United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Soil Survey of Natural Resources Conservation Service

In cooperation with the Kootenai Montana Agricultural Experiment Station National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho NOTE: This PDF version of the Soil Survey of Kootenai NF does not include the maps from the second half of the book.

How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed so11maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, MAP SHEET which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet, and turn to that sheet. INDEX TO MAP S,HEETS

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the lndex to Map Urrits (see Con- tents), which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the of numbers and letters. page where each map MAP SHEET unit is described.

The Summary of Tables shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. See Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The fieldwork and technical quality control for this survey were conducted by the Forest Service. The correlation of the soils was conducted by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) in consultation with the Forest Service. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Fieldwork for this soil survey was performed in the period 1971-82. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1988. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1988. This survey was made by the Forest Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. All programs and services of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Forest Service are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap.

Cover: A view of the Libby Valley and Kootenai River. The Cabinet Mountain Range is in the background. Contents

Index to map units ...... iv Classification of the soils ...... 73 Summary of tables ...... vi Andepts ...... 74 Preface ...... vii Vitrandepts ...... 74 General nature of the survey area ...... 1 Aquolls ...... 75 History and development ...... 1 Calciaquolls ...... 75 Natural resources ...... 2 Boralfs ...... 76 Climate ...... 2 Eutroboralfs ...... 76 Physiography ...... 2 Glossoboralfs ...... 77 Geology ...... 6 Fluvents...... 78 Vegetation ...... 7 Fluvents...... 78 How this survey was made ...... 8 Udifluvents ...... 79 General soil map units...... 11 Ochrepts ...... 79 Detailed soil map units ...... 15 Cryochrepts ...... 79 Use and management of the soils ...... 65 Dystrochrepts...... 81 Timber ...... 65 Eutrochrepts...... 82 Roads ...... 66 Ustochrepts ...... 85 Watershed ...... 68 Xerochrepts ...... 86 Wildlife and fisheries ...... 69 Xerolls ...... 88 Recreation and visual quality ...... 70 Calcixerolls ...... 88 Wildfire ...... 70 Formation of the soils ...... 91 Minerals...... 70 References...... 93 Range ...... 70 Glossary ...... 95 Wilderness ...... 71 Tables ...... 103

Issued September 1995 Index to Map Units

101-Fluvents, flood plains ...... 15 329-Andic Cryochrepts, moraines, dense, 102-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine brittle substratum...... 39 terraces ...... 16 351-Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected glaciated 103-Andic Dystrochrepts, alluvial terraces...... 17 mountain slopes...... 40 104-Andic Dystrochrepts-Urnbric Vitrandepts 352-Andic Dystrochrepts, glaciated mountain complex, kames and kettles ...... 18 slopes...... 41 105-Aquic Udifluvents, poorly drained...... 20 353-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop-Lithic 106-Andic Dystrochrepts, glacial outwash Cryochrepts complex, glaciated terraces ...... 20 mountain ridges...... 42 107-Typic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash 355-Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop terraces ...... 21 complex, glaciated mountain slopes...... 43 108-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine 357-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts terraces-Andic Dystrochrepts, glacial complex, dissected glaciated mountain outwash terraces, complex ...... 22 slopes...... 44 I09-Typic Xerochrepts, alluvial terraces...... 23 360-Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, I10-Eutrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces ...... 24 glaciated mountain ridges...... 45 I1 I-Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash 365-Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected glaciated terraces ...... 25 mountain slopes, steep ...... 46 112-Eutric Glossoboralfs, lacustrine terraces ...... 26 370-Andic Dystrochrepts, glaciated mountain 1 14-Typic Xerochrepts, lacustrine terraces ...... 27 slopes, granitic substratum ...... 47 201 --Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts-Typic 381-Typic Ustochrepts-Lithic Ustochrepts Ustochrepts complex, breaklands ...... 27 complex, dissected glaciated mountain 251-Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop slopes, dry ...... 48 complex, breaklands...... 28 401 --Rock outcrop-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic 252-Andic Dystrochrepts, breaklands ...... 29 Cryochrepts complex, glacial trough walls ..... 50 301-Dystric Eutrochrepts, glaciated mountain 403-Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts-Andic slopes...... 30 Cryochrepts complex, cirque headwalls 302-Typic Ustochrepts, glaciated mountain and alpine ridges...... 51 slopes, steep ...... 31 404-Andic Cryochrepts, moraines, steep ...... 52 303-Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, 405--Lithic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryachrepts- glaciated mountain ridges...... 32 Rock outcrop complex, glaciated 321-Typic Eutroboralfs, drumlins ...... 33 mountain ridges...... 53 322-Eutric Glossoboralfs, moraines...... 34 406-Andic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain 323-Typic Eutroboralfs, moraines...... 35 ridges...... 54 324--Typic Eutrochrepts, moraines ...... 36 407-Andic Cryochrepts, moraines ...... 55 325-Aeric Calciaquolls, somewhat poorly 408-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, drained...... 37 glaciated mountain slopes, very steep...... 56 328-Andic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain 502-Typic Ustochrepts, mountain slopes, slopes ...... 38 south aspects...... 57 503-Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, 552-Andic Dystrochrepts, mountain slopes ...... 61 south aspects...... 58 555-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, 51 0-Typic Calcixerolls, south aspects ...... 59 mountain slopes...... 62 520-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, micaceous 570-Andic Dystrochrepts-Typic Ustochrepts substratum ...... 59 complex, mountain slopes...... 63 522-Andic Dystrochrepts, granitic substratum...... 60 Summary of Tables

Average annual precipitation and temperature (table 1)...... 104

Features used to plot boundaries of map units (table 2) ...... 105

Numerical listing of map symbols and the acreage of the soils (table 3) ..... 108

Alphabetical listing of detailed soil map units (table 4) ...... 110

Timber management and productivity (table 5) ...... 111

Engineering index properties (table 6) ...... 113

Road construction and maintenance (table 7) ...... 116

Soil erosion and sedimentation (table 8) ...... 118

Classification of the soils (grouped by suborder) (table 9) ...... 120

Classification of the soils in the detailed soil map units (table 10) ...... 121 Preface

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in the survey area. The landforms, natural vegetation, and bedrock were studied to a greater extent than usual in soil surveys in order to define and interpret map units. Surveys such as this one have been referred to in Forest Service publications as "land system inventories" or "integrated inventories." The map units have been called "landtypes." This survey is designed primarily for use by Forest Service personnel managing Kootenai National Forest. Others who are interested in management of Kootenai National Forest can use this information to more effectively participate in decisions affecting the environment of the forest. Managers of privately owned forest land included in the survey area can use the survey to evaluate the potential for and limitations to production of wood products. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the forest supervisor's office in Kootenai National Forest. This survey area includes some privately owned urban and agricultural lands. This survey was not designed to provide information to be used in planning these land uses. Additional information can be obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey of Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and ldaho

By Louis J. Kuennen and Marci L. Nielsen-Gerhardt

Fieldwork by Louis J. Kuennen, Marci L. Nielsen-Gerhardt, Terry Svalberg, and Jeff Collins; David J. Marrett and Steven G. VanFossen, Lake Creek valley; and Jack Cloninger, Tobacco River valley

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station

The survey area is mostly in the extreme northwestern part of Montana but includes a small part of northern ldaho (fig. 1). It includes all of Kootenai National Forest and the eastern part of Kaniksu National Forest, which is administered by personnel from Kootenai National Forest. It also includes private land, which is intricately mixed with the land in the national forests. The total area of this survey is 2,975,597 acres. The survey area consists of forested mountains with relatively narrow valleys along the major streams. The Clark Fork and Kootenai Rivers are the principal drainageways. They are part of the Columbia River basin. The survey area contains hundreds of large and small lakes and several large reservoirs. National forests are managed for recreation, wildlife Figure 1.-Location of the Kootenai National Forest area. habitat, timber production, watershed, and livestock grazing. Most national forest land is open for mineral exploration and development. The included areas of privately owned land are mostly forested and are History and Development managed for many of the same uses as the land in the national forests. While the Salish, Blackfeet, and Pend d'oreille Tribes hunted and gathered food in the survey area prior to European settlement, this area was primarily used by General Nature of the Survey Area the Kootenai Tribe. In 1808, David Thompson charted the Kootenai River for the Northwest Fur Company. This section provides general information about the Several trading posts were established in the valley by survey area. It describes history and development, the Northwest Fur Company. The first one was in an natural resources, climate, physiography, geology, and area above Kootenai Falls, and a later one was at the vegetation. mouth of the Fisher River. A fur collection depot was Soil Survey later built by the Hudson Bay Company near the Tobacco River valley and on transitory ranges created present location of Libby, which was established in the by logging or forest fires. 1860's as a mining camp. Silver and copper are actively mined in the survey As a result of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the area. Additional large deposits of ore are in the area but Blackfeet Tribe moved to Browning. The Kootenai Tribe have not yet been mined. moved to the Bonners Ferry and Flathead Lake areas as a result of the Hellgate Treaty of 1869. The Pend Climate d'oreille Tribe moved to the Spokane and Flathead Lake areas, and the Salish Tribe moved to the Flathead The climate of the survey area is strongly influenced Lake area. European settlement began in earnest with by Pacific maritime weather systems. Winters are the discovery of gold and silver in the 1880's. The generally cloudy, cool, and wet. November, December, Northern Pacific Ra~lroadextended into the Clark Fork and January generally are the wettest months. Most of River valley in 1883, and the Great Northern Railroad the snowpack at the higher elevations accumulates in extended into the Kootenai River valley in 1893. Mining the period December to April. If rain falls on the communities were established along the railroads at snowpack during winter, flooding can occur. This Troy, Leonia, Noxon, Heron, and Trout Creek. Forests flooding causes more damage than the flooding that in the survey area provided a source of wood for can occur after spring snowmelt. It also causes some of railroad ties and mine timbers during this period. the most severe damage. Lumber mills were constructed in most communities in In summer, days are warm and dry and nights are the early 20th century. cool. Occasional late afternoon thunderstorms occur on Much of the acreage along the Kootenai River and hot summer days. the lower part of the Clark Fork River was set aside as Table 1 gives the average annual precipitation and forest reserves by the Federal government in 1897 and temperature for nine weather stations in the survey area 1898. These reserves were incorporated into the (6). The average annual precipitation shows a distinct Kootenai, Blackfeet, and Kaniksu National Forests in difference between the western and eastern parts of the 1906 and 1907. The Blackfeet National Forest was later survey area. This difference is generally caused by the incorporated into the adjacent national forests. Cabinet and Bitterroot Ranges. Eureka, Fortine, and Rexford receive lower amounts of precipitation because Natural Resources they are in the eastern part of the survey area, and Trout Creek and Troy receive higher amounts because About 125 million board feet of timber is cut annually they are in the western part. The annual precipitation at from Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, western larch, the higher elevations in the mountains in the western lodgepole pine, western white pine, grand fir, ponderosa part of the survey area is estimated to exceed 100 pine, western hemlock, and western redcedar trees. inches. Dimensional lumber is the major product. Small Climatic conditions in mountainous areas are quantities of posts, poles, and house logs also are extremely variable over short distances because of local produced. topographic effects. "Frost pockets" are an example of The area provides habitat for more than 350 wildlife a local topographic effect. Cold air is trapped in low species. Elk, moose, whitetail deer, mule deer, bighorn areas on summer nights causing frequent summer sheep, mountain goat, black bear, grizzly bear, frosts. Temperature inversions also are common in the mountain lion, and a variety of small mammals and valleys during winter. They occur when cold air is birds inhabit the survey area. Streams, reservoirs, and trapped in the valleys by warmer air that is at the higher lakes provide habitat for rainbow, cutthroat, lake, and elevations. They can cause fog and trap pollutants in brook trout; mountain whitefish; kokanee salmon; and the valleys. smallmouth and largemouth bass. The watersheds in the survey area are part of the Physiography Columbia River system. The water produced is used for recreation, fisheries, irrigation, and power generation. The survey area lies within the Northern Rocky Water quantity is adequate for current uses, and water Mountain physiographic province. It includes five quality has historically been excellent. mountain ranges and the intervening narrow valleys Recreational opportunities include hunting, fishing, (fig. 2). The mountain ranges are the Whitefish, Purcell, camping, hiking, cross-country skiing, rock climbing, Salish, Cabinet, and Bitterroot Ranges. The survey area berry picking, and river rafting. is drained by two major rivers-the Kootenai and Clark Cattle graze grassland on the mountains along the Fork Rivers. The Tobacco, Fisher, and Yaak Rivers are MONTANA

n

Figure 2.-Physiographic features of the survey area. 4 Soil Survey the major tributaries to the Kootenai River, and the Vermilion and Bull Rivers are the major tributaries to the Clark Fork River. Approximately 70 percent of the survey area has Alluvial Basin been glaciated by continental ice sheets. Continental ice sheets advanced several times during the Pleistocene epoch. 'The last one retreated about 10,000 years ago. Glacial lakes filled many of the valleys at times during glacial advance and retreat. Lake Missoula is an example of a glacial lake formed during glacial advance, and Lake Kootenai is an example of one formed during glacial retreat. The higher mountains that were not overridden by the continental ice sheets were subjected to intense alpine glaciation. Most landforms in the survey area have been influenced by glaciation. Glacial cirques, U-shaped glacial valleys, moraines, and terraces are examples of landforms that formed in glacial lake sediments or outwash. Each detailed soil map unit in this survey is on a characteristic landform. General soil map units are on a combination of landforms. Landform properties visible on aerial photography were often used to plot the Figure 4.-A large meandering stream in an alluvial basin. boundaries of the map units. The landform properties of the map units can help map users identify map unit delineations. Terraces are relatively flat surfaces bordering a valley floor (fig. 3). They represent the former position of an alluvial plain or lake bottom and can include steep Alluvial Fan - risers between terrace surfaces and valley floors. They are formed by alluvial, glacial outwash, and lacustrine deposits. Alluvial basins are flat or slightly concave basins filled with alluvium. A large stream bisects these basins (fig. 4). It has relatively gentle channel gradients and tends to meander. Alluvial basins are wider than flood plains. Some contain small ponds, which may have been formed by beaver dams. Soils in alluvial basins have a water table at or near the surface during the growing season.

Figure 3.-A flood plain, terrace, and alluvial fan in a narrow mountain valley. Large terraces are mapped as separate landforms.

The following classes of landforms were used to define map units and assist in mapping. Flood plains contain a major perennial stream (fig. 3). They are produced by stream channel migration and flooding. They are gently sloping. Soils on flood plains can have a water table and are usually subject to flooding. Flgure 5.-A hummocky and hllly moraine. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho 5

Moraines are glacial drift deposits that have a topography characterized by randomly oriented mounds and depressions (fig. 5). Surface drainage is poor, and many depressions do not have an outlet.

Figure 6.-An area of kames and kettles.

Kames and kettles are distinctive morainic landscapes composed of moundlike hills of glacial drift, or kames, in a complex pattern with bowl-shaped depressions, or kettles (fig. 6). Kettles may have been formed by the meltiug of large blocks of ice buried in the drift. Most kettles have no drainage outlet. Soils on Flgure 8.--Glacial trough walls in a U-shaped valley. kames and in kettles have a fluctuating water table.

narrow ridges at the higher elevations above the cirques (fig. 9). The cirques tend to be on northerly aspects and the alpine ridges on southerly aspects.

Alpine Ridge \

Figure 7.-An area of drumlins.

Drumlins are low, smooth, elongated ridges of glacial till (fig. 7).The longer axis is parallel to the general direction of glacier flow. Drumlins are produced by glacial erosion and deposition on the subglacial floor. Glacial trough walls are the straight or concave upper slopes in U-shaped glacial valleys (fig. 8). The slopes Figure 9.--Glacial cirques have very steep headwalls and a basin, are very steep, and there are avalanche chutes. Glacial whlch often contains a small lake. Alpine ridges are very scouring has resulted in areas of rock outcrop and in narrow. areas on the upper slopes where the soils are shallow. Deposits of glacial drift are common on the lower slopes. Glaciated mountain ridges are rounded mountain Cirque headwalls and alpine ridges are very steep ridges that have been overridden by glaciers (fig. 10). rock cliffs surrounding glacial cirque basins and the very Glacial scourirlg has resulted in areas of rock outcrop 6 Soil Survey and in areas on the ridge crest where the soils are shallow. Thick deposits of glacial till are on the lower slopes. Glaciated mountain slopes are mantled by glacial till (fig. 10). Their drainage pattern is usually dendritic, and the drainageways are widely spaced. Slopes are weakly to moderately dissected by low-order streams.

Figure 11.-Mountain slopes have convex upper slopes and ridgetops. Their drainageways are in V-shaped valleys.

Figure IO.--Glaciated mountain slopes are mantled by glacial till. Rock outcrop and thin deposits of till are in areas of glaciated mountain ridges. Geology The bedrock in the survey area is predominantly Dissected glaciated mountain slopes are strongly metasedimentary rock of middle Proterozoic age. dissected by low-order drainageways. More than half Quartzite, siltite, argillite, and dolomite are the major of these mountain slopes are dissected by steep, kinds of rock. Igneous intrusions, or granitic stocks, low-order drainageways. The drainage pattern of metadiorite dikes and sills, and basalt flows, also are dissected glaciated mountain slopes is parallel or present. They have intruded into the metasedimentary dendritic, and the drainageways can be closely rock and are mostly in the western half of the survey spaced. The slopes along low-order drainageways area. are susceptible to landslides. Sediment delivery Extensive surficial deposits of glacial till, outwash, efficiency, or the probability of eroded soil reaching a and lacustrine sediments are in the survey area. The stream channel and becoming sediment, is high glacial till that was deposited by continental ice sheets because of the closely spaced drainageways and the tends to be dense and has bulk density of 1.5 to 1.8 steep slope. grams per cubic centimeter. The till deposited by alpine Mountain slopes are convex or straight slopes that glaciers is friable and has bulk density of 1.2 to 1.5 are moderately dissected by low-order drainageways grams per cubic centimeter. (fig. 11). The soils on these slopes formed in material Much of the survey area has a surface mantle of weathered from the underlying bedrock. loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. Most of Breaklands have very steep slopes of more than 60 the ash came from the eruption of Mt. Mazama in percent. A large amount of rock outcrop and talus is in southwestern Oregon about 6,800 years ago. The layer many areas of breakland. The drainage pattern of of ash is on all northerly aspects and on southerly breaklands is parallel to dendritic. Sediment delivery aspects above 4,500 feet. It is thicker and more efficiency is high because of the steep drainage prevalent in the western half of the survey area channels. The slope is a limitation in areas of because the area is closer to Mt. Mazama and a breakland. protective cover of vegetation has minimized erosion. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and ldaho

The cover of vegetation is heavier in this area because quartzites, and dolomites of middle Proterozoic age. of the higher amount of precipitation. When weathered, these rocks produce loamy material The following geologic groups have similar containing many angular rock fragments. Soils that associated landform and soil properties. formed in material weathered from these rocks are on Alluvium is unconsolidated material sorted and mountain slopes and ridges and glaciated mountain deposited by water. The rock fragments generally are ridges. The content of angular rock fragments is 50 to rounded. Alluvium forms flood plains, terraces, and 85 percent in soil substrata that formed in material alluvial basins along the major streams. Flooding, the weathered from metasedimentary rocks. fluctuation of the water table, and the need to protect Granitic rocks are hard and coarse grained and are in streambanks and channels can limit management of granitic stocks and metadiorite sills. When weathered, soils that formed in alluvium. these rocks produce sandy material containing many Lacustrine deposits are unconsolidated silts and clays rock fragments. Soils that formed in material weathered deposited on glacial lake bottoms. These deposits are from these rocks are on mountain slopes. The content typically varved with thin sedimentary layers resulting of subangular rock fragments is 50 to 85 percent in sod from seasonal variations in deposition. They form substrata that formed in material weathered from terraces that have gently sloping surfaces and steep granitic rocks. risers. Soils that formed in lacustrine sediments are Micaceous rocks weather to produce material erodible when they are exposed by excavation and containing 40 percent or more mica. They are mostly have low strength when they are wet. pyroxenite. Soils that formed in material weathered from Glacial ouhvash is material moved by glaciers and these rocks are on mountain slopes. The content of subsequently sorted and deposited by streams flowing rock fragments is 0 to 35 percent in soil substrata that from the melting ice. It forms terraces that have nearly formed in material weathered from micaceous rocks. level surfaces and steep risers. In some areas, the glacial outwash has been reworked by wind and the Vegetation terraces include depressions and dunes that are characterized by low relief. Soils that formed in glacial Most of the survey area is forested or has the outwash have sandy substrata containing rounded potential to be forested. Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, pebbles and cobbles. western larch, grand fir, western white pine, lodgepole Compact glacial till is unconsolidated silt, sand, pine, western redcedar, western hemlock, subalpine fir, gravel, and boulders deposited by a glacier. It is and Engelmann spruce are important tree species. associated with continental ice sheets. It forms Mountain hemlock, whitebark pine, and alpine larch are moraines or mantles glaciated mountain slopes and important species at the highest elevations. Forest ridges. Soil substrata that formed in compact glacial till stands reflect the distinct differences in rainfall between are hard and brittle when they are moist and have bulk the western and eastern portions of the survey area. In density of 1.5 to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. They the western part (or the Cabinet Range and the western restrict the penetration of roots and the movement of part of the Purcell Range) where the amount of rainfall water. is higher, western redcedar, western hemlock, and Friable glacial till is associated with alpine glaciers. It western white pine generally are in the forests at the forms moraines in U-shaped glacial valleys and in lower elevations. These species are seldom found in cirque basins and mantles glacial troughwalls and forests in the eastern part (or the Salish Range and the glaciated mountain ridges. Soil substrata that formed in eastern part of the Purcell Range). Subalpine fir and friable glacial till have bulk density of 1.2 to 1.5 grams Engelmann spruce are at the higher elevations. They per cubic centimeter. They do not restrict the are also in many areas on stream bottoms in the penetration of roots and the movement of water. eastern part of the survey area. Their presence on Glacial driff is a combination of compact glacial till stream bottoms is related to the accumulation of cold and lacustrine deposits in a pattern that is too complex air in the areas. to map separately. It forms kame and kettle topography. About 1 percent of the survey area is mountain Soil substrata that formed in compact glacial till restrict grassland or sedge meadows. The mountain grassland, the penetration of roots and the movement of water. which includes rough fescue, ldaho fescue, and Those that formed in lacustrine sediments do not bluebunch wheatgrass, is in the Tobacco River valley . restrict the penetration of roots and the movement of and on the steep, southerly aspects along the lower water. reaches of the Fisher River. The sedge meadows are in Metasedimentary rocks are mainly argillites, siltites, widely scattered areas of the major valleys. 8 Soil Survey

Habitat Types queencup beadlily. Subalpine firlmenziesia, subalpine Habitat types are considered to be basic ecological fir/blue huckleberry, subalpine firltwinflower, and subdivisions of landscapes. Each is recognized by subalpine firldevil's club are all included in places and distinctive combinations of overstory and understory have similar management implications. plant species at climax. They are named for the This habitat type group is extensive throughout the dominant or characteristic vegetation of the climax survey area. community. Habitat types are useful in soil surveys Subalpine forest is made of habitat types on which when assessing the combined effects of aspect, slope, forest stands are mostly mixed lodgepole pine, elevation, and soil properties on potential plant growth. whitebark pine, mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, and The habitat types were important in estimating Engelmann spruce. Forest stands can be closed canopy productivity and limitations to forest regeneration in this or open grown. Major habitat types are subalpine firl survey. Forest habitat types are defined in "Forest beargrass, mountain hemlock/beargrass, and subalpine Habitat Types of Montana" (4), and grassland habitat firlgrouse whortleberry. Subalpine firlwoodrush, alpine types are defined in "Grassland and Shrubland Habitat larchlsubalpine fir, and whitebark pinelsubalpine fir are Types of Western Montana" (3). included in many of the map units and have similar Habitat types often have similar implications for the management implications. kind of interpretive uses made of them in soil surveys. This habitat type group is of minor extent. It is at Habitat types with similar implications for soil survey elevations of 4,000 to 8,700 feet. objectives are grouped in this report. Group names are Mountain grassland is made of habitat types on which vegetation is dominated by bunchgrasses. Major grass used throughout the report. The groups are described in species are rough fescue, ldaho fescue, bluebunch the following paragraphs. wheatgrass, and prairie junegrass. A wide variety of Open-grown forest is made of habitat types on which forbs and shrubs are generally included. Major habitat forest stands are mostly mixed Douglas-fir and types are ldaho fescuelbluebunch wheatgrass and ponderosa pine. Forest stands are open grown with rough fescuelldaho fescue. scattered individual trees or clumps of trees. Major This habitat type group is of minor extent. It is at low habitat types are Douglas-firlbluebunch wheatgrass, elevations in the Tobacco River valley. ponderosa pinelbitterbrush, and Douglas-firlrough Wet meadows are a complex of community types fescue. dominated by sedges, rushes, and other grasses and This habitat type group is mainly on slopes that have forbs that grow on moist or wet sites. Associated shrub a southerly aspect in scattered areas throughout the and hardwood forest communities include black eastern and southern parts of the survey area. It is cottonwood, quaking aspen, paper birch, Sitka alder, commonly included in map units that are dominantly willow, redosier dogwood, or Rocky Mountain maple. mountain grassland. Dry, mixed forest is made of habitat types on which forest stands are mostly Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and western larch. Major habitat types How This Survey Was Made are Douglas-firlpinegrass, Douglas-firlsnowberry, and The survey area is mountainous and heavily Douglas-firlninebark. Douglas-firltwinflower, Douglas-fir1 forested. Mapping techniques used in other survey bearberry, and Douglas-firldwarf huckleberry are areas were impractical because access in the area is included in many of the map units and have similar difficult. The mapping techniques used relied heavily on management implications. plotting map unit boundaries using features visible on This habitat type group is moderately extensive. It is aerial photography. Most commonly, these features at the lower elevations in the eastern part of the survey were landforms or natural vegetation. Also, geologic area. maps were studied and the elevation of the site was Moist, mixed forest is made of habitat types on which considered when the map unit boundaries were plotted. western hemlock, western redcedar, subalpine fir, Observations were made along field transects and Engelmann spruce, and western white pine are potential traverses through representative delineations of the stand components. These species can be part of the map units. Relationships between properties important overstory or can be successfully reproducing in the to survey objectives and features visible on aerial understory. Most of the other tree species found in the photography were observed. Sometimes different survey area also can be stand components. Major features were used to plot map unit boundaries as a habitat types are western redcedarlqueencup beadlily, result of field checking. Reliable relationships between western hernlock/queencup beadlily, and subalpine firl photographic features and map unit properties were Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho established. These properties were observed and the boundaries of the map units. Landform, slope, described in the field. Physical and chemical properties parent material, vegetation, aspect, elevation, and rock of soils that cannot be measured with field techniques outcrop are described under the headings were derived from laboratory characterization of soils "Physiography," "Geology," and "Vegetation." The map within the survey area and similar soils in adjacent units in this survey are described under the headings areas. "General Soil Map Units" and "Detailed Soil Map Table 2 lists the most important features used to plot Units." General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the shows broad areas that have similar topography and survey area. It is about 60 percent Andic Dystrochrepts, soil patterns. Typically, a map unit consists of one or 25 percent Eutrochrepts, and 15 percent soils of minor more major soils and some minor soils. extent. The general soil map can be used to compare the The surface layer of the major soils is loess that has suitability of large areas for common land uses. The been influenced by volcanic ash. It is 7 to 14 inches map is not suitable for planning the use of small areas thick. 'The Andic Dystrochrepts are underlain by gravelly because of its small scale. outwash. The Eutrochrepts are underlain by very fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand outwash that has been Soils on Terraces reworked by wind. They have lime in the subsoil and substratum. The Andic Dystrochrepts do not have lime The landscape is characterized by nearly level to in the subsoil or substratum. rolling terraces that have steep risers. Of minor extent in this map unit are soils in wet 1. Soils formed in glacial outwash and alluvium; dry meadows. Timber productivity is high in this map unit. A major This map unit is north of Eureka and east of Lake stream is generally in the unit. The protection of Koocanusa. The average annual precipitation is about streambanks and channels is a major concern of 14 inches. The vegetation consists of mountain watershed management. grassland with some open-grown forest. This map unit makes up about 1 percent of the 3. Soils formed in lacustrine sediments survey area. It is about 75 percent Typic Xerochrepts, This map unit is in the major valleys. The average 15 percent Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, and 10 percent annual precipitation is 20 to 40 inches. The vegetation soils of minor extent. consists of moist, mixed forest. The Typic Xerochrepts have a surface layer and This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the subsoil of very gravelly sandy loam and a substratum of survey area. It is about 45 percent Andic Dystric extremely gravelly loamy sand or extremely gravelly Eutrochrepts, 45 percent Eutric Glossoboralfs, and 10 sand. percent soils of minor extent. The Calcixerollic Xerochrepts are very fine sandy The surface layer of the major soils is loess that has loam to loamy fine sand. They have lime in the subsoil been influenced by volcanic ash. It is 7 to 14 inches and substratum. thick. The subsoil and substratum are silt loam and silty The soils of minor extent are fine-silty, mixed Typic clay loam. The Eutric Glossoboralfs have an Xerochrepts. They formed in lacustrine deposits. accumulation of clay in the subsoil. The Andic Dystric Livestock grazing is the major land use in this map Eutrochrepts do not have an accumulation of clay in the unit.' Forage productivity is high. Disturbed areas of soil subsoil. are difficult to revegetate because of drought in The soils of minor extent are Andic Dystrochrepts. summer. They are along drainageways and on terrace risers. They have a substratum of very gravelly 2. Soils formed in glacial outwash and alluvium; sand. moist Timber productivity is moderate or high in this map This map unit is in the major valleys in the western unit. The subsoil and substratum erode when they are part of the survey area. The average annual exposed during road construction or logging. The silty precipitation is 20 to 40 inches. The vegetation consists sediments produced by the erosion of these soils is of moist, mixed forest. potentially damaging to fish habitat. Soil Survey

Soils on Moraines and Glaciated Mountain Slopes Soils in Glacial Cirques and on Trough Walls \ The landscape is characterized by gently sloping to The landscape is characterized by steep or very very steep moraines and mountain slopes that are steep glacial cirque headwalls and the upper slopes of mantled with glacial till. The underlyiqg till is dense and U-shaped glacial valleys. Gently sloping to steep brittle. It restricts the movement of water and the moraines are in cirque basins and on glacial valley penetration of roots. bottoms. The underlying till is friable. It is easily penetrated by roots and infiltrated by water. 4. Soils formed in calcareous glacial till This map unit is on moraines and glaciated mountain 6. Soils formed in material weathered from slopes in the drier eastern half of the survey area. The metasedimentary rock or in glacial till soils are underlain by glacial till that has been This map unit is at the higher elevations throughout influenced by limestone. The vegetation consists of the survey area. It is in scattered areas but is mostly in moist, mixed forest or dry, mixed forest. areas of the Whitefish Range, Cabinet Mountains, and This map unit makes up about 14 percent of the Northwest Peak and along the Bitterroot Divide. The survey area. It is about 50 percent Typic Eutroboralfs, vegetation mainly consists of subalpine forest with 25 percent Typic Eutrochrepts, and 25 percent soils of some moist, mixed forest in the valley bottoms. minor extent. This map unit makes up about 16 percent of the The major soils have lime in the lower part of the survey area. Andic Cryochrepts, Lithic Cryochrepts, and subsoil and in the substratum. The Typic Eutroboralfs rock outcrop each make up about one-third of the unit. have an accumulation of clay in the subsoil. The Typic The surface layer of the major soils is loess that has Eutrochrepts do not an accumulation of clay in the been influenced by volcanic ash. It is 7 to 14 inches subsoil. thick. The Andic Cryochrepts are on moraines and the The soils of minor extent are Dystric Eutrochrepts lower valley slopes. They are deep. 'The Lithic and Eutric Glossoboralfs. They do not have lime in the Cryochrepts and the rock outcrop are on the upper lower part of the subsoil or in the upper part of the valley side slopes and cirque headwalls. The Lithic substratum. Cryochrepts have bedrock within a depth of 20 inches. Timber productivity is moderate or high in this map Timber productivity is high on moraines in the valley unit. The slope limits the operation of tractors in places. bottoms and low or very low in the other areas. The harsh subalpine"climate limits forest regeneration and 5. Soils formed in noncalcareous glacial till productivity on cirque headwalls and upper slopes. This map unit is on moraines and mountain slopes in Machine operation is limited by the slope and the rock the northern three-fourths of the survey area. The soils outcrop on the cirque headwalls and upper troughwalls. are underlain by glacial till primarily weathered from This map unit is scenic and has relatively high value for quartzite, argillite, siltite, and similar noncalcareous recreational activities. It is an important source of late metasedimentary rocks. The vegetation mainly consists summer streamflow. of moist, mixed forest. This map unit makes up about 50 percent of the Soils on Breaklands and Mountain Slopes survey area. It is about 45 percent Andic Dystrochrepts, The landscape is characterized by very steep slopes 45 percent Andic Cryochrepts, and 10 percent soils of that are adjacent to major rivers. The slopes dominantly minor extent. are 45 to 100 percent. The soils are underlain by The surface layer of the major soils is loess that has material weathered from the underlying bedrock. been influenced by volcanic ash. It is 7 to 14 inches thick. The Andic Dystrochrepts are below elevations of 7. Soils on breaklands and mountain slopes; dry 5,000 feet, and the Andic Cryochrepts are above This map unit is on breaklands that have southerly elevations of 5,000 feet. aspects. The vegetation consists of dry, mixed forest or The soils of minor extent are Lithic Cryochrepts and open-grown forest. Dystric Eutrochrepts. The Lithic Cryochrepts are on This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the ridges at the higher elevations. They have bedrock survey area. It is about 35 percent Typic Ustochrepts, within a depth of 20 inches. The Dystric Eutrochrepts 30 percent Lithic Ustochrepts, 20 percent rock outcrop, are on steep southerly aspects. Their surface layer, and 15 percent soils of minor extent. which is loess, is mixed with the underlying material. The Typic Ustochrepts have bedrock at a depth of 20 Timber productivity is moderate or high in this map to 60 inches or more. They are on the lower slopes and unit. The slope limits the operation of tractors in places. along drainageways. The Lithic Ustochrepts have Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho bedrock within a depth of 20 inches. They are on the survey area. It is about 40 percent Andic Dystrochrepts, upper slopes and near areas of the rock outcrop. The 35 percent Andic Cryochrepts, and 25 percent rock outcrop is in areas throughout the unit. components of minor extent. The soils of minor extent are Typic Calcixerolls. They The surface layer of the major soils is loess that has are underlain by limestone bedrock. been influenced by volcanic ash. It is 7 to 14 inches This map unit has potential as winter range for thick. The Andic Dystrochrepts are below elevations of wildlife. Snow cover seldom limits access to forage. 5,000 feet, and the Andic Cryochrepts are above Drainage channels are steep and rapidly deliver elevations of 5,000 feet. sediments to the larger streams at the base of slopes. Of minor extent in this map unit are Lithic The hard bedrock and the slope limit excavation during Cryochrepts, Typic Ustochrepts, and rock outcrop. The road construction. Lithic Cryochrepts and the rock outcrop are on ridges at the higher elevations. The Lithic Cryochrepts have 8. Soils on breaklands and mountain slopes; moist bedrock within a depth of 20 inches. The Typic Ustochrepts are on southerly aspects. Their surface This map unit is in the southern one-fourth of the layer, which is loess, is mixed with the underlying survey area on breaklands that have northerly aspects. material. The vegetation mainly consists of moist, mixed forest. Timber productivity is high in this map unit. The slope This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the limits the operation of tractors in places. Detailed Soil Map Units

