DOCSLIB.ORG

Almazovo» Situated Near Moscow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Almazovo» Situated Near Moscow 3/2014 УДК 72.03:908 I.V. Aksenova MGSU RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING HISTORY OF THE DEMIDOVS’ ESTATE «ALMAZOVO» SITUATED NEAR MOSCOW The currency of the topic covered in the article is not only the necessity of national cultural traditions revival, but also the possibility of applying the restored historical objects in modern life as multifunctional cultural and touristic complexes. At present, this is one of the most prospective tendencies in tourism, entertainment industry and educational programmes. The revival of historical estates and cultural traditions is nowadays insuffi ciently used but inexhaustible source for economical and cultural development of Russian regions. Attracting investments allow preserving ancient buildings in future. The Demidovs’ estate “Sergievskaya dacha” in Almazovo (belonged to the Demidovs, the Ural owners of mines and metallurgical works) is an object of historic and cultural interest of Federal signifi cance and it is of great scientifi c. educational and architectural value. To date the published information about the estate is laconic and sometimes contradictive. The results of historic and architectural researches based upon detailed study of literary materials and especially archives are offered in the article. All building stages of the estate are considered. Unique unpublished drafts of demolished and not erected (because of a disease of the owner) buildings and elements of landscape architecture, which form an entity of the whole complex, have been discovered by the author. The scientifi c importance of researches carried out by the author consists of the possibility (to the great degree of trustworthiness) to reconstruct the building history of the whole estate complex. The volume of the obtained information allows to speak of the possibility of the estate restoration and to work out the project for its new contemporary usage as a museum of the noble family way of life. This will encourage the development of tourism in the region and draw the attraction of investments in order to preserve the estate. Key words: historical site, cultural and touristic complexes, Demidovs’ estate, Almazovo in Moscow Region, archives, estate building history, historical and architectural investigation, museum of noble family household, retrospective reconstruction, historical objects usage. In 1762 the Emperor Peter III abolished compulsory state and military service by his “decree of liberty and freedom for the Russian nobility”, which led to a wave of estate building. Believing in the possibility of creating a perfect world, the repre- sentatives of the upper class laid out their estates in accordance with their philosophy and ideas of heaven on earth. This was the beginning of “the golden age of Russian estate” and its importance for Russian culture cannot be overestimated. After the Revolution some estates were irrevocably gone, others were more for- tunate: medical and social institutions were established in them. However, during perestroika period they were left derelict since the State no longer set aside any money even for repairs, let alone restoration. According to the information from “The Society of Russian Estates Investigation”, around 7000 estates have survived in Russia as historical and cultural monuments [1]. However, most of them are in poor condition and every year their number is going down. 36 © Aksenova I.V., 2014 Архитектура и градостроительство. Реконструкция и реставрация In contemporary European countries the practice of retrospective reconstruc- tion, which re-establishes the atmosphere of the past, is becoming ever more popular [2]. At present time this is one of the most attractive ways of developing tourism, leisure and educational programs. In Russia the examples of activities in restored es- tates, which are close to historical practices, also exist, though they are still rare. For instance, the Cultural Museum of the Russian Estate, the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki Estate of the nobility Golitsins, set up in 1999, has become one of the best-known and most dynamic cultural and educational centers in Moscow [3]. And at the Mary- ino Estate (the family estate of the Stroganov-Golitsins outside St. Petersburg) it has been possible to restore the unique spirit of a 19th century estate and visitors come here for various events (holidays, banquets, festivals) [4]. Although the restoration of historic estates, and, together with them, national cultural traditions, is still rare, it is an inexhaustible resource for the economic and cultural development of the Rus- sian regions. Under the aegis of the national “Russian Estate Restoration” foundation, pilot projects to promote interest and restore neglected estates are being developed, as well as the projects to fi nd social and cultural uses as multi-purpose cultural and tourist centers for recreation and as health [2]. Restoration is acceptable only by us- ing scientifi c methods which restore on the basis of documentary evidence. «The 19th century Almazovo Estate» near Moscow is a historic and cultural mon- ument of national importance. According to its offi cial designation, the surviving elements of the monument include fi ve