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Read Full Report 1 Middle-East Partnership Initiative 2 TABLE OF CONTENT About AFE and GAB Media Center…………………………………………………………………………………. 4 I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 5 II. Coverage of LGBT stories ……………………………………………………………………………………..……7 a. In 2015 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 b. In 2016 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...... 10 c. In 2017 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... 11 III. Discussion of content ………………………………………………………………………………………......…. 12 IV. Misconceptions and clarifications ……………………………………………..…………………………..….. 13 V. Chart of monitored articles by media outlet …………………………….…..……………………………..... 16 VI. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………….………………….... 17 3 About AFE and GAB Media Center AFE: The Arab Foundation for Freedoms and Equality (AFE) is an officially registered non-governmental organization based in Beirut, Lebanon. AFE focuses its efforts exclusively on Arab states across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Its vision is to have societies where sexuality, gender and bodily rights are promoted, recognized and respected. The mission of AFE is to encourage and support sexuality, gender and bodily rights’ movements in the Middle East and North Africa* through capacity building, knowledge production, exchange, and security and emergency response. AFE hold itself, its regional partners and board members to these values: • Integrity and equality: in line with principles of fairness and social justice • Transparency and accountability: financial and programmatic • Non-discrimination: on the basis of age, sex, gender, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, marital status, class, national or ethnic origin, physical or mental ability, and spiritual and political views. • Freedom and self-determination: to work without political or financial restraint or pressure. AFE hold itself, its regional partners and board members to these values: GAB Media Center: Gender and Body Rights Media Center (GAB) is a project implemented by The Arab Foundation of Freedoms and Equality (AFE) and funded by the Middle-East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) that brings together media experts and advocates for gender and bodily rights to participate in media related activities in Lebanon and the MENA region directly benefiting journalists, TV producers, human rights workers, activists and the public. GAB’s mission is to build the capacities of human rights activists and media experts and encourages them to collaborate on making the voice of marginalized communities heard. Its activities evolve around fighting gender-based violence and discrimination in the media. Its vision is to have a Lebanese media industry aware of gender-based violations and advocating towards freedoms and equality. 4 I. Introduction 1 For the past decade, the portrayal of sensitive topics such as LGBT+ stories and gender issues has been gradually increasing in the Lebanese media that played the role of a taboo breaker in the Lebanese society. Many media actors asserted their responsibility of advocating for human rights and fighting against discrimination through increasing their coverage of gender issues and taking a clear stance against gender-based violence and systemized violations using their powerful media platforms. The initiative some media actors took to increase in gender issues coverage have allowed civil society organizations and activists who advocate for gender rights to have a platform to speak up and push the society towards more inclusion, tolerance and protection of human rights. This initiative allowed gender topics to be taken into consideration by other media outlets that are less supportive of gender rights but that didn’t want to be left out of the trending conversation. Therefore, the portrayal of sensitive topics did not always happen for the right reasons. More viewers mean more advertisers. Presenting controversial material, especially in a quasi-conservative, religious and patriarchal society like Lebanon, is often a way to attract more audience and grow the viewers numbers. This strategy adopted by many media outlets did not only affect the portrayal of LGBT+ issues; it affected other topics as well, topics that were once considered a taboo in Lebanon: sexual and sex related material, abortion, extra-marital children, single mothers, domestic violence and more. Nevertheless, this strategy had positive outcomes on many human rights causes, served as a taboo breaker and gave individuals a space to speak up. The Gender and Body Rights Media Center (GAB) at the Arab Foundation for Freedoms and Equality (AFE) conducted a media monitoring activity in 2017 to analyze the representation on the LGBT community in the media. They looked closely at a big number of articles and television shows published or broadcasted in Lebanon from January 2015 till November 2017 that covered LGBT issues.. As an organization that has been working on freedoms, equality, gender and human rights in the Middle-East and North Africa region since 2009, AFE is aware of the important role the media can play in maintaining balance in the society especially when it advocates for the protection of human rights and minority rights against systemized discrimination. Hence, the fight for gender rights in Lebanon - particularly LGBT rights - was never to become possible without a strong alliance between civil society organizations and media actors. Two main factors made this alliance possible: on one side, the strong will of civil society organizations and activists advocating for LGBT+ rights to closely work with journalists and producers, tell the stories of numerous individuals who are being deprived from their basic rights in Lebanon to make their voices heard and fight towards positive change; and on the other side, the awareness of tens of journalists and producers of the situation of LGBT rights in Lebanon and their willingness to increase and improve their coverage on these sensitive issues. The coverage of LGBT+ issues became a mutual interest between the Lebanese media and the LGBT+ community. In this report, we highlighted both positive and negative approaches of the Lebanese media towards LGBT+ issues, and more importantly, the bias - often unconscious or unintentional - that reinforced certain stereotypes in the society and violated the right 1 LGBT is the acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transsexual. The acronym LGBT+ is used in this report to include other sexual orientations and gender identities. 5 of LGBT+ individuals to privacy. Our target is not to earmark the imperfections of the published or broadcasted material but to analyze the occasionally unconscious bias, rooted in the Lebanese society and the mentality of many individuals living in Lebanon, and being reflected in what we see on television or what we read in newspapers and news websites. 6 II. Coverage of LGBT stories In the period that extends from 2015 to 2017, many LGBT+ events took place every year. The most common event that takes place every year is the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT) that has a high media exposure due to its international nature. Other events take place as well such as report launching events, religious statements against homosexuality or forced cancellation of events organized by LGBT+ organizations, for example. In this section, arrticles and television shows were analyzed by year; they were linked to the context in which the media content was created and the nature of the reported event. It goes without saying that some media organizations have been keen on being more subtle and protective of LGBT+ right when publishing sensitive content, while others have been less aware of the negative effect their biased implications can have on their audience and consequently on the society. In general, newspaper articles that were subject to our monitoring activity were less 2 biased and more balanced than television shows. Most of these articles gave enough space to LGBT+ individuals or organizations representing them to express themselves, used balanced terminology and cited unbiased sources. On the contrary, TV shows left more room to express misconceptions where presenters abundantly asked violating and stigmatizing questions (e.g. “What is between your legs?”), put their guest in embarrassing situations (e.g. Pressure an LGBT+ guest to send a message to their parents live on television) and didn’t always give them enough air space to express their opinions or to defend themselves, especially when the power dynamics between guest were largely unequal. 2 Biased media content is what clearly takes a stance against the LGBT+ cause. Bias can sometimes be intentional (when a TV presenter explicitly states their anti-LGBT+ opinion for example), or unconscious and unintentional. Unconscious bias negatively affects the balance of the media content and can be visible through the choice of guests, the violating questions asked to LGBT+ individuals or the little time or space given to LGBT+ guests to express their opinions. 7 a. Coverage of LGBT+ stories in 2015 Number of articles and TV shows monitored: 25 List of content with the most positive tone: - “The fight goes on for Lebanon›s LGBT community,” Sophie Chamas, Al Monitor - “The Arabic media rediscovers homosexuality,” Al Araby Al Jadeed - “Because people are equal in dignity and rights, say no to criminalizing homosexuality,” Joe Maalouf, LBCI - “Lebanese artists stand against homophobia,” LBCI - “Hammam Al Agha raid: Discretion of
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