This section describes each map unit in detail. The "General Nature of the Survey Area." map unit descriptions, along with the soil maps, can be Characteristics of the soils describes the soil used to determine the suitability and potential of a unit properties that are of particular importance to use and for major land uses within the survey area, to plan land management. The properties given are the same for the use and the development of resources, and to help dominant soils and the similar soils in the unit. The protect and maintain the quality of the environment. The texture of the surface layer, the thickness of the surface acreage of each map unit is given in table 3. Table 4 layer when it is loess that has been influenced by provides an alphabetical listing of the detailed soil map volcanic ash, the content of rock fragments in the unit names. Many of the terms used to describe map subsoil, drainage, and depth to bedrock, if less than 60 units are defined in the "Glossary." More information for inches, are important properties in this survey area. each map unit is given under the heading "Use and When the map unit is a complex, the most important Management of the Soils." properties of the soils and any relationship of the soils Most of the soils in the survey area are mapped at to topographic position or vegetation are described. the family level of taxonomy, but a few are mapped at Map unit composition describes the soils that are the higher levels. Map units in which soils were mapped similar and dissimilar to the dominant soils. It gives the at the family level are named using subgroup reference percentage of the map unit typically occupied by the taxa for brevity. Table 10 gives the classification of the dominant and similar soils and by the dissimilar soils. soils in each of the detailed soil map units. The location and principal interpretive difference are The map unit description format presents information given for dissimilar soils. in sections. A description of the content of each section Representative profile of the soils describes the follows. dominant soils in the map unit. It is not necessarily the An introductory paragraph provides a summary of the same as the representative pedon for the taxa. map unit information. It describes landform, elevation, Management gives suitability and limitations for vegetation, and parent material. common land uses. Timber, roads, watershed, wildlife Landform gives properties of the landform in the map and fisheries, and recreation and visual quality are unit. Slope gradient, the pattern and density of described. drainageways, and a description of the drainage channels are given. Seeps, springs, lakes, and other landform features that occur also are described. 101-Fluvents, flood plains Vegetation and habitat types describe the typical This map unit is on flood plains. Elevation ranges existing vegetation and the composition and distribution from 1,800 to 4,200 feet. The vegetation consists of of habitat types. Major and similar habitat types are in moist, mixed forest. 'The soils formed in alluvial the same habitat type group and have similar deposits. interpretive values for survey objectives. Included Landform habitat types have similar productivity as major habitat The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 10 types, but they can have different stand composition. percent. The flood plains are along streams and are Dissimilar habitat types have significantly different subject to flooding in spring when the snow melts. "The potential productivity or limitations to forest regeneration streams have braided channels and change course than the major habitat types. frequently. Geology describes the bedrock underlying the soils or the properties of the geologic deposits in which the Vegetation soils formed. The use of geology in defining, describing, The vegetation is a mixed forest of western redcedar, and interpreting map units is described in the section western hemlock, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, Soil Survey

black cottonwood, paper birch, quaking aspen, and openings in the forest. During site preparation stones flocky Mountain maple. Subalpine fir and Engelmann and cobbles from the subsoil can be mixed with the soil spruce grow in areas where cold air accumulates. The in the surface layer. These stones and cobbles can forest understory is dominated by willow, Sitka alder, affect planting. Regeneration of the forest is limited by redosier dogwood, and a wide variety of forbs and frost pockets in low areas. grasses. Occasional flooding disturbs the vegetation. As Roads a result of the flooding, the vegetation is a mixture of Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material shrubs, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest in from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and different successional stages. Generally, about 20 cobbles form a rough surface. percent of the unit supports shrubs. Watershed Habitat Types The major concern of watershed management is the Western redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western protection of streambanks and channels. Carefully hemlock/queencup beadlily are the major habitat types. locating bridges and culverts helps to maintain the Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is a similar habitat type. stability of the channels. Changes in the channel can These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. result in a large amount of sediment. Disturbing the Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of soils on or adjacent to the streambanks can result in the unit. Subalpine firldevil's club and western redcedarl severe sedimentation. Erosion is a moderate hazard devil's club are in very small, wet areas close to the along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by streams. road construction has a severe hazard of erosion. Geology Sediment delivery efficiency is high. These soils are underlain by stratified alluvial Wildlife and fisheries deposits of sand, silt, and gravel. This map unit commonly supports large cottonwoods, Characteristics of the Soils which can provide cavity habitat and nesting habitat for birds. It can provide important habitat for whitetail deer These soils have a medium textured surface layer. and furbearers year round and for grizzly bears in They are occasionally flooded in spring when the snow spring and fall. The streams generally provide spawning melts. The water table fluctuates between depths of 24 habitat for trout and whitefish. and 60 inches. The subsoil contains rounded rock fragments. ~ecreationand visual quality Fishing and swimming are common recreational Map Unit Composition activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the The dominant soils are Fluvents. Unlike the Fluvents, visual quality of the unit is relatively easy. Ochrepts, which are similar soils, have a weakly developed subsoil. The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of the unit. 102-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine Umbrepts, which are dissimilar soils, make up about 10 percent of the unit. 'They have a dark surface layer. terraces They are in depressions and have a water table that This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from fluctuates between depths of 0 and 24 inches in spring 2,000 to 3,700 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, when the snow melts. mixed forest. The soils formed in lacustrine deposits. Representative Profile of the Soils Landform No one profile can represent the dominant soils in The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have this unit. In one of the most common profiles, however, gradients of 0 to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes the soils have a 2-inch mat of litter and duff overlying a of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces have a dendritic surface layer of dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam. drainage pattern. The terrace risers have short, deeply The surface layer is about 9 inches thick. The incised drainageways. substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam and sand. Vegetation The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, Management western redcedar, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, Timber and lodgepole pine. Subalpine fir and Engelmann The potential annual production is high in forested spruce grow along drainageways. The forest understory areas. Productivity in the map unit is limited by is dominated by shrubs and forbs. Habitat Types moderate in the Salish Range and the eastern part of Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on the Purcell Range. The soil in the surface layer can be location. In the Cabinet Range and the western part of displaced and the subsoil exposed when sites are the Purcell Range, western redcedarlqueencup beadlily prepared for planting and when tractors are operated on and western hemlocWqueencup beadlily are the major the sites. Frost heaving can damage seedlings that are habitat types. Grand firlqueencup beadlily and grand fir1 planted in the subsoil. twinflower are similar habitat types. In the Salish Range Roads and the eastern part of the Purcell Range, Douglas-fir1 Roadcuts along the terrace risers tend to slough. If twinflower is the major habitat type. Douglas-firhinebark unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are wet, is a similar habitat type. These habitat types are in 100 the formation of ruts is a hazard. Surface crusting limits percent of the unit. revegetation in areas where the substratum has been Geology exposed during road construction. Seeding these areas as soon as possible after construction helps to ensure These soils are underlain by silt loam and silty clay successful revegetation. loam glacial lake sediments. 'They have thin layers of Watershed dark sediments alternating with lighter colored layers. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and Characteristics of the Soils fire lines. The material exposed by road construction These soils have a surface layer of loess that has has a severe hazard of erosion. The sediment that been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 results from the erosion of these soils is particularly to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of damaging to the spawning habitat of fish. Sediment rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 0 to delivery efficiency is low. 15 percent. Wildlife and fisheries Map Unit Composition This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in winter. It commonly includes mineral licks for big game. K The dominant so~lsare fine-silty, mixed, frigid Andic The streams generally provide habitat for trout and I Dystric Eutrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess whitefish. 7 to 14 inches thick and do not have an accumulation of clay in the subsoil. The similar soils have a surface Recreation and visual quality layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or have an Hunting and gathering wood are common accumulation of clay in the subsoil. They are fine-silty, recreational activities in areas of this map unit. mixed, frigid Dystric Eutrochrepts and fine-silty, mixed Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively Eutric Glossoboralfs. The dominant and similar soils easy; however, roadcuts are obtrusive if they are not make up about 90 percent of the unit. vegetated. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. 'They formed in glacial outwash deposits 10SAndic Dystrochrepts, alluvial terraces and have a very gravelly subsoil and substratum. Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the dominant This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, soils. mixed forest. The soils formed in alluvial deposits. Representative Profile of the Soils Landform .The diminant soils have a surface layer of light The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have yellowish brown silt loam about 9 inches thick. The gradients of 0 to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes upper part of the subsoil is white silt loam about 22 of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces are adjacent to major inches thick. The lower part is pale yellow very fine streams. They have no surface drainage channels. sandy loam about 24 inches thick. The substratum to a Small flood plains are in this unit. depth of 60 inches or more is white very fine sandy loam. Vegetation Management The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, western redcedar, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, Timber and lodgepole pine. Subalpine fir and Engelmann The potential annual production is high in the Cabinet spruce grow along drainageways. The forest understory Range and the western part of the Purcell Range and is dominated by shrubs and forbs. Soil Survey

Habitat Types from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and Western redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western cobbles form a rough surface. hemlocWqueencup beadlily are the major habitat types. Watershed Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily, Engelmann spruce1 The major concern of watershed management is the queencup beadlily, grand firlqueencup beadlily, and protection of streambanks and channels. Carefully grand firltwinflower are similar habitat types. These locating bridges and culverts helps to maintain the habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. stability of the channels. Changes in the channel can Douglas-firltwinflower, which is a dissimilar habitat result in a large amount of sediment. Disturbing the type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is on the soils on or adjacent to the streambanks can result in terrace risers. Its productivity for timber is lower than severe sedimentation. Erosion is a moderate hazard that of the major habitat types. along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by Geology road construction has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency is high. These soils are underlain by stratified alluvial deposits of sand, silt, and gravel. Wildlife and fisheries Characteristics of the Soils This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in winter. The streams provide spawning habitat for trout These soils have a surface layer of loess that has and whitefish. been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of Recreation and visual quality rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to Hunting, fishing, camping, and gathering wood are 50 percent. common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively Map Unit Composition easy. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface 104--Andic Dystrochrepts-Urnbric layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy- Vitrandepts complex, kames and kettles skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of This map unit is on kames and in kettles. Elevation the unit. ranges from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in They are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Andic Dystric glacial drift. Eutrochrepts. They formed in lacustrine deposits. They Landform have a subsoil and substratum of silt loam or silty clay The dominant slopes have gradients of 5 to 35 loam. Their productivity for timber is higher than that of percent. The kames and kettles occur in a complex the dominant soils. pattern of knolls and depressions. The drainage pattern Represen fa tiwe Profile of the Soils is deranged. The kettles contain many bogs and The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt marshes. loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. They Vegetation are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam western redcedar, western white pine, western larch, about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 grand fir, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, black cottonwood, inches or more is pale brown very cobbly coarse sand. paper birch, quaking aspen, and Engelmann spruce. The forest understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. Management Habitat Types Timber Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on The potential annual production is high. During site location. On kames the major habitat types are western preparation stones and cobbles from the subsoil can be redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western hernlocW mixed with the soil in the surface layer. These stones queencup beadlily. Grand firlqueencup beadlily and and cobbles can affect planting. grand firltwinflower are similar habitat types on the Roads kames. These habitat types are in about 75 percent of Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material the unit. Black cottonwood, quaking aspen, and paper Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

6 birch community types are in the kettles. They are in very gravelly very fine sandy loam in the lower 13 about 15 percent of the unit. inches of the surface layer. The subsoil is strong brown Dissimilar habitat types are in about 10 percent of very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 21 inches the unit. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir habitat thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is types are along the edge of kettles. The kettles support dense, brittle, pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy coniferous forest. loam. Geology The Umbric Vitrandepts are very dark brown and very dark grayish brown silt loam in the upper 10 inches The soils on the kames are underlain by dense, of the surface layer. They are yellowish brown silt loam brittle glacial till. The soils in the kettles are underlain in the lower 11 inches of the surface layer. The by silty lacustrine sediments or dense, brittle glacial till. substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is light gray Characteristics of the Soils and pale olive silt. Both of these soils have a medium textured surface Management layer. Their properties vary depending on the location of Timber the soils. The soils on kames are well drained. They The potential annual production is high in forested have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced areas. Productivity on the site is highly dependent on by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 to 14 inches the loess surface layer. For example, if tractors are thick. It is light colored. The content of rounded rock operated on the site, the loess surface layer can fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to 50 percent. become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed The substratum is dense and brittle when moist. The with subsoil material. As a result, productivity may be soils in kettles are wet and have low strength. They also lower than it would have been if tractors had not been have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced operated on the site. Regeneration of the forest is by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 14 to 28 inches limited by frost pockets in low areas. Trees are thick. The upper 7 to 14 inches of the surface layer is susceptible to windthrow because the dense, brittle dark. The content of rounded rock fragments in the substratum restricts root penetration. O subsoil ranges from to 35 percent. Roads Map Unit Composition On kames, material exposed in cutbanks during road The dominant soils on kames are loamy-skeletal, construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. Their content of rock from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 revegetation in areas where the substratum has been inches thick. Their content of rock fragments in the exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as subsoil ranges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy- soon as possible after construction helps to ensure skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and fine- successful revegetation. In kettles, the wetness is a loamy, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. These limitation affecting the location and construction of dominant and similar solls make up about 75 percent of roads. Providing suitable subgrade material helps to the unit. prevent the damage caused by wetness and low The dominant soils in kettles are medial over loamy, strength. mixed, frigid Umbric Vitrandepts. They make up about Watershed 15 percent of the unit. Erosion is a severe hazard along skid trails and fire The components of this unit occur in areas so lines and in areas where soil material has been intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them exposed by road construction. Operating equipment in separately at the scale used. the kettles can result in the formation of ruts and in Dissirr~ilarsoils make up about 10 percent of the unit. puddling. Sediment delivery efficiency is low. They are fine-silty, mixed Eutric Glossoboralfs. They are Wildlife and fisheries near the edge of kettles. They are well drained. Their vegetation is moist, mixed forest. This map unit can provide diverse habitat for whitetall deer throughout the year. It commonly supports Representative Profile of the Soils cottonwoods, which provide cavity nesting habitat for The loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts birds, in areas adjacent to the kettles. The kettles can are yellowish brown gravelly silt loam in the upper 7 provide good habitat for moose. The kames commonly inches of the surface layer. They are very pale brown provide old growth forest habitat. Soil Survey

Recreation and visual quality underlying material to a depth af 60 inches or more is Hunting, viewing wildlife, picking huckleberries, stratified very pale brown and light reddish brown very gathering wood, and sightseeing by car are common gravelly sandy loam, extremely gravelly sandy loam, silt recreational activities in areas of this map unit. loam, and fine sandy loam. It is mottled with brownish Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively yellow and strong brown. easy. Management Timber 105--Aquic Udifluvents, poorly drained This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. This map unit is in alluvial basins. Elevation ranges Roads from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation consists of wet The wetness is a limitation affecting the location and meadows. The soils formed in alluvial deposits. construction of roads. Providing suitable subgrade Landform material helps to prevent the damage caused by The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 5 wetness and low strength. percent. The alluvial basins are in valley bottoms. Some Watershed are ponded by beaver dams. Others are the site of Operating equipment on these soils can result in the former lakes or ponds and have no well defined formation of ruts and in puddling. The material exposed drainage outlet. Some contain small, shallow ponds. by road construction has a severe hazard of erosion. Vegetation Sediment delivery efficiency is low. The vegetation is mostly a wet meadow community Wildlife and fisheries dominated by sedges and rushes. It includes shrub This map unit can provide habitat for a wide variety communities that are dominated by black cottonwood, of wildlife species including waterfowl and big game quaking aspen, paper birch, Rocky Mountain maple, species, such as moose, bear, and deer. Many nests of Sitka alder, redosier dogwood, and willow. Engelmann songbirds are in trees along the edge of the mapped spruce also is included on knolls and around the edge areas. Muskrat, beaver, and other furbearers inhabit of meadows. this unit. Pools and beaver ponds provide habitat for Habitat Types resident brook trout and some cutthroat trout; however, the amount of spawning habitat is limited. The habitat types have not been defined for the Recreation and visual quality vegetation in this unit. Fishing and viewing wildlife are common recreational Geology activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the These soils are underlain by stratified alluvial visual quality of the unit is relatively easy. deposits of sand, silt, and gravel. Characteristics of the Soils 106-Andic Dystrochrepts, glacial outwash These soils are poorly drained and have a medium textured surface layer. The content of rounded rock terraces fragments in the substratum ranges from 15 to 35 This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from percent. 2,500 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, Map Unit Composition mixed forest. The soils formed in glacial outwash deposits. The dominant soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Aquic Udifluvents. They make up about 90 percent of Landform the unit. The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 15 Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. percent. The terraces are on the highest part of valleys. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Dystric They are adjacent to steep mountain slopes or are in Eutrochrepts. They are near delineation boundaries. areas where tributary streams enter major valleys. They They are well drained and forested. have a weakly defined, dendritic drainage pattern. Representative Profile of the Soils Vegetation The dominant soils have a surface layer of very dark The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, grayish brown silt loam about 7 inches thick. The western redcedar, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and ldaho and lodgepole pine. The forest understory is dominated mixed with the soil in the surface layer. These stones by shrubs and forbs. and cobbles can affect planting. Habitat Types Roads Western hemlock~queencupbeadlily and western Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material redcedarlqueencup beadlily are the major habitat types. from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and The Engelrnann spruce and subalpine fir habitat types cobbles form a rough surface. along drainageways are similar habitat types. These Watershed habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of fire lines. The material exposed by road construction the unit. The grand fir and Douglas-fir habitat types are has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery in the drier areas of the unit. Their productivity for efficiency is low. timber is lower than that of the major habitat types. Wildlife and fisheries Geology This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in These soils are underlain by stratified glacial outwash winter. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest. deposits of sand and gravel. The streams generally provide spawning habitat for trout and whitefish. Characteristics of the Soils Recreation and visual quality These soils have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 Fishing, swimming, camping, gathering wood, and to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of hunting are common recreational activities in areas of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is, 50 percent. relatively easy. Map Unit Composition The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid 107-Typic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess terraces 7 to 14 inches thick and a medium textured subsoil. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 2,700 feet. The vegetation consists of thick or have a coarse textured subsoil. They are - loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and mountain grassland. The soils formed in glacial outwash sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Udorthents. The deposits. dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of Landform the unit. The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. gradients of 0 to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes They are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Andic Dystric of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces have a weakly Eutrochrepts. They formed in lacustrine deposits. They defined, dendritic drainage pattern. They are on the have a subsoil and substratum of silt loam or silty clay highest part of valleys and are not adjacent to streams loam. Their productivity for timber is higher than that of and rivers. the dominant soils. Vegetation Representative Profile of the Soils The vegetation includes rough fescue, ldaho fescue, The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt needleandthread, prairie junegrass, and a variety of loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The forbs and low-growing shrubs. lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam. 'The subsoil is Habitat Types strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about ldaho fescuelbluebunch wheatgrass, rough fescue1 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, and rough fescuelldaho fescue or more is pale brown very cobbly coarse sand. are the major habitat types. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Management Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Timber the unit. Douglas-firlrough fescue and ponderosa pine1 The potential annual production is high. During site bitterbrush are on north aspects and in concave areas. preparation stones and cobbles from the subsoil can be They are in an open-grown forest. Soil Survey

Geology recreational activities in areas of this map unit. These soils are underlain by stratified glacial outwash Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively deposits of sand and gravel. easy. Characteristics of the Soils These soils have a moderately coarse textured 108-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine surface layer. The content of rounded rock fragments in terraces-Andic Dystrochrepts, glacial the subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. outwash terraces, complex Map Unit Composition This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid 2,000 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, Typic Xerochrepts. They do not have an accumulation mixed forest. The soils formed in lacustrine and glacial of lime in the subsoil. The similar soils have an outwash deposits. accumulation of lime in the subsoil. They are loamy- Landform skeletal, mixed, frigid Calcixerollic Xerochrepts. 'The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have the unit. gradients of 0 to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces have no surface They are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Typic Xerochrepts. drainage channels. They formed in lacustrine deposits. They have a subsoil Vegetation and substratum of silt loam or silty clay loam. Their The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, productivity for timber is higher than that of the western redcedar, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, dominant soils. and lodgepole pine. Subalpine fir and Engelmann Representative Profile of the Soils spruce grow along drainageways. The forest understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam about 4 inches - HabitatTypes thick. The subsoil is white and light gray very gravelly Western redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western sandy loam about 23 inches thick. The substratum to a hernlock/queencup beadlily are the major habitat types. depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown Grand firlqueencup beadl~lyand grand fir/twinflower are extremely gravelly loamy sand. similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about Management 85 percent of the unit. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Timber the unit. Douglas-firlninebark and Douglas-firltwinflower This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. are an the terrace risers. Their productivity for timber is It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. lower than that of the major habitat types. Roads Geology Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material This unit is underlain by stratified glacial outwash from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and deposits of sand and gravel and by silt loam and silty cobbles form a rough surface. Material exposed during clay loam glacial lake sediments. The glacial lake road construction is difficult to revegetate because of sediments have thin dark layers alternating with lighter moisture stress. colored layers. Watershed Characteristics of the Soils The material exposed by road construction has a Both of these soils have a surface layer of loess that severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency has been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is low. is 4 to 14 inches thick. The subsoil in both soils Wildlife and fisheries contains rounded rock fragments. The soil properties 'This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in vary with the parent material. The soils formed in winter. lacustrine deposits have a subsoil and substratum of silt loam and very fine sandy loam. The soils formed in Recreation and visual quality glacial outwash have a subsoil and substratum of very Camping and viewing scenery are common gravelly very fine sandy loam. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and ldaho

Map Unit Composition exposed by road construction. The sediment that results The dominant soils that formed in lacustrine deposits from the erosion of the Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts is are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts. particularly damaging to the spawning habitat of fish. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. Sediment delivery efficiency is low. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 Wildlife and fisheries inches thick. They are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Dystric This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in Eutrochrepts. These dominant and similar soils make up winter and habitat for elk in summer. Some areas about 60 percent of the unit. include mineral licks for big game. The vegetation is The dominant soils that formed in glacial outwash frequently old growth forest. The streams generally deposits are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic provide spawning habitat for trout and whitefish. Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer Recreation and visual quality of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, Hunting, camping, and gathering wood are common mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts. These dominant and recreational activities in areas of this map unit. similar soils make up about 40 percent of the unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively The components of this unit occur in areas so easy. intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them separately at the scale used. Representative Profile of the Soils 109--Typic Xerochrepts, alluvial terraces The Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts have a surface layer This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from of light yellowish brown silt loam about 9 inches thick. 2,500 to 2,700 feet. The vegetation consists of The upper part of the subsoil is white silt loam about 22 mountain grassland. The soils formed in alluvial inches thick. The lower part is pale yellow very fine deposits. sandy loam about 26 inches thick. The substratum to a Landform depth of 60 inches or more is white slit loam. The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have 'The Andic Dystrochrepts are yellowish brown gravelly 0 silt loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. gradients ot to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes They are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces are adjacent to rivers and streams. They have no surface drainage channels. loam in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy Vegetation loam about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth The vegetation includes rough fescue, ldaho fescue, of 60 inches or more is pale brown very fine sandy bluebunch wheatgrass, needleandthread, prairie loam. junegrass, and a variety of forbs and low-growing Management shrubs. Timber Habitat Types The potential annual production is high. The soil in ldaho fescuelbluebunch wheatgrass, rough fescue1 the surface layer of both soils can be displaced and the bluebunch wheatgrass, and rough fescuelldaho fescue subsoil of both soils can be exposed when sites are are the major habitat types. These habitat types are in prepared for planting and when tractors are operated on about 85 percent of the unit. the sites. Frost heaving can damage seedlings planted Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of in the subsoH of the Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts. the unit. Douglas-firlrough fescue and ponderosa pinel Roads bitterbrush are on north aspects and in concave areas. Roadcuts along the terrace risers tend to slough. The They are in an open-grown forest. formation of ruts is a hazard in areas of the Andic Geology Dystric Eutrochrepts if unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are wet. In areas of the Andic These soils are underlain by stratified alluvial Dystrochrepts, tread erosion tends to remove fine deposits of sand, silt, and gravel. textured material from unsurfaced roads. The remaining Characteristics of the Soils gravel and cobbles form a rough surface. These soils have a moderately coarse textured Watershed surface layer. The subsoil is calcareous. The content of The erosion hazard is severe along skid tralls and rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to fire lines and in areas where soil material has been 50 percent. Soil Survey

Map Unif Composition 110-Eutrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from Typic Xerochrepts. They do not have an accumulation 2,000 to 3,500 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, of lime in the subsoil. The similar so~lshave an mixed forest. The soils formed in glacial outwash accumulation of lime in the subsoil. They are loamy- deposits that have been reworked by wind. skeletal, mixed, frigid Calcixerollic Xerochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of Landform the unit. The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 15 Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. percent, but slopes are as much as 40 percent on the They are fine-silty, mixed, frigid Typic Xerochrepts. sides of dunes. Terrace surfaces have been reworked They formed in lacustrine deposits. They have a subsoil by wind and are characterized by dunes that have low and substratum of silt loam and silty clay loam. 'Their relief and by depressions. The terraces are adjacent to productivity for timber is higher than that of the major rivers. They have no surface drainage pattern. dominant soils. Vegetation Representative Profile of the Soils The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark western redcedar, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam about 4 inches and lodgepole pine. The forest understory is dominated thick. The subsoil is light gray very gravelly sandy loam by shrubs and forbs. about 23 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 Habitat Types inches or more is yellowish brown extremely gravelly Western redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western loamy sand. hemlock/queencup beadlily are the major habitat types. Management Grand firlqueencup beadlily and grand firltwinflower are similar habitat types. These habitat types occupy 100 Timber percent of the unit. This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. Geology It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. These soils are underlain by glacial outwash deposits Roads that have been reworked by wind. The deposits are fine Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material sand and silt. from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and Characteristics of the Soils cobbles form a rough surface. Material exposed during road construction is difficult to revegetate because of These soils have a surface layer of loess that has moisture stress. been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The subsoil is Watershed calcareous. The content of rounded rock fragments in The major concern of watershed management is the the subsoil ranges from 0 to 15 percent. protection of streambanks and channels. Carefully Map Unit Composition locating bridges and culverts helps to maintain the stability of the channels. Changes in the channel can The dominant soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid result in a large amount of sediment. Disturbing the Eutrochrepts. They make up about 90 percent of the soils on or adjacent to the streambanks can result in unit. severe sedimentation. The material exposed by road Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. construction has a severe hazard of erosion, Sediment They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Eutrochrepts. delivery efficiency is high. They are near streams. They have a substratum of very gravelly loamy sand. Their productivity for timber is Wildlife and fisheries lower than that of the dominant soils. This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in Representative Profile of the Soils winter. The streams provide spawning habitat for trout and whitefish. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark yellowish brown silt loam about 11 inches thick. The Recreation and visual quality subsoil is calcareous, yellowish brown very fine sandy This map unit does not provide opportunities for loam about 24 inches thick. The substratum to a depth common recreational activities. Maintaining the visual of 60 inches or more is calcareous, brown very fine quality of the unit is relatively easy. sandy loam. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho 25

Management bluebunch wheatgrass, and rough fescuelldaho fescue Timber are the major habitat types. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. The potential annual production is high. Productivity Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface the unit. Douglas-firlrough fescue and ponderosa pine1 layer. If tractors are operated on the site, the loess bitterbrush are adjacent to the shoreline of the surface layer can become compacted or be displaced or Koocanusa Reservoir. They are in an open-grown it can be mixed with subsoil material. forest. Roads If unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are Geology wet, the formation of ruts is a hazard. These soils are underlain by glacial outwash deposits Watershed that have been reworked by wind. The deposits are fine sand and silt. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Characteristics of the Soils has a severe hazard of erosion. The sediment that These soils have a moderately coarse textured results from the erosion of these soils is particularly surface layer. The content of rounded rock fragments in damaging to the spawning habitat of fish. Sediment the subsoil ranges from 0 to 10 percent. The subsoil is delivery efficiency is low. calcareous. Wildlife and fisheries Map Unit Composition This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer, The dominant soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid elk, and mule deer in winter. The streams generally Calcixerollic Xerochrepts. They make up about 90 provide spawning habitat for trout and whitefish. percent of the unit. Recreation and visual quality Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. Hunting and gathering wood are common They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Xerochrepts. They are along streams. They have a very Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively gravelly substratum. easy; however, roadcuts are obtrusive if they are not Representative Profile of the Soils vegetated. The dominant soils have a surface layer of light yellowish brown very fine sandy loam about 8 inches I11--Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, glacial thick. The upper part of the subsoil is calcareous, pale brown loamy very fine sand about 12 inches thick. The outwash terraces lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from calcareous, light gray and pale brown very fine sandy 2,500 to 2,700 feet. The vegetation consists of loam and loamy fine sand. mountain grassland. The soils formed in glacial outwash Management deposits that have been reworked by wind. Timber Landform This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 15 It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. percent, but slopes are as much as 40 percent on the Roads sides of dunes. Terrace surfaces have been reworked by wind and are characterized by dunes that have low If unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are relief and by depressions. The terraces are adjacent to wet, the formation of ruts is a hazard. Revegetation is major rivers. They have no surface drainage pattern. limited by a lack of rainfall in summer. The species selected for planting should be those that can tolerate Vegetation the drought in summer. The vegetation includes rough fescue, bluebunch Watershed wheatgrass, ldaho fescue, needleandthread, prairie junegrass, and a variety of forbs and low-growing The material exposed by road construction has a severe hazard of erosion. The sediment that results shrubs. from the erosion of these soils is particularly damaging Habitat Types to the spawning habitat of fish. Sediment delivery ldaho fescuelbluebunch wheatgrass, rough fescue/ efficiency is low. Soil Survey

Wildlife and fisheries loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. This This map unit can provide habitat for deer, elk, and surface layer, if it occurs, is as much as 14 inches thick. mule deer in winter. The streams generally provide The subsoil and substratum are silty clay loam and silty spawning habitat for trout. clay. The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum ranges from 0 to 10 percent. Recreation and visual quality This unit is adjacent to Koocanusa Reservoir. It is Map Unit Composition suited to camp areas, boat launching areas, and similar The dominant soils are fine, illitic Eutric kinds of recreational site development. Maintaining the Glossoboralfs. They make up about 85 percent of the visual quality of the unit is relatively easy. unit. Dissimilar soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. They are fine, illitic, frigid Andaqueptic Ochraqualfs and 112-Eutric Glossoboralfs, lacustrine loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The terraces Andaqueptic Ochraqualfs are in depressions and around seeps and springs. 'They are poorly drained. This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from The Andic Dystrochrepts are along drainageways. They 2,200 to 3,600 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, have a very gravelly subsoil and substratum. mixed forest. The soils formed in lacustrine deposits. Representative Profile of the Soils Landform The dominant soils have a surface layer of brown The dominant slopes have gradients of 0 to 25 silty clay loam about 9 inches thick. The upper part of percent. 'The terraces were formed by the fluctuating the subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay about 9 levels of Lake Missoulaab. They are on valley side inches thick. The lower part is brown silty clay about 12 slopes, mainly along the Clark Fork River and its inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or tributaries, and have a hummocky appearance with more is brown silty clay. evidence of many small slumps. Small ponds are in depressions created by these slumps. Springs are Management throughout the map unit. The terraces have a dendritic Timber -. drainage pattern. Terrace risers are steep and have The potential annual production is high. The soil in deeply incised drainageways. the surface layer can be~displacedand the subsoil Vegetation exposed when sites are .prepared for planting and when The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, tractors are operated on the sites. Frost heaving can western redcedar, grand fir, Douglas-fir, western white damage seedlings that are planted in the subsoil. pine, Engelmann spruce, western larch, and lodgepole Roads pine. The forest understory is dominated by shrubs and Roadcuts along the terrace risers tend to slough. If forbs. unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are wet, Habitat Types the formation of ruts is a hazard. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas where the substratum has been Western hemlocklqueencup beadlily and western exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as redcedarlqueencup beadlily are the major habitat types. soon as possible after construction helps to eiisuie Grand firlqueencup beadlily is a similar habitat type. successful revegetation. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Watershed the unit. Douglas-firlninebark and Douglas-firlsnowberry Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and are on south aspects. Their productivity for timber is fire lines. The material exposed by road construction lower than that of the major habitat types. has a severe hazard of erosion. The sediment that results from the erosion of these soils is particularly Geology damaging to the spawning habitat of fish. Sediment These soils are underlain by silt loam and silty clay delivery efficiency is low. loam glacial lake sediments. They have thin layers of Wildlife and fisheries dark sediments alternating with lighter colored layers. This map unit can provide important habitat for big Characteristics of the Soils game in late spring and early summer. The vegetation These soils have a medium or moderately fine is commonly old growth forest. The streams generally textured surface layer. In places the surface layer is provide spawning habitat for trout. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and ldaho

Recreation and visual quality Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. Fishing and viewing wildlife are common recreational They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the Xerochrepts. They formed in glacial outwash deposits. visual quality of the unit is difficult. Roadcuts are 'They have a very gravelly subsoil and substratum. obtrusive because the material exposed by sloughing is Representative Profile of the Soils difficult to revegetate. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark brown and brown silt loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is light gray, white, and light yellowish brown silt 114--Typic Xerochrepts, lacustrine terraces loam about 39 inches thick. The substratum to a depth This map unit is on terraces. Elevation ranges from of 60 inches or more is light gray silt. 2,500 to 2,700 feet. The vegetation consists of Management mountain grassland. The soils formed in lacustrine Timber deposits. This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. Landform It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. The dominant slopes on terrace surfaces have Roads gradients of 0 to 15 percent. Terrace risers have slopes If unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are of 30 to 60 percent. The terraces have a dendritic wet, the formation of ruts is a hazard. Revegetation is drainage pattern. The terrace risers have short, deeply limited by a lack of rainfall in the summer. The species incised drainageways. selected for planting should be those that can withstand Vegetation the drought in summer. Surface crusting limits "The vegetation includes rough fescue, bluebunch revegetation in areas where the substratum has been wheatgrass, ldaho fescue, needleandthread, prairie exposed during road construction. Seeding these areas junegrass, and a variety of forbs and low-growing as soon as possible after construction improves shrubs. revegetation. Watershed Habitat Types Erosion is a severe hazard along f~relines and in ldaho fescue/bluebunch wheatgrass, rough fescue1 areas where soil material has been exposed by road bluebunch wheatgrass, and rough fescue/ldaho fescue construction. The sediment that results from the erosion are the major habitat types. These habitat types are in of these soils is particularly damaging to the spawning about 85 percent of the unit. habitat of fish. Sediment delivery efficiency is low. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of the unit. Douglas-firlrough fescue and ponderosa pine/ Wildlife and fisheries bitterbrush are adjacent to the shoreline of Koocanusa This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer in Reservoir. They are in an open-grown forest. winter. It commonly includes mineral licks for big game. The streams generally provide spawning habitat for Geology trout. 'These soils are underlain by silt loam and silty clay Recreation and visual quality loam glacial lake sediments. They have thin layers of dark sediments alternating with lighter colored layers. This unit is adjacent to Koocanusa Reservoir. It is suited to camp areas, boat launching areas, and similar Characteristics of the Soils kinds of recreational site development. Maintaining the These soils have a medium textured surface layer. visual quality of the unit is relatively easy; however, The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil roadcuts are obtrusive if they are not vegetated. ranges from 0 to 10 percent. Map Unif Composition 201-Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts-Typic The dominant soils are fine-s~lty,mixed, frigid Typic Ustochrepts complex, breaklands Xerochrepts. They do not have an accumulation of clay in the subsoil. The similar soils have an accumulation of This map unit is on breaklands. Elevation ranges - clay in the subsoil. They are fine-silty, mixed Eutric from 2,400 to 4,800 feet. The vegetation consists of dry, Glossoboralfs. The dominant and similar soils make up mixed forest. The soils formed in material weathered about 90 percent of the unit. from metasedimentary rocks. 28 Soil Survey

Landform sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The lower part is light The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and brownish gray extremely cobbly fine sandy loam. have gradients of 60 to 80 percent. The breaklands are Bedrock is at a depth of about 19 inches. adjacent to valley bottoms along streams. The slopes The Typic Ustochrepts have a surface layer of dark commonly include ledges and benches formed by layers gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 8 inches of bedrock. The drainage pattern is parallel to dendritic. thick. The subsoil is gray extremely gravelly very fine The drainage channels are widely spaced. sandy loam about 19 inches thick. The substratum is gray extremely gravelly very fine sandy loam. Bedrock Vegetation is at a depth of about 45 inches. The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir and Management ponderosa pine with an understory dominated by shrubs. The Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine are in Timber scattered areas on ledges and in crevasses of the Rock This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. outcrop. It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. Habitat Types Roads The slope increases the amount of material that is Douglas-firlninebark is the major habitat type in excavated during road construction. The hard rock forested areas. It occupies about 35 percent of the unit. frequently limits excavation. If the hard rock is Barren rock, talus, and forested scree communities excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony occupy about 65 percent of the unit. and has a low water-holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads Geology are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road medium textured and moderately coarse textured construction is difficult to revegetate because of material when weathered. moisture stress. Watershed Characteristics of the Soils The soil material exposed by road construction has a The soils in this map unit have a moderately coarse slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency is textured surface layer. The content of angular rock high. fragments in their subsoil ranges from 50 to 70 percent. The soils are not easily identified by unique landscape Wildlife and fisheries features. They are either 4 to 20 inches deep over This map unit can provide habitat for bighorn sheep bedrock or 20 to 40 inches deep over bedrock. in spring and commonly provides important habitat for lambing. It can provide important habitat for mule deer Map Unit Composition and elk in winter. The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map Recreation and visual quality unit. Rubble land, which is similar to Rock outcrop, is also included. The Rock outcrop and rubble land make Viewing and photographing wildlife and wild flowers up about 50 percent of the unit. are common recreational activities in areas of this map The dominant soils are ioarny-skeletal, mixed, frigid unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult Lithic Ustochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid because of the slope and sparse forest cover. Typic ~stochre~ts.The ~ithkUstochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. They make up about 30 percent of the unit. The Typic Ustochrepts are 20 to 40 251-Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop inches deep over bedrock. They make up about 20 complex, breaklands percent of the unit. This map unit is on breaklands. Elevation ranges The components of this unit occur in areas so from 2,500 to 5,000 feet. The vegetation consists of dry, intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them mixed forest and moist, mixed forest. The soils formed separately at the scale used. in material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. Representative Profile of the Soils Landform The Lithic Ustochrepts have a surface layer of brown The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and very cobbly sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The upper have gradients of 60 to 80 percent. The breaklands are part of the subsoil is light yellowish brown very cobbly adjacent to valley bottoms along streams. The drainage Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho pattern is parallel to dendritic. The drainage channels outcrop. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. are steep and widely spaced. Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the Vegetation dominant soils. The vegetation is a mixed forest of western larch, Representative Profile of the Soils western hemlock, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt white pine, grand fir, and lodgepole pine. The forest loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. They understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil Habitat Types is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 location. In the Cabinet Range and the western part of inches or more is pale brown extremely gravelly very the Purcell Range, the major habitat types are western fine sandy loam. redcedarlqueencup beadlily and western hemlocW queencup beadlily. Grand firltwinflower is a similar Management habitat type. In the Salish Range and the eastern part Timber of the Purcell Range, the major habitat type is Douglas- The potential annual production is high in forested firlninebark. Douglas-firltwinflower is a similar habitat areas. Productivity in the map unit is limited by the type. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the Rock outcrop. The slope severely limits the operation of forested part of the unit. tractors. Cable logging systems are safer and disturb Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of the soil less than tractor logging systems. the forested part of the unit. Douglas-firjtwinflower and Roads Douglas-firlninebark are on northwest-facing slopes. The slope increases the amount of material that is Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the excavated during road construction. The hard rock major habitat types. frequently limits excavation. If the hard rock is Geology excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and and has a low water-holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large medium textured and moderately coarse textured stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces material when weathered. causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road construction is difficult to revegetate because of Characteristics of the Soils moisture stress. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of Watershed loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium fire lines. The material exposed by road construction textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery subsoil ranges from 50 to 70 percent. efficiency is high. Map Unit Composition Wildlife and fisheries The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid This map unit can provide habitat for big game in Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess summer. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest 7 to 14 inchesthick. The similar soils have a surface that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy- habitat. skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts. The Recreation and visual quality dominant and similar soils make up about 50 percent of Viewing wildlife is a common recreational use. the unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they unit. It makes up about 40 percent of the unit. are not vegetated. The components of this unit occur in areas so intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them separately at the scale used. 252-Andic Dystrochrepts, breaklands Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic This map unit is on breaklands. Elevation ranges Dystrochrepts. They are in areas near the Rock from 3,100 to 5,000 feet, The vegetation consists of Soil Survey moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in material Representative Profile of the Soils weathered from metasedimentary rocks. The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly sit Landform loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. They are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil have gradients of 60 to 80 percent. The breaklands are is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam adjacent to valley bottoms along streams. The drainage about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 pattern is parallel to weakly dendritic. The drainage inches or more is pale brown extremely gravelly very channels are steep and closely spaced. fine sandy loam. Vegetation Management The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, Timber western larch, grand fir, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and subalpine fir. The forest understory is dominated by The potential annual production is high. The slope shrubs and forbs. severely limits the operation of tractors. Cable logging systems are safer and disturb the soil less than tractor Habitat Types logging systems. Western hernlock/queencup beadlily is the major Roads habitat type. Grand firiqueencup beadlily and subalpine The slope increases the amount of material that is firlqueencup beadlily are similar habitat types. These excavated during road construction. Unsurfaced roads habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces the unit. Subalpine firlbeargrass is at the higher causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road elevations, and Douglas-firhinebark is at the lower construction is difficult to revegetate because of elevations. Their productivity for timber is lower than moisture stress. that of the major habitat type. Watershed Geology Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and These soils are underlain by argillite, siltite, and fire lines. The material exposed by road construction quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery medium textured and moderately coarse textured efficiency is high. material when weathered. Wildlife and fisheries Characteristics of the Soils This map unit can provide habitat for big game in These soils have a surface layer of loess that has summer. The vegetation frequently is old growth forest been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of habitat. angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 50 to Recreation and visual quality 70 percent. Hunting and picking berries are occasional Map Unit Composition recreational activities in areas of this map unit. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they 7 to 14 inches thick and a moderately coarse textured are not vegetated. subsoil. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or a coarse textured subsoil. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and 301-Dystric Eutrochrepts, glaciated sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Udorthents. The mountain slopes dominant and similar soils make up about 80 percent of This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. the unit. Elevation ranges from 2,400 to 3,800 feet. The Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 20 vegetation consists of dry, mixed forest. The soils percent of the unit. They are on the upper slopes. The formed in compact glacial till. dissimilar s~ilsare loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over Landform bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and of the dominant soils. have gradients of 15 to 35 percent. The glaciated Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho mountain slopes are mantled with glacial till. The Roads drainage pattern is dendritic. The drainageways are Material exposed during road construction tends to widely spaced and moderately entrenched. slough. Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured Vegetation material from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir, limits revegetation in areas where the substratum has ponderosa pine, western larch, and lodgepole pine. The been exposed during construction and where there is a forest understory is dominated by shrubs. lack of rainfall in summer. Seeding these areas as soon Habitat Types as possible after construction with species that can withstand the drought in summer helps to ensure Douglas-firlsnowberry is the major habitat type. successful revegetation. Douglas-firlninebark, Douglas-firltwinflower, and Douglas-fir/pinegrass are similar habitat types. These Watershed habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of and fire lines and in areas where so11material has been the unit. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir habitat exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery types are in valley bottoms. Their productivity for timber efficiency is moderate. is higher than that of the major habitat type. Wildlife and fisheries Geology This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer, elk, and whitetail deer in winter. It is at the lower elevations "These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. where the depth of snow seldom limits access to food Characteristics of the Soils sources, It commonly supports snags suitable for cavity habitat. It can include mineral licks for big game. The These soils have a medium textured surface layer. streams provide spawning habitat for trout. The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The substratum is dense Recreation and visual quality and brittle when moist. Driving for pleasure, hunting, and gathering wood are common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Map Unit Composition Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is moderately The dominant solls are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid difficult because revegetating the material exposed in Dystric Eutrochrepts. The content of rock fragments in roadcuts is difficult. their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Dystric Eutrochrepts. The content of rock fragments in their 302-Typic Ustochrepts, glaciated mountain subsoil ranges from 20 to 35 percent. The dominant slopes, steep and similar soils make up 100 percent of the map unit. This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. Representative Profile of the Soils Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 4,200 feet. The The dominant soils have a surface layer of brown vegetation consists of dry, mixed forest. The soils and white gravelly silt loam about 11 inches thick. The formed in compact glacial till. subsoil is light gray very gravelly fine sandy loam about Landform 28 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and or more is dense, brittle, light gray very gravelly fine have gradients of 30 to 60 percent. The glaciated sandy loam and loamy sand. mountain slopes are mantled with glacial till. They are Management in areas below glacially scoured, convex ridges and above concave side slopes. The drainage pattern is Timber dendritic. The drainageways are widely spaced. The potential annual production is moderate. Insolation limits productivity. The terrain is well suited to Vegetation the operation of tractors. Rotting wood is an important The vegetation is old growth stands of Douglas-fir source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter mixed with ponderosa pine. Western larch and slash on the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. lodgepole pine are along draws and at the higher Trees are susceptible to windthrow because the dense, elevations. The forest understory is dominated by brittle substratum restricts root penetration. shrubs. Soil Survey