historic buildings of the Church complex (an almshouse, the Church of St. Sergius and the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the Church gate and the east and west clergy houses), its system of ponds and canals and the remains of the park [5]. The other buildings (including the country house) gradually fell down as far back as the 19th century. In the view of the experts, at the peak of its prosperity the estate was notable for its extremely distinctive layout with a unique system of artifi cial lakes, which turned it into “a Little Venice in the Mos- cow Region” [6]. Even today ancient avenues, plant-fi lled estate canals and ponds, as well as the location of the now non-existent country house, can still be made out from satellite photographs. *** The development of the land adjoining the Medvezhyi lakes, where the present- day village of Almazovo is situated, started in the late 14th century. In 1646 a noble- man of the Boyars’ Council of the Vladimir Legal Department of the Royal Gov- ernment, Semeon Almazov, became the owner of the settlement. After the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh was built, the former small village became known as Sergievskoye or Almazovo. In 1753 Sergievskoye was acquired by Nikita Akinfi ev- ich Demidov (1724—1789), a grandson of the founder of the Demidov mining and metals dynasty [7]. Nikita Akinfi evich, a creative and gifted man in many fi elds, was a representative of the new generation after Peter the Great. In accordance with European fashions he decided to convert this ordinary village of Almazovo near Moscow with its everyday life into an estate, unusual by its beauty and splendor. On the general land survey of 1766 (Pic. 1), “the village of Sergievskoye in the Bogorodsky District of the Moscow Province of the Koshelev area, the estate of the privy councilor N.A. Demidov”, is mentioned as “former monastic properties” [8]. Architecture and urban development. Restructuring and restoration 37 3/2014 Sergievskoye could be reached from the Strominsky road (now the Shcholkovskoye Highway) through Nikolsko-Trubetskoye. The road passed through the estate and led to the Vladimir Highroad. In the 1760s and 1770s extensive construction work was carried out in the estate. The local topography gave N.A. Demidov the idea of creating a system of reservoirs, which on the one hand, enabled him to lower the water table and drain wetlands, and, on the other hand, create a unique water park in the estate. Thirteen years later almost the whole estate had already been established in Sergievskoye. Unfortunately, the architect of the estate is unknown. Pic. 1. The Central Part of the Estate at the Time of the Survey 1766—1768 (RGA- DA — Russian National Archive of Historic Documents. Fond / F. (Archive) 1354. Opis / Op. (Inventory) 246): 1. Main canal; 2. Main avenue; 3. Great pond; 4. Small pond; 5. Artifi - cial “Mount Zion”; 6. Original wooden country house on the island in the centre of the round pond; 7. Wooden bridge; 8. Stone bridge; 9. Outbuildings; 10. Stone St. Sergius Church with wooden bell-tower; 11. Clergy building; 12. Hamlet for servants; 13. Orangeries; 14. Site where the the- atre was to be built in 1773; 15. Garden; 16. Swan pond; 17. Small Menagerie; 18. Side (pig) pond; 19. Bathing pond The estate had a transitional character, ranging from regular classicism, charac- terized by simple forms, to landscapes imagined in the romantic style [9]. Although quite geometrical, the setting was very picturesque which, in contrast to Western classicism, is peculiar to Russian architecture. A unique technique of landscape art was applied to its layout, reinforcing the pivotal composition of the central avenue (2) with the parallel main canal (1), situated 60 meters to the north. In the west the canal ended in the smaller pond (4) and the artifi cial Mount Zion (5), in the east it ended in the greater pond (3). This artifi cial, rectangular-shaped but rounded reser- voir is adorned by an island, situated on the same axes as the main canal [10]. More or less in the middle of the canal a round pond was dug, in the centre of which a small, eight-sided island with a country house was located (6). The house (at fi rst one-storied, then two-storied with an attic storey) was placed across the canal so that its eastern and western facades looked along the axes of the canal. The glazed walkways on the arched bridges united the house with wooden outbuildings on the opposite banks of the canal — another technique which has no parallels in Russian estate architecture. More or less in front of the country house, against the other side of the avenue, there stood the stone Church of St.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting for Russia's Apothecary and Botanical
