia mydas is one of two marine turtle species to nest in Turkey. Its three main nesting beaches are in eastern Turkey, with possibly the densest congregation of nesting turtles in the Mediterranean being found at Kazanli. However, beach erosion, hatchling predation, agricultural encroachment and chemical pollution mean that the future of the Kazanli nest site is uncertain. The Turkish Society for the Protection of Nature (Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi) is making valiant efforts to protect all the turtle nesting beaches in Turkey but lacks detailed information on the numbers of nesting turtles on many beaches. This paper describes a short study of nesting turtles at Kazanli during 1990 and makes recommendations for the conservation of the nesting beach. Introduction Iskenderun as late as 1972 (annual catch 1200). In Turkey, problems due to tourism are great- Nesting sites of marine turtles in the est on the west Mediterranean coast and, until Mediterranean are under threat due to pollu- recently, conservation measures have concen- tion, land reclamation, sand extraction and trated on these sites. Turkey has 17 turtle nest- increased tourist development, which has ing sites along the Mediterranean coast that been associated with reduced numbers of are recognized as needing protection (Baran nesting adults and emerging hatchlings. and Kasparek, 1989). Five have been designat- Development for tourism has been particular- ed Specially Protected Areas by the Turkish ly apparent on the Greek island of Zakynthos Government (Whitmore et ah, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • 11.3% of Overall Turkey Export
    こんにちは MERHABA İZMİR, SMARTEST CHOICE FOR YOUR NEXT INVESTMENT WHO WE ARE WHAT WE CAN DO FOR YOU Who We Are? KEY FUNCTIONS • Preparing Regional Development Plans & Strategies • Providing Financial Support • City Marketing as a touristic destination • Promoting investment and business opportunities in İzmir • Giving consultancy to new investors What We Can Do For You! One Stop Shop providing extensive and confidential services, free of charge: Providing the necessary information for your final decision Site selection Facilitating legal procedures such as: • permit & license procedures • establishing business operations • incentive applications The Top Investment Promotion Agency of East Europe and Asia (2016), To create your business network & coordination with Site Selection Magazine relevant governmental institutions İZMİR, SMARTEST CHOICE FOR YOUR NEXT INVESTMENT Strong Economy: Second Largest Commercial Center in Turkey Share of Exports & Imports by country of origin and sector (2017) COUNTRY EXPORT ($) % COUNTRY IMPORT ($) % Germany 1,015,605,139 12.0 China 959,298,003 10.7 USA 741,875,095 8.8 Germany 883,001,187 9.9 England 599,994,906 7.1 Russia Fed. 724,370,466 8.1 Spain 561,774,061 6.6 USA 522,971,851 5.8 Italy 488,215,975 5.8 Italy 508,555,327 5.7 Main Import Items: Chemicals, machinery, Main Export Items: Knitted Clothing, Food & petro chemicals, metal products, motor vehicles, beverage, agriculture & farming, Machinery, Motor food & beverage, agriculture & farming, electrical Vehicles, Tobacco, Plastics and Plastic Products machinery and equipment, waste, medical devices Turksat, 2018 LOCATION & LOGISTICS Putting you at the center of Europe, Asia and Africa… At the center of a market of a population of 1.6 billion, $23.5 trillion GDP, $7.1 trillion trade A natural distribution center Intersection point of Europe, Central Asia and Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Peter J
    Walker and Klement Vet Res (2015) 46:124 DOI 10.1186/s13567-015-0262-4 REVIEW Open Access Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever Peter J. Walker1* and Eyal Klement2 Abstract Bovine ephemeral fever (or 3-day sickness) is an acute febrile illness of cattle and water buffaloes. Caused by an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), the disease occurs seasonally over a vast expanse of the globe encompassing much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. Although mortality rates are typically low, infection prevalence and morbidity rates during outbreaks are often very high, causing serious economic impacts through loss of milk production, poor cattle condition at sale and loss of traction power at harvest. There are also sig- nificant impacts on trade to regions in which the disease does not occur, including the Americas and most of Europe. In recent years, unusually severe outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever have been reported from several regions in Asia and the Middle East, with mortality rates through disease or culling in excess of 10–20%. There are also concerns that, like other vector-borne diseases of livestock, the geographic distribution of bovine ephemeral fever could expand into regions that have historically been free of the disease. Here, we review current knowledge of the virus, including its molecular and antigenic structure, and the epidemiology of the disease across its entire geographic range. We also discuss the effectiveness of vaccination and other strategies to prevent or control
    [Show full text]
  • Green Economy“ and Priorities of Biogeocentrism
    „Green Economy“ and Priorities of Biogeocentrism Temur Shengelia full professor of Ivane Javachishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia Khatuna Berishvili Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhisvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia Abstract. The basic postulates of economic science were founded in the epoch when material activities of a man did not exceed the potential for restoration of the natural environment. By today the situation has changed considerably: anthropogenic loading exceeded the condition of natural complex and of entire ecosphere. The mankind passed to responsible stage of its history, which demands change of economy paradigm, its compatibility with the demand of biosphere development. Transition to a new step of culture of material production is necessary, which should be compatible with the exhaustible ecopotential of the universe. The present work discusses present directions of “green economy” and the need for involvement of the natural environment into the system of social-economic relations. The concept of sustainable debelopment of countries, according to which economy of anthrosphere should obey the laws of biosphere economy that implies a priority of biogeocentrism contrary to anthropocentrism. Key words: „green economy“, ecopotential, exhaustion, economic paradigm, change. Introduction Over entire history of the civilization, especially, in the end of XX century, man’s activity towards the biosphere was mostly destructive. Slowdown in growth of the population and depopulation were important terms of bioresources reduction (Gumilev., 2000, Oldak, 1983). In the beginning of XXI century the mankind keeps developing again at the expense of extensive factors, widens expansion of natural resources. The conflict between a man and the nature was forecast long ago by the classics of exonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Properties of the Turkish Hermin Model - Htr5
    STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE TURKISH HERMIN MODEL - HTR5 Dr. John Bradley Eser Pirgan Matur Pınar Yaşar Murat Vardal A. Sema Bahçeci Economic Modeling Department General Directorate of Economic Modeling and Strategic Research State Planning Organization Ankara, July 2009 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE TURKISH HERMIN MODEL - HTR5 This publication is the final report of the Hermin Model Project of the General Directorate of Economic Modeling and Strategic Research, which was initiated in 2006 and executed by the Economic Modeling Department of the State Planning Organization. Contacts for communications A. Sema Bahçeci (Project Coordinator) Dr. John Bradley (Consultant) State Planning Organization EMDS - Economic Modeling and Economic Modeling Department Development Strategies Necatibey Cad. No.108 14 Bloomfield Avenue, Dublin 8, Ireland Phone: +90 312 294 60 17 Phone: +353-1-454 5138 Fax: +90 312 294 60 77 Fax: +353-1-497 0001 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Eser Pirgan Matur State Planning Organization Economic Modeling Department E-mail : [email protected] Pınar Yaşar State Planning Organization Economic Modeling Department E-mail : [email protected] Murat Vardal State Planning Organization Economic Modeling Department E-mail : [email protected] Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 2. A PORTRAIT OF THE TURKISH ECONOMY: 1987-2006.................................... 3 2.1 GDP and per capita Income......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish E-Government Transformation
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by DSpace@MIT Turkish e‐Government Transformation: A Country Analysis Based on Efforts, Problems and Solutions By GÖKHAN İSKENDER M.S. in Information Systems Middle East Technical University, 2006 SUBMITTED TO THE MIT SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2012 © 2012 Gökhan İskender. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: ____________________________________________________________ May 11, 2012 MIT Sloan School of Management Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Michael A. Cusumano SMR Distinguished Professor of Management Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________________________ Michael A. Cusumano SMR Distinguished Professor of Management Program Director, M.S. in Management Studies Program MIT Sloan School of Management 1 [Page intentionally left blank] 2 Turkish e‐Government Transformation: A Country Analysis Based on Efforts, Problems and Solutions By GÖKHAN İSKENDER Submitted to the MIT Sloan School of Management on May 11, 2012 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Management Studies ABSTRACT This study analyzes the e‐Government transformation in Turkey by presenting a detailed history of efforts between 1990 and 2011. The first chapter of this study presents the focus of the research as an introduction to the subject while the second chapter summarizes the important governmental and institutional developments experienced in the analyzed time frame.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the 43Rd General Session of the European Commission for The
    ROME 17-18 APRIL 2019 Report 43RD GENERAL SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EuFMD) ROME 17-18 APRIL 2019 Report 43RD GENERAL SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EuFMD) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS European Commission for the control of Foot-and-Mouth disease (EuFMD) Rome, 2019 43RD GENERAL SESSION OF THE EuFMD ROME 17-18 APRIL 2019 Contents Recommendations of the 43rd General Session of the EuFMD Commission ....................................................4 Report ...............................................................................................................................................................7 Item 1. Adoption of the Agenda .......................................................................................................................9 Item 2. Global Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) surveillance report .................................................................9 Item 2. Progress of the Global FMD control strategy .....................................................................................11 Item 3 Transboundary disease risks in the European region ..........................................................................14 Item 4. Technical point 1: Modelling FMD, EuFMDis ......................................................................................19 Item 5. Technical point 2: On-farm biosecurity is crucial for controlling FMD outbreaks ..............................21
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Review and the Parliamentary Opposition in Turkey