Habitat Types exposed during construction and where there is a lack Douglas-firlsnowberry is the major habitat type. of rainfall in summer. Seeding these areas as soon as Douglas-firlninebark, Douglas-firlpinegrass, Douglas-fir/ possible after construction with species that can kinnikinnick, Douglas-firltwinflower, and Douglas-fir/ withstand the drought in summer helps to ensure dwarf huckleberry are similar habitat types. These successful revegetation. habitat types are in 100 percent of the unit. Watershed Geology 'The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery Characteristics of the Soils efficiency is moderate. These soils have a medium textured surface layer. Wildlife and fisheries The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil This map unit can provide good habitat for mule deer ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The substratum is dense and elk in winter. It is at the lower elevations where the and brittle when moist. depth of snow seldom limits access to food sources. Map Unit Composition Recreation and visual quality The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Hunting and gathering wood are common Typic Ustochrepts. The content of rock fragments in recreational activities in areas of this map unit. their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Dystric because of the slope and the difficulty in revegetating Eutrochrepts. The content of rock fragments in their the soil material exposed in roadcuts. subsoil ranges from 20 to 35 percent. The dominant and similar soils make up about 80 percent of the unit. Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 20 303-Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts percent, of the unit. They are in areas throughout the map unit. The dissimilar soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, complex, glaciated mountain ridges frigid Lithic Ustochrepts. They are 4 to 20 inches deep 'This map unit is on glaciated mountain ridges. over bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than Elevation ranges from 3,500 to 4,700 feet. The that of the dominant soils. vegetation consists of open-grown forest. The soils Representative Profile of the Soils formed mostly in material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. Landform The subsoil is gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and about 19 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 45 have gradients of 15 to 35 percent. The glaciated inches or more is dense, brittle, gray very gravelly very mountain ridges are rounded because of glacial fine sandy loam. scouring. There is no surface drainage system. Management Vegetation Timber The vegetation is stunted Douglas-fir and lodgepole The potential annual production is moderate. pine forest interspersed with grassland. The forest Insolation limits productivity. The slope limits the understory is dominated by bunchgrasses mixed with operation of tractors. Rotting wood is an important shrubs and forbs. source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter slash on the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. Habitat Types Trees are susceptible to windthrow because the dense, Douglas-fir/bluebunch wheatgrass is the major brittle substratum restricts root penetration. habitat type. This habitat type occupies about 85 Roads percent of the forested part of the unit. Douglas-firlpinegrass, which is a dissimilar habitat Material exposed in cutbanks during road type, is in about 15 percent of the forested part of the construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. unit. It is on northerly aspects. Its productivity for timber Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material is higher than that of the major habitat type. from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits Geology revegetation in areas where the substratum has been This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of and habitat for lambing. It also can provide habitat for dense, brittle glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. other big game animals in spring. Characteristics of the Soils Recreation and visual quality The soils in this map unit are 4 to 20 inches deep Viewing wildlife, wild flowers, and geologic formations over bedrock. They have a moderately coarse textured is a common recreational activity in areas of this map surface layer. The content of rounded rock fragments in unit. Areas of this unit are used as scenic overlooks. their subsoil ranges from 50 to 70 percent. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult because the forest cover is sparse and because Map Unit Composition revegetating roadcuts is difficult. The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map unit. It makes up about 50 percent of the unit. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid 321-Typic Eutroboralfs, drumlins Lithic Ustochrepts. They make up about 40 percent of the unit. This map unit is on drumlins and moraines. Elevation The components of this unit occur in areas so ranges from 2,500 to 3,800 feet. The vegetation intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them consists of dry, mixed forest. The soils formed in separately at the scale used. calcareous, compact glacial till. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. Landform They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Udic Ustochrepts. The dominant slopes have gradients of 10 to 40 They are on the concave, lower slopes. They are 20 to percent. The drumlins are smooth, rounded, elongated 40 inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity for hills. They do not have surface drainageways. The timber is higher than that of the dominant soils. moraines are rolling or hilly deposits of glacial till. They Representative Profile of the Soils have a deranged drainage pattern. The dominant soils have a surface layer of brown Vegetation very cobbly sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The upper The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir, part of the subsoil is light yellowish brown very cobbly western larch, and lodgepole pine. The forest sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The lower part is light understory is dominated by pinegrass and low-growing brownish gray extremely cobbly fine sandy loam. shrubs. Bedrock is at a depth of about 19 inches. Habitat Types Management Douglas-firlpinegrass is the major habitat type. Timber Douglas-firlninebark, Douglas-firlsnowberry, and The potential annual production is very low in ~ou~las-firltwinfiowerare similar habitat types. These forested areas. The productivity is limited by the shallow habitat types are in about 90 percent of the unit. depth of the soils and solar insolation. The productivity Subalpine firltwinflower, which is a dissimilar habitat in the map unit is limited by the Rock outcrop. The type, is in about 10 percent of the unit. It is in Rock outcrop also limits the operation of tractors. Trees depressions. Its productivity for timber is higher than growing on shallow soils are susceptible to windthrow. that of the major habitat type. Roads Geology The hard rock frequently limits excavation during These soils are underlain by calcareous glacial till. road construction. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony and has a low water- Characteristics of the Soils holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads are rough because These soils have a medium textured surface layer. of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil road construction is difficult to revegetate because of ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The lower part of the moisture stress. subsoil is calcareous. Watershed Map Unit Composition No special watershed protection measures are The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic needed for the management practices that are Eutroboralfs. 'The content of rock fragments in their commonly applied in this map unit. subsoil is 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils are fine- Wildlife and fisheries loamy, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs. The content of rock This map unit can provide habitat for bighorn sheep fragments in their subsoil is 20 to 35 percent. The Soil Survey dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of 322-Eutric Glossoboralfs, moraines the unit. This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. 2,500 to 5,000 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, They are fine-silty, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs. They do mixed forest. The soils formed in compact glacial till. not have rock fragments in the subsoil. They are in depressions. Their subsoil and substratum have low Landform strength and are silty clay loam. The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 Representative Profile of the Soils percent. The moraines are rolling or hilly deposits of glacial till. They have a deranged drainage pattern. The dominant soils are light brownish gray gravelly silt loam in the upper 2 inches of the surface layer. The Vegetation lower 6 inches of the surface layer is pale brown The vegetation is a mixed forest of western larch, gravelly loam. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. Western hemlock, brown very gravelly clay loam about 14 inches thick. western redcedar, and western white pine are included The lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is in areas on the Cabinet Range and the western part of calcareous, yellowish brown very gravelly loam. the Purcell Range. Subalpine fir is included in areas on Management the Salish Range and the eastern part of the Purcell Range. The forest understory is dominated by low- Timber growing shrubs and forbs. The potential annual production is moderate. The terrain is well suited to the operation of tractors. Habitat Types Regeneration of the forest is limited by plant Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on competition. Pinegrass competes vigorously with tree location. In the Cabinet Range and the western part of seedlings in open areas. Rotting wood is an important the Purcell Range, western hernlocWqueencup beadlily source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter and western redcedarlqueencup beadlily are the major slash on the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. habitat types. In the Salish Rarlge and the eastern part Trees are susceptible to windthrow because a dense, of the Purcell Range, subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is brittle layer in the subsoil restricts root penetration. the major habitat type. These habitat types are in about Roads 85 percent of the unit.' Douglas-fir/twinflower, which is a dissimilar habitat Material exposed in cutbanks during road type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is at the lower construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. elevations on southerly aspects in the Salish Range and Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material the eastern part of the Purcell Range. Its productivity for from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and timber is lower than that of the major habitat types. cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas where the lower part of the Geology subsoil has been exposed during construction. Seeding These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. these areas as soon as possible after construction helps to ensure successful revegetation. Characteristics of the Soils Watershed These soils have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery 50 percent. The substratum is dense and brittle when efficiency is low. moist. Wildlife and fisheries Map Unit Composition This map unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer throughout the year. It can include mineral licks for big The dominant soils are fine, mixed Eutric game. Glossoboralfs. They have a moderately fine textured subsoil. The content of rock fragments in the subsoil Recreation and visual quality ranges from 20 to 35 percent. The similar soils are fine- Gathering wood and viewing the drumlin landscape loamy, mixed, frigid Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts and are common recreational activities in areas of this map clayey-skeletal, mixed Eutric Glossoboralfs. They have unit. Roadcuts are noticeable because the exposed soil a medium textured subsoil. The content of rock material is difficult to revegetate. fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

The dominant and similar soils make up 100 percent of Landform the map unit. The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 Representative Profile of the Soils percent. The moraines are rolling or hilly deposits of glacial till. They have a deranged drainage pattern. The dominant soils have a surface layer of light Some of the moraines are drumlins. yellowish brown and light gray gravelly silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil is very pale brown gravelly Vegetation clay loam about 10 inches thick. The substratum to a The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir, depth of 60 inches or more is dense, brittle, yellowish western larch, and lodgepole pine. The forest brown gravelly clay loam. understory is pinegrass and low-growiug shrubs. Management Habitat Types Timber Douglas-firlpinegrass is the major habitat type. The potential annual production is high. Productivity Douglas-firltwinflower and Douglas-firlsnowberry are on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity 85 percent of the unit. can be lowered because the loess surface layer can Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed the unit. Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily and subalpine with subsoil material. Trees are susceptible to firltwinflower are at the higher elevations or in windthrow because the dense, brittle substratum depressions. Their productivity for timber is higher than restricts root penetration. that of the major habitat type. Roads Geology Material exposed in cutbanks during road These soils are underlain by calcareous alacial- till. construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. If Characteristics of the Soils unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are wet, .,,, the formation of ruts is a hazard. Surface crusting limits These soils have a medium textured surface layer. revegetation in areas where the substratum has been The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The lower part of the soon as possible after construction helps to ensure subsoil is calcareous. In places the soils have a surface successful revegetation. layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. Watershed Map Unit Composition Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and The dominant soils are fine-loamy, mixed Typic fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Eutroboralfs. They have an accumulation of clay in the has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery subsoil. The content of rock fragments in the subsoil efficiency is low. ranges from 20 to 35 percent. The similar soils are fine- Wildlife and fisheries loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Eutrochrepts and loamy- skeletal, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs. They do not have an This map unit can provide habitat for elk and deer in accumulation of clay in the subsoil. The content of rock summer. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest fragments in the subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting The dominant and similar soils make up 100 percent of habitat. the maD unit. Recreation and visual quality Representative Profile of the Soils ~rkin~for pleasure, gathering wood, and picking berries are common recreational activities in areas of The dominant soils have a surface layer of light this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is brownish gray silt loam about 6 inches thick. The upper relatively easy. part of the subsoil is brownish yellow silty clay loam about 14 inches thick. The lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous, very pale brown silty clay 323-Typic Eutroboralfs, moraines loam and gravelly silty clay loam. This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from Management 2,500 to 5,000 feet. The vegetation consists of dry, Timber mixed forest. The soils formed in calcareous, compact The potential annual production is moderate. 'The glacial till. terrain is well suited to the operation of tractors. Soil Survey

Regeneration of the forest is limited by plant forest understory is dominated by pinegrass and competition. Pinegrass competes vigorously with tree shrubs. seedlings in open areas. Rotting wood is an important Habitat Types source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter slash on the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. Douglas-firlpinegrass is the major habitat type. Trees are susceptible to windthrow because a dense, Douglas-firlninebark and Douglas-firlsnowberry are brittle layer in the subsoil restricts root penetration. similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Roads Douglas-firltwinflower, which is a dissimilar habitat Material exposed in cutbanks during road type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is on northerly construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. If aspects. Its productivity for timber is higher than that of unsurfaced roads are traveled when the soils are wet, the major habitat type. the formation of ruts is a hazard. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas where the lower part of the Geology subsoil has been exposed during construction. Seeding These soils are underlain by calcareous glacial till. these areas as soon as possible after construction Characteristics of the Soils helps to ensure successful revegetation. These soils have a medium textured surface layer. Watershed The content of rounded rock fragments in the subsoil The hazard of erosion is severe along skid trails and ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The lower part of the fire lines and in areas where soil material has been subsoil is calcareous. exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery efficiency is low. Map Unit Composition Wildlife and fisheries The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Eutrochrepts. They do not have an accumulation This map unit can provide habitat for big game in of clay in the subsoil. They are calcareous in the lower winter. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest. part of the subsoil. The content of rock fragments in the The streams generally provide habitat for trout and subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils whitefish. The lakes may provide habitat for trout, bass, have an accumulation of clay in the subsoil, are and perch. Some lakes are too alkaline for fish to noncalcareous in the lower part of the subsoil, or have inhabit. a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that ranges Recreation and visual quality from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, Hunting, fishing, and viewing scenery are common Typic Eutroboralfs; loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Dystric recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Eutrochrepts; and coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively Eutrochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up easy. Roadcuts on southerly aspects are noticeable about 90 percent of the unit. because they are difficult to revegetate. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. They are fine-silty, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs. They formed in lacustrine deposits. Their subsoil and 324--Typic Eutrochrepts, moraines substratum have low strength and are silty clay loam. Representative Profile of the Soils This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation consists of dry, The dominant soils have a surface layer of light mixed forest. The soils formed in calcareous, compact brownish gray and light olive brown silt loam about 16 glacial till. inches thick. The subsoil is calcareous, brown and yellowish brown very gravelly silt loam about 14 inches Landform thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 calcareous, light olive brown very gravelly fine sandy percent. The moraines are rolling or hilly deposits of loam. glacial till. They have a deranged drainage pattern. Management Small lakes are commonly in depressions. Timber Vegetation The potential annual production is moderate. The The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir, terrain is well suited to the operation of tractors. western larch, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. The Regeneration of the forest is limited by plant Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

Pinegrass competes vigorously with tree Vegetation seedlings in open areas. Rotting wood is an important The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir, western larch, slash on the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. lodgepole pine, and black cottonwood. The forest Trees are susceptible to windthrow because the dense, understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. brittle substratum restricts root penetration. Habitat Types Roads Subalpine firltwinflower is the major habitat type. Material exposed in cutbanks during road Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily and Engelmann spruce/ construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. queencup beadlily are similar habitat types. These Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits the unit. Douglas-firhinebark and Douglas-firltwinflower revegetation in areas where the substratum has been are on adjacent uplands. Their productivity for timber is exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as lower than that of the major habitat type. soon as possible after construction helps to ensure successful revegetation. Geology Watershed 'the alluvial deposits are mainly silt and finely divided lime. These soils are underlain by calcareous, friable The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails glacial till. and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery Characteristics of the Soils efficiency is low. These soils have a moderately fine textured surface Wildlife and fisheries layer. They are wet. The water table rises to within 12 This map unit can provide range for big game in to 30 inches from the surface in spring when the snow winter. The vegetation on moister sites is commonly old melts. The content of lime in the soils is 40 to 90 percent. growth forest. In places the unit includes mineral licks for big game and provides nesting sites for raptors. The Map Unit Composition lakes and streams generally provide habitat for trout The dominant soils are fine-silty, frigid Aeric and whitefish. The lakes also can provide habitat for - Calciaquolls. They make up about 90 percent of the bass. Some lakes are too alkaline for fish to inhabit. unit. Recreation and visual quality Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. Hunting, fishing, and viewing scenery are common They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Eutrochrepts. They are near the boundaries of the Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult mapped areas. They are well drained. Their productivity because revegetating the material exposed by roadcuts for timber is lower than that of the dominant soils. is difficult. Representative Profile of the Soils The dominant soils have a surface layer of very dark brown silty clay loam about 8 inches thick. The upper 325-Aeric Calciaquolls, somewhat poorly part of the subsoil is dark brown and dark grayish drained brown. It is about 17 inches thick. The lower part to a depth of 60 inches contains buried black surface layers This map unit is on flood plains and alluvial fans. and buried brownish and yellowish subsoil layers. The Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 4,500 feet. The texture of the upper part of the profile is silty clay loam vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils and silt loam, and that of the lower part is very gravelly formed in calcareous alluvial deposits overlying glacial silt loam. The soils are calcareous throughout. till. Management Landform Timber The dominant slopes have gradients of 5 to 25 The potential annual production is high. The percent. The flood plains and alluvial fans are along operation of tractors is limited in wet areas that have small mountain streams. They are seldom flooded. The low strength. Compaction and the formation of ruts are streams change course frequently. hazards. Using cable or aerial logging systems and Soil Survey piling slash by hand help to overcome these limitations. Engelrnann spruce. The forest understory is dominated Regeneration of the forest is limited by frost pockets. by shrubs and forbs. Trees are susceptible to windthrow. Habitat Types Roads Subalpine firltwinflower is the major habitat type. The wetness is a limitation affecting the location and Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily and subalpine fir1 construction of roads. Providing suitable subgrade menziesia are similar habitat types. These habitat types material helps to prevent the damage caused by are in about 85 percent of the unit. wetness and low strength. Material exposed in cutbanks Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of during road construction tends to slough if the cutbanks the unit. Douglas-firltwinflower and Douglas-firlninebark are steep. If unsurfaced roads are traveled when the are on southerly aspects. Their productivity for timber is soils are wet, the formation of ruts is a hazard. lower than that of the major habitat type. Watershed Geology The major concern of watershed management is the protection of streambanks and channels. Carefully These soils are underlain by calcareous glacial till. locating bridges and culverts helps to maintain the Characteristics of the Soils stability of the channels. Changes in the channel can These soils have a surface layer of loess that has result in a large amount of sediment. Disturbing the been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 soils on or adjacent to the streambanks can result in to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of severe sedimentation. The hazard of erosion is severe rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by 50 percent. The substratum is calcareous. road construction has a moderate hazard of erosion. The sediment that results from the erosion of these Map Unit Composition soils is particularly damaging to the spawning habitat of The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic fish. Sediment delivery efficiency is high. Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 Wildlife and fisheries inches thick. The content of rock fragments in their This map-unit can provide habitat for whitetail deer subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils and hose throughout the year. The streams commonly have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. The provide spawning habitat for trout. The unit commonly content of rock fragments in their subs011ranges from supports large cottonwoods, which can provide cavity 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic nesting habitat. Cryochrepts and fine-loamy, mixed Andic Cryochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 Recreation and visual quality percent of the unit. Fishing is the most common recreational activity in Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. areas of this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs. the unit is relatively easy. They are on concave slopes and in depressions. They have an accumulation of clay in the subsoil. 'Their productivity for timber is higher than that of the 328-Andic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain dominant soils. slopes Representative Profile of the Soils This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 5,400 feet. The brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about formed in calcareous, compact glacial till. 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very Landform stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous, dark have gradients of 15 to 35 percent. The glaciated grayish brown very stony sandy loam. mountain slopes are mantled with glacial till. The Management drainage pattern is dendritic and widely spaced. Timber Vegetation The potential annual production is high. Productivity The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface western larch, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho can be lowered because the loess surface layer can Habitat Types become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed Subalpine firltwinflower is the major habitat type. with subsoil material. Trees are susceptible to Subalpine firlblue huckleberry and subalpine fir1 windthrow because the dense, brittle substratum menriesia are similar habitat types. These habitat types restricts root penetration. are in about 85 percent of the unit. Roads Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Material exposed in cutbanks during road the unit. Subalpine firlbeargrass and subalpine fir/ construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. grouse whortleberry are on ridges. Their productivity for Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material timber is lower than that of the major habitat type. from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and Geology cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas where the substratum has been These soils are underlain by calcareous glacial till. exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as Characteristics of the Soils soon as possible after construction helps to ensure These soils have a surface layer of loess that has successful revegetation. been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 Watershed to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been 50 percent. The substratum is calcareous. exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery efficiency is moderate. Map Unit Composition Wildlife and fisheries The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 'This map unit can provide habitat for big game in inches thick. The content of rock fragments in their summer. In some places it provides food sources for subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils grizzly bears. In other places it includes mineral licks for have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or have big game. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that ranges that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed habitat. Dystric Cryochrepts and fine-loamy, mixed Andic Recreation and visual quality Cryochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up Gathering wood and picking berries are common about 80 percent of the unit. recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 20 Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively percent of the unit. They are on ridges. The dissimilar easy. soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic Cryochrepts. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the dominant soils. 329--Andic Cryochrepts, moraines, dense, Representative Profile of the Soils brittle substratum The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark 'This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of 3,000 to 5,500 feet. The vegetation consists of the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about subalpine forest. The soils formed in calcareous, 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very compact glacial till. stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to Landform a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous, dark grayish brown very stony sandy loam. The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 percent. The moraines are rolling or hilly deposits of Management glacial till. The drainage pattern is dendritic on side Timber slopes. Ridges have no defined drainage pattern. The potential annual production is high. Productivity Vegetation on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir, western larch, and can be lowered because the loess surface layer can lodgepole pine. The forest understory is dominated by become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed forbs and low-growing shrubs. with subsoil material. Trees are susceptible to Soil Survey windthrow because the dense, brittle substratum Habitat Types restricts root penetration. Western hemlocWqueencup beadlily and western Roads redcedar/queencup beadlily are the major habitat types. Material exposed in cutbanks during road Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily, subalpine firldevil's construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. club, and subalpine firlmenziesia are similar habitat Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material types. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and the unit. cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits Douglas-firlninebark, which is a dissimilar habitat revegetation in areas where the substratum has been type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is at the lower exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as elevations in the Salish Range and the eastern part of soon as possible after construction helps to ensure !he Purcell Range. Its productivity for timber is lower successful revegetation. than that of the major habitat types. Watershed Geology The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been Characteristics of the Soils exposed by road construction. Sediment aelivery efficiency is low. These soils have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 Wildlife and fisheries to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of This map unit can provide habitat for big game in rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to summer. In places it provides food sources for grizzly 50 percent. The substratum is dense and brittle when bears. moist. Recreation and visual quality Map Unit Composition Gathering wood and picking berries are common The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively 7 to 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in easy. their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that 351-Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected raqges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, glaciated mountain slopes mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and coarse-loamy, This map unit is on dissected glaciated mountain mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 4,500 feet. The similar soils make up about 85 percent of the unit. vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 15 formed in compact glacial till. percent of the unit. The dissimilar soils are loamy- skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts and loamy- Landform skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts. The Andic The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and Haplumbrepts are along drainageways. They have a have gradients of 30 to 60 percent. The dissected dark surface layer and a water table that fluctuates. The glaciated mountain slopes have a mantle of glacial till rock outcrop and the Lithic Dystrochrepts are on the and closely spaced, deeply incised, V-shaped upper slopes and ridgetops. The Lithic Dystrochrepts drainageways. The drainageways are on the lower two- are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity thirds of the slopes. They are first order and flow for timber is lower than that of the dominant soils. directly into third- and fourth-order streams. The drainage pattern is parallel. Landslides can occur in the Representative Profile of the Soils drainageways. The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly s~lt loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. They Vegetation are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil western redcedar, western larch, subalpine fir, western is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam white pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, Engelmann spruce, about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 and lodgepole pine. The forest understory is dominated inches or more is dense, brittle, pale brown very by shrubs and forbs. gravelly very fine sandy loam. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho 41

Management Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and grand fir. Western Timber hemlock, western redcedar, and western white pine are The potential annual production is high. The slope included in the Cabinet Range and the western part of limits the operation of tractors. Trees are susceptible to the Purcell Range. Subalpine fir is included in the windthrow because the dense, brittle substratum Salish Range and the eastern part of the Purcell Range. restricts root penetration. The forest understory is dominated by forbs and low- growing shrubs. Roads The closely spaced, deeply incised drainageways Habitat Types increase the amount of material that is excavated Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on during road construction. Material exposed in cutbanks location. In the Cabinet Range and the western part of during road construction tends to slough if the cutbanks the Purcell Range, western redcedarlqueencup beadlily are steep. The frequency of landslides in drainageways and western hemlock/queencup beadlily are the major may increase because of the roads. Tread erosion habitat types. Grand firlqueencup beadlily, western tends to remove fine textured material from unsurfaced redcedarldevil's club, and grand firltwinflower are roads. The remaining gravel and cobbles form a rough similar habitat types. In the Salish Range and the surface. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas eastern part of the Purcell Range, subalpine fir1 where the substratum has been exposed during queencup beadlily is the major habitat type. Subalpine construction. Seeding these areas as soon as possible firltwinflower, subalpine firlsitka alder, and subalpine fir/ after construction helps to ensure successful menziesia are simllar habitat types. 'These habitat types revegetation. are in about 85 percent of the unit. Watershed Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of the unit. Douglas-fir/twinflower and Douglas-fir/blue The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails huckleberry are at the lower elevations. Their and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been productivity for timber is lower than that of the major exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery habitat types. efficiency is high. Wildlife and fisheries Geology This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer and These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. elk in summer. The vegetation is old growth forest, Characteristics of the Soils which is suitable for use as cavity nesting habitat. . These soils have a surface layer of loess that has Recreation and visual quality been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 This map unit does not provide opportunities for to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of common recreational activities. Maintaining the visual rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to quality of the unit is difficult because roadcuts on steep 50 percent. The substratum is dense and brittle when slopes are obtrusive if they are not vegetated. moist. Map Unit Composition 352-Andic Dystrochrepts, glaciated The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid mountain slopes Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. their subs011ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar Elevation ranges from 2,200 to 5,600 feet. The soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil ranging formed in compact glacial till. from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, Landform frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and coarse-loamy, mixed, The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 85 percent the unit. have gradients of 20 to 60 percent. The glaciated of mountain slopes are mantled with glacial till. The Dissimilar soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. drainage pattern is dendritic. The drainageways are They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic widely spaced. Haplumbrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts. The Andic Haplumbrepts are along Vegefa tion drainageways and in depressions. They have a dark The vegetation is a mixed forest of western larch, surface layer and a water table that fluctuates. The Soil Survey

Lithic Dystrochrepts are on ridges. They are 4 to 20 in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality inches deep over bedrock. "Their productivity for timber of the unit is relatively easy, but roadcuts on steep is lower than that of the dominant soils. slopes are obtrusive if they are not vegetated. Representative Profile of the Soils The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt 353-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop-Lithic loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. They Cryochrepts complex, glaciated mountain are very pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam in the lower 13 inches of the surface layer. The subsoil ridges is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam This map unit is on glaciated mountain ridges. about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 Elevation ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. The inches or more is dense, brittle, pale brown very vegetation consists of subalpine forest and moist, mixed gravelly very fine sandy loam. forest. The soils formed mostly in material weathered Management from metasedimentary rocks. Timber Landform The potential annual production is high. 'The slope The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 limits the operation of tractors in some areas. A percent. The glaciated mountain ridges have a thin combination of tractor and cable logging systems helps mantle of glacial till. 'The drainage pattern is dendritic to overcome the slope. Productivity on the site is highly and widely spaced. dependent on the loess surface layer. If tractors are Vegetation operated on the site, productivity can be lowered because the loess surface layer can become The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed with Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, and subsoil material. Trees are susceptible to windthrow some western larch. The forest understory is dominated because the dense, brittle substratum restricts root by forbs and low-growing shrubs. Beargrass is common. penetration. Habitaf Types Roads Habitat types vary with aspect. Subalpine fir1 Material exposed in cuibanks during road beargrass is-the major habitat type on southerly construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are steep. aspects. 'subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry is a similar Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material habitat type. These habitat types are in about 50 from unsurfaced roads. 'The remaining gravel and percent of the forested part of the unit. Subalpine fir/ cobbles form a rough surface. Surface crusting limits twinflower is the major habitat type on northerly revegetation in areas where the substratum has been aspects. Subalpine firlblue huckleberry is a similar exposed during construction. Seeding these areas as habitat type. These habitat types are in about 35 soon as possible after construction helps to ensure percent of the forested part of the unit. successful revegetation. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Watershed the unit. Douglas-fir habitat types are at the lower elevations. Their productivity for timber is lower than The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails that of the major habitat types. and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery Geology efficiency is moderate. This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and Wildlife and fisheries quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of This map unit can provide habitat for big game in dense, brittle glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. summer. In places the vegetation is old growth forest, Characteristics of the Soils which provides cavity nesting habitat. 'The unit provides The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of some food sources for grizzly bears. The streams loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The provide habitat for trout and, in places, can provide surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium spawning habitat. textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the Recreation and visual quality subsoil ranges from 45 to 70 percent. The soils are not Gathering wood, hiking, camping, fishing, hunting, easily identified by unique landscape features. They are picking berries, sightseeing by car, and participating in either 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock or 20 to 60 various winter sports are common recreational activities inches deep over bedrock, Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