    SEEDS OF EXCHANGE: COLLECTING FOR RUSSIA’S APOTHECARY AND BOTANICAL GARDENS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES BY RACHEL KOROLOFF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor John W. Randolph, Chair Professor Mark D. Steinberg Professor Richard W. Burkhardt Associate Professor Kelly O’Neill Abstract This dissertation follows the collection and cultivation of plants in the Russian Empire for medicinal and botanical purposes from the beginning of the seventeenth to the end of the eighteenth centuries. It focuses on the itineraries of collection and the spaces of cultivation established by herbalists, doctors, and naturalists in the employ of the Apothecary (Medical) Chancellery and the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In doing so it investigates how methods of botanical collection, including specific itineraries, influenced the creation spaces of botanical cultivation, including gardens, collections of correspondence and regional Floras. This juxtaposition and analysis of the mutual influence between routes and gardens ultimately attempts to explore how mobility and space intersected with the production of natural knowledge in the early modern Russian context. The first chapter of this dissertation, “Travniki and the Chancellery,” details the seventeenth-century network of itinerant herbalists [travniki] who collected plants, flowers, roots and seeds seasonally for the Apothecary Chancellery’s pharmacies and gardens. The travels of the Chancellery’s travniki are contrasted with the trade in materia medica, which included medicinal plants as well as chemical medicines, found in the herb stalls [zeleinye riady] of Moscow’s trading quarters.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE and MINING DEVELOPMENT of the URALS Post-Conference Tour Perm – Yekaterinburg – Nizhny Tagil - Perm 19-22 July 2019
    GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND MINING DEVELOPMENT OF THE URALS Post-conference tour Perm – Yekaterinburg – Nizhny Tagil - Perm 19-22 July 2019 Editors Liudmila S. Rybnikova, Oksana B. Naumova Yekaterinburg-Perm, 2019 Geological structure and mining development of the Urals. Post-conference tour. Perm–Yekaterinburg– Nizhny Tagil–Perm. 19-22 July 2019 / Liudmila S. Rybnikova, Oksana B. Naumova, Petr A. Rybnikov, Vladimir A. Naumov, Vera Yu. Navolokina, Vitaliy E. Sosnin, Igor S. Kopylov. 2019. – 32 p. ISBN Since 1979 the «International Mine Water Association» has been organizing annual international meetings focused on various aspects of mine water, including its hydrology, chemistry, biology, environmental aspects, and potential reuse, as well as how best to control it through better prediction, mine water management and treatment. The IMWA2019 Conference theme was «Mine water: technological and ecological challenges». The conference was held during 15-19 July, 2019 in Perm on the basis of Perm State University. The post- conference tour gives a unique opportunity to cross the Ural mountains twice and see the features of change in the geological situation in different structural- tectonic zones: from the East European platform, the depression area of the region (foredeep), Western Ural fold system (advanced folds of the Urals), the Central Urals mega anticlinorium (Central Ural uplift), the Main Ural fault and the Tagil synclinorium (deflection) of Tagil-Magnitogorsk mega synclinorium. The main stops along the route are the old Ural cities founded as places of development of mining and historical sites. These are the points of discovery of the first oil in the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, the first diamond, the first ore and placer gold, the oldest iron ore and copper deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    European Research Studies Journal Volume XXI, Special Issue 3, 2018 pp. 16-27 Economic and Political Fundamentals for the Establishment of the Cabinet-Owned Metallurgical Complex in Siberia in the 18th Century A.V. Kontev1, O.E. Konteva2, A.V. Kremneva3, O.Yu. Voronkova4, A.L. Poltarykhin5, P.V. Zhuravlev6 Abstract: Economic and political fundamentals for the development of mining and metallurgical production in Siberia in the 18th century are discussed in this paper. The principal type of ownership of large enterprises at that time was serf manufactory, the development of which took place in the conditions of absolutism based on forced labor. Based on a comprehensive set of archive documents, the authors have studied the problem of the transfer under the authority of the Imperial Cabinet of the private Kolyvano-Voskresensk enterprises owned by Demidov, which were established in the 1720s in the south area of Western Siberia. The status change of industrial enterprises is discussed in the context of accidental events (the death of Akinfiy Demidov and the controversy of his heirs) and the consistent processes of development of silver smelting production in the country. The quick development of the metallurgical industry in Russia in the 18th century was caused by a number of domestic and external factors. The Crown extensively attracted private sector capital for the search and development of ore deposits, especially in remote Uralian and Siberian areas. In the 1720s-1740s, the Kolyvano-Voskresensk industrial-territorial complex privately owned by Akinfiy Demidov was established in the south area of Western Siberia. In the middle of the 1740s, the events happened, as a result of which the possessory belonging of the enterprises was changed and these enterprises were transferred under the control and management of the governmental institution – that is, the Imperial Cabinet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demidov Ironworks in Nevyansk (Ural Mountains) – Iron Structures in Building from the First Half of the 18Th Century
