Introduction to Physiological Psychology Learning and

[email protected] cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html

Comments on your comments n Thank you! n Some things that I can change NOW: – Slow down? – Post draft of lecture before class – Have more visual demonstrations? – Continue to find videos when possible

1 Comments on your comments n Some things I can change in the future: – Cover less material n Some things I can’t change: – This is physiological psychology… so a certain amount of chemistry and biology (and all the new and strange terminology that goes along with that) is inevitable

n Learning – the process whereby experiences change our nervous system (and hence, our behavior) n Memory- the changes brought about by learning, the and reactivation of these changes

2 List 1 List 2 List 3

Bed Butter Nurse Rest Food Sick Awake Eat Lawyer Tired Sandwich Medicine Dream Rye Health Wake Jam Hospital Night Milk Dentist Blanket Flour Physician Doze Jelly Ill Slumber Dough Patient Snore Crust Office Pillow Slice Stethoscope Peace Wine Surgeon Yawn Loaf Clinic Drowsy Toast Cure Roediger & McDermott, 1995

3 List 1 List 2 List 3

Sleep Bread Doctor Bed Butter Nurse Rest Food Sick Awake Eat Lawyer Tired Sandwich Medicine Dream Rye Health Wake Jam Hospital Night Milk Dentist Blanket Flour Physician Doze Jelly Ill Slumber Dough Patient Snore Crust Office Pillow Slice Stethoscope Peace Wine Surgeon Yawn Loaf Clinic Drowsy Toast Cure Roediger & McDermott, 1995

What is memory? n : – Limited capacity (7 +/- 2) – Information can be held for several minutes with rehearsal § (e.g. memory system you use when you have to remember a phone number but have no place to write it down) n Long-term Memory: – Very large capacity – Essentially infinite duration § e.g. memory system you need when you are reminiscing with friends, or taking a final exam

4 Different Kinds of Long-term Memory n Declarative Memory: further subdivided into… – - factual memory, general world knowledge § (e.g. what is an airplane? Who was George Washington? What state is San Diego in?)

– - for events… mental time travel! To remember you must remember time and place of event. § (e.g. what were you doing when you hear that an airplane had struck the WTC? How did you celebrate your 18th birthday?)

Different Kinds of Long-term Memory

n Procedural (Nondeclarative) Memory – Procedures used by an individual to operate effectively on some task – Memory for procedures is usually implicit, and skills can be performed “automatically” § E.g. memory for typing, riding a bike, tracing a star, playing the piano… also , operant conditioning

5 Memory

Working Memory Long-term Memory

Declarative Memory

Episodic Semantic Memory Memory

What can possibly go wrong?

6 Objects Perceptual Learning Situations

Stimulus-Response Form connection Learning between perception Forms of and action Learning

Form new circuits Motor Learning in the motor system

Relational Learning Connections between stimuli

7 Stimulus-Response learning n – An unimportant stimulus begins to elicit a similar response as an important one – It involves an association between two stimuli, one of which is reflexive

n Operant Conditioning (or Instrumental Conditioning) – A particular stimulus begins to elicit a particular response – It involves an association between a stimulus and a response

Classical Conditioning

Unconditional Stimulus

Unconditional Response

Conditional Stimulus

Conditional Response

Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli

8 Classical Conditioning n Famous example: Pavlov’s dogs – First, present dogs with food and measure amount of saliva – Then, start ringing a bell just before food is presented (at first, saliva only occurs at presentation of food) – In time, salivation occurs in response to the bell – Conditioning has occurred

Classical Conditioning n Unconditional Stimulus- dog food n Unconditional Response- salivation n Conditional Stimulus- bell n Conditional Response- salivation

9 But what has happened in the ? n Hebb postulated: – the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic fires – “ that fire together, wire together”

Objects Perceptual Learning Situations

Stimulus-Response Form connection Learning between perception Forms of and action Learning

Form new circuits Motor Learning in the motor system

Relational Learning Connections between stimuli

10 Instrumental (or Operant) Conditioning

n Reinforcing stimulus (favorable consequences) § Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes behavior occur with greater frequency

n Punishing stimulus (unfavorable consequences) § Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes behavior occur more rarely

Instrumental (or Operant) Conditioning

Something Good can start or be presented; Something Good can end or be taken away; Something Bad can start or be presented; Something Bad can end or be taken away.

Instrumental conditioning involves an association between a stimulus and a response

11 Objects Perceptual Learning Situations

Stimulus-Response Form connection Learning between perception Forms of and action Learning

Form new circuits Motor Learning in the motor system

Relational Learning Connections between stimuli

12 Motor Learning

n A component of S-R learning, motor learning is learning to make a new (physical) response n The more novel the behavior, the more the neural circuits in the nervous system must be modified

Objects Perceptual Learning Situations

Stimulus-Response Form connection Learning between perception Forms of and action Learning

Form new circuits Motor Learning in the motor system

Relational Learning Connections between stimuli

13 Learning n All forms of learning involve changes in the ways that neurons communicate.

What can possibly go wrong? n Anterograde : – Amnesia for events occurring after the precipitating event. n : – Amnesia for events occurring before the precipitating event.

14 What can possibly go wrong? n : – Amnesia for events occurring after the precipitating event. n Retrograde Amnesia: – Amnesia for events occurring before the precipitating event.

Hippocampus 3D

15 The Hippocampus

Image from Bear et al., 2001 Image: Seress, 1980

16