Map Unit Composition Watershed The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and Cryochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Gryochrepts. has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery The Andic Cryochrepts are 20 to 60 inches deep efficiency is low. over bedrock. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to Wildlife and fisheries 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer This map unit commonly can provide denning sites of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, and food sources for grizzly bears. It can provide mixed Typic Cryochrepts. The Andic Cryochrepts and habitat for big game in summer. In places it provides similar soils make up about 50 percent of the unit. brooding sites for grouse and nesting areas for raptors. The Lithic Cryochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. They make up about 20 percent of the unit. Recreation and visual quality The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map Hiking, viewing wildlife, photographing wild flowers, unit. It makes up about 30 percent of the unit. and cross-country skiing are common recreational The components of this unit occur in areas so activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them visual quality of the unit is difficult because rock is separately at the scale used. exposed in roadcuts and the forest has openings in areas of the Rock outcrop. Representative Profile of the Soils The Andic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of dark brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of 355--Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about complex, glaciated mountain slopes 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 5,500 feet. The stony sandy loam. vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils The Lithic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of formed in compact glacial till. cm yellowish brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. Landform The subsoil is pale brown very stony silt loam. Bedrock The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and is at a depth of about 20 inches. have gradients of 20 to 50 percent. The glaciated Management mountain slopes are mantled with glacial till. They are at midelevation on ridgetops and ridge noses. The Timber drainage pattern is dendritic, and drainageways are The potential annual production is high in areas of widely spaced. the Andic Cryochrepts and very low in areas of the Lithic Cryochrepts. Productivity in the map unit is limited Vegetation by the Rock outcrop. Regeneration of the forest is The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir, limited by the harsh subalpine climate on southerly western larch, and lodgepole pine. Western hemlock, aspects. Productivity on the site is highly dependent on western redcedar, western white pine, and grand fir are the loess surface layer. If tractors are operated on the included in the Cabinet Range and the western part of site, productivity can be lowered because the loess the Purcell Range. Subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce surface layer can become compacted or be displaced or are included in the Salish Range and the eastern part of it can be mixed with subsoil material. Trees growing in the Purcell Range. The forest understory is dominated areas of the Lithic Cryochrepts are susceptible to by shrubs and forbs. windthrow. Habitat Types Roads Habitat types vary in this map unit depending on The hard rock frequently limits excavation during location. In the Cabinet Range and the western part of road construction. Unsurfaced roads are rough because the Purcell Range, western redcedarlqueencup beadlily of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during and western hemlock~queencupbeadlily are the major road construction on southerly aspects is difficult to habitat types. In the Salish Range and the eastern part revegetate because of moisture stress. If the hard rock of the Purcell Range, subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is is excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony the major habitat type. Subalpine firlblue huckleberry, and has a low water-holding capacity. subalpine firlmenziesia, and subalpine firltwinflower are 44 Soil Survey similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about tractors on ridgetops. Trees are susceptible to 85 percent of the forested part of the unit. windthrow because the dense, brittle substratum Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of restricts root penetration. the forested part of the unit. Subalpine firheargrass is Roads at the higher elevations, and Douglas-firlpinegrass, The hard rock frequently limits excavation during Douglas-firltwinflower, and Douglas-firlninebark are at road construction. Unsurfaced roads are rough because the lower elevations. Their productivity for timber is of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during lower than that of the major habitat types. road constructiorl on ridgetops is difficult to revegetate Geology because of moisture stress. If the hard rock is This map unit is underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony Characteristics of the Soils and has a low water-holding capacity. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of Watershed loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is nwdium and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been textured. The content of rounded rock fragments in the exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery subsoil ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The substratum is efficiency is moderate. dense and brittle when moist. Wildlife and fisheries Map Unit Composition This map unit can provide habitat for big game in The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid summer. The vegetation commonly is old growth forest Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting 7 to 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in habitat. In places the unit provides food sources for their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar grizzly bears. soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or Recreation and visual quality have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that ranges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, Driving for pleasure, gathering wood, and picking mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and coarse-loamy, berries are common recreational activities in areas of mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is similar soils make up about 70 percent of the unit. difficult beciuse rock is exposed in roadcuts and the The Rock outcrop is on ridgetops. It makes up about forest has openings in areas of the Rock outcrop. 20 percent of the unit. The components of this unit occur in areas so intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them 357-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts separately at the scale used. complex, dissected glaciated mountain issi similar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. slopes They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic This map unit is on dissected glaciated mountain DyStrOChrepts.They are On ridgetops' They are to 20 slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,500 to 5,500 feet. The inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity for timber vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils is lower than that of the dominant soils. formed in compact glacial till and material weathered Representative Profile of the Soils from metasedimentarv rocks. The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The Landform lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is have gradients of 30 to 60 percent. The dissected strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about glaciated mountain slopes are long and straight. They 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches are mantled with glacial till. Drainageways are closely or more is dense, brittle, pale brown very gravelly very spaced and deeply incised. They are first order and flow fine sandy loam. directly into third- and fourth-order streams. The Management drainage pattern is parallel. Landslides can occur in the drainageways. Timber The potential annual production is high in forested Vegetation areas. Productivity in the map unit is limited by the The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, Rock outcrop. The Rock outcrop limits the operation of western red cedar, western white pine, grand fir, ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. The forest olive brown very stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. Menziesia The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark is common. grayish brown very stony sandy loam. Habitat Types The Lithic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of yellowish brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. Subalpine firlmenziesia is the major habitat type. The subsoil is pale brown very stony silt loam. Bedrock Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily, grand firtqueencup is at a depth of about 20 inches. beadlily, and western hemlocWqueencup beadlily are similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about Management 85 percent of the unit. Timber Douglas-firlninebark, which is a dissimilar habitat The potential annual production is high. The slope type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is at the lower limits the operation of tractors. Regeneration of the elevations. Its productivity for timber is lower than that forest is limited by plant competition. Menziesia of the major habitat type. competes vigorously with tree seedlings in open areas. Geology Trees growing in areas of the Lithic Cryochrepts are susceptible to windthrow. These soils are underlain by argillite, siltite, and quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of Roads dense, brittle glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. The hard rock frequently limits excavation during road construction. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut Characteristics of the Soils and fill material is extremely stony and has a low water- These soils have a surface layer of loess that has holding capacity. The closely spaced, deeply incised been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 drainageways increase the amount of material that is to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The soils are excavated during road construction. The frequency of not easily identified by unique landscape features. They landslides in the drainageways may increase because are either 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock or 20 to 60 of the roads. Unsurfaced roads are rough because of inches deep over bedrock. - large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during road Map Unit Composition construction is difficult to revegetate because of moisture stress. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Watershed Cryochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic Cryochrepts. The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails The Andic Cryochrepts are 20 to 60 inches deep and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been over bedrock. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in their efficiency is high. subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils Wildlife and fisheries have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or have This map unit can provide habitat for big game in a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that ranges summer. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed that includes snags suitable for use as cavity nesting Typic Cryochrepts and coarse-loamy, mixed Andic habitat. In places the unit provides food sources for Cryochrepts. These dominant and similar soils make up grizzly bears. about 65 percent of the unit. Recreation and visual The LithicCryochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over quality bedrdck. They make up about 25 percent of the unit. Driving for pleasure, hunting, picking berries, and The components of this unit occur in areas so gathering wood are common recreational activities in intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them areas of this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of separately at the scale used. the unit is difficult because revegetating roadcuts is Rock outcrop, which is a dissimilar inclusion, is on difficult. ridgetops. It makes up about 10 percent of the unit. Representative Profile of the Soils 36CLRock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts The dominant Andic Cryochrepts have a surface complex, glaciated mountain ridges layer of dark brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony 'This map unit is on glaciated mountain ridges. silt loam about 8 inches thick. The lower part is light Elevation ranges from 4,500 to 6,000 feet. The Soil Survey vegetation consists of subalpine forest. The soils Representative Profile of the Soils formed in material weathered from metasedimentary The dominant soils have a surface layer of yellowish rocks. brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil Landform is pale brown very stony s~ltloam. Bedrock is at a depth of about 20 inches. The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 percent. The glaciated mountain ridges have thin Management deposits of glacial till in places. Almost no surface Timber drainageways are .on the mountain ridges. The potential annual production is very low in forested areas. The productivity is limited by the depth Vegetation to bedrock. The productivity in the map unit is limited by The vegetation is scattered subalpine fir, lodgepole the Rock outcrop. The Rock outcrop limits the operation pine, and some Engelmann spruce. The forest of tractors. Regeneration of the forest is limited by the understory is dominated by forbs and low-growing harsh subalpine climate. Trees growing in areas of the shrubs. Beargrass is common. Lithic Cryochrepts are susceptible to windthrow. Habitat Types Roads 'The hard rock frequently limits excavation during Subalpine firlbeargrass is the major habitat type. road construction. Unsurfaced roads are rough because Subalpine firlgrouse whortleberry is a similar habitat of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during type. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the road construction is difficult to revegetate because of forested part of the unit. moisture stress. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of and fill material is extremely stony and has a low water- the forested part of the unit. Subalpine firlqueencup holding capacity. beadlily and subalpine firlmenziesia are at the lower elevations. Their productivity is higher than that of the Watershed major habitat type. No special watershed protection measures are needed for the management practices that are Geology commonly applied in this map unit. This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and Wildlife and fisheries quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of This map unit can provide denning sites and food dense, brittle glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. sources for grizzly bears. It provides habitat for big Characteristics of the Soils game in summer. In places it provides brooding sites for grouse and nesting areas for raptors. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Recreation and visual quality surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. It is medium Hiking, photographing wild flowers, cross-country textured. The soils are 4 to 20 inches deep over skiing, and snowmobiling are common recreational bedrock. The content of angular rock fragments in the activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the subsoil ranges from 45 to 70 percent. visual quality of the unit is difficult because the forest cover is sparse and because rock is exposed in road Map Unit Composition cutbanks. The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map unit. It makes up about 60 percent of the unit. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic 365-Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected Cryochrepts. They are in areas throughout the map unit. glaciated mountain slopes, steep They make up about 30 percent of the unit. This map unit is on dissected glaciated mountain The components of this unit occur in areas so slopes. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 5,500 feet. The intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils separately at the scale used. formed in compact glacial till. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Cryochrepts. Landform They are on concave, lower slopes. They are 20 to 60 The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity is higher have gradients of 60 to 80 percent. The dissected than that of the dominant soils. glaciated mountain slopes have closely spaced, short, ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho deeply incised first-order drainageways. The drainage Management pattern is parallel. The drainageways flow into third- and Timber fourth-order streams. Landslides can occur in the The potential annual production is high. The slope drainageways. severely limits the operation of tractors. Cable logging Vegetation systems are safer and disturb the soil less than tractor The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, logging systems. Trees are susceptible to windthrow western redcedar, western larch, subalpine fir, western because the dense, brittle substratum restricts root white pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, Engelmann spruce, penetration, and lodgepole pine. The forest understory is dominated Roads by shrubs and forbs. Menziesia is common. The slope and the closely spaced, deeply incised Habitat Types drainageways increase the amount of material that is Western hemlock/queencup beadlily and western excavated during road construction. Material exposed in redcedarlqueencup beadlily are the major habitat types. cutbanks during road construction tends to slough if the Subalpine firlmenziesia and subalpine firlqueencup cutbanks are steep. Surface crusting limits revegetation beadlily are similar habitat types. These habitat types in areas where the substratum has been exposed are in 100 percent of the unit. during construction. Seeding these areas as soon as Geology possible after construction helps to ensure successful revegetation. The frequency of landslides in the These soils are underlain by dense, brittle glacial till. drainageways may increase because of the roads. Characteristics of the Soils Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material These soils have a surface layer of loess that has from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 cobbles form a rough surface. to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of Watershed rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails 50 percent. The substratum is dense and brittle when and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been moist. exposed by road construction. The frequency of Map Unit Composition landslides may increase because of the roads. Slopes The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid are very steep, and the drainageways are relatively Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess close together. The sediment produced by the 7 to 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in landslides and erosion moves rapidly through the their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar drainage system to the larger streams at the base of soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or these slopes. Sediment delivery efficiency is high. have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that Wildlife and fisheries ranges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, This map unit can provide good habitat for mule deer mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and coarse-loamy, and elk in summer. The vegetation is commonly old mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and growth forest that includes snags suitable for use as similar soils make up about 80 percent of the unit. cavity nesting habitat. Dissimilar soils and rock outcrop make up about 20 percent of the unit. The dissimilar soils are loamy- Recreation and visual quality skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts. They are Traveling on roads and trails is the most common along drainageways. They have a dark surface layer recreational activity in areas of this map unit. and a water table that fluctuates. The rock outcrop is on Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult the upper slopes and the edge of ridges. because roadcuts are obtrusive if they are not vegetated. Representative Profile of the Soils The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The 37bAndic Dystrochrepts, glaciated lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown mountain slopes, granitic substratum very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about This map unit is on glaciated mountain slopes. 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches Elevation ranges from 3,800 to 6,000 feet. The or more is dense, brittle, pale brown very gravelly very vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils fine sandy loam. formed in material weathered from granitic rocks. Soil Survey

Landform very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about percent. The glaciated mountain slopes are mantled 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches with glacial till. The drainage pattern is deranged, and or more is pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy drainage channels are widely spaced. loam. Vegetation Management The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, Timber western redcedar, western white pine, western larch, The potential annual production is high. Productivity Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, and grand fir. 'The forest on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity Habitat Types can be lowered because the loess surface layer can become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed Western hemlocWqueencup beadlily and western with subsoil material. redcedarlqueencup beadliiy are the major habitat types. Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily and subalpine fir1 Roads menziesia are similar habitat types. These habitat types Material exposed in cutbanks during road are in about 85 percent of the unit. construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material the unit. Subalpine firlgrouse whortleberry and from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and subalpine fir/beargrass are at the higher elevations. cobbles form a rough surface. Unsurfaced roads have a Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the loose, gravelly or cobbly sandy surface when the soils major habitat types. are dry. Geology Watershed These soils are underlain by granitic rock. A thin Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and mantle of friable glacial till overlies the bedrock. fire lines. The material exposed by road construction has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery Characteristics of the Soils . efficiency is moderate. These soils have a surface layer of loess that has Wildlife and fisheries been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 This map unit can provide habitat for big game in to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of summer. In some places the vegetation is old growth rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 20 to forest, which provides cavity nesting habitat. In other 50 percent. places the unit provides food sources for grizzly bears. Map Unit Composition Recreation and visual quality The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Hiking, sightseeing by car, hunting, and picking Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess berries are common recreational activities in areas of 7 to 14 inches thick. The content of rock fragments in this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is their subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar difficult because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick or if they are not vegetated. have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that ranges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts and coarse-loamy, 381-Typic Ustochrepts-Lithic Ustochrepts mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. The dominant and complex, dissected glaciated mountain similar soils make up about 90 percent of the unit. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. slopes, dry They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic This map unit is on dissected glaciated mountain Haplumbrepts. They are along drainageways or in slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. The depressions. They have a dark surface layer and a vegetation consists of dry, mixed forest. The soils water table that fluctuates. formed in compact glacial till and material weathered Representative Profile of the Soils from metasedimentary rocks. The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt Landform loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown have gradients of 30 to 60 percent. The dissected ~~otenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho 1I

glaciated mountain slopes have a thin mantle of glacial The Lithic Ustochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over till. The drainage pattern consists of closely spaced, bedrock. They make up about 30 percent of the unit. parallel first-order drainageways. The drainageways The components of this unit occur in areas so flow into third- or fourth-order streams. 'They are intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them moderately incised with V-shaped valleys. Landslides separately at the scale used. can occur in the drainageways. Rock outcrop is a dissimilar inclusion on the upper Vegetation slopes and ridgetops. It makes up about 10 percent of the unit. The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. Lodgepole pine and western larch are Representative Profile of the Soils included along draws and at the higher elevations. The The dominant Typic Ustochrepts have a dark gray forest understory is dominated by shrubs. Pinegrass is very gravelly very fine sandy loam surface layer about 8 common. inches thick. The subsoil is gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 19 inches thick. The substratum is Habitat Types gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam. Bedrock is at a Douglas-firlpinegrass is the major habitat type. depth of about 45 inches. Douglas-firlninebark and Douglas-firltwinflower are The Lithic Ustochrepts have a surface layer of brown similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about very cobbly sandy loam. The surface layer is about 6 85 percent of the unit. inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is light Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam about 6 inches the unit. Subalpine firlbeargrass is at the higher thick. The lower part is light brownish gray extremely elevations. Its productivity for timber is lower than that cobbly fine sandy loam. Bedrock is at a depth of about of the major habitat type. Western hemlocWqueencup 19 inches. beadlily and western redcedarlqueencup beadlily grow along drainageways. Their productivity is higher than Management that of the major habitat type. Timber 'the potential annual production is low. The depth to Geology bedrock limits productivity. The slope limits the . This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and operation of tractors. Regeneration of the forest is quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of limited by solar insolation and plant competition. The dense, brittle glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. pinegrass competes vigorously with tree seedlings in Characteristics of the Soils open areas. Rotting wood is an important source of nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter slash on These soils have a surface layer of loess that has the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. Trees been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 are susceptible to windthrow in areas where the depth to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured or moderately to bedrock is limited. coarse textured. The soils are not easily identified by unique landscape features. They are either 4 to 20 Roads inches deep over bedrock or 20 to 60 inches deep over The hard rock frequently limits excavation during bedrock. road construction. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony and has a low water- Map Unit Composition holding capacity. Material exposed in cutbanks during The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid road construction tends to slough if the cutbanks are Typic- Ustochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid steep. It is difficult to revegetate because of moisture Lithic Ustochrepts. stress. Surface crusting limits revegetation in areas The Typic Ustochrepts are 20 to 60 inches deep over where the substratum has been exposed during bedrock. They have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 construction. Seeding these areas as soon as possible inches thick. The content of rock fragments in their after construction helps to ensure successful subsoil ranges from 35 to 50 percent. The similar soils revegetation. The closely spaced, deeply incised have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick or drainageways increase the amount of material that is have a content of rock fragments in the subsoil that excavated during road construction. The frequency of ranges from 20 to 35 percent. They are loamy-skeletal, landslides in drainageways may increase because of mixed, frigid Andic Ustochrepts and coarse-loamy, the roads. Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured mixed, frigid Typic Ustochrepts. These dominant and material from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel similar soils make up about 60 percent of the unit. and cobbles form a rough surface. Soil Survey

Watershed the forested part of the unit. Subalpine firlmenziesia and The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails subalpine firlsitka alder are on northerly aspects and and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been the lower slopes. Their productivity for timber is higher exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery than that of the major habitat type. efficiency is high. Geology Wildlife and fisheries This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and This map unit can provide habitat for big game in quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Friable deposits of winter. The vegetation is commonly old growth forest. glacial till mantle the bedrock in places. Recreation and visual quality Characteristics of the Soils Driving for pleasure, hiking, and gathering wood are common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium are not vegetated. textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. The soil properties vary with aspect and slope position of the soils. The soils on northerly aspects and the lower 401-Rock outcrop-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic slopes are 20 to 60 inches deep over bedrock. 'The Cryochrepts complex, glacial trough walls soils on southerly aspects and the upper slopes are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. This map unit is on glacial trough walls. Elevation ranges from 4,200 to 8,000 feet. The vegetation Map Unit Composition consists of subalpine forest. The soils formed in The Rock outcrop is on the upper slopes. It makes material weathered from metasedimentary rocks and up about 40 percent of the unit. friable glacial till. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Landform Cryochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic The dominant slopes have gradients of 60 to 80 Cryochrepts. percent. The glacial trough walls are the valley walls of The Andic Cryochrepts are on northerly aspects and U-shaped glaciated valleys. They have straight slopes the lower slopes, are 20 to 60 inches deep over on the upper half of the valley wall and concave slopes bedrock, and have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 on the lower half. The map unit includes many inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of avalanche paths with small debris fans at the base of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, the paths. The drainage pattern consists of closely mixed Typic Cryochrepts. These dominant and similar spaced, slightly incised, parallel first-order soils make up about 35 percent of the unit. drainageways. The Lithic Cryochrepts are on southerly aspects and the upper slopes and are 4 to 20 inches deep over Vegetation bedrock. They make up about 25 percent of the unit. The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, The components of this unit occur in areas so spruce, and whitebark pine with many avalanche paths intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them supporting alder and menziesia. The forest understory separately at the scale used. is dominated by shrubs. Representative Profile of the Soils Habitat Types The Andic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of dark This unit includes a complex of habitat types and brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of shrub community types. Subalpine firlbeargrass is the the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about major habitat type. Subalpine firlgrouse whortleberry, 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very mountain hemlock/beargrass, and mountain hemlock/ stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to menziesia are similar habitat types. These habitat types a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very are in about 25 percent of the forested part of the unit. stony sandy loam. Alder and menziesia community types are in The Lithic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of avalanche paths. They are in about 20 percent of the yellowish brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. unit. The subsoil is pale brown very stony silt loam. Bedrock Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of is at a depth of about 19 inches. ~~otenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

Management Vegetation Timber The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, 'This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, and ~tis poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. subalpine larch. The forest understory is dominated by forbs and low-growing shrubs. Beargrass is common. Roads The slope increases the amount of material that is Habltat Types excavated during road construction. The hard rock Subalpine fir/beargrass is the major habitat type. frequently limits excavation. If the hard rock is Mountain hemlock/beargrass, mountain hemlock/ excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony menziesia, whitebark pinelsubalpine fir, and alpine and has a low water-holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads larchlsubalpine fir are similar habitat types. 'These are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large habitat types are in about 85 percent of the forested stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces part of the unit. causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road Subalpine firlmenziesia, which is a dissimilar habitat construction is difficult to revegetate because of type, is in about 15 percent of the forested part of the moisture stress. Avalanches can increase the cost of unit. It is on northerly aspects and in cirque basins. Its maintaining the roads. productivity for timber is higher than that of the major Watershed habitat type. The material exposed by road construction has a Geology slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency is This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and high. quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of friable Wildlife and fisheries glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. This map unit can provide habitat for mountain goat Characteristics of the Soils and mule deer in summer. It provides important food The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of sources for grizzly bears in spring. loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Recreation and visual quality surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium This map unit provides scenic views for travelers on textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the roads in the adjacent valley bottoms. Maintain~ngthe subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. The soils are not visual quality of the unit is very difficult because easily identified by unique landscape features, They are roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they are not either 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock or 20 to 40 vegetated. inches deep over bedrock. Map Unit Composition The Rock outcrop is on the glacial cirque headwalls. 403-Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts-Andic It makes up about 60 percent of the unit. Cryochrepts complex, cirque headwalls and The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic alpine ridges Cryochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Cryochrepts. This map unit is on cirque headwalls and alpine The Lithic Cryochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over ridges. Elevation ranges from 5,500 to 8,700 feet. The bedrock. They make up about 25 percent of the unit. vegetation oonsists of subalpine forest. The soils The Andic Cryochrepts are 20 to 40 inches deep formed in material weathered from metasedimentary over bedrock. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to rocks and friable glacial till. 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer Landform of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Cryochrepts. These dominant and similar The dominant slopes have gradients of 40 to 80 soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. percent. The cirque headwalls are the dominant landform. They are generally on northerly aspects. They Representative Profile of the Soils have nearly vertical upper slopes and concave lower The Lithic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of slopes, some of which contain lakes. The alpine ridges yellowish brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. are generally on southerly aspects. The cirque The subsoil is pale brown very stony silt loam. Bedrock headwalls and alpine ridges have no surface drainage is at a depth of about 19 inches. pattern. The Andic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of dark Soil Survey brown s~ltloam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of western white pine. The forest understory is dominated the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about by shrubs and forbs. Menziesia is common. 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very Habitat Types stony silt loam. Bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches. Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is the major habitat type. Subalpine firlmenziesia, western hemlocW Management queencup beadlily, and subalpine firlblue huckleberry Timber are similar habitat types. These habitat types are in This map unit contains only scattered stands of trees. about 85 percent of the unit. It is poorly suited to woodland managed for timber. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of the unit. Mountain hemlock/menziesia, subalpine fir1 Roads beargrass, and mountain hemlocWbeargrass are on The slope increases the amount of material that is southerly aspects. Their productivity for timber is lower excavated during road construction. The hard rock than that of the major habitat type. frequently limits excavation. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony Geology and has a low water-holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads These soils are underlain by friable glacial till. are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large Characteristics of the Soils stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road These soils have a surface layer of loess that has construction is difficult to revegetate because of been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 moisture stress. Avalanches can increase the cost of to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of maintaining the roads. rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. Watershed The material exposed by road construction has a Map Unit Composition slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency is The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic high. Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 Wildlife and fisheries inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, This map unit can provide good habitat for mountain mixed Typic Cryochrepts. The dominant and similar goat and mule deer in summer. In places it can provide soils make up I00 percent of the map unit. food sources for grizzly bears. Recreation and visual quality Representative Profile of the Soils Camping, fishing, hiking, and cross-country skiing are The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark common recreational activities in this map unit. brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is very difficult the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about because roadcuts on very steep slopes are obtrusive if 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very they are not vegetated. stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very stony sandy loam. 404--Andic Cryochrepts, moraines, steep Management This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from Timber 4,500 to 6,500 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, The potential annual production is high. Productivity mixed forest. The soils formed in friable glacial till. on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface Landform layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity can be lowered because the loess surface layer can The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 45 become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed percent. The moraines are hummocky deposits of with subsoil material. glacial till. They have a deranged drainage pattern. Roads Vegetation Material exposed in cutbanks during road The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western larch, joagepole Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material pine, Engelrnann spruce, mountain hemlock, and from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and

/ Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho cobbles form a rough surface. Unsurfaced roads are Geology rough because of large stones or cobbles. This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and watershed quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Friable glacial till The hazard of erosion is moderate along skid trails overlies the bedrock in some places. and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been Characteristics of the Soils exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of efficiency is low. loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Wildlife and fisheries surface layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. It is medium This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer and textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the elk in summer. In places it provides food sources for subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. The soils are not grizzly bears. The streams provide spawning habitat for easily identified by unique landscape features. They are cutthroat trout and some rainbow trout. either 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock or 20 to 60 Recreation and visual quality inches deep over bedrock. Hiking, hunting, fishing, picking berries, and Map Unit Composition participating in various winter sports are common The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Cryochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively Cryochrepts. easy. The Lithic Cryochrepts are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. They make up about 50 percent of the unit. The Andic Cryochrepts are 20 to 60 inches deep 405-Lit hic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryochrepts- over bedrock. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to Rock outcrop complex, glaciated mountain 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer ridges of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Cryochrepts. These dominant and similar This map unit is on glaciated mountain ridges. soils make up about 30 percent of the unit. Elevation ranges from 5,500 to 8,000 feet. The The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map vegetation consists of subalpine forest. The soils unit. Rubble land, which is similar to Rock outcrop, is formed in material weathered from metasedimentary also included. The Rock outcrop and rubble land make rocks and friable glacial till. up about 20 percent of the unit. Landform The components of this unit occur in areas so The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 50 intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them percent. The glaciated mountain ridges are convex and separately at the scale used. contain many small lakes. There is no surface drainage Representative Profile of the Soils pattern. The Lithic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of Vegetation yellowish brown stony silt loam about 8 inches thick. The vegetation is a mixed forest of stunted mountain The subsoil is pale brown very stony s~ltloam. Bedrock hemlock, subalpine fir, subalpine larch, and whitebark is at a depth of about 19 inches. pine. The forest understory is dominated by forbs and The Andic Cryochrepts have a surface layer of dark low-growing shrubs. brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about Habitat Types 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very Mountain hemlocklbeargrass is the major habitat stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to type. Mountain hemlock/menziesia, alpine larch1 a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very subalpine fir, and white bark pine/subalpine fir are stony sandy loam. similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about Management 85 percent of the forested part of the unit. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Timber the forested part of the unit. Subalpine firlmenziesia is The potential annual production is very low in near lakes, and subalpine firlbeargrass and subalpine forested areas. The productivity is limited by the depth firlgrouse whortleberry are at the lower elevations. Their to bedrock. The productivity in the map unit is limited by productivity for timber is higher than that of the major the Rock outcrop. The slope limits the operation of habitat type. tractors in part of the unit. A combination of tractor and Soil Survey cable logging systems helps to overcome the slope. Habitat Types Productivity on the site is highly dependent on the loess Subalpine firlbeargrass is the major habitat type. surface layer. If tractors are operated on the site, Subalpine firlgrouse whortleberry, subalpine firlwood- productivity can be lowered because the loess surface rush, mountain hemlocWmenziesia, and mountain layer can become compacted or be displaced or it can hemlocwbeargrass are similar habitat types. These be mixed with subsoil material. Regeneration of the habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. forest is limited by the harsh subalpine climate. Trees Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of growing on shallow soils are susceptible to windthrow. the unit. Subalpine firlmenziesia and subalpine fir1 Roads queencup beadlily are at the lower elevations. Their The hard rock frequently limits excavation during productivity for timber is higher than that of the major road construction. Unsurfaced roads are rough because habitat type. of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during Geology road construction is difficult to revegetate because of 'This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and the harsh subalpine climate. quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Friable glacial till Watershed overlies the bedrock in some places. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and Characteristics of the Soils fire lines. The material exposed by road construction These soils have a surface layer of loess that has has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 efficiency is low. to 14 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of Wildlife and fisheries angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 45 to This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer and 60 percent. mountain goats in summer. It also can provide food Map Unit Composition sources and denning sites for grizzly bears. The gentle slopes can provide habitat for elk in summer. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 Recreation and visual quality inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of Fishing, camping, and winter sports are common loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are loamy-skeletal, recreational activities in areas of this map unit. mixed Typic Cryochrepts. The dominant and similar Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult soils make up about 85 percent of the unit. following road construction because revegetatiqg Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 15 roadcuts is difficult. percent of the unit. They are on ridgetops. The dissimilar soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic Cryochrepts. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over 406-Andic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that ridges of the dominant soils. Representative Profile of the Soils This map unit is on glaciated mountain ridges. Elevation ranges from 5,000 to 6,500 feet. The The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark vegetation consists of subalpine forest. The soils brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of formed in material weathered from metasedimentary the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about rocks and friable glacial till. 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to Landform a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 50 stony sandy loam. percent. The glaciated mountain ridges contain many Management small lakes. The drainage pattern is dendritic. The drainageways are first order and are widely spaced. Timber The potential annual production is low. The slope Vegetation limits the operation of tractors in some areas. A The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, combination of tractor and cable logging systems helps Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain hemlock, to overcome the slope. Soil productivity is highly and western larch. The forest understory is dominated dependent on the loess surface layer. If tractors are by forbs and low-growing shrubs. operated on the site, productivity can be lowered t Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

because the loess surface layer can become Subalpine firidevil's club grows on wet soils along the compacted Qr be displaced or it can be mixed with streams. subsoil material. Regeneration of the forest is limited by Geology the harsh subalpine climate. These soils are underlain by friable glacial till. Roads Material exposed in cutbanks during road Characteristics of the Soils construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. It These soils have a surface layer of loess that has is difficult to revegetate because of the harsh subalpine been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 7 climate. to 18 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of Watershed rounded rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Map Unit Composition has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic efficiency is low. Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 Wildlife and fisheries inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer and loess 14 to 18 inches thick. They are medial over mountain goats in summer. It also can provide food loamy-skeletal, mixed Entic Cryandepts. The dominant sources and denning sites for grizzly bears. and similar soils make up about 90 percent of the unit. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. Recreation and visual quality They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic Cryumbrepts. Hunting, participating in various winter sports, and They are along streams. They have a dark surface layer sightseeing by car are common recreational activities in and a water table that fluctuates. areas of this map unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult because roadcllts are difficult to Representative Profile of the Soils revegetate. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about 407-Andic Cryochrepts, moraines 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to This map unit is on moraines. Elevation ranges from a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very 3,000 to 5,500 feet. The vegetation consists of moist, stony sandy loam. mixed forest. The soils formed in friable glacial till. Management Landform Timber The dominant slopes have gradients of 5 to 20 The potential annual production is high. Productivity percent. The moraines are on the bottom of U-shaped on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface glacial valleys. They have no integrated drainage layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity pattern. Streams originating at the higher elevations can be lowered because the loess surface layer can flow through these valleys. become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed Vegetation with subsoil material. Regeneration of the forest is The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, limited by frost pockets in low areas and by plant Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, western competition. Menziesia competes vigorously with tree larch, and western white pine. The forest understory is seedlings in open areas. dominated by shrubs and forbs. Menziesia is common. Roads Habitat Types Material exposed in cutbanks during road construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. Subalpine firlmenziesia is the major habitat type. Unsurfaced roads are rough because of large stones or Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is a similar habitat type. cobbles. Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured These habitat types are in about percent of the unit. 85 material from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of and cobbles form a rough surface. the unit. Mountain hemlocWmenziesia and subalpine fir/ woodrush are at the higher elevations. Their productivity Watershed for timber is lower than that of the major habitat type. The major concern of watershed management is the Soil Survey protection of streambanks and channels. Carefully Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of locating bridges and culverts helps to maintain the the forested part of the unit. Subalpine firlbeargrass is stability of the channels. Changes in the channel can at the higher elevations, and Douglas-firhinebark is at result in a large amount of sediment. Disturbing the the lower elevations. Their productivity for timber is soils on or adjacent to the streambanks can result in lower than that of the major habitat type. severe sedimentation. The hazard of erosion is Geology moderate along skid trails and fire lines and in areas where soil material has been exposed by road This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and construction. Sediment delivery efficiency is high. quartzite of the Belt supergroup. Thin deposits of friable glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. Wildlife and fisheries This map unit can provide habitat for elk in summer, Characteristics of the Soils It commonly provides food sources for grizzly bears. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of The vegetation commonly is old growth forest. The loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The streams provide spawning habitat for trout and surface layer is 7 to 18 inches thick. It is medium whitefish. textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the Recreation and visual quality subsoil ranges from 45 to 60 percent. Hunting, camping, gathering wood, picking berries, Map Unit Composition and cross-country skiing are common recreational The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic activities in areas of this map unit. Maintaining the Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 visual quality of the unit is relatively easy. inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 14 to 18 inches thick. They are medial over loamy-skeletal, mixed Entic Cryandepts. The dominant 408-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop and similar soils make up about 75 percent of the unit. complex, glaciated mountain slopes, very The Rock outcrop is on the upper slopes. It makes steep up about 15 percent of the unit. The components of this unit occur in areas so This map unit is on very steep glaciated mountain intricately mixed that it was not practical tohap them slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 5,500 feet. The separately at the scale used. vegetation consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. formed in material weathered from metasedimentary They are loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic Cryochrepts. They rocks or friable glacial till. are on the upper slopes in areas near the Rock outcrop. Landform They are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the dominant The dominant slopes have gradients of 60 to 80 soils. percent. The very steep glaciated mountain slopes are on valley side slopes along the larger glacial valleys. Representative Profile of the Soils They are commonly the truncated spur ridges of The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark tributary valleys. Slopes are straight and smooth. The brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of drainage pattern is parallel, and drainageways are the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about closely spaced. 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very Vegetation stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, stony sandy loam. western hemlock, Engelmann spruce, grand fir, western larch, western white pine, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole Management pine. The forest understory is dominated by shrubs and Timber forbs. The potential annual production is high in forested Habitat Types areas. Productivity in the map unit is limited by the Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily is the major habitat Rock outcrop. The slope severely limits the operation of type. Western hemlock/queencup beadlily and tractors. Cable logging systems are safer and disturb subalpine firlmenziesia are similar habitat types. These the soil less than tractor logging systems. habitat types are in about 85 percent of the forested Roads part of the unit. The slope increases the amount of material that is National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

xcavated during road construction. The hard rock Geology frequently limits excavation. If the hard rock is This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and excavated, the cut and fill material is extremely stony quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce and has a low water-holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads medium textured and moderately coarse textured are rough because of large stones or cobbles. Large material when weathered. stones can roll from roadcuts onto road surfaces causing a driving hazard. Material exposed during road Characferistics of the Soils construction is difficult to revegetate because of These soils have a medium textured surface layer. moisture stress. The content of angular rock fragments in the subsoil Watershed ranges from 50 to 70 percent. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and Map Unit Composition fire lines. The material exposed by road construction The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery Typic Ustochrepts. They make up about 85 percent of efficiency is high. the unit. Wildlife and fisheries Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. They are on the edge of ridges. The In places this map unit provides old growth forest dissimilar soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic habitat. Ustochrepts. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over Recreation and visual quality bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that This map unit does not provide opportunities for of the dominant soils. common recreational activities. Maintaining the visual Representative Profile of the Soils. quality of the unit is difficult because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they are not vegetated. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 19 inches thick. The substratum is gray very 502-Typic Ustochrepts, mountain slopes, gravelly very fine sandy loam. Bedrock is at a depth of I south aspects about 45 inches. This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation Management ranges from 2,800 to 4,500 feet. The vegetation Timber consists of dry, mixed forest. The soils formed in The potential annual production is moderate. Solar material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. insolation limits productivity. The slope limits the Landform operation of tractors. Regeneration of the forest is limited by the solar insolation and plant competition. The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and The pinegrass competes vigorously with tree seedlings have gradients of 35 to 60 percent. The mountain in open areas. Rotting wood is an important source of slopes are slightly convex on the upper half and linear nitrogen in this unit. Leaving large diameter slash on on the lower half. The drainage pattern is dendritic, and the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. drainageways are moderately incised. Roads Vegetation Material exposed during road construction is difficult The vegetation is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir and to revegetate because of moisture stress. ponderosa pine. The forest understory is dominated by Watershed shrubs. Pinegrass is common. The hazard of erosion is slight along skid trails and Habitat Types fire lines and in areas where the soil material has been exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery Douglas-firhinebark is the major habitat type. efficiency is moderate. Douglas-firlsnowberry is a similar habitat type. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Wildlife and fisheries Douglas-firlbluebunch wheatgrass, which is a This map unit can provide habitat for elk and mule dissimilar habitat type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. deer in winter and early spring. It is at the lower It is on ridgetops. Its productivity for timber is lower than elevations where the depth of snow seldom limits that of the major habitat type. access to food sources. Soil Survey

Recreation and visual quality Lithic Ustochrepts. They are in areas throughout the Hunting, sightseeing by car, and viewing wildlife are unit. They make up about 40 percent of the unit. common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. The components of this unit occur in areas so Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them because roadcuts are obtrusive if they are not separately at the scale used. vegetated. Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Ustochrepts. They are on the lower slopes and in 503-Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts depressions. They are 20 to 60 inches deep over complex, south aspects bedrock. Their productivity is higher than that of the dominant soils. This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. The vegetation Representative Profile of the Soils consists of open-grown forest. The soils formed in The dominant soils have a surface layer of brown material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. very fine sandy loam and very cobbly sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is light Landform yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam about 6 inches The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and thick. The lower part is light brownish gray extremely have gradients of 35 to 55 percent. The mountain cobbly fine sandy loam. Bedrock is at a depth of about slopes are slightly convex on the upper half and linear 19 inches. on the lower half. The drainage pattern is dendritic. Management Vegetation Timber The vegetation is scattered stands of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. The forest understory is dominated by The potential annual production is very low. The bunchgrasses mixed with shrubs and forbs. productivity is limited by the depth to bedrock. The productivity in the map unit is limited by the Rock Habitat Types outcrop. The slope limits the operation of tractors. Douglas-firlbluebunch wheatgrass is the major Regeneration of the forest is limited by solar insolation. habitat type. It occupies about 85 percent of the Trees growing on shallow soils are susceptible to forested part of the unit. windthrow. Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Roads the forested part of the unit. Douglas-firlninebark and The hard rock frequently limits excavation during Douglas-firlpinegrass are in depressions in areas of road construction. If the hard rock is excavated, the cut included deep soils. Their productivity for timber is and fill material is extremely stony and has a low water- higher than that of the major habitat type. Forested holding capacity. Unsurfaced roads are rough because scree community types are in areas of the Rock outcrop of large stones or cobbles. Material exposed during and talus. road construction is difficult to revegetate because of Geology moisture stress. This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and Watershed quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce The hazard of erosion is slight along skid trails and medium textured and moderately coarse textured fire lines and in areas where soil material has been material when weathered. exposed by road construction. Sediment delivery Characteristics of the Soils efficiency is moderate. The soils in this map unit are 4 to 20 inches deep Wildlife and fisheries over bedrock. They have a medium textured and This map unit can provide habitat for elk and mule moderately coarse textured surface layer. The content deer in winter and early spring. of angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 50 Recreation and visual quality to 70 percent. Hiking, hunting, and photographing wild flowers are Map Unit Composition common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. The Rock outcrop is in areas throughout the map Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is very difficult unit. It makes up about 50 percent of the unit. because the forest cover is sparse and because The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid revegetating roadcuts is difficult. ~~otenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

