DOCSLIB.ORG

Theses.Gla.Ac.Uk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Theses.Gla.Ac.Uk https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The construction of Muslim identities in the United Kingdom and France: a contribution to the critique of Orientalism Malcolm David Brown Submitted in partial fiiMment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences © Malcolm David Brown April 1999 ProQuest Number: 10390889 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10390889 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 [GLASGOW U N i V E R SIT Y i fJJBRARy \ ^ b_ 5 ~f- ( Q' Abstract This thesis makes a contribution to the critique of Orientalism, thiough a theoretical analysis and enqiirical obseivation of the construction of Muslim identities in the United Kingdom and France. It examines Western stereotypes of Islam, particularly of Muslims in the West, and ways in which they have responded, thr ough the construction of Muslim identities, to these stereotypes. The central contribution lies in joining these issues, estabhshing a dialectic of Orientahsm and Muslim identities. The thesis focuses on the stereotype of Islam as homogeneous, the sociological reahty that Islam and Muslim identities are diverse, and posits the same dialectical relationship between these phenomena. Part I examines Western representations of Islam, and begins with a theoretical and historical view of Orientahsm, starting from Edward Said’s work. It also insists on the diversity of Orientahst and Muslim perspectives, emphasises the mutual constitution of Islam and the West, and analyses their active participation in a process of polarisation. The thesis goes on to analyse the concept of Islamophobia, and argues it encapsulates an aspect of current reahty, though it refers to diverse phenomena. Other representations of Islam, particularly in the media, are examined in the foUowing chapter, which discusses stereotypes of exoticism, fanaticism, delinquency, and an emergent critique of Islamophobia. ^ Part II focuses on Mushm identities in the United Kingdom and France, and examines ways in which Muslims, thiough the construction of Mushm identities. jiicoiporate or reject Western representations of Islam. It begins by discussing theories of identity, and develops a sociological framework for understanding Muslim identities. It goes on to show, and this is a central contribution of the thesis, that Muslim identities are diverse, and this diversity represents different responses to the stereotype of Islam as homogeneous. It describes and analyses different meanings and articulations of Islam, diverse sources of Muslim identities, and the combination of Muslim identities with other identities. The following chapters identify arenas in which Islam and the West actually meet, and thus examines the dialectic of Orientalism and Muslim identities more closely. Chapter 7 considers theoretical and empirical relationships between Muslim identities and national identities. Chapter 8 examines the educational sphere in a British-French comparative perspective, and focuses particularly on the cultural meanings of the hijab (Islamic headscarf). Finally, Chapter 9 describes, and analyses the significance of, Muslim-Christian dialogue, an arena in which Islam meets the "Christian West’, and in which a diversity of Muslim identities is developed. The conclusion corroborates the dialectic of Orientahsm and Muslim identities, emphasises comparisons between the United Kingdom and France, and suggests directions for future research. Ill ... knowledge of Islam and Islamic peoples has generally proceeded not only from dominance and confrontation but also from cultural antipathy. Today Islam is defined negatively as that with which the West is radically at odds, and this tension establishes a fr amework radically limiting knowledge of Islam (Said 1997b; 163). ... ce que tu as à l’intérieur, c’est l’islam... (inteiviewee cited in Kepel 1991; 31). O mankind! We created you fr om a single (pah) of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes that ye may know each other (The Qm’an, Al