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Inhibition of Lignin Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation Activity by Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid and N-N-N’-N’-Tetramethylenediamine

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Inhibition of Lignin Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation Activity by Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid and N-N-N’-N’-Tetramethylenediamine Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC(B) H.C. Chang and J.A. Bumpus Vol. 25, No. 1, 2001. pp. 26-33 Inhibition of Lignin Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation Activity by Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid and N-N-N’-N’-Tetramethylenediamine HEBRON C. CHANG* AND JOHN A. BUMPUS** *Division of Biochemical Toxicology National Center for Toxicology Research Food and Drug Administration Jefferson, AR, U.S.A. **Department of Chemistry University of Northern Iowa Cedar Fall, IA, U.S.A (Received April 11, 2000; Accepted June 15, 2000) ABSTRACT The mineralization rate of 14C-[1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane] (DDT) was reduced by 90% on the 18th day in fungal cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of 8 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). In the presence of 8 mM N-N-N’-N’-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED), the mineralization rate of 14C-DDT was reduced by 80%. In the presence of 2 mM or 10 mM EDTA, 95% inhibition of lignin peroxidase (LiP) mediated veratryl alcohol oxidase activity and 97% inhibition of LiP mediated iodide oxidase activity occurred. TEMED caused 79% inhibition of veratryl alcohol oxidase activity and 92% inhibition of iodide oxidase activity when the amount used was 2 mM and 10 mM, respectively. In the presence of Zn(II) with slight molar excess of the EDTA concentration, reversed the EDTA mediated non-competitive inhibition of LiP catalyzed veratryl alcohol or iodide oxidation. Zn(II) also reversed the inhibition of LiP catalyzed veratryl alcohol oxidase activity caused by chelators other than EDTA and TEMED. In addition to Zn(II), several other metal ions also relieved EDTA mediated inhibition of veratryl alcohol and iodide oxidase activity catalyzed by LiP. The ability of veratryl alcohol to inhibit iodide oxidation catalyzed by LiP showed that veratryl alcohol could inhibit LiP mediated iodide oxidase activity. Increasing the concentration of iodide was also shown to inhibit veratryl alcohol oxidation. Kinetic analysis showed that the reaction was competitive inhibition. Key Words: lignin peroxidase (LiP), EDTA, TEMED, chelator, kinetic study, competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition I. Introduction oxide requiring oxygenases (Tien and Kirk, 1984), subsequent studies confirmed that these enzymes are similar to other White rot fungi and a few species of bacteria are the peroxidases, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lac- only micro-organisms that are able to cause extensive biodeg- toperoxidase (LPO) (Andrawis et al., 1988; Kuila et al., 1985; radation of lignin (Crawford, 1981). Most of the available Renganathan and Gold, 1986). LiP has been shown to medi- information concerning fungal biodegradation of lignin has ate the biodegradation of many environmental pollutants, come from studies on the white rot fungus Phanerochaete including [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane] chrysosporium. This fungus is able to degrade lignin by se- (DDT) in fungal cultures (Bumpus and Aust, 1987; Fernando creting peroxidases that are able to catalyze the initial oxida- et al., 1989; Kersten et al., 1985; Haemmerli et al., 1986; tion involved in lignin degradation (Glenn et al., 1993; Harvey Hammel et al., 1986; Bumpus and Brock, 1988; Hammel and et al., 1986; Kuwahara et al., 1984; Tien and Kirk, 1983; Tien, Tardone, 1988; Mileski et al., 1988; Schreiner et al., 1988). 1987). Lignin peroxidases (LiP) are secreted by P. chry- LiP and other peroxidases were also found to mediate oxida- sosporium during idiophase (Tien and Kirk, 1983). Although tion of a number of nitrogen-containing compounds (Chang, lignin peroxidases were originally described as hydrogen per- 1994). Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was shown Abbreviations used: LiP, Lignin peroxidase; DDT, [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane]; EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; TEMED, N- N-N’-N’-tetramethylenediamine; detapac, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; EGTA, ethylenenglycol-bis-(β-aminoethylether) N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid; PDTA, 1,2-diaminopropane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid; Desferal, 1-amino-6,17-dihydroxy-7,10,18,21-tetraoxo-27-(N-acetylhydroxylamino)-6,11,17,22- tetraazaheptaeicosane; Dexrazoxane, 4,4-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione . – 26 – Inhibition of Oxidation Activity by Chelators to affect LiP oxidase activities (Aust et al., 1989; Shah et al., (β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), o- 1992; Barr and Aust, 1993; Shah and Aust, 1993; Chang, phenanthroline, 1,2-diaminopropane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic 1994). In this study, we examined the effects of EDTA and acid (PDTA), MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl, FeSO4, CuSO4, CdSO4, N-N-N’-N’-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED) in fungal cul- and KI were purchased from Mallinckrodt (St. Louis, MO, tures of P. chrysosporium to determine the biodegradation U.S.A.). 