    THE DEMIDOV IRONWORKS IN NEVYANSK (URAL MOUNTAINS) – IRON STRUCTURES IN BUILDING FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY Werner Lorenz1, Bernhard Heres2 Keywords Russian iron industry, bloomery iron, cast iron, reinforced cast beam, iron roof truss Abstract Although the use of single wrought or cast iron structural elements such as tie rods, plates or columns goes back to the ancient world and became more and more common in the 17th and 18th centuries, the roof structures erected in Paris at the Théâtre Francais (1786–90) and the Salon Carré du Louvre (1789) are commonly regarded as the first examples of complete iron roof trusses in the history of construction. However, an earlier, larger application of an iron truss has been found in Russia dating from the first half of the 18th century. Considering the dominant role of Russian iron production in the 18th century, this is hardly surprising. The “golden age of Russian iron” goes back to the strategic decision of Peter the Great, at the end of the 17th century, to push forward the foundation of iron-making plants in connection with pre-industrial “works towns” in the Ural Mountains. Within a few decades, the Urals became the centre of Russian iron production, with plants often equipped with larger and better tools and machinery than in Europe. Nevyansk, 90 km north of Yekaterinburg, was the first of these new plant towns. Founded by the state in 1699 but transferred into private hands (Nikita Demidov) in 1702, Nevyansk, the “grandfather of the Ural plant towns”, became one of the most important factories – not only in the Urals, but also in Europe in terms of both the quantity and quality of the metal produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Art and Power in the Reign of Catherine the Great: the State Portraits
    Art and Power in the Reign of Catherine the Great: The State Portraits Erin McBurney Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Erin McBurney !All rights reserved ABSTRACT Art and Power in the Reign of Catherine the Great: The State Portraits Erin McBurney This dissertation examines the relationship between art and power in the reign of Catherine II of Russia (1762-1796). It considers Catherine’s state portraits as historical texts that revealed symbolic manifestations of autocratic power, underscoring the close relationship between aesthetics and politics during the reign of Russia’s longest serving female ruler. The Russian empress actively exploited the portrait medium in order to transcend the limitations of her gender, assert legitimacy and display herself as an exemplar of absolute monarchy. The resulting symbolic representation was protean and adaptive, and it provided Catherine with a means to negotiate the anomaly of female rule and the ambiguity of her Petrine inheritance. In the reign of Catherine the Great, the state portraits functioned as an alternate form of political discourse. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations…………………………………………………..ii-v Introduction………………………………………………………...1-33 I. Ennui and Solitude……………………………………………...34-105 II. Seizing the Stage of Power…………………………………….106-139 III. Minerva Ascendant……………………………………………..140-212 IV. “Victorieuse et Legislatrice”…………………………………...213-279 V. Picturing the Greek Project…………………………………...280-340 VI. The Judgment of History…………………………………....…341-393 Conclusion……………………………………………………….394-397 Bibliography……………………………………………………,..398-426 i McBurney Art and Power List of Illustrations Figure 1. Godfrey Kneller, Peter I of Russia, 1698 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Demidov's Voyage Dans La Russie Méridionale
    Lauren M. O'Connell Layered Encounters in the Cross-Cultural Text: Demidov's Voyage dans la Russie méridionale Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 9, no. 2 (Autumn 2010) Citation: Lauren M. O'Connell, “Layered Encounters in the Cross-Cultural Text: Demidov's Voyage dans la Russie méridionale,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 9, no. 2 (Autumn 2010), http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn10/demidovs-voyage-dans-la-russie- meridionale. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art. Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. O'Connell: Demidov‘s Voyage dans la Russie méridionale Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 9, no. 2 (Autumn 2010) Layered Encounters in the Cross-Cultural Text: Demidov's Voyage dans la Russie méridionale by Lauren M. O'Connell Still feeling the sting of Napoleon's defeat in Moscow decades earlier, French writer Paul de la Garenne, describing a dramatic daguerreotype of the Kremlin in winter by Noël Paymal Lerebours, wrote in 1841: Moscow reveals herself to us in her sparkling winter dress. It clothes everything, as though with a flood of snow—this snow in which we buried our treasures, our spoils, twelve hundred canons, and three thousand men—right down to the flag that we expected thus to strip from our enemy.[1] Years later, Alexandre Dumas père would view the same cityscape through the same painful prism. At the outset of an ambitious voyage that would take him to the far Asiatic fringe of the Russian Empire, he expresses his yearning to track, in and among Moscow's monuments, traces of the historic conflagration that sealed the fate of Napoleon's troops: We'll climb the citadel of the tsars—to see not only its palace domes, gilded or painted in green, the clock towers of its churches, its neighborhoods, .