    The Developing Economies, XXXIV-3 (September 1996) CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW AND THE PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION IN TURKEY YASUSHI HAZAMA I. INTRODUCTION characteristic of the Turkish Constitutional Court is its open access to the parliamentary opposition and its high degree of independence from the A executive branch of government. This paper will show that in Turkey con- stitutional review provides opportunities for the parliamentary opposition to com- pensate for its legislative weakness. In other words, constitutional review is the opposition’s second chance to defeat some of the government’s bills. A. Political Background Transition to a multiparty system in 1946. The political background for the intro- duction of constitutional review in Turkey can at least be dated back to an earlier attempt at democratization immediately after the Second World War. In the 1946 general election Turkey made a transition to a multiparty system from the one- party system dominated by the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi; hereafter RPP) founded by Kemal Atatürk. The electoral outcome gave the governing RPP a bare majority to remain in office, but in the following 1950 gen- eral election the RPP had to give way to the emerging Democratic Party (Demokrat Parti; hereafter DP), which had originated from a splinter group that broke off from the RPP. Tyranny of the majority ends in a coup. Turkey’s democratization attempt, while bringing about a change of governing parties, did not engender institutionalized –––––––––––––––––––––––––– The author is indebted to the Constitutional Court of Turkey for the valuable data it made available on constitutional review. In particular, its General Secretary, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Click Beetles of Cyprus with Descriptions of Two New Species and Notes on Species of the Genus Haterumelater Ohira, 1968 (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 55 Autor(en)/Author(s): Preiss Rüdiger, Platia Giuseppe Artikel/Article: The Click Beetles of Cyprus with descriptions of two new species and notes on species of the genus Haterumelater Ohira, 1968 (Coleoptera: Elateridae). 97-123 ©Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Z.Arb.Gem.Öst.Ent. 55 97-123 1 Wien, 15. 12.2003 ISSN 0375-5223 The Click Beetles of Cyprus with descriptions of two new species and notes on species of the genus Haterumelater OHIRA, 1968 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Rüdiger PREISS and Giuseppe PLATIA Abstract During a 3-year stay in Cyprus (Preiss) new material was collected and access to the collections of the Ministry of Agriculture in Nicosia, of Mr. Makris and Mr. Georgiou in Limassol and of the Agricultural University in Athens led to a revision of the elaterid fauna of Cyprus. The present contribution treats 37 species. Nine species are recorded for the first time from Cyprus. Two new species are described. Drasterius makrisi n. sp. can be separated from the very variable D. bimaculatus (ROSSI, 1790) by the coarse puncturation on the disc of the wider pronotum. Cardiophorus georgioui n. sp. can easily be distinguished from Cardiophorus miniaticollis CANDÈZE, 1860 by the orange coloured legs and from some south European species (Italy), in particular C. argiolus (GÉNÉ, 1836) and C. ulcerosus (GÉNÉ, 1836), by the absence of markings on the pronotum. The female of Agriotes magnami PLATIA & GUDENZI, 1996 is also described.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hairy-Nosed Otter in Peninsular Malaysia
    IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 13(1) 1996 NOTE FROM THE EDITOR Unfortunately the release of the 13th issue of the IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin is somewhat later than usual. The delay is a result of the move of the University of Veterinary Medicine to its new place. It was quite a hard job to organize the move and to restart everything. Please note the new address which is given on page 1. The next issue will hopefully be send out around end of December. In this issue there are four reviewed articles and another three are already in the state of review. I would like to thank all reviewers for their fruitful comments on the manuscripts. The new system seems to be accepted much better than I hoped. Articles will be fully reviewed by at least two reviewers. Reports will be published without a review system as we had it the last years. For their help in editing and printing of this issue I would like to mention Barbara Gutleb-Rainer, Hans van den Berg (Wageningen) and Els Hoogsteede-Veens (GRAFISCH SERVICE CENTRUM VAN GILS, Wageningen). Without their efforts the Bulletin could not be published in its present form. The foto on the front cover was provided by Juan Pablo Gallo (Argentina). Fotos for the front cover are welcome and will be send back on request. Name of authors will be mentioned on page 1. - 2 - IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 13(1) 1996 A R T I C L E ASPECTS OF PREYING BEHAVIOUR OF SMOOTH-COATED OTTERS Lutrogale Perspicillata FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA Bas E.
    [Show full text]
  • World Journal of Environmental Research Volume 07, Issue 1, (2017) 40-51
    World Journal of Environmental Research Volume 07, Issue 1, (2017) 40-51 www.wjer.eu National energy strategies of Germany and Turkey Anil Berkin *, Department of Sustainable environment and energy systems, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Techical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, 99738, Guzelyurt, North Cyprus. Suggested Citation: Berkin, A. (2017). National energy strategies of Germany and Turkey. World Journal of Environmental Research. 7(1), 40-51. Received from 20 October 2016; revised from 14 December 2016; accepted from 2 February 2017. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Haluk Soran, Near East University, Cyprus. ©2017 SciencePark Research, Organization & Counseling. All rights reserved. Abstract Since the last decade, the energy policies of some countries have changed. The investments in renewable energy sources have significantly increased in developed and developing countries, as the cost of the renewable plants are decreasing, during the same time. Germany, one of the most important country of Europe in terms of energy, has fastened its green energy policy, while Turkey, one of the most important developing countries in terms of energy demand, has showed a huge growth with the help of the agreements and new energy policy according to the European Union acquis. Germany and Turkey has always been in contact with each other because of their background. In this paper, their energy policies, future plans, energy production and consumption will be analysed and compared. Keywords: Germany, Turkey, energy policies, energy strategies. * ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Anil Berkin, Department of Sustainable environment and energy systems, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Techical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, 99738, Guzelyurt, North Cyprus.
    [Show full text]