51o--Typic Cal~i~er~ll~,south aspects bedrock. Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the dominant soils. This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 4,500 feet. The vegetation Representative Profile of the Soils consists of open-grown forest. The soils formed in The dominant soils have a surface layer of material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. calcareous, dark brown gravelly silt loam about 13 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is Landform calcareous, light yellowish brown and light gray very The dominant slopes are on southerly aspects and gravelly silt loam about 15 inches thick. The lower part have gradients of 15 to 50 percent. The mountain to a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous, white slopes are slightly convex on the upper half and linear and light gray very gravelly and extremely gravelly silt on the lower half. The drainage pattern is dendritic. The loam. drainageways are slightly incised and are swalelike in Management appearance. Timber Vegetation The potential annual production is very low. Solar The vegetation is scattered stands of Douglas-fir and insolation limits productivity and regeneration. The slops ponderosa pine. The forest understory is dominated by limits the operation of tractors in some areas. A bunchgrasses mixed with shrubs and forbs. combination of tractor and cable logging systems helps Habitat Types to overcome the slope. Roads Douglas-firlbluebunch wheatgrass is the major habitat type. Ponderosa pinelbitterbrush and rough Material exposed during road construction is difficult fescue/bluebunch wheatgrass are similar habitat types. to revegetate because of moisture stress. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. Watershed Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of Erosion is a severe hazard along skid trails and fire the unit. Douglas-firlninebark and Douglas-firlpinegrass lines. The material exposed by road construction has a are on northerly aspects. Their productivity for timber is slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery efficiency is higher than that of the major habitat type. moderate. Geology Wildlife and fisheries This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, This map unit can provide habitat for elk and mule quartzite, and limestone of the Belt supergroup. These deer in winter and early spring. It includes open areas rocks weather to produce calcareous, loamy material. that are used for hunting by raptors. In places it Thin deposits of glacial till overlie the bedrock in places. provides habitat for bear in spring. It is at the lower elevations where the depth of snow seldom limits 1 Characteristics of the Soils access to food sources. These soils have a medium textured surface layer. Recreation and visual quality The content of angular rock fragments in the subsoil Hiking, hunting, and photographing wild flowers are ranges from 50 to 70 percent. In some places the common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. subsoil or substratum is calcareous. In other places the Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult soils are calcareous throughout. because the forest cover is sparse and because revegetating roadcuts is difficult. 1 Map Unit Composition The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Calcixerolls. They are calcareous throughout. The similar soils have a noncalcareous surface layer. They 520-Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, micaceous are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Calcic Haploxerolls and substratum loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Haploxerolls. The This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation dominant and similar soils make up about 80 percent of ranges from 2,700 to 4,000 feet. The vegetation the unit. consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils are included in material weathered from micaceous rocks. about 20 percent of this unit. They are on ridgetops. The dissimilar soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Landform Lithic Haploxerolls. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over The dominant slopes have gradients of 15 to 35 Soil Survey percent. The mountain slopes are slightly convex on the Management upper half and linear on the lower half. The drainage Timber pattern is deranged. The potential annual production is high. Productivity Vegetation on the site is highly dependent on the loess surface The vegetation is a mixed forest of western larch, layer. If tractors are operated on the site, productivity Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. The forest understory can be lowered because the loess surface layer can is dominated by mixed forbs and low-growing shrubs. become compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed with subsoil material. Habitat Types Roads Grand firlqueencup beadlily is the major habitat type. Grand firltwinflower is a similar habitat type. These Material exposed in cutbanks during road habitat types are in about 85 percent of the unit. construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. Douglas-firlninebark, which is a dissimilar habitat Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is on southerly from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and aspects. Its productivity for timber is lower than that of cobbles form a rough surface. Unsurfaced roads have a the major habitat type. loose, gravelly or cobbly sandy surface when the soils are dry. Geology Watershed These soils are underlain by pyroxenite. When Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and weathered, the pyroxenite produces coarse textured fire lines. The material exposed by road construction material containing more than 40 percent mica. has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery Characteristics of the Soils efficiency is moderate. These soils have a surface layer of loess that has Wildlife and fisheries been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 4 This map unit can provide habitat for elk and mule to 14 inches thick. It is moderately coarse textured. The deer in summer. It commonly provides old growth forest content of angular rock fragments in the subsoil and and cavity nesting habitat. substratum ranges from 0 to 35 percent. The content of mica in the subsoil and substratum is 40 percent or Recreation and visual quality more. Hunting and gathering wood are common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. Map Unit Composition Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is relatively The dominant soils are sandy, micaceous, frigid easy. Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of loess 4 to 7 inches thick. They are 522-Andic Dystrochrepts, granitic sandy, micaceous, frigid Dystric Eutrochrepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 90 percent of substratum the unit. This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation Dissimilar soils make up about 10 percent of the unit. ranges from 3,000 to 5,500 feet. The vegetation They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystric consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in Eutrochrepts. They formed in glacial till deposits or material weathered from granitic rocks. material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. They have more rock fragments in the subsoil than the Landform dominant soils, and their subsoil and substratum are The dominant slopes have gradients of 20 to 60 less erodible. percent. The mountain slopes are slightly convex on the upper half and linear on the lower half. The drainage Representative Profile of the Soils pattern is dendritic. The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark grayish brown very fine sandy loam about 9 inches Vegetation thick. The upper part of the subsoil is olive very gravelly The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, coarse sandy loam about 9 inches thick. The lower part western redcedar, Engelmann spruce, western larch, is olive gray gravelly loamy sand about 22 inches thick. Douglas-fir, western white pine, subalpine fir, lodgepole The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark pine, and grand fir. The forest understory is dominated yellowish brown sand. by shrubs and forbs. Habitat Types to overcome the slope. Productivity on the site is highly r Western hemlocWqueencup beadlily and western dependent on the loess surface layer. If tractors are redcedar/queencup beadlily are the major habitat types. operated on the site, productivity can be lowered subalpine firlqueencup beadlily, grandfirlqueencup because the loess surface layer can become beadlily, subalpine firlmenziesia, and subalpine firlsitka compacted or be displaced or it can be mixed with alder are similar habitat types. These habitat types are subsoil material. in 100 percent of the map unit. Roads Geology Material exposed in cutbanks during road These soils are underlain by granitic rocks. These construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. rocks produce coarse textured material when Tread erosion tends to remove fine textured material weathered. They are mostly metadiorite. The material from unsurfaced roads. The remaining gravel and weathered from metadiorite generally has a distinctive cobbles form a rough surface. Unsurfaced roads have a red or green color. loose, gravelly or cobbly sandy surface when the soils are dry. Ground water tends to concentrate near the I Characteristics of the Soils boundary of this unit and adjacent units. Excavation These soils have a surface layer of loess that has near these boundaries can intercept ground water. been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 7 Cutbanks tend to slough near these concentrations of to 18 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of ground water. angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 45 to Watershed 70 percent. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and 1 Map Unit Composition fire lines. The material exposed by road construction The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess efficiency is moderate. 7 to 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface Wildlife and fisheries layer of loess 14 to 18 inches thick. They are medial This map unit can provide habitat for big game in over loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Vitrandepts. The summer. It commonly includes old growth forest and dominant and similar soils make up about 80 percent of cavity nesting habitat. In places it provides food sources the unit. for grizzly bears. The streams provide spawning habitat Dissimilar soils make up about 20 percent of the unit. for trout and whitefish. They are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Recreation and visual quality Dystrochrepts. The Andic Haplumbrepts are in Hiking, gathering wood, picking berries, and hunting depressions. They have a dark surface layer and a are common recreational activities in areas of this map water table that fluctuates. The Lithic Dystrochrepts are unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult on ridges. They are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. because roadcuts on steep slopes are obtrusive if they Their productivity for timber is lower than that of the are not vegetated. dominant soils. I Representative Profile of the Soils 'The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt 552-Andic Dystrochrepts, mountain slopes loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown ranges from 3,000 to 5,400 feet. The vegetation very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about material weathered from metasedirnentary rocks. 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy Landform loam. The dominant slopes are on northerly aspects and have gradients of 35 to 60 percent. The mountain Management slopes are slightly convex on the upper half and linear I Timber on the lower half. Small basins are at the higher The potential annual production is high. 'The slope elevations. First-order drainageways originate in these limits the operation of tractors in some areas. A basins. The drainage pattern is dendritic, and drainage combination of tractor and cable logging systems helps channels are deeply incised. Soil Survey

Vegetation strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about The vegetation is a mixed forest of western hemlock, 21 inches thick. The substratum ta a depth of 60 inches western larch, subalpine fir, western white pine, or more is pale brown very gravelly very fine sandy Douglas-fir, mountain hemlock, and lodgepole pine. The loam. forest understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs, Management Habitat Types Timber Western hernlocklqueencup beadlily and western The potential annual production is high. The slope redcedarlqueencup beadlily are the major habitat types. limits the operation of tractors. Grand fir/queencup beadlily, subalpine fir/menziesia, Roads and subalpine firlqueencup beadlily are similar habitat No major hazards or limitations affect the types. These habitat types are in about 85 percent of performance of roads if the roads are properly located the unit. and if standard construction and maintenance practices Douglas-firhinebark, which is a dissimilar habitat are applied. type, is in about 15 percent of the unit. It is on southerly aspects. Its productivity for timber is lower than that of Watershed the major habitat types. Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Geology has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and efficiency is moderate. quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce Wildlife and fisheries medium textured and moderately coarse textured This map unit can provide habitat for big game in material when weathered. summer. It commonly includes old growth forest and Characteristics of the Solls cavity nesting habitat. It commonly provides food These soils have a surface layer of loess that has sources for grizzly bears. The streams provide been influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 7 spawning habitat for trout and whltefish. to 18 inches thick. It is medium textured. The content of Recreation and visual quality angular rock fragments in the subsoil ranges from 50 to Hunting, hiking, gathering wood, and picking berries 70 percent. are common recreational activities in areas of this map Map Unit Composition unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult because of the slope. The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Dystrochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 inches thick. The similar soils have a surface 555--Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop layer of loess 14 to 18 inches thick. They are medial complex, mountain slopes over loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Vitrandepts. The dominant and similar soils make up about 80 percent of This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation the unit. ranges from 3,500 to 6,000 feet. The vegetation Rock outcrop and dissimilar soils make up about 20 consists of moist, mixed forest. The soils formed in percent of the unit. The dissimilar soils are loamy- material weathered from metasedimentary rocks. skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts and loamy- Landform skeletal, mixed, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts. The Lithic The dominant slopes have gradients of 25 to 50 Dystrochrepts are on the upper slopes and ridges. They percent. The mountain slopes are slightly convex on the are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. Their productivity upper half and linear on the lower half. The drainage for timber is lower than that of the dominant soils. The pattern is dendritic. The drainageways are first and Andic Haplumbrepts are in basins. They have a dark second order and frequently foliow the joints and surface layer and a water table that fluctuates. The fractures of the bedrock. Rock outcrop is on the upper slopes and ridges. Vegetation Representative Profile of the Soils The vegetation is a mixed forest of subalpine fir, The dominant soils are yellowish brown gravelly silt Engelmann spruce, mountain hemlock, western larch, loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The Douglas-fir, western white pine, and lodgepole pine. lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown The forest understory is dominated by shrubs and forbs. very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is Menziesia is common. Habitat Types Management Subalpine firlmenziesia is the major habitat type. Timber Subalpine firlqueencup beadlily, subalpine firlblue The potential annual production is high in forested huckleberry, and mountain hernlock/menziesia are areas. Productivity in the map unit is limited by the similar habitat types. These habitat types are in about Rock outcrop. The slope limits the operation of tractors 85 percent of the forested part of the unit. in some areas. A combination of tractor and cable Dissimilar habitat types are in about 15 percent of logging systems helps to overcome the slope. the forested part of the unit. Mountain hemlocW Productivity on the site is highly dependent on the loess menziesia, subalpine firlbeargrass, and mountain surface layer. If tractors are operated on the site, hemlockfbeargrass are on ridges. Their productivity for productivity can be lowered because the loess surface timber is lower than that of the major habitat type. layer can become compacted or be displaced or it can Geology be mixed with subsoil material. Regeneration of the forest is limited by plant competition. Menziesia This map unit is underlain by argillite, siltite, and competes vigorously with tree seedlings in open areas. quartzite of the Belt supergroup. These rocks produce Roads medium textured and moderately coarse textured material when weathered. The hard rock frequently limits excavation during road construction. Unsurfaced roads are rough because Characteristics of the Soils of large stones or cobbles. The soils in this map unit have a surface layer of Watershed loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and surface layer is 7 to 18 inches thick. It is medium fire lines. The material exposed by road construction textured. The content of angular rock fragments in the has a slight hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery subsoil ranges from 50 to 70 percent. efficiency is moderate. 1 Map Unit Composition Wildlife and fisheries The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic This map unit can provide habitat for mule deer and Cryochrepts. They have a surface layer of loess 7 to 14 elk in summer. It also provides food sources for grizzly inches thick. The similar soils have a surface layer of bears. loess 14 to 18 inches thick. They are medial over Recreation and visual quality loamy-skeletal, mixed Entic Cryandepts. The dominant Hunting, hiking, picking berries, and viewing scenery and similar soils make up about 60 percent of the unit. are common recreational activities in areas of this map The Rock outcrop is on the upper slopes and ridges. unit. Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult It makes up about 20 percent of the unit. because roadcuts on steep slopes are visually The components of this unit occur in areas so prominent. intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them separately at the scale used. Dissimilar soils make up about 20 percent of the unit. 570-Andic Dystrochrepts-Typic They are Andic Cryumbrepts and Lithic Cryochrepts. The Andic Cryumbrepts are in basins. They have a dark Ustochrepts complex, mountain slopes surface layer and a water table that fluctuates. The 'This map unit is on mountain slopes. Elevation Lithic Cryochrepts are on the upper slopes and ridges. ranges from 2,500 to 5,000 feet. The vegetation 'They are 4 to 20 inches deep over bedrock. Their consists of moist, mixed forest and dry, mixed forest, productivity for timber is lower than that of the dominant The soils formed in material weathered from granitic soils. rocks. Representative Profile of the Soils Landform The dominant soils have a surface layer of dark The dominant slopes have gradients of 35 to 60 brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper part of percent. Slopes that have southerly aspects are the subsoil is yellowish brown very stony silt loam about generally steeper than those that have northerly 8 inches thick. The lower part is light olive brown very aspects. The mountain slopes are slightly convex on the stony silt loam about 25 inches thick. The substratum to upper half and linear on the lower half. The drainage a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown very pattern is dendritic, and drainage channels are deeply stony sandy loam. incised. Vegetation strong brown very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches On northerly aspects the vegetation is a mixed forest or more is pale brown very gravelly loamy sand. of western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western larch, grand The Typic Ustochrepts have a surface layer of dark fir, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine. On southerly gray very gravelly very fine sandy loam about 8 inches aspects it is a mixed forest of Douglas-fir and thick. The subsoil is gray very gravelly sandy loam ponderosa pine. The forest understory is dominated by about 19 inches thick. The substratum is gray very shrubs and forbs. gravelly very fine sandy loam. Bedrock is at a depth of Habitat Types about 45 inches. Habitat types vary with the aspect. Western hemlock/ Management queencup beadlily and western redcedarlqueencup Timber beadlily are the major habitat types on northerly The potential annual production is high on northerly aspects. Grand firlqueencup beadlily is a similar habitat aspects and moderate on southerly aspects. Solar type. These habitat types are in about 60 percent of the insolation limits productivity on southerly aspects. The unit. Douglas-firlninebark is the major habitat type on slope limits the operation of tractors. Regeneration of southerly aspects. Douglas-firlsnowberry is a similar the forest is limited by the solar insolation on southerly habitat type. These habitat types are in about 40 aspects. Rotting wood is an important nitrogen source percent of the unit. on southerly aspects. Leaving large diameter slash on Geology the site after logging helps to maintain fertility. These soils are underlain by granitic rocks. These Roads rocks produce coarse textured material when Material exposed in cutbanks during road weathered. construction tends to ravel if the cutbanks are steep. It Characteristics of the Soils is difficult to revegetate because of moisture stress on These soils have a medium textured surface layer. southerly aspects. The coarse textured substratum has The content of angular rock fragments in the subsoil a low water-holding capacity. Tread erosion tends to ranges from 50 to 70 percent. The soil properties vary remove fine textured material from unsurfaced roads. with aspect. The surface layer of the soils on northerly The remaining gravel and cobbles form a rough surface. aspects has been influenced by volcanic ash. The Unsurfaced roads have a loose, gravelly or cobbly surface layer of the soils on southerly aspects has not sandy surface when the soils are dry. been influenced by volcanic ash. Watershed Map Unit Composition Erosion is a moderate hazard along skid trails and The dominant soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid fire lines. The material exposed by road construction Andic Dystrochrepts and loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid has a severe hazard of erosion. Sediment delivery Typic Ustochrepts. The Andic Dystrochrepts are on efficiency is moderate. northerly aspects. They make up about 60 percent of Wildlife and fisheries the unit. The Typic Ustochrepts are on southerly This map unit can provide habitat for elk, deer, and aspects. They make up about 40 percent of the unit. bear on southerly aspects in spring and on northerly The components of this unit occur in areas so aspects in summer. It provides food sources for grizzly intricately mixed that it was not practical to map them bears. separately at the scale used. Recreation and visual quality Representative Profile of the Soils Hunting, picking berries, and gathering wood are The Andic Dystrochrepts are yellowish brown gravelly common recreational activities in areas of this map unit. silt loam in the upper 7 inches of the surface layer. The Maintaining the visual quality of the unit is difficult on lower 13 inches of the surface layer is very pale brown southerly aspects because revegetating roadcuts is very gravelly very fine sandy loam. The subsoil is difficult. Use and Management of the Soils

Following is a description of the use and them without the surface layer becoming compacted. management of the soils in the survey area. The Most of the soils have a surface layer that has been properties that influence the productivity and suitability influenced by volcanic ash and have a bulk density of of the land for a variety of resource uses are described. less than 0.95 gram per cubic centimeter. Operating The criteria utilized in developing interpretations for the tractors only when the soils are covered with snow, detailed soil map units in the survey area also are limiting the extent of the area on which the tractors are described. operated, and limiting the use of tractors to ground skidding only minimize soil damage. Timber The slope is a limitation in map units that have a dominant slope of 35 percent or more. Operating Mark Romey, silviculturist, helped prepare this section. tractors on these slopes can be unsafe and cause the Approximately 99 percent of the survey area is surface layer to be displaced or excessively mixed with forested. Douglas-fir, western larch, lodgepole pine, other soil material. A cable logging system helps to western white pine, Engelmann spruce, ponderosa pine, overcome the slope. grand fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar are Complex slope is a management concern in map the principal commercial species. Currently, about 125 units where the operation of tractors is both limited in million board feet of timber is harvested annually from areas where the slope is more than 35 percent and not the survey area. The surface layer of soils, especially in limited in areas where the slope is less than 35 percent. areas where ash is present, is very permeable and has A combination of tractor and cable logging systems low bulk density. Using a tractor to log, pile slash, and helps to overcome this limitation. prepare the site can result in the surface layer being Rock outcrop is a limitation in map units having both mixed with other soil material or becoming compacted a rock outcrop component and slopes that are suited to or displaced. As a result, productivity is reduced and the operation of tractors. The rock outcrop on ledges erosion is a hazard (2). The operation of tractors should limits the operation of tractors. A cable logging system be carefully planned to minimize the extent of the area helps to overcome this limitation. affected. Regeneration gives limitations to forest regeneration in cutover or burned areas. The limitations in the survey Timber Management and Productivity area are frost pockets, insolation, competition, and harsh climate. Table 5 can be used by forest managers in planning Frost pockets are low areas where cold air drainage the use of soils for production of wood products. Only accumulates at night. Frequent frosts during the the map units that have a forested component are listed growing season limit species adaptation and in the table. regeneration. This limitation is associated with stream Tractor operation gives limitations that are incurred bottoms, kames and kettles, and moraines in narrow when rubber-tired or tracked vehicles are used to skid U-shaped glacial valleys. logs, pile brush, or perform similar forest management Insolation, or exposure to sunlight, limits regeneration practices. The limitations are soil damage, slope, on steep, southerly aspects. Surface soil temperatures complex slope, and rock outcrop. in unshaded areas in summer can be lethal to Soil damage is a management concern on soils seedlings. Insolation is a limitation on south-facing vegetated with moist, mixed forest or subalpine forest slopes of more than 35 percent. where the slope is not so steep that it limits the Competition is a limitation when aggressive operation of tractors. Soils supporting this vegetation understory species invade openings in the forest are seldom dry enough that tractors can be operated on canopy. It is a limitation in map units that have Soil Survey pinegrass, menziesia, or beargrass in the forest The estimated potential yield is 85 to 140 cubic feet per understory. acre per year. Harsh climate is a limitation resulting from the short Map units rated moderate have dry, mixed forest growing season, persistent snowbanks, and exposure to vegetation. They tend to be on southerly aspects or at wind in open areas. It is a limitation in map units that low elevations in the eastern part of the survey area. In are vegetated with subalpine forest. most of the units rated moderate, the surface layer is Sediment hazard gives the rating assigned to each loess that is mixed with underlying material. The loess map unit for the sediment hazard along skid trails and has been influenced by volcanic ash. The soils are 20 fire lines and in other areas where the soils have been to more than 60 inches deep. The estimated potential disturbed during logging and site preparation. The yield is 50 to 85 cubic feet per acre per year. hazard is relative to the other map units in the survey Map units rated low have subalpine forest vegetation area. The rating can be used to evaluate the need for or dry, mixed forest vegetation. The soils vegetated with erosion- and sediment-control practices and to compare subalpine forest are 20 to more than 60 inches deep, the hazard in alternative areas. The hazard of erosion and those vegetated with dry, mixed forest are less than for the surface layer and the rating of sediment delivery 20 inches deep. These units are on mountain ridges efficiency are used to determine the sediment hazard. and slopes. The estimated potential yield is 20 to 50 The susceptibility of the soils to erosion and the cubic feet per acre per year. sediment delivery efficiency are given in table 8. In Map units rated very low have open-grown forest table 5, map units rated slight have a slight hazard of vegetation or subalpine forest vegetation. The soils are erosion in the surface layer. Map units rated moderate less than 20 inches deep. The units generally are on have a moderate or severe hazard of erosion in the glaciated mountain ridges or south-facing mountain surface layer and low or moderate sediment delivery slopes. The estimated potential yield is less than 20 efficiency. Map units rated severe have a severe hazard cubic feet per acre per year. of erosion in the surface layer and moderate or high sediment delivery efficiency or a moderate or severe Roads hazard of erosion in the surface layer and high M~keRemboldt, eng~neeringgeolog~st, helped prepare this sediment delivery efficiency. section Nonforested area gives the percentage of each map Road construction is the main engineering use of unit that generally is rock outcrop or is vegetated by soils in forest management. About 3 or 4 miles of road shrub or meadow plant communities. The productivity is required to manage 1 square mile of timber. Several for timber is reduced in proportion to the nonforest kinds of roads are constructed to be used in forest components. management. Arterial and collector roads generally are Forest vegetative group gives the habitat type group. 12 feet wide and have a ditch, or they are 14 feet wide These groups have a relatively narrow range of timber and have a rolling grade or have been outsloped to productivity and similar limitations that affect forest provide for drainage. Local logging roads generally are regeneration. They are described under the heading drained by rolling grades and water bars and "General Nature of the Survey Area." occasionally by outsloping. They often are closed when Relative productivity gives the rating of relative timber logs are not being hauled. They generally are not productivity for the forested components of the map surfaced. units. The relative productivity is based on stand Data in this section can be used when choosing conditions and soil properties. Site index data is not among alternative road locations and designs. Land use available far specific soils or map units; however, it has planners can use it to evaluate the feasibility of been collected for stands and provides a basis for allocating land to uses requiring roads. Transportation estimating quantitative potential yield for soils. The planners can use it to evaluate alternative routes. potential productivity is estimated for each relative Design engineers can use it to plan detailed onsite potential productivity class. The estimates are for the investigations of soil and geology. This information does maximum mean annual increment attainable in a fully not eliminate the need for onsite investigation and stocked, natural stand. The quantitative estimates testing. provide the user with a general impression of potential timber productivity in the survey area. They should not Engineering Properties and Classification be used if quantitative reliability is important. Table 6 gives estimates of the engineering properties Map units rated high have moist, mixed forest and classification for material in road cutbanks and vegetation. In most of the units rated high, the surface roadfill. For most of the map units in the survey area, layer is loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. the material rated is from the lowest part of the profile, ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho which is at a depth of about 40 to 60 inches. The upper Excavation for roads in the survey area is limited by part of the subsoil, which is at a depth of about 20 to 40 slope, wetness, and hard rock. inches, is rated when the dominant slopes in the map The slope is a limitation because it increases the unit are less than 15 percent. Road construction in amount of material that is excavated during these areas requires only minor excavation. The construction. If a map unit has dominant slopes of 50 estimates can be used in planning detailed onsite percent or more, slope is a limitation. investigations. Estimates are based on field examination The wetness is a limitation in map units where the and laboratory tests of samples from the survey area. soils have a water table that fluctuates. During USDA texture for road cutbanks is the dominant excavation in these units, the ground water is texture for the greater portion of the cutbank area in the intercepted. In some areas soils having a water table map unit. Soil texture is given in the standard terms that fluctuates are mapped with others having a water used by the US. Department of Agriculture. These table that does not fluctuate. In these areas the extent terms are defined according to percentages of sand, of the wetness must be determined by onsite s~lt,and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 investigation. millimeters in diameter. If the content of particles The hard rock is a limitation in areas where it is coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an encountered during excavation because it increases the appropriate modifier is added, for example, "gravelly." difficulty of excavation. It is a limitation in map units Textural terms are defined in the "Glossary." where rock outcrop is a named component and in map The Unified classification of the soils is determined units where the dominant soils have bedrock within 20 according to the Unified soil classification system (I). inches of the surface. The Unified system classifies soils according to Maintenance of cut and fill areas gives limitations to properties that affect their use as construction material. maintenance of road cutbanks and roadfill. The Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution limitations are cutbank slough, cutbank ravel, of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and landslides, and avalanches. The maintenance of according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic cutbanks is limited by slough and ravel, and the matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified maintenance of roadfill is limited by landslides and as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC and silty avalanches. and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH. Soils Cutbank slough is associated with a seasonal high exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can water table or a perched seasonal high water table and have a dual classification, for example, GW-GM. a slowly permeable substratum. It is a limitation in map Fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter are -units having slope of more than 15 percent if the soil in indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- the lower part of the profile formed in compact glacial weight basis. The percentages are estimates till, if the landform contains seeps or springs, or if the determined mainly by converting volume percentage in soils have a water table that fluctuates. the field to weight percentage. Cutbank ravel is associated with friable, moderately Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated coarse textured or coarse textured material containing sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 rounded rock fragments. It is a limitation in map units inches in diameter based on ovendry weight. The having slope of more than 15 percent if the soil in the sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard lower part of the profile formed in friable glacial till or in Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 weathered granitic or micaceous rocks. millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on Landslides and avalanches can damage roadfill and laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and deposit debris on road surfaces. Landslides in on estimates made in the field. drainageways occur on dissected glaciated mountain Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) slopes. Avalanches occur in areas of glacial trough indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The walls and glacial cirque headwalls. estimates are based on test data from the survey area Fill material used for surfacing roads gives the and on field examination. limitations of the soil material if it is used as fill for road surfaces. Tread erosion, large stones, rut formation, Road Construction and Maintenance rock fall, and soil that is too sandy are the limitations. Table 7 shows the limitations affecting road Surfacing the roads with suitable material helps to construction and maintenance in each of the detailed overcome all of the limitations except for rock fall. soil map units. This information can be used to compare Tread erosion is the removal of fine textured material construction and maintenance limitations on alternative from unsurfaced roads by sheet and rill erosion. The road locations and to plan detailed onsite investigations. remaining gravel and cobbles form a rough surface. If Soil Survey fill is taken from a map unit where the soil material grown forest, or dry, mixed forest receive limited rainfall below the surface layer has a moderate or severe in the summer or are on southerly aspects, which have hazard of erosion (see table a), tread erosion is a a high rate of evapotranspiration. Mulching and planting limitation. species that can withstand the drought in the summer Large stones cause rough road surfaces, which are help to overcome moisture stress. difficult to blade. If fill is taken from a map unit in which The harsh climate is a limitation affecting excavation is limited by hard rock or in which the soil in revegetation of map units on mountain ridges at the the lower part of the profile is very stony sandy loam higher elevations. The short growing season and that formed in friable glacial till, large stones are a exposure to drying winds hinder the establishment of limitation. When hard rock is excavated, large seedlings. Planting climatically adapted species helps to fragments of rock are mixed with the fill material. overcome this limitation. If fill is taken from a map unit in which the content of Sediment hazard on roads gives the rating assigned rock fragments in the lower part of the profile is less to each map unit for the sediment hazard on roads. The than 35 percent, the formation of ruts is a management hazard is relative to the other map units in the survey concern. area. The rating can be used to evaluate the need for If fill is taken from a map unit having dominant slopes erosion- and sediment-control practices and to compare of 60 to 80 percent and the road cutbanks are fractured the hazard in alternative areas. The hazard of erosion bedrock or friable glacial till, rock fall is a hazard. The and the rating of sediment delivery efficiency are used road cutbanks are very steep, and loose rock from the to determine the sediment hazard on roads. The hazard cutbanks can roll onto the road surface causing a of erosion for the soil in the lower part of the profile and driving hazard. the sediment delivery efficiency are given in table 8. If fill material is taken from a map unit having a slope The hazard of erosion for the soil in the upper part of of more than 15 percent and the soil in the lower part of the subsoil is used in map units having dominant slopes the profile is coarse textured, a limitation of too sandy is of less than 15 percent. The hazard of erosion for the assigned. The surface of the roads is loose and sandy soil in the upper part of the subsoil does not appear in when the soils are dry. table 8 but was determined using the same criteria as Revegetation shows limitations to establishing used for the erosion hazard of the rest of the profile. vegetation on roadcuts and in areas of roadfill. The Map units rated.slight have a slight hazard of erosion limitations in the survey area are soil crusting, moisture on roads and a low or moderate sediment delivery stress, and harsh climate. efficiency. Map units rated moderate have a moderate Soil crusting is a limitation affecting revegetation if hazard of erosion on roads and a low or moderate the soil in the lower part of the profile formed in dense sediment delivery efficiency or a slight hazard of glacial till or lacustrine sediments. Generally, 50 to 70 erosion and a high sediment delivery efficiency. Map percent of the soil particles less than 2 millimeters in units rated severe have a moderate hazard of erosion diameter are silt or very fine sand in these materials. If on roads and a high sediment delivery efficiency or a the soil material has a high content of silt or very fine severe hazard of erosion on roads and a low, moderate, sand, a crust can form. This crust hinders the or high sediment delivery efficiency. establishment of seedlings. Reseeding as soon as possible after construction minimizes soil crusting. Watershed Moisture stress is a limitation affecting revegetation if hard rock is encountered during excavation, if the soil in Larry Meshew, hydrologist, helped prepare this section. the lower part of the profile is coarse textured and the Annually, about 4.1 million acre-feet of water drains slope is steep, or if the soil is vegetated with mountain into the Columbia River from the survey area. Three grassland, open-grown forest, or dry, mixed forest. In major reservoirs within the survey area are used to map units where hard rock is encountered during generate power and control floods. The area includes excavation, the roadcuts tend to be fractured rock or about 150 lakes and 3,200 miles of perennial streams. fractured rock mixed with soil. The content of rock Most of the lakes and streams provide habitat for fish fragments in these map units limits the water-holding and are used for recreational activities. Some are a capacity. The areas of fractured rock cannot support source of domestic water supplies. vegetation. In map units where the soil in the lower part Forestry management practices, including logging, of the profile is coarse textured and the slope is steep, burning, road construction, and site preparation, can the roadcuts and roadfill are mainly coarse textured expose soils to erosion. 'The erosion can be a source of material that has a low water-holding capacity. Map sediment in streams, lakes, and reservoirs. The units that are vegetated with mountain grassland, open- sediment can damage the fish habitat, reduce the Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho capacity of the reservoirs, and increase the cost of hazard of sedimentation. The transport of eroded soil treating domestic water supplies. Soil and water across the landscape is a complex process affected by conservation practices help to control erosion and many properties that must be evaluated onsite. The minimize the amount of sediment in streams, lakes, and properties of the landforms that affect sediment delivery reservoirs. were considered when this rating was assigned. They include the type of landform, the slope, and the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation distance between drainageways. Map units rated low are on mountain ridges, Table 8 gives the hazard of erosion for the surface moraines, drumlins, or high terraces. They have almost layer and the soil in the lower part of the profile and the no surface drainage channels or have a deranged rating for sediment delivery efficiency. It can be used to drainage pattern. Slopes generally are less than 35 determine if onsite evaluation is needed. Watershed percent. Most of the eroded soil is deposited before it scientists use models, which require information from reaches a drainage channel. Less than 10 percent of this table, to predict sediment yield. the landforms are close enough to the drainage Susceptibility of the soil to erosion gives the relative channels for eroded soil to become sediment. susceptibility of exposed soil to erosion. The ratings are Map units rated moderate are on mountain slopes. based on observations of erosion in the survey area They have a dendritic drainage pattern. The and on the properties of the soil. The surface layer drainageways are widely spaced. Slopes generally gives the rating if practices that remove the vegetative range from 15 to 60 percent. About 10 to 40 percent of cover and expose the surface layer to the hazard of the landforms are close enough to the drainage erosion are applied. Logging skid trails, fire lines, and channels for eroded soil to become sediment. severely burned areas are examples. The lower layer Map units rated high are on breaklands, dissected gives the rating if practices that require excavation glaciated mountain slopes, glacial trough walls, glacial exposing the so11in the lower part of the profile to the cirque headwalls, stream flood plains, low terraces, or hazard of erosion are applied. Roadcuts and fill slopes moraines in the bottom of U-shaped glacial valleys. The are examples. breaklands, trough walls, and cirque headwalls have A rating of slight is assigned to soil layers having a slopes of 60 to 80 percent, and eroded soil can travel a loamy texture and a content of angular rock fragments relatively long distance to the drainage channel. 'The ranging from 35 to 85 percent or a content of rounded dissected glaciated mountain slopes have closely rock fragments ranging from 60 to 85 percent. Soil spaced, low order drainage channels, and most of the layers formed in material weathered from erosion occurs in areas close enough to the drainage metasedimentary rocks have slight hazard of erosion. a channel to be a sediment hazard. The flood plains, low A rating of moderate is assigned to soil layers having terraces, and glacial valley moraines parallel large a loamy texture and content of rounded rock a streams. Most of the soil erosion is close enough to a fragments ranging from 15 to 60 percent or a content of stream to be a sediment hazard. About 40 to 100 angular rock fragments ranging from to 35 percent. 15 percent of these landforms are close enough to the Soil layers formed in loess that has been influenced by drainage channel for eroded soil to become sediment. volcanic ash or in glacial till have a moderate hazard of erosion. A rating of severe is assigned to soil layers having a Wildlife and Fisheries sandy texture or a loamy or clayey texture and a content of rack fragments of less than 15 percent. Soil Alan Christensen, wildlife biologist, helped prepare this section. layers formed in lacustrine deposits, sandy glacial This survey area provides diverse wildlife habitat for outwash, or material weathered from granitic rocks have many game and nongame wildlife species. Big game a severe hazard of erosion. species include elk, moose, black bear, grizzly bear, In areas where the hazard of erosion is moderate or whitetail deer, mule deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain severe, an onsite evaluation should be made to goat. Hunting big game is a popular recreational activity determine if erosion- and sediment-control practices are in the survey area. The survey area has large herds of necessary. Controlling erosion is more difficult in areas elk, and elk hunting is particularly popular. that have a severe hazard of erosion than in those that Wildlife habitat management in the survey area have a moderate hazard of erosion. normally consists of two general kinds of activities. Sediment delivery efficiency is a rating of the relative Existing wildlife habitat values are identified and are Probability of eroded soil reaching a stream channel protected or enhanced by coordinating activities, such and becoming sediment. It is used in evaluating the as timber harvest, road construction, and recreational Soil Survey uses, with use of habitat by wildlife. The habitat also is Wildfire directly improved by applying practices to improve the quality of vegetation for wildlife use. An example is Plans for wildfire control are incorporated into land prescribed burning. management plans and fire management plans. This A wide variety of fish species is in the survey area. soil survey can be used to estimate suppression costs The species include cutthroat, rainbow, brook, brown, and predict the effect of fire on vegetation and soils. bull, and lake trout; largemouth and smallmouth bass; The detailed soil map units identify the habitat types burbot; mountain whitefish; northern pike; pumpkinseed and describe the extent of their distribution within the sunfish; yellow perch; bullhead catfish; and kokanee map units. The habitat types can be used to help salmon. predict the response of vegetation to fire. The Kootenai River and its tributaries are replenished Suppression costs are partially dependent on terrain naturally with fish, while most high mountain lakes are and soil properties, which are described in the map stocked. Human activities can greatly impact the natural unit descriptions. Slope, rock outcrop, and the content reproduction of native fish. Sedimentation is a of rock fragments in the surface layer are some of management concern in the survey area. the properties that affect the cost of constructing a Soil properties, slope, elevation, aspect, and other fire line. The susceptibility of the surface layer to properties of the map units in this survey area directly erosion is given in table 8. This information can be affect the kind and amount of vegetation available to used to plan the erosion-control measures to be applied wildlife and the accessibility of the vegetation. This to soil that has been disturbed by fire suppression survey can be used to help identify and inventory activities. potential wildlife habitat. When inventorying wildlife habitat, the detailed soil map units can be used as Minerals sampling units, thereby holding relatively constant those properties affecting the kind and amount of vegetation This soil survey can be used to help evaluate the and the accessibility of the vegetation to wildlife. When effect of mineral exploration activities on soils and planning, the properties of the map units can be used to vegetation and to determine the conservation practices evaluate potential habitat values of alternative areas that should be applied in areas being rehabilitated after and the potential for habitat improvement. The map unit exploration. The soils, vegetation, landform, and descriptions describe some potential habitat values for geology are described in the detailed soil map unit wildlife and fish; however, the importance of map unit descriptions. Table 7 gives limitations to excavation and properties in evaluating potential habitat value varies revegetation of roadcuts and fill slopes. These with different species and with the location of limitations also apply to many kinds of mineral delineation boundaries. Wildlife and fisheries biologists exploration activities. The map unit descriptions and should be consulted when using this survey to evaluate table 7 can be used to determine which erosion- and potential habitat values of specific map units. sediment-control practices should be applied following mineral exploration activities. Recreation and Visual Quality Range Recreational activities in the survey area include hunting, fishing, gathering firewood, picking berries, Livestock grazing is an important use of mountain hiking, boating, cross-country skiing, and photographing grasslands in the Tobacco River valley. The rest of the nature. Soil properties, slope, aspect, elevation, survey area is densely forested, and livestock grazing is vegetation, and other properties of the detailed soil map limited in these areas to transitory ranges created by units affect suitability for recreational use. The common timber harvest or forest fires. Generally, the livestock is recreational activities and limitations to maintaining the cattle. visual quality of the unit are described in the detailed This soil survey can be used to estimate potential soil map units. This survey can be used during the forage production and identify limitations to livestock planning process to identify areas suitable for a grazing. The detailed soil map units identify the habitat recreational use and limitations to maintaining the visual types and describe the extent of their distribution in the quality. Specialists in recreational use and visual map units. The habitat types can be used to estimate management should be consulted to determine which the potential forage production. *the map units also map unit properties affect the recreational use or visual describe slope, the seasonal high water table, and other quality objectives. The detailed soil map units can then properties that can limit livestock access to forage. be used to help identify suitable areas. Range conservationists should be consulted when using Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho this soil survey to plan livestock grazing. Private practices. The maintenance and construction of trails, landowners can obtain assistance from their local Soil the rehabilitation of heavily used camp areas, and a Conservation District. planned grazing system for horses and pack animals are examples of wilderness management practices Wilderness affected by properties of the soils, landform, and vegetation described in the detailed soil map units. The The Cabinet Mountains Wilderness is in the survey map units are not site specific and do not eliminate the area, along the crest of the Cabinet Mountains. It is need for detailed onsite investigation. about 94,000 acres in size. The map units also are basic ecological subdivisions Wilderness is managed to preserve its natural of the wilderness landscape. They can be used as basic character. The objective of many wilderness sampling units when inventorying and describing management practices is to minimize the effect of wilderness ecosystems. authorized uses on the w~lderness.Recreational uses Specialists in wilderness management should be are the most common authorized uses. This survey can consulted when using this survey to plan wilderness be used to plan some wilderness management management. Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the National FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (5). on the basis of physical and chemical properties that Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the affect management. Generally, the properties are those order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and of horizons below plow depth where there is much series. Classification is based on soil properties biological activity. Among the properties and observed in the field or inferred from those observations characteristics considered are particle size, mineral or from laboratory measurements. Tables 9 and 10 content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and show the classification of the soils in the survey area. reaction. A family name consists of the name of a The taxonomic categories are defined in the following subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil paragraphs. properties. An example is loamy-skeletal, mixed Andic ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The Cryochrepts. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Inceptisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. In this SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders survey area, soils were mapped at a higher taxonomic primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil level and series were not recognized. genesis and are important to plant growth or properties The soils in the survey area are in both cryic and that reflect the most important variables within the frigid temperature regimes. The lower elevation orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder boundary of subalpine fir climax forest was used as a indicates the order. An example is Ochrept (Ochr, vegetative indicator of the boundary between them. Soil meaning pale, plus ept from Inceptisol). temperature data collected for the soil survey of the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great Flathead National Forest area, which is adjacent to the groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, Kootenai National Forest area, and soil temperature arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic data from much of the Northern Rocky Mountains area horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and indicate this is a close approximation. base status. Each great group is identified by the name The soils in the survey area are also in xeric, ustic, of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property and udic moisture regimes. Vegetative indicators were of the soil. An example is Cryochrepts (Cry, meaning used to place soils in moisture regimes. Open-grown cold, plus ochrept, the suborder of the lnceptisols that forests containing ponderosa pine with bunchgrass has an ochric epipedon). understories and mountain grasslands are considered SLIBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup. indicators of the xeric moisture regime. Dense Douglas- Other subg'roups are intergrades or extragrades. The fir climax forests with shrub-dominated understories are typic subgroup is the central concept of the great group; considered indicators of the ustic moisture regime. it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are Dense forests in which western larch is a potential transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. major stand component with blue huckleberry, Extragrades have some properties that are not twinflower, or ninebark in the understory are considered representative of the great group but do not indicate indicators of the udic moisture regime. A limited amount transitions to any other taxonomic class. Each subgroup of soil moisture data indicates these are reasonable is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the indicators of soil moisture regimes in the survey area. I name of the great group. The adjective Andic identifies These regimes also are used in adjacent survey areas. the subgroup that intergrades toward the Andisol order. The soils in the survey area are both less than and An example is Andic Cryochrepts. more than 60 percent base saturated. Base saturation Soil Survey cannot be estimated accurately with field techniques. A sediment or glacial till. The loess has been influenced limited amount of laboratory data indicates soils in the by volcanic ash. The vegetation is black cottonwood, udic moisture regime that formed in parent material paper birch, and quaking aspen with Engelmann spruce derived from quartzite or granitic rock or in glacial drift around the edge of the depressions. dominantly derived from this rock are dominantly less than 60 percent base saturated. Other soils are Umbrie Vitrandepts, Medial Over Loamy, Mixed, dominantly more than 60 percent base saturated. In Frigid many of the map units, the soils are both more than Representative Pedon and less than 60 percent base saturated. The dominant base saturation is assumed based on the parent 0-2 inches to 0; pine needles and twigs. material and the moisture regime. Bsl-0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (IOYR 212) silt Mixed, illitic and micaceous mineralogy classes have loam; weak very fine granular structure; many very been identified in the survey area. lllitic and micaceous fine and fine and common medium roots; classes are each used to classify soils in one map unit. moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. In each case the class used is supported by laboratory Bs2-2 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10Y R data and strongly associated with a unique parent 313) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, material. very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many A representative pedon for each of the soils mapped very fine and fine and common medium roots; in the survey area follows. The descriptions are slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. arranged in alphabetical order by suborder. The Bs3-10 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (1 0YR 5/6) silt representative pedons are preceded by a brief loam; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR discussion of taxa at higher levels than the 414) mottles; weak or moderate fine subangular representative pedon. The range of characteristics of blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and soils in the taxa follows the representative pedon. Soil nonplastic; many very fine, few medium, and colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated. common coarse roots; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. 2C1-21 to 44 inches; light gray (5Y 712) silt; massive; Andepts very hard, firm or very firm, sticky and slightly plastic; small pockets of clay; common very fine and The Andepts in the survey area have a thick surface fine, few medium, and few coarse roots; moderately layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. acid; gradual wavy boundary. The surface layer is more than 14 inches thick and has 262-44 to 62 inches; pale olive (5Y 613) silt; massive; bulk density ranging from 0.65 to 0.85 gram per cubic hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; moderately centimeter. Laboratory data indicate the loess contains acid. 60 to 70 percent glass shards in the fine sand and silt particle-size fractions. This loess has some properties Location and Setting suggestive of thixotropy. X-ray refraction data indicate Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet large amounts of amorphous material in the clay Range, Blue Creek, SWM sec. 18, T. 32 N., A. 30 W., particle-size fraction. detailed soil map unit 104. The profile described is in a concave depression, or glacial kettle. The parent Vitrandepts material is loess over silty lacustrine sediments. The Vitrandepts are relatively warm Andepts in which the loess has been influenced by volcanic ash and soil material is dominated by volcanic glass. deposited by runoff from surrounding moraines. Elevation is about 3,000 feet. The vegetation is moist, Umbric Vitrandepts mixed coniferous forest. Umbric Vitrandepts are Vitrandepts that have a dark Range In Characteristics surface layer. In this survey area these soils are wet The Bsl and Bs2 horizons have hue of 7.5YR or during much of the spring and early summer. The IOYR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is ground water is well aerated. The subsoil has chroma of silt loam. Reaction is slightly acid or moderately acid. 3 or more. It is commonly mottled with colors having The combined thickness of the horizons is 7 to 14 chroma of 3 or more. Umbric Vitrandepts are in inches. depressions. The depressions receive runoff and The Bs3 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of sediment from adjacent slopes mantled with loess. The 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It generally has dark parent material of these soils is loess over lacustrine yellowish brown mottles. Texture is loam or silt loam. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho 75