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Slovtsov, Ivan Kalashnikov, and the Saga of Russian Siberia
    ENLIGHTENING THE LAND OF MIDNIGHT: PETER SLOVTSOV, IVAN KALASHNIKOV, AND THE SAGA OF RUSSIAN SIBERIA Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mark A. Soderstrom Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Advisor Alice L. Conklin David L. Hoffmann Copyright by Mark A. Soderstrom 2011 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the lives, works, and careers of Peter Andreevich Slovtsov (1767-1843) and Ivan Timofeevich Kalashnikov (1797-1863). Known today largely for their roles as Siberian “firsts”—Slovtsov as Siberia‟s first native-born historian, Kalashnikov as Siberia‟s first native-born novelist—their names often appear in discussions of the origins of Siberian regionalism, a movement of the later nineteenth century that decried Siberia‟s “colonial” treatment by the tsarist state and called for greater autonomy for the region. Drawing on a wide range of archival materials— including two decades of correspondence between the two men—this study shows that Slovtsov and Kalashnikov, far from being disgruntled critics of the tsarist state, were its proud agents. They identified with their service careers, I suggest, because they believed that autocratic rule was the best system for Russia and because serving the tsarist state provided what they saw as their greatest opportunity to participate in a progressive, world-historical saga of enlightenment. Their understanding of this saga and its Russian reverberations gave form and content to their senses of self. An exploration of Slovtsov and Kalashnikov‟s complex lives through the long paper trail that makes them accessible today offers revealing perspectives on the social, cultural, and intellectual history of Russia—in particular on topics of service, selfhood, bureaucratic culture, education, and the intersection of public and private life—as well as ii on the history of Siberia and its place in the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • SVERDLOVSK REGION — a Portrait of the Region in a Few Facts
    SVERD LOVSK REGION EVENT PASSPORT SVERDLOVSK REGION — a portrait of the region in a few facts Ekaterinburg — the administrative center of the Sverdlovsk region — is an industrial, metallurgical, mining, transport and cultural center located between Europe and Asia. It is difficult to find another place in the world in which so many precious stones are concentrated. Ural gems are not just minerals, but a miracle of nature, glorified in fairy tales. METALLURGICAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CENTER CIVILIZATION “EKATERINBURG-EXPO” The total area of the complex is To come to the Urals means to 150,000 sq. m: The largest events held: get acquainted with the history of industry and modern technologies. ● 4 exhibition halls: total area — a. SCO and BRIC Summits (2009) Nowadays it is a major center 50,000 sq. m (1 pavilion — 20,000 sq. m, 3 pavilions — b. International Industrial Exhibition of metallurgical and innovative “INNOPROM” (annually since 2010) production. You will feel the famous 10,000 sq. m each); Ural hospitality and all the subtleties c. EU-Russia Summit (2013) ● congress center: total area - of the Ural character in this 41,600 sq. m. (40 conference d. Russian-Chinese Expo (2016 and 2018) “stronghold of the state”, because the rooms, capacity of the main hall — mountains in the Urals are not only up to 5,000 people); e. FIFA World Cup games (2018) the “treasury” of gold and emeralds, but also of great people — masters of ● open exhibition space — f. Global Summit of Production and their craft. 60,000 sq. m. Industrialization, GMIS (2019) LEADING INDUSTRIES Ferrous and Engineering Chemical Agriculture Forest Light non-ferrous industry industry industry metallurgy PLANNING THE MOST VIVID WEATHER YOUR VISIT IMPRESSIONS Explore the imperial route — Accessibility “Romanovs’ Places”, authentic Season Average The presence of a developed monuments of mining civilization, the temperature transport infrastructure provides high Yeltsin Center and nature parks.
