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An Introduction to Phytoplanktons: Diversity and Ecology an Introduction to Phytoplanktons: Diversity and Ecology Ruma Pal · Avik Kumar Choudhury An Introduction to Phytoplanktons: Diversity and Ecology An Introduction to Phytoplanktons: Diversity and Ecology Ruma Pal • Avik Kumar Choudhury An Introduction to Phytoplanktons: Diversity and Ecology Ruma Pal Avik Kumar Choudhury Department of Botany University of Calcutta Kolkata , West Bengal , India ISBN 978-81-322-1837-1 ISBN 978-81-322-1838-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1838-8 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939609 © Springer India 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace Phytoplankton community in water bodies support the base of the natural food chain depending on which the natural fauna including the fi sh popula- tions can survive. At the same time they produce almost 70 % of world’s atmospheric oxygen. On the other hand, excessive phytoplankton production in the water bodies causes extensive problems like fi sh poisoning and deterioration of water quality in drinking water management, swimming pools and other water-based recreations. Therefore, it is dire necessity to study the different factors controlling phytoplankton growth or in other words phytoplankton ecology. The microscopic phytoplanktonic genera are represented by different algal groups like Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta, Prymnesiophyta, etc. Therefore, identifi cation of planktonic genera requires a good knowledge in algal taxonomy. Algal taxonomy is nowadays based on different characters like ultrastructure of algal chloroplast and fl agella, cellular biochemistry, molecular characterization, etc., rather than morphotaxonomy of early days. With the advent of different sophisticated instruments like TEM, SEM, AFM, HPLC, HPTLC, etc., change in algal taxonomy is a regular phenomenon. For this reason, an attempt has been taken to discuss the chrono- logical changes in algal taxonomy. Pigment composition is nowadays an important characteristic for classifying the algal kingdom, especially the marine phytoplanktons; therefore, we have attempted to discuss pigment composition of different groups of algae in detail. To correlate the phytoplankton productivity together with varied physico- chemical parameters, different statistical methods are to be employed for data analysis, based upon which different ecological models are proposed. To study the phytoplankton diversity and ecology, sampling is an important factor to get the actual results. Different methods of samplings have also been discussed here. Therefore, phytoplankton ecology is a complex science, as it includes the interactions between biogeochemical cycling and environ- mental parameters. This phenomenon can be explained by the simple question, ‘What lives where and why?’, as stated by the famous phytoplankton ecologist Reynolds. In general, there is scarcity of books on phytoplanktons related to diversity and ecology for students as well as researchers, which I experienced during my research work for the last 20 years on phytoplankton ecology. Therefore, presently for the benefi t of students and phytoplankton researchers, we have v vi Preface tried to compile a general account of phytoplanktons, their physical and chemical environments, sampling methods and the statistical analysis together with similar case studies on phytoplankton ecology. The results of the case studies are the doctoral work of my student Dr. Avik Kumar Choudhury and research fi ndings of my other students, Sri Nirupam Barman, Sri Gour Gopal Satpati and Ms Anindita Singha Roy. I think this book will help the students of botany, zoology, microbiology and environmental biology together with the plankton researchers. Kolkata , India Ruma Pal 17 Sep 2013 Acknowledgement The development of this book was made possible by the fi nancial support from University Grants Commission (UGC), Govt. of India, for two research projects on phytoplankton dynamics of Eastern Indian coast and other ecological niche. Dr. Avik Choudhury and Ms. Anindita Singha Roy worked as Project Fellows, and their research fi ndings are represented as Case Study in Chap. 5 . Financial support from Council of Scientifi c and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India, is also acknowledged for survey work at Indian Sunderbans area under NIMTLI program. Mr. Nirupam Barman and Sri Gour Gopal Satpati surveyed different parts of Sunderbans, and their work is also included in this book. 20 Jan 2014 Ruma Pal vii C o n t e n t s 1 A Brief Introduction to Phytoplanktons ....................................... 1 1.1 General ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Historical Perspective .............................................................. 1 1.3 Algal Classifi cation .................................................................. 2 1.3.1 Old Classical Taxonomy .............................................. 3 1.3.2 Modern System of Algal Classifi cation ....................... 8 1.4 Classifi cation of Phytoplanktons .............................................. 15 1.4.1 On the Basis of Size Variations .................................... 15 1.4.2 On the Basis of Habitat ................................................ 16 1.5 Algal Pigments ......................................................................... 18 1.6 Ecological Signifi cance ............................................................ 23 1.6.1 Phytoplankton Bloom .................................................. 23 1.6.2 Cyanobacterial Bloom ................................................. 24 1.6.3 Dinofl agellate Bloom ................................................... 25 1.6.4 Algal Toxins ................................................................. 27 1.7 Algae in Wetlands .................................................................... 28 1.7.1 Role of Phytoplanktons in Wetlands ............................ 29 1.7.2 Nutrient Status of Wetland Ecosystem ......................... 29 1.7.3 Types of Wetlands ........................................................ 30 1.8 Key to Identifi cation of Common Phytoplankton Genera........ 30 1.8.1 Division: Cyanobacteria ............................................... 30 1.8.2 Division: Chlorophyta .................................................. 31 1.8.3 Order: Volvocales ......................................................... 32 1.8.4 Order: Chlorococcales ................................................. 32 1.8.5 Division: Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) ............................ 33 References ......................................................................................... 39 2 Physicochemical Environment of Aquatic Ecosystem ................. 43 2.1 Physical Factors ....................................................................... 43 2.1.1 Light and Temperature ................................................. 43 2.1.2 Turbulence .................................................................... 45 2.2 Major Nutrients ........................................................................ 46 2.2.1 Redfi eld Ratio .............................................................. 47 2.2.2 Carbon .......................................................................... 47 2.2.3 Nitrogen ....................................................................... 49 2.2.4 Phosphorus ................................................................... 50 ix x Contents 2.2.5 Silicon .......................................................................... 51 2.2.6 Nutrient Uptake Model ................................................ 52 References ......................................................................................... 52 3 Phytoplanktons and Primary Productivity ..................................
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