Reaction is slightly acid or moderately acid. The horizon silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; is 8 to 20 inches thick. Ground water is perched in this slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; horizon because the underlying horizon has a slower common medium and few coarse roots; lime rate of permeability. disseminated throughout, violently effervescent, The 2C horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or IOYR, value moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is silt, silt loam, Akb-25 to 28 inches; black (10YR 211) silt loam; weak or gravelly very fine sandy loam. Reaction is moderately medium angular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, acid or slightly acid. Bulk density is 1.5 to 1.8 if the soils slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, formed in compact glacial till and 1.2 to 1.4 if they fine, and medium roots; lime disseminated formed in silty lacustrine material. throughout, violently effervescent, slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Bkb-28 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 314) Aquolls silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Aquolls are wet soils that have a dark surface layer structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and "They are of minor extent in this survey area. slightly plastic; few very fine and common fine and medium roots; lime disseminated throughout, Calciaquolls violently effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Calciaquolls are Aquolls that have an accumulation 2Ab-34 to 36 inches; black (10YR 211) silt loam; weak of lime within 16 inches of the surface. fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Aeric Calciaquolls very fine and fine and few medium roots; about 5 Aeric Calciaquolls are on alluvial fans and narrow percent pebbles; lime disseminated throughout, flood plains along small mountain streams. Their water violently effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear table rises to within 12 to 30 inches from the surface in wavy boundary. spring when the snow melts. The ground water contains 2Bb--36 to 42 inches; dark grayish brown (1OYR 412) calcium bicarbonate, and evaporation causes large very gravelly silt loam; weak medium subangular amounts of lime to precipitate in the surface layer. The blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky ground water is well aerated, and the soil is not mottled and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine or gleyed. The parent material is 30 inches or more of roots; about 40 percent pebbles; violently silty alluvium over calcareous glacial till. The alluvium effervescent, moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy contains loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash boundary. and soft, powdery lime. The vegetation is moist, mixed 2Cb--42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) very forest. 'The habitat types are in the subalpine fir and gravelly silt loam; massive; slightly hard, firm, Engelmann spruce series. These soils generally are in slightly sticky-and slightly plastic; few fine and very low frost pockets. The habitat types on the surrounding fine roots; about 40 percent pebbles; violently uplands are in the Douglas-fir series. effervescent, moderately alkaline. Location and Setting Aeric Calciaquolls, Fine-Silty, Frigid Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Salish Representative Pedon Range, in the Lewis Creek drainage area, sec. 13, T. 33 N., R. 25 W., detailed soil map unit 325. The profile Ak-0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 212) silty clay described is on a sloping alluvial fan. The parent loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, material is alluvium over calcareous glacial till. The slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, alluvium is mixed volcanic ash, finely divided lime, and fine, and medium roots; lime disseminated silt. It is 40 percent or more finely divided lime. throughout, violently effervescent, slightly alkaline; Elevation is 4,000 feet. The vegetation is moist, mixed clear wavy boundary. forest. The habitat type is subalpine firltwinflower. Bkl--8 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 413) silty clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Range in Characteristics hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; The Ak and Akb horizons have hue of 7.5YR or common medium and few coarse roots; lime 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is disseminated throughout, violently effervescent, silt loam or silty clay loam. Reaction is slightly alkaline slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. or moderately alkaline. These horizons are strongly Bk2-20 to 25 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) effervescent or violently effervescent. The Ak horizon is Soil Survey

7 to 20 inches thick. The Akb horizon can be as little as loam; few fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 512) 2 inches thick. mottles; moderate fine and medium granular The Bk and Bkb horizons have hue of 7.5YR or structure; loose, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 1OYR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is many very fine and fine and common medium roots; silt loam or silty clay loam. 'These horizons are strongly about 10 percent pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt effervescent or violently effervescent. The thickness of smooth boundary. each of these horizons ranges from 4 to 20 inches. Bt-6 to 20 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 616) silty The combined thickness of the Ak, Bk, Akb, and Bkb clay loam; few fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y horizons is 30 to 60 inches or more. 5/4) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular The 2Ab, 2Bb, and 2Cb horizons formed in silt loam blocky structure; firm, hard, sticky and plastic; or silty clay loam glacial till. The content of pebbles in common distinct clay films on faces of peds; these horizons ranges from 5 to 50 percent. The common fine and medium and few very fine roots; horizons are slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and about 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy are strongly effervescent or violently effervescent. boundary. Bkl-20 to 31 inches; very pale brown (10YR 713) silty clay loam; few fine distinct pale olive (5Y 6/3) Boralfs mottles; weak fine and medium angular blocky Boralfs are soils that have an accumulation of clay in structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and the subsoil. The subsoil formed in lacustrine or glacial slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; about 10 till material. Most areas of Boralfs are below elevations percent pebbles; lime disseminated throughout and of 4,500 feet on gentle to moderately steep slopes. lime coatings on the underside of pebbles; violently Average annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 35 effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear wavy inches. boundary. Many of the Boralfs in the survey area have a Bk2-31 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 713) surface layer of loess that has been influenced by gravelly silty clay loam; few fine distinct olive (5Y volcanic ash. The surface layer is as much as 18 inches 513) mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly thick. Boralfs tend to be fertile. Their productivity for sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; about 20 timber is relatively high. percent pebbles; lime disseminated throughout and lime coatings on the underside of pebbles; violently Eutroboralfs effervescent, moderately alkaline. Eutroboralfs are the cool, base-saturated Boralfs. Location and Setting They have forest vegetation and are in the drier Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Salish forested areas, near the boundary of forest and Range, Tepee Lake, see. 35, T. 35 N., R. 27 W., grassland. Both of the map units named for Eutroboralfs detailed soil map unit 323. The profile described is on a in this survey area have habitat types representative of south-facing slope on a moraine. Slope is 20 percent. the dry end of the range of coniferous forest. The parent material is loess over silty glacial till. The Typic Eutroboralfs loess has been influenced by volcanic ash. Elevation is 4,530 feet. The vegetation is dry, mixed coniferous Typic Eutroboralfs are freely drained Eutroboralfs forest. The habitat type is Douglas-firlpinegrass. having albic material that does not tongue into the argillic horizon. They represent the central concept, or Range in Characteristics typical member, of the Eutroboralfs great group. They The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 1OYR, or 2.5Y, share common taxonomic boundaries with Andic Dystric value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt Eutrochrepts and Typic Eutrochrepts. The argillic loam, gravelly silt loam, or silty clay loam. Reaction is horizon is weakly expressed in some soils, and the neutral to strongly acid. The horizon is 4 to 12 inches accumulation of clay can be near the lower limit defined thick. for an argillic horizon. Some Typic Eutroboralfs have The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 free carbonates in the subsoil. to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is gravelly silty clay loam or silty clay loam. Reaction is neutral to Typic Eutroboralfs, Fine-Loamy, Mixed moderately alkaline. The horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Representative Pedon The Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 6 0--3 inches to 0; duff and litter. to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, silty E-0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt clay loam, gravelly silt loam, or gravelly silty clay loam. Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

Typic Eutroboralfs, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed Glossoboralfs Representative Pedon Glossoboralfs are the cool, non-base-saturated Boralfs of humid regions. 0-2 inches to 0; duff and litter. €1-0 to 2 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) Eutric Glossoboralfs gravelly silt loam; weak very fine granular structure; Eutric Glossoboralfs are Glossoboralfs having albic soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; material that does not tongue into the argillic horizon. many fine roots; about 20 percent pebbles; neutral; They share common taxonomic boundaries with clear wavy boundary. Eutroboralfs and Dystrochrepts. Some have base E2-2 to 8 inches; pale brown (IOYR 613) gravelly saturation near 60 percent. Others have a weakly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky expressed argillic horizon. These soils formed in glacial structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and till or lacustrine material. They have a surface layer of nonplastic; many fine and common coarse roots; loess that is influenced by volcanic ash. The surface about 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy layer is 4 to 14 inches thick. boundary. Bt-8 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) very Eutric Glossoboralfs, Fine, lllitic gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Representative Pedon common fine and few coarse roots; common faint 0-1 inch to 0; dry grass and leaves. clay films on faces of peds; about 40 percent E--0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 513) silty clay loam; pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Bk-22 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) very hard, firm, slightly sticky and plastic; common fine gravelly loam; weak moderate subangular blocky and medium roots; about 5 percent stones; structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; few medium roots on vertical cleavage BIE-9 to 18 inches; about 70 percent dark yellowish planes; lime disseminated throughout and lime brown (10YR 414) silty clay (B) mixed with 30 coatings on the underside of pebbles; violently percent yellowish brown (1OYR 516) silty clay loam effervescent; about 50 percent pebbles; moderately (E); strong fine and medium angular blocky alkaline. structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; Location and Setting few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Whitefish Bt-18 to 30 inches; brown (1OYR 513) silty clay; strong Range, Sink Creek, SW1/4 sec. 9, T. 34 N., R. 25 W., medium and fine angular blocky structure; very detailed soil map unit 321. The profile described is on hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common distinct an east-facing slope on a moraine. Slope is 35 percent. clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; I The parent material is loamy, calcareous glacial till. gradual wavy boundary. I Elevation is 3,600 feet. The vegetation is dry, mixed C-30 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 513) silty clay; strong forest. The habitat type is Douglas-firlsnowberry. medium angular blocky structure; very hard, very Range In Characteristics firm, sticky and plastic; very strongly acid. 'the E horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, Location and Setting value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is Northwestern Montana, Sanders County, Cabinet gravelly silt loam or gravelly loam. The horizon is 4 to Range, Clark Fork Valley, Cabinet Ranger Station, 12 inches thick. SW1h sec. 6, T. 24 N., R. 31 W., detailed soil map unit The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, IOYR, or 2.5Y, 112. The profile described is on the north-facing slope value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is very of a weakly dissected terrace. Slope is 10 percent. The gravelly clay loam or very gravelly silty clay loam. The parent material is moderately fine textured and fine content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 50 percent. textured lacustrine sediments. Elevation is 2,400 feet. The horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The vegetation is moist, mixed coniferous forest. The The Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 habitat type is western hemlocWqueencup beadlily. to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is very gravelly loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. In some pedons the Range in Characteristics horizon is dense and brittle and has bulk density of 1.5 The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay 78 Soil Survey loam. Reaction is neutral to moderately acid. The Elevation is 4,800 feet. The vegetation is moist, mixed horizon is 4 to 15 inches thick. coniferous forest. The habitat type is western redcedar1 The B/E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 queencup beadlily. to 7, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silty Range in Characteristics clay loam. Reaction is neutral to moderately acid. The The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of horizon is 5 to 10 inches thick. to 6, and chroma of 3 to 5. Texture is silt loam or The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 4 gravelly silt loam. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silty clay loam or The horizon is 4 to 18 inches thick. silty clay. The content of clay ranges from 35 to 55 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. The 2E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of The horizon is 10 to 30 inches thick. 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, gravelly silt loam, or gravelly loam. Reaction is neutral The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or slightly acid. The horizon is 6 to 12 inches thick. to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silty clay loam or silty clay. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is gravelly clay loam or gravelly clay. The content of clay ranges from Eutric Glossobot-alfs, Fine, Mixed 35 to 45 percent. Reaction is neutral to moderately Representative Pedon acid. The horizon is 8 to 24 inches thick. The 2CBd horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value 0-3 inches to 0; duff and litter. of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is gravelly clay Bs-O to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 614) loam or gravelly clay. Reaction is neutral to moderately gravelly silt loam; moderate medium subangular acid. Bulk density is 1.5 to 1.8 grams per cubic blocky structure parting to moderate medium centimeter. granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and common medium and coarse roots; about 25 percent pebbles; neutral; Fluvents clear wavy boundary. 2E-9 to 18 inches; light gray (1 OYR 712) gravelly silt Fluvents are on flood plains. The content of organic loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure carbon in these soils decreases irregularly with parting to moderate medium granular; friable, increasing depth because of the flooding and the buried slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine former surface layers. Fluvents are texturally stratified. and fine and common medium and coarse roots; They are of limited extent in the survey area. about 30 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Fluvents 2Bt-18 to 28 inches; very pale brown (1OYR 714) Representative Pedon gravelly clay loam; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, 0-2 inches to 0; black (10YR 211 ) duff and litter. sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine and A-0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (1OYR 414) few medium and coarse roots; about 30 percent gravelly silt loam; weak fine granular structure; pebbles; common faint clay films on faces of peds; loose, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; neutral; clear wavy boundary. common very fine and fine, many medium, and few 2CBd-28 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 98) coarse roots; about 15 percent pebbles; slightly gravelly clay loam; white (10YR 812) sand and silt acid; clear wavy boundary. coatings on peds; strong medium and coarse C1-9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 5/41 very subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and gravelly sandy loam; massive; soft, friable, plastic; few very fine and fine roots; about 30 nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and percent pebbles; neutral. fine, many medium, and few coarse roots; about 50 percent pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Location and Setting boundary. Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell C2-15 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) sandy Range, Marias Mountain, sec. 30, T. 37 N., R. 28 W., loam; massive; soft, friable, nonsticky and detailed soil map unit 322. The profile described is on a nonplastic; few very fine and fine, common medium, south-facing slope on a moraine. Slope is 20 percent. and few coarse roots; about 5 percent pebbles; The parent material is loess over weathered glacial till. slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The loess has been influenced by volcanic ash. C3-19 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/61 sand; Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; C2-14 to 19 inches; very pale brown (1 OYR 714) moderately acid. extremely gravelly sandy loam; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 616) mottles; weak fine and Location and Setting medium granular structure; loose, nonsticky and Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; about Mountains, Bull Lake, sec. 20, T. 29 N., R. 33 W., 65 percent pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt smooth detailed soil map unit 101. The profile described is a boundary. sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Udifluvent. It is on a nearly 2C3-19 to 24 inches; light reddish brown (2.5YR 614) level flood plain along a stream. The parent material is silt loam; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 516) texturally stratified alluvium. Elevation is about 2,500 mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky feet. The vegetation is moist, mixed coniferous forest. and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; neutral; The habitat type is western hemlock/queencup beadlily. clear wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics 2C4-24 to 60 inches; light reddish brown (2.5YR 614) fine sandy loam; few fine distinct strong brown The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, (7.5YR 516) mottles; weak fine granular structure; value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few loam, loam, or sandy loam. The content of rock very fine roots; moderately acid. fragments ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Reaction is neutral to moderately acid. The horizon is 2 to 12 Location and Setting inches thick. Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, Range, in the Bull River drainage area, NW1hsec. 34, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is T. 31 N., R. 33 W., detailed soil map unit 105. The stratified sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or silt profile described is on a nearly level flood plain. The loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to parent material is texturally stratified alluvium. Elevation 75 percent. is about 2,800 feet. The vegetation is a wet meadow. Range in Characteristics Udifluvents The A horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y and value Udifluvents are the Fluvents of humid climates. They and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is loam, silt loam, or are moist in spring and early summer and are dry for sandy loam. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. The fewer than 90 days in late summer and fall. horizon is 4 to 10 inches thick. The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to Aquic Udifluvents 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It generally is mottled. Texture Aquic Udifluvents are Fluvents that are wet. They is very gravelly sandy loam, extremely gravelly sandy have a water table that rises to the surface in the spring loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam. The content of rock and drops in late summer. The ground water is well fragments dominantly is 0 to 35 percent but ranges to aerated. Aquic Udifluvents are mottled with colors 85 percent in thin strata. Reaction is neutral to having chroma of 3 or more. moderately acid.

Aquic Udifluvents, Coarse-Loamy, Mixed, Frigid Ochrepts Representative Pedon Ochrepts are soils having a light colored surface 0--1 inch to 0; duff and litter. layer and not having a substantial accumulation of clay A--0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (1OYR 312) in the subsoil or a surface layer of loess influenced by silt loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, very volcanic ash that is thick enough to qualify for the friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very Andept suborder. They are relatively young soils with fine and many fine roots; about 5 percent pebbles; some evidence of alteration of parent material and slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. redistribution of minerals within the soil profile. They are C1-7 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 714) very expected, given time and proper conditions, to develop gravelly sandy loam; few fine distinct brownish into soils representative of some other soil order. yellow (10YR 616) mottles; weak fine and medium granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; Cryochrepts common very fine and fine roots; about 60 percent Cryochrepts are the cold Ochrepts. They are at pebbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. elevations of 4,500 to 8,700 feet and are in the 40- to Soil Survey

80-inch precipitation zone. The vegetation is mainly influenced by volcanic ash. Elevation is 4,500 feet. The subalpine fir climax forest. vegetation is moist, mixed coniferous forest. The habitat type is subalpine firlqueencup beadlily. Andic Cryochrepts Range in Characteristics Andic Cryochrepts are Cryochrepts having a surface The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of layer of loess that has been influenced by volcanic ash. 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 5. Texture is silt loam or very The surface layer is 7 to 14 inches thick. It has a bulk fine sandy loam. Reaction is slightly acid or moderately density of 0.7 to 1.0 gram per cubic centimeter. The acid. The horizon is 7 to 14 inches thick. parent material of the subsoil is derived from granitic The 2Bw horizon has hue of IOYR or 2.5Y, value of rocks, metasedimentary rocks, or glacial till. Andic 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam, Cryochrepts share common taxonomic boundaries with or fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments Andic Dystrochrepts and Lithic Cryochrepts. They also ranges from 35 to 60 percent. Reaction is moderately share taxonomic boundaries with Entic Cryandepts and alkaline to moderately acid. The horizon is 25 to 40 Typic Cryochrepts, which are included in some map inches thick. units as similar soils. Their surface layer provides the The 2C or 2Cd horizon has hue of 2.5Y or IOYR, best rooting environment in the soil profile. It can be value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt damaged by equipment used in forest management. loam, loam, or sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 70 percent. Reaction is Andic Cryochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed slightly acid or moderately acid. In some pedons the Representative Pedon horizon is dense and brittle and has bulk density of 1.5 to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. 0--2 inches to 0; duff and litter. Bs-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 413) silt loam; Lithic Cryochrepts moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; soft, friable, Lithic Cryochrepts are Cryochrepts that have bedrock nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and very fine within 20 inches of the surface. In this survey area they and common medium and coarse roots; about 5 generally have a surface layer of loess that has been percent stones; moderately acid; clear wavy influenced by volcanic ash. The surface layer is 7 to 14 boundary. inches thick. It has a bulk density of 0.7 to 1.0 gram per 2Bwl--8 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) very cubic centimeter. The parent material of the subsoil stony silt loam; moderate medium subangular dominantly is derived from metasedimentary rocks. In a blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky few pedons the subsoil formed in a thin layer of glacial and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few till over bedrock. Lithic Cryochrepts are at elevations of medium roots; about 35 percent stones; moderately 3,500 to 8,000 feet. They are on all aspects. They acid; clear wavy boundary. share common taxonomic boundaries with Andic 2Bw2-16 to 41 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 514) Cryochrepts, Typic Cryochrepts, and Lithic very stony silt loam that has pockets of dark grayish Dystrochrepts. Their surface layer provides the best brown (2.5Y 412) sandy loam; moderate coarse and rooting environment in the soil profile. It is susceptible medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, to compaction and can be easily displaced. Compaction friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very and displacement of the surface layer can affect plant fine and few medium roots; about 45 percent growth. stones; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. 2C41 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 412) Lithic Cryochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed very stony sandy loam; massive; slightly hard, Representative Pedon friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few medium roots; about 50 percent stones; slightly acid. 0--1 inch to 0; litter and duff. A-0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) stony silt Location and Setting loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell parting to moderate medium granular; soft, friable, Range, in the Yaak River. drainage area, Caribou Creek, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, SE1/4 sec. 16, T. 37 N., R. 30 W., detailed soil map unit medium, and coarse roots; about 15 percent stones; 404. The profile described is on an east-facing slope on slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. a moraine. Slope is 20 percent. The parent material is Bw-8 to 19 inches; pale brown (1OYR 613) very stony loess over friable glacial till. The loess has been silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky ~~~tenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

structure parting to moderate medium granular; Andic Dystrochrepts are productive forest soils. They slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; generally receive an adequate amount of moisture, but common very fine, fine, and medium and few some areas of these soils are dry for short periods in coarse roots; about 40 percent stones; slightly acid; late summer. The surface layer provides the best 1 abrupt wavy boundary. rooting environment in the soil profile. It can be R-1 9 inches; bedrock. damaged by equipment used in forest management. Location and Setting Andic Dystrochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell Frigid Range, Solo Joe Creek, sec. 1, T. 36 N., R. 30 W., detailed soil map unit 405. The profile described is on a Representative Pedon south-facing slope on a glaciated mountain ridge. Slope 0--1 inch to 0; duff and litter. is 50 percent. The parent material is loess mixed with Bs-0 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) gravelly material derived from metasedimentary rocks. The loess silt loam; weak fine granular structure; loose, friable, has been influenced by volcanic ash. Elevation is 5,600 nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and coarse feet. The vegetation is subalpine forest. The habitat and many medium roots; about 25 percent pebbles; type is subalpine fir/beargrass. very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics 2A-7 to 20 inches; very pale brown (1OYR 713) very gravelly very fine sandy loam; massive; hard, very The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 3 friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or very few medium and coarse roots; about 40 percent fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. from 0 to 35 percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. 2Bw-20 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 518) very The horizon is 2 to 10 inches thick. gravelly very fine sandy loam; weak coarse angular The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of blocky structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam, very nonplastic; few medium roots; about 45 percent fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The content of pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. rock fragments ranges from 35 to 80 percent. Reaction 2Cd-41 to 62 inches; pale brown (10YR 613) very is slightly acid or moderately acid. The horizon is 4 to gravelly very fine sandy loam; massive; hard, brittle, 18 inches thick. nonsticky and nonplastic; about 50 percent pebbles; moderately acid. Dystrochrepts Location and Setting Dystrochrepts are the acid Ochrepts of humid environments. In this survey area they are on south- Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Salish facing slopes or at low elevations. They are in the 25- Range, Briery Creek, sec. 14, T. 34 N., R. 28 W., to 40-inch precipitation zone at elevations of 2,500 to detailed soil map unit 352. The profile described is on a 5,000 feet. The vegetation is mixed coniferous forest. south-facing glaciated mountain slope. Slope is 20 The habitat types are in the western redcedar, western percent. The parent material is loess over compact hemlock, grand fir, and Douglas-fir series. glacial till. The loess has been influenced by volcanic Dystrochrepts are productive forest soils because of ash. Elevation is 5,000 feet. The vegetation is moist, their relatively warm temperature. mixed coniferous forest. The habitat type is subalpine fir/blue huckleberry.

' Andic Dystrochrepts Range in Characteristics Andic Dystrochrepts are Dystrochrepts having a The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of surface layer of loess that has been influenced by 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 5. Texture is silt loam or very volcanic ash. The surface layer is 7 to 14 inches thick. fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges The bulk density of the surface layer is 0.7 to 1.0 gram from 0 to 30 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to very per cubic centimeter. The parent material of the subsoil strongly acid. The horizon is 7 to 14 inches thick. is derived from metasedimentary rocks, granitic rocks, The 2A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 glacial drift, alluvium, or lacustrine deposits. Andic to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, very Dystrochrepts share common taxonomic boundaries fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The content of with Typic Ustochrepts, Typic Vitrandepts, Andic Dystric rock fragments ranges from 35 to 70 percent. Reaction Eutrochrepts, and Andic Cryochrepts. The subsoil is slightly acid to strongly acid. The horizon is 7 to 12 generally has a base saturation of nearly 60 percent. inches thick. Soil Survey

The 2Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, reworked by wind. The loess has been influenced by value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is very volcanic ash. Elevation is about 2,200 feet. The fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The content of rock vegetation is moist, mixed coniferous forest. The habitat fragments ranges from 35 to 50 percent. Reaction is type is western hemlocWqueencup beadlily. slightly acid to strongly acid. The horizon is 15 to 30 Range in Characteristics inches thick. The 2Cd or 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, IOYR, or The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 5. Texture is 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy very fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand. loam or silt loam. Reaction is slightly acid or moderately The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 70 acid. The horizon is 7 to 14 inches thick. percent. Reaction is slightly acid or moderately acid. In The 2Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of areas where the soils formed in compact glacial till, this 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy horizon is dense and brittle and has bulk density of 1.5 loam or loamy very fine sand. Reaction is slightly to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. alkaline or moderately alkaline. 'This horizon dominantly is slightly effervescent or moderately effervescent. It is Eutrochrepts 10 to 30 inches thick. The 2C horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 Eutrochrepts are Ochrepts of humid environments. to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy They are rich in bases. In this survey area they are in loam or loamy very fine sand. Reaction is neutral to the 25- to 40-inch precipitation zone at elevations of moderately alkaline. This horizon is slightly effervescent 2,000 to 5,000 feet. Eutrochrepts formed in parent or moderately effervescent. material that contains lime. The typical parent material is lacustrine material mixed with glacial till that is partially derived from limestone or metasedimentary Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts rocks. These soils are most common in areas below an Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts are freely drained elevation of 3,000 feet where leaching is less intense. Eutrochrepts having a surface layer of loess that has The typical vegetation is moist, mixed forest. been influenced by volcanic ash and not having free carbonates above a depth of 40 inches. The surface layer is 7 to 14 inches thick. These soils formed in Eutrochrepts, Coarse-Loamy, Mixed, Frigid calcareous parent material in moist climates or in Representative Pedon noncalcareous parent material in the drier climates. Because of additional leaching in soils formed under 0-1 inch to 0; duff and litter. moist climate conditions, free carbonates are deeper in Bs-0 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 416) soil profiles formed under moist climate conditions than silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; those formed under the drier climate conditions. Andic soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many Dystric Eutrochrepts share common taxonomic very fine and fine, common medium, and common boundaries with Dystric Eutrochrepts and Typic coarse roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Eutrochrepts. They are productive forest soils. Their 2Bw-11 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 514) very surface layer provides the best rooting environment in fine sandy loam; very weak medium subangular the soil profile. It can be damaged by equipment used blocky structure; very friable, nonsticky and in forest management. nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; slightly effervescent, moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, Fine-Silty, Mixed, 2C-35 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 513) very fine sandy Frigid loam; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and Representative Pedon nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; slightly effervescent, moderately alkaline. 0--1 inch to 0; duff and litter. Bs-0 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 614) silt Location and Setting loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable, Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, Range, Lake Creek, sec. 29, T. 31 N., R. 33 W., and medium roots; about 5 percent pebbles; detailed soil map unit 110. The profile described is on neutral; clear wavy boundary. an undulating terrace. The parent material is loess over 2A-9 to 14 inches; white (10YR 812) silt loam; glacial outwash. The glacial outwash has been moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; and fine, common medium, and many coarse roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. about 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth 2AB-14 to 31 inches; white (10YR 812) silt loam; boundary. common fine distinct pale yellow (2.5Y 714) mottles; 2Bw-9 to 18 inches; olive (5Y 414) very gravelly coarse moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and nonplastic; common slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. common very fine and fine, many medium, and 2Bw-31 to 56 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 714) very fine common coarse roots; about 55 percent pebbles; sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky neutral; clear wavy boundary. structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and 2CB-18 to 40 inches; olive gray (5Y 412) gravelly nonplastic; few fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt loamy sand; very weak medium subangular blocky wavy boundary. structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few 2BC--56 to 60 inches; white (2.5Y 812) very fine sandy fine, medium, and coarse roots; about 25 percent loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; neutral. 2C-40 to 60 inches; mixed dark yellowish brown (10Y R 4/4), red (2.5Y R 4/6), and yellow (10Y R 716) Location and Setting sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet few medium and coarse roots; neutral. Range, in the Callahan Creek drainage area, sec. 21, T. 31 N., R. 34 W., detailed soil map unit 102. The profile Location and Setting described is on a gently sloping terrace. The parent Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell material is loess over lacustrine sediments. The loess Range, in the Rainy Creek drainage area, SE1/4 sec. 14, has been influenced by volcanic ash. Elevation is about T. 31 N., R. 30 W., detailed soil map unit 520. The 2,600 feet. The vegetation is moist, mixed forest. The profile described is on a mountain slope. Slope is 25 habitat type is western redcedarlqueencup beadlily. percent. The parent material is loess over micaceous material derived from pyroxenite. The loess has been Range in Characteristics influenced by volcanic ash. The vegetation is moist, The Bs horizon has hue of 7-5YR or 10YR and value mixed forest. The habitat type is grand firlqueencup and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is silt loam or very fine beadlily. sandy loam. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. The horizon is 7 to 14 inches thick. Range in Characteristics The 2A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of to 8, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, very 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam. Reaction is slightly fine sandy loam. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. The acid or neutral. The horizon is 5 to 10 inches thick. horizon is 7 to 14 inches thick. The 2AB horizon has colors similar to those of the 2A The 2Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y and value horizon. It is 5 to 20 inches thick. and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is sandy loam or coarse The 2Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam, silty 15 to 55 percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. clay loam, or very fine sandy loam. Reaction is neutral The 2CB and 2C horizons have of 10YR to 5Y, value to strongly acid. The horizon is 15 to 30 inches thick. of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy sand The 2BC horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of or sand. The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silt loam, silty 35 percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. clay loam, or very fine sandy loam. Reaction is neutral to moderately acid. Dystric Eutrochrepts Dystric Eutrochrepts are freely drained Eutrochrepts Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, Sandy, Micaceous, that do not have free carbonates above a depth of 40 Frigid inches. They share common taxonomic boundaries with Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, Typic Eutrochrepts, and Representative Pedon Typic Xerochrepts. In some pedons they have free 0-1 inch to 0; duff and litter. carbonates below a depth of 40 inches. They are dry Bs-0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) very during mid and late summer. Dystric Eutrochrepts are fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, productive forest soils; however, regeneration is limited friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine because of drought in late summer. Soil Survey