    [Show full text]
  • “Madonna of Demidovs” and “Madonna of Stroganovs”: to the Question of the Sociocultural Space Forming
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (2019 12) 1216–1239 ~ ~ ~ УДК 069.5 “Madonna of Demidovs” and “Madonna of Stroganovs”: to the Question of the Sociocultural Space Forming Natalia V. Parfentieva, Nikolai P. Parfentiev* and Semen D. Voroshin South Ural State University 76 Lenin, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia Received 30.05.2019, received in revised form 20.06.2019, accepted 04.07.2019 This work demonstrates results of study of museum and exhibition activity, which forming modern sociоcultural space at the examples of Renaissance and Mannerism art works from the Stroganovs and the Demidovs collections. The members of these families of Ural and Siberian industrialists, patrons of arts and philanthropists possessed the richest collections of world- class art works. Authors pay attention on such work as “Madonna del Popolo”, also known as “The Holy Family”. Now this masterpiece is stored in the Nizhny Tagil Municipal Museum of Fine Arts. Academician Igor Grabar, who saved it from destroy, considered that this artwork belongs to the authorship of Raphael Santi. The second masterpiece “The Holy Family with Infant Saint John the Baptist” by Agnolo Bronzino now is in the Pushkin State Art Museum (Moscow). Each painter in its own way have revealed the images of the Holy Family, especially Madonna and Infant Christ. Raphael did it in the traditions of the High Renaissance and Bronzino followed the best achievements of Mannerism. These paintings are especially important and valuable because Italian painter, architect and writer Giorgio Vasari, known as the founder of art history as branch of science, have paid his attention on them.
    [Show full text]
  • Historico-Cultural Relations Between Tuscany and the Russian Empire
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 7, No. 1; January 2017 Historico-cultural relations between Tuscany and the Russian Empire Mariya Komarova Department of Architecture and Design Politecnico di Torino Torino, Italy Abstract The object of research is the international cultural exchange between the Italian region of Tuscany and the Russian Empire in the period of its formation and prosperity at the turn of 18-19 centuries. The studies on diplomatic relations start from the middle of the 15-th century and serve as a foundation for the knowledge of migration of artists, writers, architects, sculptors, composers and other cultural figures in the historical period of the Russian Empire. During the research there were studied primary sources, archival documents and actual data that helped also to discover new names and biographies of some government officials and architects, who have made their contributions to the economic and cultural development of the two states. Keywords: ambassador; migration; foreign trade; architecture; art; Maecenas Introduction Traveling through Italy, one can understand that each its region has its own cultural peculiarities. Here every city is not only a unique work of art, but in every region there are also its own language dialects, recipes and age-old traditions. Today's united Italy still about 160 years ago was a territory with several independent states. Thus, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent state existed from 1569 to 1859, before under the dynasty of the Medici and under Habsburg-Lorraine after. During that period, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was able to maintain its independence and to grow up until it was one of the most prosperous and modern states in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Russian Mosaic' and Its Italian Connection: Malachite in The
    ‘Russian Mosaic’ and Its Italian Connection: Malachite in the Decorative Arts in the 1780s-1800s Yelena V. Grant Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts The Smithsonian Associates and the Corcoran College of Art + Design 2011 © 2011 Yelena V. Grant All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations . ii Acknowledgements. .xvi Introduction . .1 Chapter 1. Malachite Objects Before the 1830s – the Material Body of Evidence . 4 Chapter 2. Terminology: “Russian Mosaic” . .22 Chapter 3. Malachite and Natural History Collecting: from Enlightened Study to Status Symbol . 31 Chapter 4. The Pursuit of Taste: Traveling to Italy and Bringing Italy Home . 47 Chapter 5. The Hidden History: Russian Patronage and Italian Artistic Expertise in the Rise of Malachite as Decorative Material . .58 Conclusion . 75 Epilogue . 77 Appendices. 79 Notes . 94 Bibliography. 117 Illustrations . .126 i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 0.1. Ormolu Mounted Malachite Table, Demidov Manuractory (St. Petersburg, Russia) (?), ca. 1848-1853. Hillwood Museum, Washington, DC. Photograph reproduced from Sotheby‟s website: “Lot 454: Property from a Private Collection, England. An Ormolu Mounted Malachite Table, the Top circa 1860, The Base Late 19th Century.” The Russian Sale, Sale L06111, Session 2, 28 November 2006: http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=159296117. 0.2. Detail of Ormolu-mounted malachite table showing curvilinear seams between the tiles of malachite made according to the method patented by Leonard Joffriand in 1848. Hillwood Museum, Washington, DC. Photograph by author, January 2010.
    [Show full text]