4,4-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazine- 14 ability of C-DDT, and studied the effects of EDTA and dione (Dexrazoxane), NiSO4, V2(SO4)3, Al2(SO4)3, GaSO4, TEMED to understand their inhibition activities towards LiP Li2SO4, InSO4, and AgSO4, CoSO4 were purchased from catalyzed veratryl alcohol oxidase activity and iodide oxidase Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A.). HgCl2 was purchased from activity. The reversal activities of Zn(II) with respect to the EM Science (Darmstadt, Germany). ZnSO4 and MnSO4 were inhibition of LiP veratryl alcohol oxidase activity mediated purchased from Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, U.S.A.). by EDTA and other metal chelators (Fig. 1) was also moni- tored. We report here the results of kinetic studies on the 2. Incubation of 14C-DDT in the Fungal Cultures of inhibition of LiP veratryl alcohol and iodide oxidase activity Phanerochaete chrysosporium mediated by EDTA. We also report on the competitive mecha- nism of veratryl alcohol and iodide with regard to LiP-medi- P. chrysosporium cultures were incubated with 14C- ated oxidation activity. DDT as described by Bumpus and Aust (1987), and with vari- ous concentrations (1 – 8 mM) of EDTA or TEMED at 39°C 14 14 II. Materials and Methods for 20 days. Biodegradation of C-DDT to CO2 was mea- sured as described else where (Bumpus and Aust, 1987; Fer- 1. Chemicals nando et al., 1989). Hydrogen peroxide solutions were prepared by dilu- 3. Enzyme Assay and Kinetic Studies tion of a 3% stock solution purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). 14C-DDT (ring labeled, 10–30 mCi/mmol), and LiP was purified from nutrient nitrogen-limited agitated 1-amino-6,17-dihydroxy-7,10,18,21-tetraoxo-27-(N-acetyl- culture of P. chrysosporium as described by Tuisel et al. (1990). hydroxylamino)-6,11,17,22-tetraazaheptaeicosane (desferal) Veratryl alcohol oxidase activity of LiP was monitored at 310 –1 –1 were also purchased from Sigma. EDTA, TEMED, diethyl- nm (ε310nm = 9.3 µM cm ) (Tien and Kirk, 1984). Reaction enetriamine pentaacetic acid (detapac), ethylenenglycol-bis- mixtures for veratryl alcohol oxidase activity contained 0.05 µM LiP, 1.5 mM veratryl alcohol and 250 µM H2O2 in 0.1 M – HOOCH2C CH2COOH sodium tartrate buffer, pH 3.5. Oxidation of iodide (I ) by NNCH2 CH2 LiP was monitored to determine the absorbance change of HOOCH C CH2COOH 2 EDTA – triiodide (I3 ) at 353 nm (Huwiler and Kohler, 1985). Reac- H3C CH3 NNCH2 CH2 tion mixtures for iodide oxidation contained 1.5 mM potas- CH H3C 3 µ µ TEMED sium iodide, 0.05 M LiP and 250 M H2O2 in 0.1M sodium tartrate buffer, pH 3.5. In several experiments, relatively high HOOCH2C CH2COOH NNCH2 CH2 OCH2 CH2 OCH2 CH2 (2 – 10 mM) concentrations of EDTA (or TEMED) were used CH COOH HOOCH2C EGTA 2 to inhibit veratryl alcohol oxidase and/or iodide oxidase ac- tivities mediated by LiP. Also, a variety of metal ions were CH3 HOOCH2C CH2COOH added to determine their relative ability to relieve enzyme in- NNCH CH2 CH COOH hibition caused by EDTA. In general, sulfate salts are essen- HOOCH2C 2 PDTA tially insoluble in water, so HgCl2 and CaCl2 were used instead, HOOCH C 2 CH2COOH and NaCl was used as a control to study the possible effect of NCH2 CH2 NNCH2 CH2 CH2COOH chloride ion. Kinetic parameters were measured following HOOCH2C CH2COOH Detapac the methods described by Chang (1994). N o-phenanthroline N III. Results O O CH 3 N 14 Dexrazoxane In vivo study showed that C-DDT was mineralized NNCH CH2 N O by P. chrysosporium as described by Bumpus and Aust (1987). O 14 H H In the presence of 8 mM EDTA, mineralization of C-DDT H2NN(CH2)5 CC(CH2)2 N(CH2)5 NNN CC(CH2)2 (CH2)5 CCH3 was reduced by ~90% on 18th day (Fig. 2). In the presence of OHOC OH OO OH O 8 mM TEMED, the mineralization rate of 14C-DDT was re- Desferal duced by ~80% (Fig. 3). In vitro experiments also showed Fig. 1. Structures of chelators. that EDTA caused 95% inhibition of veratryl alcohol oxidase – 27 – H.C. Chang and J.A. Bumpus 1200 1.0 0 mM TEMED 1000 1 mM TEMED 2 mM TEMED 0.8 8 mM TEMED 800 0.6 +2 mM EDTA 600 0.4 400 200 0.2 +2.5 mM Zn(II) Absorbance at 310 nm C-DDT mineralized (dpm) 14 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0.0 incubation days 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Time (min) Fig. 2. 14C-DDT mineralization by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the 14 3.0 presence of EDTA (1 – 8 mM). CO2 evolution was monitored every three days. 2.5 1200 2.0 0 mM TEMED +15 mM EDTA 1 mM TEMED 1000 2 mM TEMED 1.5 8 mM TEMED 800 1.0 600 +18 mM Zn(II) Absorbance at 353 nm 0.5 400 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 200 C-DDT mineralized (dpm) Time (min) 14 0 Fig.
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