Oystric Eutrochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, combined thickness of the horizons is 10 to 30 inches. Frigid 'The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, very Representative Pedon fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand. The 0-1 inch to 0; duff and litter. content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 50 percent. A-0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 513) gravelly silt loam; Reaction is neutral to moderately alkaline. In some weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly pedons the horizon is effervescent below a depth of 40 sticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and inches. In other pedons it is hard and brittle and has medium roots; about 30 percent pebbles; slightly bulk density of 1.5 to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. acid; clear wavy boundary. Bwl-4 to 11 inches; white (10YR 812) gravelly silt Typic Eutrochrepts loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Typic Eutrochrepts are the freely drained hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common Eutrochrepts that have free carbonates within 40 inches medium and coarse roots; about 30 percent of the surface. They represent the central concept or pebbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. typical member of the Eutrochrepts great group. They Bw2-11 to 28 inches; light gray (2.5Y 711) very formed in calcareous glacial till. They share common gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate medium taxonomic boundaries with Dystric Eutrochrepts and subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly Typic Xerochrepts. Forest regeneration is limited in sticky and nonplastic; common fine and medium areas of these soils because of drought in late summer. roots; about 50 percent pebbles; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt-28 to 39 inches; light gray (5Y 712) very gravelly Typic Eutrochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, fine sandy loam having bands of light yellowish Frigid brown (2.5Y 614); moderate medium subangular Representative Pedon blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; about 50 0-2 inches to 0; duff and litter. percent pebbles; few faint clay films on faces of A1-0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt peds; neutral; clear wavy boundary. loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, BCd-39 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 711) very nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine gravelly fine sandy loam having bands of light olive and common medium roots; about 10 percent brown (2.5Y 516); massive; hard, brittle, nonsticky pebbles; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. and nonplastic; few fine roots; few faint clay films A2-3 to 16 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 514) silt on faces of peds; about 50 percent pebbles; neutral. loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, common Location and Setting medium, and few coarse roots; about 10 percent Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Salish pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Range, in the Dunn Creek drainage area, sec. 2, T. 30 Bw-16 to 23 inches; brown (IOYR 513) very gravelly N., R. 29 W., detailed soil map unit 301. The profile silt loam: weak fine subangular blocky structure; described is on a south-facing slope on a moraine. soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine Slope is 35 percent. The parent material is glacial till. and medium roots; about 35 percent pebbles; Elevation is 3,080 feet. The vegetation is dry, mixed strongly effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear forest. The habitat type is Douglas-firibearberry. wavy boundary. Ckl-23 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) very Range in Characteristics gravelly silt loam; massive; soft, friable, slightly The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to sticky and nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or very fine roots; about 45 percent pebbles; lime disseminated sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from throughout and lime coatings on the underside of 15 to 35 percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. pebbles; violently effervescent, moderately alkaline; The horizon is 2 to 6 inches thick. clear wavy boundary. The Bw and Bt horizons have hue of 10YR to 5Y, Ck2-30 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 514) very value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; hard, friable, loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, medium, and The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 50 coarse roots; about 40 percent pebbles; lime percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly alkaline. The disseminated throughout and lime coatings on the underside of pebbles; violently effervescent, Lithic Ustochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, moderately alkaline. Frigid Location and Setting Representative Pedon Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Salish 0--1 inch to 0; duff and litter. Range, Black Butte, sec. 25, T. 35 W., R. 28 W., A4to 6 inches; brown (10YR 513) very cobbly sandy detailed soil map unit 324. The profile described is on a loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, south-facing slope on a moraine. Slope is 10 percent. slightly sticky and nonplastic; about 50 percent i The parent material is calcareous glacial till. Elevation is angular cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. i 3,000 feet. The vegetation is dry, mixed forest. The Bwl--6 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (1OYR 614) I i habitat type is Douglas-firlpinegrass. very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and Range in Characteristics nonplastic; about 50 percent angular cobbles; The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or loam. Bw2-12 to 19 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) The content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 20 extremely cobbly fine sandy loam; moderate percent. Reaction is neutral or slightly alkaline. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, The Bw horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; about to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or loam. 70 percent angular cobbles; gradual wavy The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 50 boundary. percent. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately R-19 inches; hard, fractured quartzite bedrock. alkaline. The horizon is slightly effervescent to violently Location and Setting effervescent. It is 4 to 15 inches thick. The Ck horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam, or Range, Swede Mountain Divide, NW1/4 sec. 28, T. 30 fine sandy loam. 'The content of rock fragments ranges N., R. 30 W., detailed soil map unit 303. The profile from 35 to 50 percent. described is on a glaciated mountain ridge. Slope is 35 percent. 'The parent material is loess mixed with material derived from metasedimentary rocks. The loess Ustochrepts ' has been influenced by volcanic ash. Elevation is 4,000 Ustochrepts are the Ochrepts of subhumid climates. feet. The vegetation is open-grown forest. The habitat They are moist in spring and early summer and dry for type is Douglas-firlbluebunch wheatgrass. fewer than 45 consecutive days in late summer and Range in Characteristics early fall. In this survey area they are at the lower The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 2 elevations on south-facing slopes. They are on to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, very mountain slopes or glaciated mountain slopes at fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. The content of rock elevations of 2,400 to 5,000 feet. They formed in glacial fragments ranges from 25 to 60 percent. Reaction is till or residuum. The vegetation is dry, mixed forest or slightly acid or moderately acid. The horizon is 3 to 8 open-grown forest. Forest stands are mainly mixed inches thick. Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine with western larch and The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, IOYR, or 2.5Y, lodgepole pine included in areas along drainageways value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 5. Texture is silt and at the highest elevations. loam, very fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to Lithic Ustochrepts 80 percent. Fractured bedrock is 7 to 20 inches below Lithic Ustochrepts are the Ustochrepts that have the surface. bedrock within 20 inches of the surface. They formed in material derived from metasedimentary rocks or in Typic Ustochrepts glacial till. Most of these soils have a surface layer that Typic Ustochrepts formed in noncalcareous till or in formed in loess and residuum from the underlying material derived from metasedimentary or granitic material. The loess has been influenced by volcanic rocks. Most of these soils have a surface layer that ash. Lithic Ustochrepts share common taxonomic formed in loess and residuum from the underlying boundaries with Typic Ustochrepts, Lithic Cryochrepts, material. The loess has been influenced by volcanic and Andic Dystrochrepts. The growth of trees is limited ash. Typic Ustochrepts share common taxonomic by the depth of the soils. boundaries with Andic Dystrochrepts, Andic Dystric Soil Survey

Eutrochrepts, and Lithic Ustochrepts. They are ranges from 35 to 85 percent. Bedrock is at a depth of moderately productive forest soils. Forest regeneration 20 to 60 inches or more. In areas where the soils is limited by solar insolation. formed in compact glacial till, this horizon is hard and brittle and has bulk density of 1.5 to 1.8 grams per Typic Ustochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, cubic centimeter. Frigid Xerochrepts Representative Pedon Xerochrepts are the Ochrepts of Mediterranean 0-0.5 inch to 0; discontinuous duff and litter. climates. They are moist in winter and spring and dry in A-0 to 8 inches; dark gray (1QYR411) very gravelly summer. In this survey area they are at the lower very fine sandy loam; moderate fine granular elevations. Most are on terraces at elevations of 2,400 structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly to 2,700 feet. They formed in alluvial, lacustrine, and plastic; many fine and medium and few coarse glacial outwash material. Some of the parent material is roots; about 35 percent angular pebbles; neutral; calcareous. The vegetation is mountain grassland or an clear wavy boundary. open-grown forest of ponderosa pine with a bunchgrass Bw-8 to 27 inches; gray (2.5Y 510) very gravelly very understory. fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; Calcixerollic Xerochrepts common fine and medium and few coarse roots; Calcixerollic Xerochrepts are the freely drained about 70 percent angular pebbles; slightly acid; Xerochrepts that have free carbonates. They formed in gradual wavy boundary. sandy, calcareous glacial outwash and alluvium. They C-27 to 45 inches; gray (2.5Y 510) very gravelly very share common taxonomic boundaries with Typic fine sandy loam; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky Xerochrepts, Typic Eutrochrepts, and Calcic and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; about Haploxerolls. 75 percent angular pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. R--45 inches; hard, fractured quartzite bedrock. Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, Coarse-Loamy, Mixed, Frigid Location and Setting Representative Pedon Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Sutton area, SE1/4NE% sec. 30, T. 35 N., R. 28 W., detailed soil map 0-2 inches to 0; duff and litter. unit 201. The profile described is on a south-facing A--0 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 614) very mountain slope. Slope is 65 percent. The parent fine sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure material is residuum derived from metasedimentary parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; hard, rocks. Elevation is 3,700 feet. The vegetation is an firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and open-grown stand of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir fine and common medium and coarse roots; neutral; with a patchy understory of bitterbrush, bearberry, and clear wavy boundary. bluebunch wheatgrass on a forested scree community Bw-8 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 613) loamy very tY Pe- fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; Range in Characteristics many very fine and fine and common medium and The A horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y or is neutral coarse roots; slightly effervescent, slightly alkaline; in hue. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 4. clear wavy boundary. Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine Bk-20 to 36 inches; light gray (10YR 712) very fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from sandy loam; massive; very hard, friable, slightly 15 to 50 percent. The horizon is 4 to 12 inches thick. sticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine The Bw horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y or is roots; lime disseminated throughout, violently neutral in hue. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear wavy 4. Texture is very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. boundary. The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to 80 Ck-36 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 613) loamy fine percent. The horizon is 12 to 30 inches thick. sand; single grain; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; lime to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is very fine sandy disseminated throughout, violently effervescent, loam or fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments strongly alkaline. Location and Setting Bw2-14 to 37 inches; white (2.5Y 810) silt loam; few Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 514) mottles; Range, Tooley Lake, SE1/4NE1/4 sec. 23, T. 37 N., R. 28 moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, w., detailed soil map unit 11 1. The profile described is firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine on an undulating terrace. The parent material is glacial roots; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. outwash that has been reworked by wind. Elevation is BC--37 to 49 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 614) about 2,600 feet. The vegetation is mountain grassland silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; and open-grown forest. very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few medium and fine roots; slightly alkaline; Range in Characteristics clear and smooth boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 5 C49to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 712) silt; weak fine to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is very fine sandy granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand. nonplastic; moderately alkaline. Reaction is neutral to moderately alkaline. In some Location and Setting pedons the lower part of the horizon is effervescent. The horizon is 4 to 10 inches thick. Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Tobacco The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of Valley, NWViNWVi sec. 1, T. 36 N., R. 28 W., detailed 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is very fine sandy soil map unit 114. The profile described is on a nearly loam, fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, or loamy level terrace. The parent material is lacustrine fine sand. The horizon is slightly effervescent or sediments. The vegetation is open-grown forest. The moderately effervescent. It is 8 to 20 inches thick. habitat type is rough fescuelldaho fescue. The Bk and Ck horizons have hue of 7.5YR or lOYR, Range in Characteristics value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is very The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and value fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or silt loam. or loamy fine sand. Reaction is neutral or slightly acid. The horizon is 2 to 6 inches thick. Typic Xerochrepts The Bw-horizon has-hue-of 10YR or 2.5Y or is Typic Xerochrepts are the freely drained, base- neutral in hue. It has value of 5 to 8 and chroma of 0 to saturated Xerochrepts that do not have free carbonates 4. Texture is loam or silt loam. Reaction is slightly above a depth of 40 inches. They represent the central alkaline to slightly acid. 'The horizon is 15 to 40 inches concept or typical member of the Xerochrepts great thick. group. They share common taxonomic boundaries with The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, Typic Eutrochrepts, Dystric to 8, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is commonly varved with Eutrochrepts, and Typic Haploxerolls. thin alternating layers of light gray and brown. Texture is silt or silt loam. Reaction is neutral to moderately Typic Xerochrepts, Fine-Silty, Mixed, Frigid alkaline. In some pedons the lower part of the horizon is calcareous. Representative Pedon A-0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 313) silt loam; Typic Xerochrepts, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, weak thin platy structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky Frigid and slightly plastic; many fine and very fine and Representative Pedon common medium and coarse roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 0--1 inch to 0; grass and twigs. AB-3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 513) silt loam; weak A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) very medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, gravelly silt loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine fine, medium, and coarse roots; neutral; abrupt and very fine, common medium, and few coarse smooth boundary. roots; about 45 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy Bwl-10 to 14 inches; light gray (1 OYR 7/2) silt loam; boundary. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Bwl4to 17 inches; white (10YR 811) very gravelly friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine, sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; medium, and coarse roots; slightly alkaline; gradual slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly wavy boundary. plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium Soil Survey

and coarse roots; about 50 percent pebbles; slightly derived from calcareous metasedimentary rocks on acid; gradual wavy boundary. south-facing mountain slopes. They share common Bw2-17 to 27 inches; light gray (1OYR 7/2) very taxonomic boundaries with Calcic Haploxerolls and gravelly sandy loam; very weak fine granular Typic Haploxerolls. structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few Typic Calcixerolls, Loamy-Skeletal, Mixed, Frigid medium roots; about 55 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Representative Pedon C-27 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) 0--2 inches to 0; decomposed grass and roots. extremely gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose, A-0 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 313) gravelly silt nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium roots; about loam; moderate medium subangular blocky 75 percent pebbles; slightly acid. structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; Location and Setting slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Purcell about 30 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent, Range, Young Creek, NWIA sec. 9, T. 36 N., R. 28 W., detailed soil map unit 107. The profile described is on a slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bwl-13 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (1OYR 614) gently sloping high terrace. The parent material is glacial outwash. Elevation is 2,700 feet. "the vegetation very gravelly silt loam; moderate fine subangular is dry, mixed forest. The habitat type is Douglas-fir1 blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky snowberry. and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; about 50 percent pebbles; slightly Range in Characteristics effervescent, slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 3 Bw2-22 to 28 inches; light gray (2.5Y 712) very to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, or gravelly silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and 15 to 60 percent. Re-action is neutral or slightly acid. slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and The horizon is 2 to 5 inches thick. coarse roots; 55 percent pebbles; strongly The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear wavy 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is very fine sandy boundary. u loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. The content of Bkl-28 to 55 inches; white (5Y 812) very gravelly silt rock fragments ranges from 35 to 85 percent. Reaction loam; moderate medium subangular blocky is neutral to moderately acid. The horizon is 20 to 35 structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and inches thick. slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 5 and many coarse roots; about 60 percent pebbles; to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is loamy sand or lime disseminated throughout and lime coatings on sand. The content of rock fragments ranges from 35 to the underside of pebbles; violently effervescent, 85 percent. Reaction is neutral to moderately acid. strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Bk2-55 to 60 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) extremely gravelly silt loam; moderate medium subangular Xerolls blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky Xerolls are base-saturated grassland soils of and slightly plastic; few medium roots; about 70 Mediterranean climates. They have a dark surface layer percent pebbles; lime disseminated throughout and that is more than 7 inches thick. In 6 years out of 10, lime coatings on the underside of pebbles; violently they are dry for more than 45 days during the summer. effervescent, strongly alkaline. Location and Setting Calcixerolls Northwestern Montana, Lincoln County, Cabinet Calcixerolls are Xerolls that have an accumulation of Range, Canoe Gulch, sec. 7, T. 30 N., R. 20 W., lime in the subsoil within 60 inches of the surface. They detailed soil map unit 510. The profile described is on a are calcareous at or near the surface. south-facing mountain slope. Slope is 30 percent. The parent material is derived from calcareous Typic Calcixerolls metasedimentary rocks. Elevation is 3,000 feet. The Typic Calcixerolls are freely drained, deep vegetation is open-grown forest. The habitat type is Calcixerolls. In this survey area they formed in material ponderosa pine/bitterbrush. ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho i

I I Range in Characteristics from 35 to 60 percent. Reaction is slightly alkaline or The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 moderately alkaline. The horizon is slightly effervescent or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or loam. or moderately effervescent. It is 10 to 25 inches thick. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 35 The Bk horizon has hue of 10YR to SY, value of 6 to percent. The horizon is 7 to 20 inches thick. 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, or The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, or from 35 to 85 percent. Reaction is moderately alkaline fine sandy loam. The content of rock fragments ranges or strongly alkaline. Formation of the Soils

Five principal factors affect soil formation. They are eruptions of Mt. St. Helens, also has been identified in parent material, topography, biological activity, climate, the area. and time. These soil-forming factors are interdependent; The depth of the loess surface layer is partially each modifies the effects of the others. correlated with landscape position. The loess surface Soil is formed through the combined effects of these layer tends to be thicker on north-facing slopes and on five factors. The differences in soils are mainly due to concave slopes than on other slopes. It is undetectable the relative importance or strength of the various on some steep, south-facing slopes. The loess is often factors. In mountainous areas changes in one or more diluted on some ridges and the steeper slopes because soil-forming factors occur within relatively short it has been mixed with subsoil material. It generally is distances. The many microclimates that result from dark brown to reddish brown. change in elevation, air drainage, topography, slope, The parent material of the subsoil and substratum is and aspect strongly influence soil formation. derived from the underlying rocks, glacial drift, or Topography, time, and the complexity of the parent lacustrine deposits. The subsoil and substratum of the material also influence the kinds of soil that form in the soils formed in these kinds of parent material are area. The relative effects of each soil-forming factor in dominantly medium textured to coarse textured. Those determining soil characteristics at any particular site are formed in weathered glacial till or lacustrine deposits difficult to evaluate. can be moderately fine textured or fine textured. Some Some relationships between soil properties and of the parent material of the subsoil and substratum is parent material are obvious in the survey area. Most of calcareous, and the soils that formed in this parent the soils have a surface layer of loess that has been material can have free lime in the subsoil or influenced by volcanic ash. Most of the volcanic ash substratum. If formed in compact glacial till, the is from the eruption of Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake, substratum has bulk density of 1.5 to 1.8 grams per Oregon) in the year 6800 B.C. Volcanic ash from cubic centimeters when dry and is hard and brittle when other sources, such as Glacier Peak and several moist. References

(1) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(2) Gracean, E.L., and R. Sands. 1980. Compaction of forest soils: A review. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18: 163-89.

(3) Mueggler, W.F., and W.L. Stewart. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Intermt. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-66.

(4) Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Intermt. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34.

(5) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(6) United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1982. Monthly normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days, 1951-1 980, Montana. I Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is the surface. similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon centimeters) in diameter. dioxide and lower in oxygen. Breaklands. The steep or very steep broken land at the Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single border of an upland that is dissected by ravines or mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as canyons. granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Bulk density. The mass of dry soil per unit volume, are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Albic horizon. A light colored surface layer or lower Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a horizon from which clay and free iron oxides have nearby central area for transport to a processing been removed or so segregated as to permit the facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of color to be determined by the primary sand a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement particles. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees deposited on land by streams. generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or Alpine. Characteristic of high mountains, especially the entire log is suspended. ones modified by intense glacial erosion. Implies Cambic horizon. A horizon that has been altered or t high elevation and cold climate. changed by sod-forming processes, generally 1 Aquic moisture regime. A reducing regime that is occurring below a diagnostic surface horizon. virtually free of dissolved oxygen because the soil Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See is saturated by ground water. Crown.) 1 Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by an Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. accumulation of illuvial clay. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, Argillite. A compact rock derived from mudstone or magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. shale composed primarily of clay-sized particles. Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of Arterial road. A forest road that services large areas of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, land and usually connects with public highways. It expressed in terms of rnilliequivalents per 100 is designed for maximum mobility and travel grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some efficiency. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Ash, volcanic. Fine pyroclastic material smaller than soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity 4.0 millimeters in diameter. In this survey area the but is more precise in meaning. volcanik ash qualifies as fine ash, less than 0.25 Channel. The bed of a single or braided watercourse millimeter in diameter, because it is mostly in the that commonly is devoid of vegetation and is size ranges of silt and very fine sand. formed of modern alluvium. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowllike area that has cation-exchange properties is saturated with steep faces primarily resulting from glacial ice and exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), snow abrasion. expressed as a percentage of the total cation- Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less exchange capacity. than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural Basin. A depressional area that has no outlet or limited class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, outlets. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Bedrock. The solid material that underlies the soil and percent silt. Soil Survey

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface annual soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root higher than 0 degrees C but lower than 8 degrees channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. C and the mean summer soil temperature is lower Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on a than 8 degrees C if an Q horizon is present. particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself Cutbanks, road. The steep slope above a road from and does not change so long as the environment which material has been excavated during remains the same. construction. Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger than Delineation. A single enclosed area within a drawn 2 millimeters in diameter. boundary line on a map. A single occurrence of a Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. map unit. Cobble. A rounded or partly rounded fragment of rock 3 Dendritic drainage system. A drainage pattern to 10 inches (7.6 to 25.0 centimeters) in diameter. characterized by a treelike branching system in Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, which the tributaries join the main stream from all by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock directions and at almost any angle. fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25.0 centimeters) Deposition. The laying down of potential rock-forming in diameter. Very cobbly soil material is 35 to 60 materials; sedimentation. percent of these rock fragments, and extremely Deranged. A poorly integrated drainage system cobbly soil material is more than 60 percent. resulting from a relatively young landform having a Collector road. A forest road that connects to an flat or undulating topographic surface. Deranged arterial road and serves a smaller area of land. drainage patterns are on moraines in this survey The design of the road is influenced by the area. transportation needs of the land it serves. Displacement. Repositioning or removal of the surface Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, soil layer by mechanical action. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Dissected slope. A slope with deeply cut drainageways deposited at the base of steep slopes. at frequent intervals. The drainageways are Compaction. The packing together of soil particles by generally low order and are on valley side slopes forces exerted at the surface, resulting in that have narrow spur ridges. increased solid density. Drainage pattern. The spatial relationships among Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. streams or rivers, including geographic orientation Complex, soll. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil and angles of intersection of streams. These are or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern influenced by topographic relief, parent material, or so small an area that it is not practical to map and soil material. them separately at the selected scale of mapping. Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more open The pattern and proportion of the soils or and has broader bottom land than a ravine or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all gulch. areas. Droughty. An area or soil that characteristically has Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease either a prolonged or chronic lack of available with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. water. Terms commonly used to describe consistence at Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or various soil moisture contents are: colloidal suspension from one place io another Wet soil.-Nonsticky, slightly sticky, sticky, very within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material sticky, nonplastic, slightly plastic, plastic, very through eluviation are eluvial; those that have plastic. received material are illuvial. Moist soil.-Loose, very friable, friable, firm, very Erodibility. The tendency of a soil to be eroded. firm, extremely firm. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Dry soil.-Loose, soft, slightly hard, hard, very water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by hard, extremely hard. such processes as gravitational creep. Creep. Slow mass movement of earth material down Erosion hazard. An interpretation of the risk of erosion relatively steep slopes, primarily under the associated with a specified management practice. influence of gravity but facilitated by water Fan, alluvial. A low, outspread, gently sloping mass of saturation and frost action. loose rock material shaped like an open fan or a Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the segment of a cone, deposited by a stream. living branches and their foliage. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Cryic. A soil temperature regime in which the mean plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in the Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

proper balance, for the growth of specified plants appearance and approximately of the same size. when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much growth factors are favorable. as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in Fill, road. A structure, often composed largely of diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. borrowed soil and rock materials, that forms the Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent, foundation upon which a road surface is by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not constructed. prominently flattened, as much as 3 inches (7.6 Fill slope. A sloping surface consistiug of excavated centimeters) in diameter. soil material from a road cut. It is commonly is on Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of the downhill side of a road. the material below the water table. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Habitat type. All land areas potentially capable of Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a producing similar plant communities at climax. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected Habitat types are named by the climax tree artificially. It is usually a landform built of species in the first part of the name and a sediments deposited during overflow and lateral dominant undergrowth species in the second part migration of the stream. of the name. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Headwall. The steep slope at the head of a valley; Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants especially the rock cliff at the back of a cirque. (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Herbage. The total production of grasses, forbs, and Frigid. A soil temperature regime in which the soil at a shrubs available to livestock. depth of 20 inches has a mean soil temperature of Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as 0 degrees C to 8 degrees C and a mean summer much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, soil temperature equal to or greater than 8 commonly of limited summit area and having a degrees C. well defined outline. Frost pocket. Accumulation of cold air in a topographic Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to low or depression leading to the unseasonal the surface, having distinct characteristics occurrence of frost. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Glacial. Of or relating to the presence and activities of identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter ice and glaciers, as glacial erosion. Pertaining to represents the major horizons. Numbers or distinctive features and materials produced by or lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions derived from glaciers and ice sheets, as glacial of the major horizons. The major horizons of lakes. Pertaining to an ice age or region of mineral soil are as follows: glaciation. 0 horizon.-An organic layer of fresh and Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift, decaying plant residue. generally unconsolidated, deposited directly by a A horizon.-The mineral horizon at or near the glacier without subsequent reworking by water surface in which an accumulation of humified from the glacier, and consisting of a organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and E horizon.-The mineral horizon in which the main boulders varying widely in size and shape. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Glaciation. The formation, movement, and recession of some combination of these. glaciers or ice sheets. A collective term for the B horizon.-The mineral horizon below an A geologic processes of glacial activity, including horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of erosion and deposition, and the resulting effects of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C such action on the earth's surface. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, characteristics such as (1) accumulation of clay, resulting in the reduction of iron and other sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; elements in the profile and in gray colors. (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or Granite. A plutonic rock in which quartz constitutes 10 browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) to 50 percent of the felsic components and in a combination of these. which alkali feldspar constitutes 65 to 90 percent C horizon.-The mineral horizon or layer, of total feldspar. excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected Granitic. A class of igneous rocks in which the by soil-forming processes and does not have the constituent crystals are visible to the unaided eye. properties typical of the overlying soil material. Because of crowding, the crystals are nonglassy in The material of a C horizon may be either like or Soil Survey

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Lithologic. Pertaining to the physical characteristics of material is known to differ from that in the solurn, a rock. an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay letter C. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Cr horizon.-Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath than 52 percent sand particles. the soil. Local road. A forest road that connects terminal R layer.-Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The facilities to collector and arterial roads or public rock commonly underlies a C horizon but can be highways. It is designed according to the specific directly below an A or a B horizon. project transportation need. It is generally closed Hummock. A rounded or conical mound or knoll, to use when the project is complete. hillock, or other small elevation. Also, a slight rise Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized of ground above a level surface. particles, deposited by wind. Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part Low bearing strength. The soil is not strong enough to of the organic matter in mineral soils. support loads. Illuvlation. The movement of soil material from one Map unit. The set of areas delineated on a map horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, considered similar to all other members of the set material is removed from an upper horizon and (delineations) with respect to the selected deposited in a lower horizon. properties used to define the set. Inclusion. Soil found within a map unit not extensive Mean annual increment. The annual increase per acre enough to be mapped separately or as part of a in the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the complex. total volume of a stand by the age of the stand. Intrusive. Denoting igneous rocks derived from molten Meander. One of a series of sinuous loops, with sine- matter (magmas) that invaded pre-existing rocks wave form, in the course of a stream channel. and cooled below the surface of the earth. Meandering streams commonly have cross Isohyet. A line connecting points of equal precipitation. sections with low width to depth ratios; fine Lacustrine deposit. Clastic sediments deposited in a grained, cohesive bank material; and low gradient. lake. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt Landform. Any physical, recognizable form or feature of loam, or silt. the earth's surface, having a characteristic shape Metasedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks that show and produced by natural causes. The landforms in evidence of having been subjected to this survey area are described under the heading metamorphism. "Physiography." Micaceous rocks. Rocks that weather to produce Landscape. All the natural features, such as fields, material containing 40 percent or more mica. hills, forests, and water, that distinguish one part Middle Proterozoic. Era of geologic time of the earth's surface from another part. Also, the (approximately 900 to 1,600 million years ago). distinct association of landforms, especially as Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and modified by geologic forces, that can be seen in a low in organic material. Its bulk density is more single view. than that of organic soil. Landslide. A mass-wasting process, and the landform Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, produced, involving moderately rapid or rapid sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. (greater than 1 foot per year) downslope transport, Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay by means of gravitational stresses, of a mass of loam, or silty clay loam. rock and regolith that may or may not be water Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other saturated. debris deposited by a glacier. Landtype. Unit of land with similar designated soil, Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, vegetation, geology, topography, climate, and including the texture, structure, porosity, drainage. consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or and biological properties of the various horizons, other material by percolating water. and the thickness and arrangement of those Limestone. A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly (more horizons in the soil profile. than 50 percent) of calcium carbonate, primarily in Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that the form of calcite. vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil follows: abundance-few, common, and many; passes from a plastic to a liquid state. size-fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast- Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of measurements are of the diameter along the moisture content within which the soil remains greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 plastic. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, changes from semisolid to plastic. more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Pleistocene. The first epoch of the Quaternary period of Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising geologic time, following the Tertiary Pliocene more than 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, epoch and preceding the Holocene epoch (about 2 commonly of restricted summit area (relative to a million to 10,000 years ago). plateau) and generally having steep sides. A Precambrian. First era of geologic time (approximately mountain can occur as a single, isolated mass or 570 million years or more ago.) in a group forming a chain or range. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of a specified plant or sequence of plants under the three simple variables-hue, value, and specific management. chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 614 is a Profile, soil. The vertical section of the soil extending color with hue of IOYR, value of 6, and chroma of through all its horizons and into the parent 4. material. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 to Puddling. Destruction of the natural soil structure by 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) agitation with water. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Pyroxenite. An ultramafic plutonic rock chiefly essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly composed of pyroxene. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Quartzite. Relatively hard rock derived from magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, metamorphosed sandstone. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Quaternary. The second period of the Cenozoic era of hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and geologic time, extending from the end of the water. Tertiary period (about 2 million years age) to the Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in present and comprising two epochs, the various stages of decomposition. Pleistocene (ice age) and Holocene (recent). Outcrop. That part of a geologic formation or structure Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural that appears at the surface of the earth. vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike Outsloping. A road drainage practice in which the road plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or surface is sloped away from the cut slope and browsing. It includes natural grasslands, savannas, drainage water is discharged on the fill slope. many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and areas Parallel drainage system. In this survey area, a local that support certain forb and shrub communities. drainage pattern in which tributaries are parallel to Ravel. The movement of individual soil or gravel one another and join the main stream at right particles down a slope by gravitational force. angles, characteristic of steeply sloping landforms Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a and high energy streams. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction mineral matter in which soil forms. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH A pedan is three dimensional and large enough to values, are: permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from Ultra acid...... less than 3.5 about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Extremely acid...... 3.5 to 4.4 square meters), depending on the variability of the Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 soil. Strongly acid...... 5.1 to 5.5 Medium acid...... 5.6 to 6.0 Permeability. 'The quality of the soil that enables water Slightly acid...... 6.1 to 6.5 or air to move downward through the profile. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Permeability is measured as the number of inches Mildly alkaline...... 7.4 to 7.8 per hour that water moves downward through the Moderately alkaline...... 7.9 to 8.4 saturated soil. Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 ...... 9.1 and higher pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Very strongly alkaline alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Regeneration. 'The renewal of a tree crop by natural or Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the artificial means. Soil Survey

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock digging action of flowing air, water, or ice. and soil material on the earth's surface; the loose Sediment. Solid clastic material, both mineral and earth material above the solid rock. organic, that is in suspension, is being transported, Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, or has been moved from its site of origin by water, considered collectively. wind, ice, or mass-wasting and has come to rest Resident. Term describing fish species in the survey on the earth's surface either above or below sea area that spend their entire life cycle in local level. stream systems. Sediment delivery efficiency. The relative ease with Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, which sediments produced in a landscape reach weathered or partly weathered mineral material stream channels within the same landscape. This that accumulated as consolidated rock is the qualitative equivalent of the sediment disintegrated in place. delivery ratio, which is the ratio of the sediment Ridge. A long, narrow elevation of the land surface, reaching streams to the amount eroded within a usually sharp crested with steep sides and forming drainage area. an extended upland between valleys. Seral. A plant species or community that is replaced by Rippable. Material, usually bedrock, which can be another species or community as succession mechanically dislodged using machines without progresses. resorting to the use of explosives. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that Road cut. The sloping surface produced by mechanical range in diameter from the upper limit of clay means during road construction. It is commonly on (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine the uphill side of the road. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Rock fall. Fall of cobble-sized and larger rocks from that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 steep cut slopes onto the road surface. percent clay. Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Siltite. An indurated or somewhat indurated rock diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, composed primarily of silt-sized particles. pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Rock outcrop. Barren exposures of hard bedrock that based on the height of the dominant stand at an is fractured in places. Some soil material is in arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average cracks and crevices. The rock is mostly height attained by dominant and codominant trees rnetasedimentary in this survey area. When rock in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is outcrop is on steep slopes, it generally includes 75 feet, the site index is 75 feet. small areas of loose stones, cobbles, or gravel. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Rock weathering. Transformation of rock by physical horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical and chemical processes associated with the distance divided by horizontal distance, then environment at the earth's surface. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Rolllng grade. A road drainage practice in which the drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. road grade is designed to provide low points at Slough. Small landslides involving less than 10 cubic intervals to allow drainage water to escape. yards of material that detaches from the slopes of Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated raad cuts and falls in the road ditches and on the by plant roots. road surface. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's channels from an area. The water that flows off surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has the surface of an area without sinking into the soil properties resulting from the integrated effect of is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil climate and living matter acting on earthy parent before reaching surface streams is called ground- material, as conditioned by relief over periods of water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. time. Ruts. Furrows made in road surfaces by the passage of Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters wheeled vehicles over wet, plastic soil material. in equivalent diameter and ranging between Sand. A soil separate, individual rock or mineral specified size limits. The names and sizes, in fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in millimeters, of separates recognized in the United diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a States are as follows: soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more Very coarse sand...... 2.0 to 1.0 sand and not more than 10 percent clay. Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Scour. The powerful and concentrated clearing and Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.1 0 The term is usually applied to both the relatively Very fine sand ...... 0.1 0 to 0.05 flat summit surface (platform, tread), cut or built by Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 Clay ...... less than 0.002 stream or wave action, and the steeper descending slope (scarp, riser), graded to a lower Solar insolation. Sum total of all long and short wave base level of erosion. radiation intercepted by a slope. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and Solurn. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural horizon, in which the processes of soil formation classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay the material in these horizons are unlike those of loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, the material below the solum. The living roots and loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be plant and animal activities are largely confined to further divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or the solum. "very fine." Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Topography. The relative position and elevations of the centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 natural or constructed features of an area that inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. describe the configuration of its surface. Stratified. Formed, arranged, or laid down in layers. Transitory range. Livestock forage available from The term refers to geologic deposits. Layers in typically forested land during the period of seral soils that result from the processes of soil grass, forb, and shrub growth following timber formation are called horizons; those inherited from harvest or fire. the parent material are called strata. Trough wall. The side slope of an elongated, U-shaped Stream order. In a drainage basin network, the smallest valley produced by glacial activity. unbranched tributaries are designated stream Udic. A soil that, in the moisture-control section of the order 1; the confluence of two first-order streams soil profile, is not dry (less than 15-bar soil water) produces a stream segment of order 2; the in any part for as long as 90 days (cumulative) in junction of two second-order streams produces a most years and is not dry in all parts for as long as stream segment of order 3; etc. The order of a 45 consecutive days in the 4 months that follow drainage basin is determined by the highest the summer solstice in 6 or more years out of 10. integer. Upland. The elevated land above the low areas along Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil streams or between hills; land above the footslope particles into compound particles or aggregates. zone of the hillslope continuance. The principal forms of soil structure are-platy Ustic. A soil which, in the moisture-control section of (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates the soil profile, is dry (less than 15-bar soil water) longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with in some or all parts for 90 days or more rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and (cumulative) in most years but is not dry more granular. Structureless sol Is are either single grain than half the time that the soil temperature is (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive above 50 degrees C at a depth of 50 centimeters. (the particles adhering without any regular This moisture regime is intended to recognize soils cleavage, as in many hardpans). that are dry most of the time; however, moisture is Subgrade. The upper part of roadfill upon which the available to plants during the growing season. road surfacing components are placed. Valley. An elongated, relatively large, externally drained Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of depression of the earth's surface that is primarily the solum below the surface soil. developed by stream erosion. Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. Volcanic. Pertaining to the deep-seated (igneous) Surface layer. The uppermost layer in the soil, usually processes by which magma and associated gases ranging in depth from 4 to 10 inches. rise through the crust and are extruded onto the Taxonomic unit. A defined class at any categorical earth's surface and into the atmosphere and the level in the soil classification system. The soil structure, rocks, and landforms produced. names for map units refer to taxonomic units. Water bar. A shallow ditch excavated diagonally across Terrace, stream. A steplike surface, bordering a valley a road surface to provide cross drainage. floor or shoreline, that represents the former Weathering. All physical and chemical changes position of an alluvial plain, fan, lake, or seashore. produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the earth's surface by atmospheric agents. These Xeric. The soil moisture regime in which the soil changes result in disintegration and decomposition moisture-control section is dry in all parts for 45 or of the material. more consecutive days during 4 months in the Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by summer and moist for 45 or more consecutive the wind. days during 4 months in the winter. Tables Soil Survey

TABLE l.--AVEIUUZ ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE

(Recorded in the period 1951-80)

I I I Weather station I Elevation I Average annual 1 Average annual I I precipitation ( temperature I I I 0 I -Ft I -In I -F I I I Troy------1 1,929 1 25.5 I 46.3 I I I Libby (1 mile northeast) ------1 2,080 1 19.4 I 45.1 I I I Heron (2 miles northwest) ------1 2,240 1 34.3 1 44.0 I I I Rexford Ranger Station*------1 2,350 1 17.3 I 44.3 I I I Trout Creek Ranger Station------I 2,356 1 29.1 1 45.6 I I I Eureka Ranger Station**------1 2,532 1 13.8 I 44.7 I I I Troy (18 miles north) ------1 2,716 1 36.5 I 44.4 I I I Fortine (I mile north)------1 3,000 1 17.0 I 41.6 I I I Libby (32 miles south-southeast) -- l 3,600 1 26.6 I 40.7 I I I

* Records end in 1960. ** Records begin in 1960. TABLE 2.--FEATWRXS USED TO PMYT BOUNDARIES OF MAP WITS

r I I 1 1 1 I I Landform Islope I Parent material I Vegetation I Aspect ( Elevation ( Rock svmbol I I I I 1 I I outcrop I 1 -Pet 1 I I -Ft I -Pct I I I I I 1 1 101----1Flood plains------I 0-10 IAlluvial deposits------IMoist , mixed forest----!Variable 11,800-4,200 1 I I I I 1 I I 102----1~~~~~~~~------( 0-15 iLacustrine deposits------[Moist, mixed forest----(Variable I12,000-3,7001 I I I I I I 103----ITerraces------( 0-15 IAlluvial depoaits------/Moist, mixed forest----)Variable 12,000-3,500I 1 I I I I I 104----lKamea and kettles----I 5-35 IGlacial drift------IMoist, mixed forest----1Variable 12,500-4,000 1

I I I I I 1 Glacial outwaah deposits I Moist, mixed f oreat---- I Variable 12,500-4,0001 I I 1 I b IGlacial outwash deposits ]Mountain grassland----- IVariable 12,500-2,7001 I I I I I ILacustrine deposits and lidoist, mixed forest----1Variable 12,000-4,0001 1 glacial outwash deposits. I I I I I I i I 1 IAlluvial deposits------)Mountain grassland----- IVariable 12,500-2,7001 I I I I I 1 Glacial outwash deposits I Moist, mixed forest----I Variable 12,000-3,5001 I I I 1 I 1 Glacial outwash depoaits )Mountain grassland----- IVariable 12,500-2,700{ I I I I I Ilacuatrine deposits------IMoist, mixed forest----[Variable (2,200-3,6001 I I I I I (Lacustrine deposits------[Mountain grassland-----IVariable 12,500-2,7001 I I I I 1 201----IBreaklands------160-80 JMaterial weathered from I Dry, mixed forest ------I Southerly 12,400-4,800 ) I I I metasedimentary rocks. I I I I I I I 1 I L I 251----113~~&l~~d~------160-80 (Material weathered from (Dry, mixed forest and +Northerly12,500-5,0001 I I I metasadimentary rocka. I moist, mixed forest. I I I 1 I I I I I I 252----1~~~~kl~~d~------160-80 IMaterial weathered from I Moist, mixed forest---- INortherly 13,100-5,0001 I 1 1 metasedimentary rocks. t I I I I I I 1 I I I 301----IGlaciatedmountain 115-35 IComrpact glacial till------IDry, mixed forest------{Southerly12,400-3, BOO I I slopes. I I I I t I I I I I I I I 302----)Glaciated mountain 130-60 1Compact glacial till------(Dry, mixed forest------JSoutherlyl3,000-4,2001 1 slopes. I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 303----1Glaciated mountain 115-35 IMaterial weathered from IOpen-grown forest------ISoutherly13,500-4,7001 I ridges. 1 I metasedimentary rocks. I I I I I I I I I 1 I 321----1Ddins and 110-40 ICompact glacial till------!Dry, mixed. forest------IVariable 12,500-3,8001 I moraines. 1 1 I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I TABLE 2.--FEATURES USED TO PLOT BOUNDARIES OF MAP UNITS--Continued

I Landform rslope I Parent material I Vegetation I Aspect Elevation ( Rock symbol I I I I I f I outcrop f I -Pet I 1 I 1 -Ft I -Pct I I I t t I 1 322----IMoraines------115-35 ]Compact glacial till------[Moist, mixed forest----]Variable (2,500-5,0001 0 I I I I I I I 323---- lMoraines------115-35 ICompact glacial till------IDry, mixed forest------1Variable 12,500-5,0001 0 1 I I I I f I 324----1Moraines------115-35 ]Compact glacial till------/Dry, mixed forest------IVariable 12,500-4,0001 0 I t 1 I r I I 325----[Flood plains and 1 5-25 fAlluvia1 deposits------IMoist, mixed forest----/Variable 12,500-4,5001 0 1 alluvial fans. I I I I I I I I I I I I I 328----1Glaciated mountain 115-35 ICompact glacial till------lMoist, mixed forest----INortherlyf3,000-5,400) 0 I slopes. t I I I I I I I f I I I I 329----fMoraines------115-35 tCompact glacial till------1Subalpine forest------1Variable 13,000-5,5001 0 4 I I I I I I 351----\Dissected glaciated 130-60 ]Compact glacial till------[Moist, mixed forest----lNortherly13,000-4,5001 0 I mountainslopes. I 1 I I I I I t I I I I 352----1Glaciated mountain ICompact glacial till------IMoist, mixed forest----fNortherly12,200-5,6001 0 I slopes. I I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 353----/Glaciatedmountain 1Material weathered from (Subalpine forest and \Variable (4,000-6,0041 30 1 ridges. I rnetasedimentary rocks. I moist, mixed forest. I 1 I I I I I I I 355----[Glaciated mountain JCompact glacial till------[Moist, mixed forest---- ]Northerly13,000-5,500 1 20 1 slopes. I I I I 1 I I I I I I 357----1Dissected glaciated ICompact glacial till and IMoist, mixed forest----lNortherly13,500-5,5001 0 ( mountain slopes. 1 material weathered from 1 1 i I I 1 metasedimentary rocks. 1 I I I I I I I I I 360----1Glaciated mountain IMaterial weathered from ISubalpine forest------IVariable 14,500-6,0001 60 I ridges. 1 metasedimentary rocks. I I & 1 I I I I I I 365---- I Dissected glaciated ICompact glacial till------{Moist, mixed forest----fNortherly12,500-5,5001 0 I mountain slopes. I I I I I I I I I I I 370----[Glaciated mountain $Materialweathered from )Moist, mixed forest----]Variable 13,800-6,0001 0 I slopes. I granitic rocks. ! I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 381----IDissected glaciated 130-60 ICompact glacial till and IDry, mixed forest------1 Southerly 13,000-5,0001 0 I mountain slopea. I 1 material weathered from ( I I I I I I rnetasedimentary rocks. 1 I 1 i I 1 I 1 I I I 401----jGlacialtrough walls $60-80 IMaterial weathered from ISubalpine forest------IVariable 14,200-8,0001 40 I I J metasedimentary rocks andl 1 I I I 1 friable till. I I I I 2.--FXATURES USED TO PLOT BOWARIES OF UNITS--Continued TABU W 3 I 1 I I I I I 0, Map I Landform Isl~I Parent material I Vwetation I Asmct 1 Elevation I Rock %

403----5Cirque headwalls 140-80 ]Material weathered from ISubalpine forest------i~ariable i5,500-8,700i 60 1 and alpine ridges. I metasedimentary rocks andl I 1 I 1 I I friable glacial till. I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I 4o4----1hraines------115-45 IFriable glacial till------[Moist, mixed forest----iVariable 14,500-6,5001 0 I I I I 1 I I 405----IGlaciatedmountain 115-50 lMaterial weathered from ISubalpine forest------IVariable 15,500-8,0001 20 ridges. 1 I metasedimentary rocks andl I I I I 1 I friable glacial till. I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I 406----(Glaciated mountain (15-50 \Material weathered from JSubalpine forest------IVariable 15,000-6,500 1 0 I ridges. I I metasedimentary rocks and1 I I I I I 1 friable glacial till. 1 I I I I I I I I t I 407----1Moraines------1 5-20 !Friable glacial till------tMoist, mixed forest----!Variable 13,000-5,5001 L I 1 I 1 1 I 408----IGlaciatedmountain i60-80 IMaterialweathered from IMoist, mixed forest----]Variable 13,000-5,5001 I slopes. I I matasedimentary rocks andl I I 1 I I I friable glacial till. I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 502----IW~~ntainslopes------135-60 IMaterial weathered from IDry, mixed forest------ISoutherly12,800-4,5001 f I ( metasedimentary rocks. 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 I I I 503----1Mountain slopes------135-55 lldaterial weathered from ]Open-grown forest------ISoutherly 1 3,000-5,0001 I I I metasedimentary rocks. I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 510----[Mountain slopes------115-50 IMaterial weathered from IOpen-grown forest------ISoutherly13,OOO-4,5001 1 I 1 metasedizmntary rocks. I I I I I I 1 I I I I 520----1Mountain slopes------115-35 IMaterial weathered from Ilboist, mixed forest----1Variable 12,700-4,0001 I 1 1 micaceous rocks. I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 522----(Mountain slops------120-60 (Material weathered from (Moiat, mixed forest----)Vari&le 13,000-5,5001 I I I granitic rock*. I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 552----]Mountain slopes------135-60 ]Material weathered from IMoiat, mixed foreat----llortherlyI3,000-5,4001 I 1 I metasadimentary rocks. I t 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I 555----1~ountainslopen------125-50 IMakerial weathered from IMoist, mixed forest----1Variable 13,500-6,0001 I I I metasedimentary rocks. I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I 570----1Mountain slopes------135-60 [Material weathered from (Moist, mixed forest andlvariable (2,500-5,0001 I I I metaeedimentary rocka. t dry, mixed forest. I I I I I I I I I I Soil Survey

TABLR 3.--lWMERZW LISTING OF MAP SYMBOLS AND THE ACREAGE OF THE SOILS

*P I I svmboll Soil name I Acres I I I I 101------Illuwnts, flood plains------I 102------IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacuatrine terraces------I 103------IAndic Dystrochrepts, alluvial terraces------I 104------IAndic Dystrochrepts-Umbric Vitrandepts complex, kames and ( 105---+-- lmic udifluvcnts, poorly drained------+------I 106------IAndic Dystrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces------I 107------ITypic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash terraces------I 108------IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine terraces-Andic I 1 Dystrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces, complex------I log------ITypic Xerochrepts, alluvial terraces------I 110------IEutrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces------I 111------lCalcixerollic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash terraces------I 112------IEutric Glossoboralfs, lacustrine terraces------I 114------1Typic Xerochrepts, lacustrine terraces------I 201------IRock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts-Typic Ustochrepts complex, I ( breaklands------*------+------I 251------1Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, breaklands------I 252------Imc Dystrachrepts, breaklands------+------I 301------1~ystricEutrochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes------I 302------JTypic Ustochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes, steep------1 303------(Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, glaciated mountain I - 321------I~ypi~EUtroborrlfs, drumlins------I 322------IEutric Glossoboralfs, moraines------I 323------ITypic Eutroboralfs, moraines------+------I 324------ITypic $utrochrepts, I 325------1Aeric Calciaquolls, somewhat poorly drained------I .328------1Andic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes------I 329------1Andic Cryochrepts, moraines, dense, brittle substratum------I 351------1Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected glaciated mountain slopes----I 352------lAndic Qystrochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes------I 353------IAndic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, I 1 glaciated munt-in ridges------I $55------IAndic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, glaciated mountain1 357------lAndic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, dissected I I glaciated mountain slops------I 360------IRock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, glaciated mountain I I ridges------*------I 365------IAndic Dystrochrepts, dissected glaciated mountain slopes, 1 1 steep------+------*---I 370------(~ndic-Dystrochrepts,glaciated mountain slopes, granitic I I *ubstratm------I 381------1Typic Ustochrepts-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, dissected I I mountain slops, dry------I 401------[Rock outcrop-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, I I trough walls------+-----L-I 403------[Rock outcrop-lithic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryochrepts complex, I 1 cirque headwalls and alpine ridges------I 404------IAndic Cryochrepts, moraines, steep------I 405------ILithic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, I 1 mountain ridges------I 406------IAndic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain ridges------I 407------l&-,dic Cryochrepts, mraines------I 408------IAndic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, glaciated mountain I I slopes, very steep------I 502------1Typic U~tochrepts,mountain slopes, south aspects------I 503------IRock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts ccwrplex, south aspects------I 510------lTypic Calcixerolls, south aspects------I 520------[Andic Dymtrie Eutrochrepts, micaceous substratum------I 522------1Andic Dyatrochrepts, granitic substratum------I I I TABLE 3.--NUMERICAL LISTING OF MW SYMBOLS AND THE ACREAGE OF THE SOILS--Continued

symbol- I Soil name I Acres I I I I 552------IAndic Dystrochrepts, mountain slopes------67,892 555------1Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, mountain slopes-----I 101,334 570------1Andic Dyatrochrepta-Typic Ustochrepts complex, mountain I I slopas------+------+------I 7,712 Soil Survey

TABLE 4.--AfsHABETICAt LISTING OF DETAILED SOIL MAP UNITS

-P I Symbol I Soil name I I 325------1Aeric Calciaquolls, somenhat poorly drained 406------IAndic Cryochrepts, glaciated mountain ridges 328------\Andie Cryockerpts, glaciated mountain slopes 357------(Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, dissected glaciated I mountain slops 407------1Andic Cryochrepts, moraines 329------IAndic Cryoch~epts,moraines, dense, brittle subatratum 404------1~ndicCryochrepts, moraines, steep 408------1Andic Cryochrepts-Rpck outcrop complex, glaciated mountain slopes, ( very steep 555------(Andic Cryochreptr-Rock outcrop cemplex, mountsill slapes 353------1Andic Cryochtepts-Rock ~utcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, glaciated I mountain ridges 102------1Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, lacustrine terracsa 108------1Andic Dystric Eutrochrepta, lacustrine terraces-Andic Dystrochrepts, I glacial outwaah terraces, complex 520------1Andic Dyatric Eutrochrepts, micaceous substratum 103------1Andic Dystrochrepts, alluvial terraces 252------[Andic Dystxochrepts, breaklands 351------1Andic Dystrochrepts, dissected glaciated mountain slopes 365------lhdic Dyatrochrepts, dissected glaciatsd meuntain slopes, steep 106------1Andic Dystrochrepts, glacial outwash terrace* 352------IAndic Dystrodrrepts, glaciated mountain slopes 370------1Andic Dystrochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes, granitic substratum 522------1Andi.c Dystrochrepts, granitic substratum 552------(Andic Dystrochrepts, mountain slopes 251------1Andic Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, breaklands 355------\Andit Dystrochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, glaciated mountain slopes 570------1Andic Dyatrochrepts-Typic Ustochrepta complex, mountain slopes 104------1Andic ~ystrochre~tk-UmbricVitrandepts complex, kames and kettles 109------1Aquic Udifluvents, poorly drained 111------)CalcixerolLicXerochrepts, glacial outwash terraces 301------1Dystric Eutrochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes 112------1Eutric Glossoboralfs, lacustrine terraces 322------1Eutric Glossoboralfs, moraines 110------1Eutrochrepts, glacial outwash terraces 101------(Fluventn, flood plains 405------lfithic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryochrepts-Rock outcrop complex, glaciated I mountain ridges 401------(Rock outcrop-Andic Cryochrepts-Lithic Cryochrepts complex, glacial I trough walls 403------1Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochrepts-Andic Cryochrepts complex, cirque I headwalls and alpine ridqes 360------1Rock outcrop-Lithic Cryochreptu complex, glaciated mountain ridges 303+----- [Rock outcrop-lithic Ustochrepts complex, glaciated mountain ridges 503------1Rock outcrop-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, south aspects 201------(Rock outcrop-Lithic Uatochreptrr-Typic Ustochrepts complex, breaklands 510------(Typic CaLcixerolls, south aspects 321------(Typic Eutroboralfr, drumlins 323------1Typic Eutroboralfs, moraines 324------(Typic Eutrochrepts, moraines 302------1Typic Ustochrepts, glaciated mountain slopes, steep 381------\Typic Urrtochreptrr-Lithic Ustochrepts complex, dissected glaciated ( mountain slopes, dry 502------\Typic Ustochrepts, mountain slopes, south aspects 109------(Typic Xerochrepts, alluvial terraces 107------(Typic Xerochrepts, glacial outwash terraces 114------1Typic Xerochrept~, lacustrine terraces I TABLE 5.--TIMBER MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVIW

(Only map units with a forested component are Listed)

I I I I I I Map 1 Tractor 1 I Sediment I Non- I Forest I Relative symbol I operation I Regeneration I hazard lforestedl vegetative group I productivity I I I I area I I I I I I -pet I I I I I I I I 101-----!Soil damage---!Frost pockets---[Severe-----1 20 IMoist, mixed forest---lfligh. I I I I I I 102----- Isoil damnge---IN0 limitations (Merate---I 0 )Moist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I IDy, mixed forest----- lldoderate. I I I 1 I I 103-----Isoil damage---IN0 limitations Isevere----- I 0 (Moist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I 104-----Isoil damage---IFrost pockets---(Moderate---I 15 (MOibt, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I 106-----ISoil damage---IN0 limitations Ilhderate---I 0 IMaist, mixed forest---lfligh. I I I I I I 108-----Isoil damage---IN0 limitations IUoderate---1 0 IMoist, mixed forest---lfligh. I I I I I I 110-----Isoil damage---IN0 limitations IModerate---I 0 IMoist, mixed formst---lffigh. I I I I I I 112-----)Soildamage---INolimitations IMaderate---I 0 IMoist,mixedforest---(High. I I I I I I 251--+--I slope, (No limitations Isevere----- 1 40 IMoist, mixed foreat---lfligh. I rock outcrop.1 I I JDry, mixed forest----- (Low I I 1 I I I 252-----1slope------(No limitations Isevere----- I 0 IMoist, mixed foreat---IHigh. I I I I I I 301-----IN0 limitations(No limitations (Moderate---( 0 !Dry, mixed ferest----- I Moderate. I I I I 1 I 302-----1slope------JNo limitations JModerate---I 0 JDry, mixed forest----- I Moderate. I I I I I I 303-----IRock outcrop INo limitations IModerate---I SO [Open-grown forest----- (Very low. I I I I I I 321----- (No 1imitationslCompetition-----(Moderate---I 0 )Dry, mixed foreat----- I Moderate. I I I I I I 322-----Isoil damage---IN0 limitations IModerate---I 0 IMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I 323-----IN0 limitationslCompetition-----\Moderate---I 0 IDry, mixed forest----- IModerate. I I I I I I 324-----IN0 limitations(Competition-----IModerate---I 0 IDry,mixtpdforest-----1 Moderate. I I I I I I 325-----Isoil damage---IFrost pockets---Isevere-----I 0 (Moist, mixed forest---IEIigh. I I I I I I 328-----!Soil damage---IN0 limitations \Moderate---I 0 IMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I 329-----Isoil damage---IN0 limitations IModerate---I 0 (Subalpine forest------l High. I I I I I I 351--7--(510pe------/No limitations Isevere-----) 0 !Moist, mixed forest---(High. I I I I I I 352-----IComplex slope,(No limitations )Moderate---I 0 Jldoist, mixed forest---JHigh. I soil damage. I I I I I I I I I I I 353-----Isoil damage, IEtarsh climate Jmderate---I 30 [Subalpine forest------IVmry low. I rock outcrop.1 at higher I I (Moist, mixed forest---lfligh. I I elevations. I I I I I I I I I I 355----- lRock outcrop INo limitations Ilbderate---I 20 IWoist, mixed forest---(High. I I I I I I 357----- 1slop------ICompetition-----Isevere----- I 0 IMO~S~,mixed forest---lfligh. I I I I I I 360----- lRock outcrop IHarsh climate---Islight-----1 60 ISubalpine forest------1Very low. I I I I I I 365-----1Slope------lNo limitations Isevere-----I 0 IMoist, mixed forest---llligh. I I I I I I 370----- /Soil damage---IN0 limitations )Severe-----I 0 JMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I Soil Survey

TABLE 5.--TIMBER MANAGENENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued I I I I I I ~ap I Tractor 1 I Sediment I Non- I Forest I Relative symbol I operation I Regeneration 1 hazard Iforestedl vegetative group I productivity I I I I area I I I I I I -PCt I I I I I I I 1 381----- 1slop------ICampetition, Isevere-----I 0 IDry, mixed forest-----llow. 1 I insolation. I 1 I I I I I I I I 404----- (Soil damage---(No limitations (Moderate---I 0 JMoiat, mixed forest---\High. I I I I I I 405-----ICoanplex slope,[Harsh climate---[Moderate---! 20 (Subalpine forest------(Very low. I soil damage, I 1 I I I I rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I 406----- Icomplex slope,lhrsh climate---IModerate---I 0 (Subalpine forest------1Low. I soil damage. I I I I I I J I I I I 4~7-----\Soil damage---\Frost pockets, Isevere-----I 0 JMoist, mixed forest---IHkgh. I I competition. I I I I I I I I I I 408-----Islope, NO limitations Isevere-----) 15 JMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I rock outcrop. I I I 1 I I I I I I I 502----- Islope------IInuolation, Islight-----I 0 IDry, mixed forest-----(Moderate. I I competition. I I I I I I I I I I 503-----Islope, )Insolation------)Slight-----I 50 IOpen-grown forest-----IVery low. I rock outcrop.1 I 1 I I I I I I I I 510-----IComplex slope Ifnsolation------Isevere-----I 0 I-n-grown forest-----IVery low. I I I I I 1 520----- JSoil damage---IN0 limitations Inoderate---I 0 IMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I I I I I I 522-----IComplex slope,INo limitations IModerate---I 0 [Moist, mixed forest---IHigh. I soil damage. I I I I I I I I I I I 552-----Islope------IN0 limitations Inoderate---1 0 /Moist, mixed forest---IEigh. I 1 I I I I 555----- IComplex slope,ICompetition-----IModerate---I 20 IMoist, mixed forest---(High. I soil damage, I I I I I I rock outcrop.1 I I I I I I I I I I 570----- IS^^^------(Insolation on (Moderate---( 0 IMoist, mixed forest---IHigh. I 1 southerly 1 I IDry, mixed forest-----JModerats. I I aspect*. I I I I ~ootenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

TAB= 6.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

I I I Frag- I I I Nap I USDA texture I Unified I ments JPercentage passing sieve number--JLipuidlPlasticity symbol I Iclassifi-1 > 3 1 I I I I limit( index I I cation linches 1 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 I I I I I PCt I I I I l Pct I

I I I I I I I I I 103*---- (Very gravelly very fine ISM 1 0-40 1 80-90 1 40-60 1 30-50 1 12-20 1 --- I IYP I sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I lOQ----- lVery gravelly very fine ISM, M 1 0-40 1 50-100 1 30-1001 20-100 1 12-90 1 0-35 1 NP-10 I sandy loam, silt. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IDS*----1Very gravelly sandy I 1 0-5 1 50-70 1 30-60 1 30-50 1 12-20 ( --- I NP I loam, extremely I I I I I I I I I gravelly sandy loam. I 1 I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I 106*---- IVery gravelly very fine 1% 1 0-40 ( 50-70 1 40-60 1 30-50 1 12-20 1 --- I NP I sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 107*----1Very gravelly sandy loamJSM 1 0-50 1 50-75 1 30-50 1 50-60 1 12-15 1 --- I NP I I 108*---- ISilt loam, very fine I=, I sandy loam, very 1 I I gravelly very fine I I I sandy loam. I I I I I 109-----IExtremely gravelly loamylSM 0-50 ( SO-SO I sand. I I I 110-----IVery fine sandy loam----ISM I I Ill*----1Very fine sandy loam, ISM I loamy fine sand. I I I 112-----ISilty clay------I CL

I I 201-----!Fractured bedrock------I --- I I 251-----IExtremely gravelly very IGW-GM 1 fine sandy loam. I I I 252-----IExtremely gravelly very IGM .I fine sandy loam. I I I 301----- JVery gravelly fine sandylSM I Loam, loamy sand. I I I 302-----(Very gravelly fine sandylSM 1 loam. I I I 303-----IFractured bedrock------I --- I I I I I I I I I 321*----1very gravelly loam------In I 0-40 ( 50-60 1 45-55 1 40-50 1 20-30 (15-25 1 0-5 I I I I I I I I I 322-----IGravelly clay loam------ICL I 0-15 1 60-70 1 55-65 1 50-55 1 45-55 125-35 1 7-15 I I I I I I I I I 323*----(Silty clay Loam, I CL 1 0-15 1 60-70 1 60-70 1 50-60 1 40-50 125-35 1 10-15 I gravelly silty clay I I I I I I I I ( loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Soil Survey

TABLE 6.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

I I I Frag- I I I Nap I USDA texture I UniEitad I merits IPercentage passing sieve number--lLiquidlPlasticity Symbol I Iclassifi-l > 3 1 I I I I limit 1 index I I cation linchea 1 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 I I I I -Pct I I I I I -Pet I I I I I I I I I I 324-----IVery gravelly fine sandylSM I 0-40 ( 50-60 1 45-55 1 40-50 ( 25-35 1 --- I k3.P 1 loam. I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 325*----1silt loam------la 1 0-5 1 85-95 1 80-90 1 75-85 1 65-75 (15-25 1 5-10 I I 328-----lvery gravelly sandy 10amlSn I I 329----- lvery gravelly sandy loamlSM I I 351-----JVery gravelly very fine ISM 1 sandy loam. I I I 352-----IVery gravelly vary fine ISM I sandy loam. I I I 353----- [Very stony sandy loam---la IFractured bedrock------I I I 355----- [Very gravelly very fine ISM I sandy loam. I I 1 I I I I I I I 357-----IVery stony sandy loam---I= 1 30-50 1 35-45 1 35-45 1 30-40 1 12-20 1 --- I Np IFractured bedrock------I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- 1 --- I ___

I I 365-----(Very gravelly very fine ISM ' I aandy loam. I - I I 370----- !Very gravelly loamy aandlGP-CCM I I 381-----IFractured bedrock------I --- IXxtremely gravelly very I I fine sandy loam------la I I 401----- /Fractured bedrock------I --- IVery stony sandy loam---I= I I 403-----IFractured badrock------I --- I I 404-----(Very stony sandy loam---I-

lve~ystony sandy loam---la I 30-50 1 30-40 i 30-40 i 25-35 i 12-20 i --- i NP I I I I I I I I I 406-----IVery stony sandy loam---ISM 1 30-50 1 50-60 1 40-50 1 35-45 1 12-20 1 --- I NR I I I I I I I I I 407-----1Very atony sandy loam---ISM 1 30-50 1 50-60 1 40-50 1 30-40 1 12-20 1 --- 1 NP I I I I I I I I I 408-----IVery stony sandy loam---ISM 1 30-50 ( 50-60 1 30-40 1 25-35 1 12-20 1 --- I NP I I I I I I I I I 502-----IExtremely gravelly vsxy JQa 1 10-50 1 30-40 1 30-40 1 25-30 1 12-20 1 --- I NP I fine sandy loam. I I I I I I I I

I I I I 510----- IExtrsmely gravelly gilt ICiM 1 10-50 1 30-40 I loam. I I I I I I I 520-----Isand------I sp 1 0-5 1 55-65 I I I I 522----- IVery cobbly coarse sand IGP 1 30-50 ( 30-40 I I I I TABLE 6.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

WP I USDA texture I Unified I mefit8 IPercentage passing siclve number--ILiquid(Plasticity symbol I (claaaifi-1 > 3 1 I I I I limit I index I I cation linches 1 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 I I I I PCt 1 I I I I -pct I I I I - I I I I I I 552-----IExtremeLy gravelly very IW 1 10-50 1 35-45 1 30-40 1 25-30 1 12-20 1 --- I NP I fine sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 555----- IIxtremely stony sandy I(;W-GW 1 50-70 1 25-35 1 20-30 1 10-20 1 5-12 ( --- ( NP I loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 570-----IVery gravelly loamy sandlGP-(;Ed 1 10-70 1 40-50 1 35-45 ( 20-30 1 5-12 1 --- I NP IBractured bedrock------I --- I -__ I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I I I I I I I I

* Estimates given are for the subsoil. Soil Survey

TABLE 7.--ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

I I Maintenance of I Fill material 1 I ~apsymbol I Excavation I cut and fill used for I Revegetation ( Sediment hazard I I areas )surfacing roads1 I on roads I I I I I I I I I I 101------(No limitations(No limitations ITread erosion INo limitations------)Severe. I I I I I 102------[No 1imitationsJNo limitations !Rut formation ISoil crusting------/Severe. I I I I I 103------(No limitations(No limitations (Tread erosion (No limitations------)Severe. I I I I I 104: 1 I I I I Andic I I I I I Dyrrtrochrepts--IN0 1imitationslCutbank slough ITread erosion ISoil crusting------IMohrate. I I I I I Umbric I I I I I Vitrandepts----1Wetne8s------INo limitations \No limitations (No limitations------)Moderate. I I I 105------IWetness------INo limitations (No limitations I I I I I 106------INo 1imitationslNo limitations \Tread erosion INo limitations------1Moderate. I I I I I 107------!No 1imitationslNo limitations lTrrad erosion IMoirture stress-----IModerate. I I I I I 108 : I 1 1 I I Andic Dyrrtxic I I I I I Eutrochrepts---IN0 lbitations(No limitations lRut formation !No limitations------1 Severe. I I I I I Andic I I I Dystrochrepts--)No 1imitationslNo limitations ITread erosion I I I log------(No limitations(No limitations (Tread erosion I I I 110------INo 1imitationslNo limitations lRut formation I I I 11~------+------INo 1imitstionsINo limitations /Rut formation I I I 112------/No 1imitationslCutbank slough lRut formation I I I 114------]NO 1imitstionsIto limitations (Rut formation 1 Soil crusting, I Severe. I I I I moisture stress. I I I I I I 201------IHard rock, IN0 limitations 1 Large stones, /Moisture stress-----IModerate. I slope. I I rock fall. I I I I I I I 251------lHard rock, (No limitations 1 Large stones, ]Moisture stress-----IModerate. I slope. I I rock fall. I I I I I I I 252------1slope------INo limitations IRock fall------IMoisture stress-----IModerate. I I I I I 301------INo 1LmitationslCutbank slough ITread erosion 1 Soil crusting, IModeratta. I I I I moisture stress. I I I I I I 302------+---- (No 1imitations)Cutbank slough ITread erosion I Soil crusting, I Moderate. I I I I moisture stress. I I I I I I 303------(Hard rock----- INo limitations lLarge stones--- (Moisture stress-----(Slight. I I I I I 321------1 NO limitations JCutbank slough 1 Tread erosion \Soil crusting------IModerate. I I 1 I I 322------INo limitationslCutbank slough JRut formation ISoil crusting------Isevere. I I I I I 323------INo limitations(Cutbank slough lRut formation (Soil crusting------I Severe. I I I I I 324------\No 1imitationsICutbank slough \Tread ero~ion ISoii crusting------IModerate . I I I I I 325------Iletness------ICutbank slough lRut formation (No limitations------1Sevare. I I I I I 328------JNo 1imitations)Cutbank slough )Tread erosion JSoil crusting------IModerate. I I I I I ! ~ Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

TABLE 7.--ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND ~IlmENANCE--Continued

1 I Maintenance of I Fill material I I Map symbol I Excavation I cut and fill I used for I Revegetation I Sediment hazard 1 I areas lsurfacing roads1 I on roads I I I I I I I I I I 329---+------\No 1imitationslCutbank slough ITread erosion lSoil crusting------IModerate. I I I I I 351------IN0 limitationaILandslides, ITread erosion lSoil crusting------I Severe. I I cutbank slough.1 I I I I I I I 352------.+-INo 1imitations)Cutbank slough ITread erosion Isoil crusting------Ild8derate. I I I I I 353------IHarU rock-----IN0 limitations 1l;arge stones---IMoisture *tress----- I Slight. I I I I I 355------lHard sock-----IN0 limitations ILargs stones---IMoisture stress----- IModerate . I I I I I 3$7------IHard rock-----)Landslides------1Large stones---)Moisture stress----- I Severe. I I I I I 360------+------IHard rock-----IN0 limitations ILarge stones---IMoisture stress----- I Slight. I I I I I 365------Islope------ILandslides, ITread erosion ISoil crusting------I Severe. 1 I cutbank slough,) I I I I I I I 370------JNo 1imitationsICutbank ravel---IT00 sandy, JNo limitations------( Severe. I I I tread erosion.1 I I I I I I 381------IHard rock-----(Landslides, /Tread erosion JSoil crusting, 1 Severe. I I cutbank s10ugh.I ) moisture stress. I I I I I I 401------lHard rock, IAvalanches------ILarge atones, JMoisture stress----- 1 Moderate. I slope. I 1 rock fall. I I I I I I I 403------IHard rock, IAvalanches------\Large atones, lMoisture stress----- IModerate . I slope. 1 I rock fall. I I I I - I I - I 404------INo 1imitationslCutbank ravel---ITread erosion, INo limitations------1Moderate. I I ( large stones. 1 I I I I I I 405------]Hard rock-----IN0 limitations \Large stones---IHarsh climate------I Slight. I I I I I 406------INo 1imitationslCutbank ravel---IN0 limitations (Harsh climate------Islight. I I I I I 407------INo 1imitationslCutbank ravel---ITread erosion, IN0 limitations------I Severe. I I 1 large stones. I I I I I I I QO~------IS~~~~ INo limitations ILarge stones, IMoisture stress----- IModerato . I hard rock. I ( rock fall. 1 I I I I I I 502------JNo 1imitations)No limitations INo limitations IMoisture stress-----)Slight. I I I I I 503------..-- IHard rock-----(No limitations ILarge stones---Ikisture stress-----Islight. I I I I I 510------INo 1imitationslNo limitations IN0 limitations IMoisture stress-----Islight. I I I I I 520------INo 1imitationslCutbank ravel---IT00 sandy, INo limitations------Isevere. I I I tread exosion.1 I I I I I I 522------INo 1imitationslCutbank ravel---lToo sandy, (No limitations------I Severe. 1 I 1 tread e;osion. l I I I I I I 552------INo 1imitationsJNo limitations INo limitations INo limitations------(Slight. I I I I I 555------IEtard rock----- INo limitations ILarge stones---(No limitations------I Slight. I I I I I 570------INo 1imitationalCutbank ravel---lToo sandy, IMoi8ture stzess on Isevere. I I ( tread erosion.1 south ammcts. I Soil Survey

TABLE 8.--SOIL EROSION AWD SEDIMENTATION

Map lSusceptibility of the soil to erosionlS~~dimentdelivery symbol I Surface layer I Lower layex I efficiency I I I I I I 101------1&~~t~------Isevere-+------1High. I I I 102------Iwrate------Isevere------1 LOW. I I I 103-----+-- IMrate------ISevere---+------1 High. I I I 104------]Severe------Isevere------(LOW. I I I 105------+- IMrate------Isevere------I LOW. I I I 106------(mderate------ISevmre------+-----I LOW. I I I 107-+------Islight------Isevere------1 LOW I I I 108------1Severe------lSevere------I LOW. I I I log------1&,derate------Isevere------I High.

I I I 111------Iswere------\sewre------ILow. I I I 112------1-rate------isevere------I LOW. I 1 I 114------(Severe------Isevere------I LOW. I I I 2O1------1Sli9ht------Islight------1 High I t I 251------J&&rate------(Slight------IHigh. I I I 252------l&f&erate------(Slight------I High. I I I 301------(-rate------IModerate------(Moderate. I I I 302------1~o&~~t~------IModera++e------IModerate . I I I

321------IMrare------Ipjoderate------I LOW. I I I 322------IM&tate------(Severe+------\Low. I I I 323------1Sewre------Isevere------I Low. I I I 324------IModerate------lM~&~~t~------I Low. I I I 325------Isevere------IModerate------)High. I I I 328------I&&rate------IMo&rate------IModerate. I I I 329------IMrate------(Mo&rrta------1 Low. I I I 351------lMrat*------IMo&rate------I High. I I I 352------lmrate------I&derate------I Moderate. I I I 353------1-rate------Islight------I LOW. I I I 355------(&&rate------(&&rate------1 Moderate I I I 357------l-r*te------IM~*~ata------1 High. I I I 360------Islight------Islight------IL0w. I I I 365------IMoarate------1 High I I I Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

TABLE 8.--SOIL EROSXON AND SEDIMENTATION--Continued

Hap ISuscsptibility of the soil to sroaionllediment delivery symbol I Surface layer I Lower layer I efficiency

I I I 381------lwaate------Imderate------l High. I I I 401------J%&r*te------ISlight------I High.

I I I 40s------(Mo&rate------ISlight------I Low. I I I 406------Illoderate------)slight4------I LOW. I I I 407------IModerate------IModerate------I High. I I I 408------Imraee------ISlight------I High. I I I 502------lslight------Islight------I Moderate. I I I 5O3------1Slight------lslight------I Moderate. I I I 510---+----lsevere------Islight------I Moderate. I I I 520------JModerate------+ISevere------(Moderate. I I I 522------(M0&~~t~------ISev~~e------I Moderate. I I I 552------~u~~t~------)~li~ht------I Moderate. I I I 555------I%&rate------Islight------l Moderate. I I I Soil Survey

TABU 9.--CLASSIFICATION OF TEE SOILS (GROUPED BY SUBORDER)

I Suborder I Family or higher taxonomic classification I I ~,.,d~~t~------IUmbric Vitrandepts, medial over loamy, mixed, frigid I I molls------1Aeric Calciaquolls, fine-silty, frigid I I ~~~~lf~-+------ITypic Eutroboralfs, fine-loamy, mixed ITypic Eutroboralfs, loamy-skeletal, mixed IEutric Glossoboralfs, fine, illitic IEutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed I I ~luvents------1Fluvents IAquic Udifluvents, coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid I I Ochrepts------1Andic Cryochrtapts, loamy-skeletal, mixed 1Lithic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed lhndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Itutrochrepts, coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid (Andic Dystric Eutrochrepts, fine-silty, mixed, frigid IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, sandy, micaceous, frigid IDystric Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid ITypic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid (Lithic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid [Typic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid lCalcixerollic Xerochrepts, coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid ITypic Xerochrepts, fine-silty, mixed, frigid ITypic Xerochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid xero1ls------\Typic Calcixerolls, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 1 ~~otenaiNational Forest Area, Montana and Idaho

TABLE 10.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS IN THE DETAILED SOIL MAP UNITS

mP symbol I Family or higher taxonomic classification I I I lOl------1 Fluvent s I 102------".- IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, fine-silty, mixed, frigid I 103------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 104------lAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid; I Umbric Vitrandepts, medial over loamy, mixed, frigid I 105------IAquic Udifluvents, coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid I 106------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 107------ITypic Xerochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 108------IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, fine-silty, mixed, frigid: 1 Andic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I log--+------ITypic Xerochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 110------I Eutrochrepts, coarse-loamy, mixed, frkgid I 111------ICalcixerollic Xerochrepts, coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid I 112------[Eutric Glossoboralfs, fine, illitic I 114------ITypic Xerochrepts, fine-silty, mixed, frigid I 201------ILithic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid; I Typic Uatochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 251------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 252------lAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 301------IDystric Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 302------JTypic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 303------JLithic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 321------ITypic Eutroboralfs, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 322------IEutric Glossoboralfs, fine, mixed I 323------ITypic Eutroboralfs, fine-loamy, mixed I 324------[Typic Eutrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 325------IAeric Calciaquolls, fine-silty, frigid I 328--+---+------JAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mbted I 329------lAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 351------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 352------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 353------+---- IAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed; I Lithie Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 355------JAndic Dyatrochrepta, loamy-ukrletal, mixed, frigid I TABLE 10.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS IN TEE DETAILED SOIL MAP UNITS--Continued

&P symbol I Family or higher taxonomic classification I I 357------+-lhdic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed; I Lithic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 360------JLithic Cryochrepta, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 365------IAndic Dystrochrmpts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 370------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 381------]Typic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid; I Lithic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 401------1Andi.c Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed; I Lithic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 403------ILithic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed; I Andic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 404------...------IAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I (05------ILithic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed: I Andic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 406------IAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 407------IAndic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 408------IAndic Cryochrepta, loamy-skeletal, mixed I 502------ITypic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid 1 503------(Lithic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 510------ITypic Calcixerolls, loarny-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 520------IAndic Dystric Eutrochrepts, sandy, micaceous, frigid I 522------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 552------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I 555------1 Andic Cryochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed 1 570------IAndic Dystrochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid; I Typic Ustochrepts, loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid I

A U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1995-387-974120502lSCS Genera! Soils Map KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST AREA

hPPROX SCALE

0 S 10 I3 20 Llll" *P

LEGEND

SOILS ON TERRACES AND FLOOD PLAINS

1 Soils formed in glacial outwash and atlwium, dry

2 Soils formed in glacial ouhvash and allwium, moist

3 Soils formed in lacustrine sediments

SOlLS ON MORAINES AND GLACIATED MOUNTAIN SLOPES

4 Soils formed in calcareous glacial till

5 Soils formed in noncalcareous glacial till

SOlLS IN GLACIAL CIRQUES AND ON TROUGH WALLS

6 Soils formed in material weathered from metasedimentary rock or in glacial till

SOlLS ON BREAKLANDS AND MOUNTAIN SLOPES

7 Soils on breaklands and mountain slopes, dry

8 Soils on breaklands and mountain slopes, moist