Hujurat^ 49:13). IV Contents Abstract ii Frontispiece iv Acknowledgements xi Author’s declaration xhi 1. Introduction 1.1. A sociological reflection on the diversity of Islam 1 1.2. Rationales 9 1.3. Hypotheses and questions 12 1.4. Structme 15 1.5. Methodology 21 1.6. Contributions 30 1.7. Review of literature 33 Part I: Western representations of Islam 2. On the critique of Orientahsm 2.1. Introduction 50 2.2. Edward Said’s critique of Orientahsm 51 ^ 2.3. Moving beyond Said 57 2.4. The heterogeneity of Mushm p ersp ectives 61 2.5. Heterogeneous Orientalisms 72 2.6. Conclusion 77 3. Orientalism, racism and Islamophobia 3.1. Introduction 80 3.2. Islamophobia, Orientalism and religious prejudice 83 3.3. Examples of Islamophobic discouise 91 3.4. Comparative issues 98 3.5. Conclusion 103 4. Media representations of Islam 4.1. Introduction and context 105 4.2. Exoticism 109 4.3. Fanaticism 114 4.4. Delinquency 126 4.5. A new critique of Islamophobia? 134 4.6. Comparative discussion and conclusion 138 Part H: Muslim identities in the United Kingdom and Fi ance 5. Identity 5.1. Intro duction 142 5.2. Theories of identity 144 5.3. The nation, the group and the ummah 152 5.4. Changing identities 159 5.5. Conclusion 166 ^6 . The diversity of Muslim identities 6.1. Introduction 168 VI 6.2. Meanings and articulations of Islam: mosques and organisations 170 6.3. Meanings and articulations of Islam: individuals 183 6 .4 . Somces of Muslim identities 189 6.5. The combination of Muslim identities with other identities 206 6 .6 . Comparative issues 210 6.7. Conclusion: Muslim identities as responses to Western representations 212 7. Muslims and national identities 7.1. Introduction 215 7.2. Islam and national identities 218 7.3. The combination of Muslim identities and national identities 224 7.4. The politics of integration and multiculturahsm 229 7.5. Conclusion 238 8 . The school and the hijab 8 .1. hitro duction 241 8.2. The educational sphere: a comparison 242 8.3. Meanings of the hijab 249 8.4. Conclusion 265 9. Muslim-Christian relations 9.1. Introduction 268 9.2. The sociological route 270 9.3. The ethnographic route 278 9.4. The theological route 293 9.5. Comparative evaluation 300 I 9.6. Conclusion 303 Vll 10. Conclusion 10. 1. Addiessing the hyp otheses 3 04 10.2. Answeiing the questions 309 10.3. Comparisons and contributions 312 10.4. Dhections for future research 318 Appendices Appendix 1. School document against the hijab 322 Appendix 2. School document against the hijab: translation 324 Appendix 3. Extract fr om fieldwork notes at the Halaqah chcle in Glasgow 326 Appendix 4. Extract from fieldwork notes at the Groupe Islamo-Chrétien 335 App endix 5. Nostra A e fate 337 Appendix 6 . Extract fi’om Karl Barth (1956: 425-6) 342 Glo ssary of Muslim teims 344 Glossary of French teims 346 Bibhography 347 Vlll Tables Table 1.1: Respondents in France 26 Table 1.2: Respondents in the United Kingdom 27 Table 4.1 : Oppositions in article on Wazemmes market 111 Table 4.2: Fanhliar/exotic juxtapositions in article on Wazemmes market 111 Table 4.3; Selection of comt reports in La Voix du Nord 130 Table 10.1: Contrasts between France and the United Kingdom 314 Figures Figure 5.1: Two variations on the TST (twenty statements test) 150 Figure 6.1: Mosques in Lhle and boundaries of Wazemmes 199 Figme 6 .2 : Halal butchers in Wazemmes 200 Figure 6.3: Shops and busmesses (excluding halal butchers) catering specifically for Muslims in Wazemmes 200 Figure 6.4: "Muslim culture industiy’ in Wazemmes 201 Figure 6.5: Mosques in Glasgow and location of Woodlands 203 Figure 6 .6 : Halal butchers m Woodlands 204 Figure 6.7: Shops and busmesses (excluding /?a/a/butchers) catering specifically for Muslims in Woodlands 205 Figure 6 .8 : "Muslim culture industiy’ hi Woodlands 205 Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to thank my supeivisors. Professor Robert Miles followed this project from start to finish; he encomaged me to think about postgiaduate research while I was stiU an undergraduate student, and he was a constant source of academic expertise and personal encouragement. Dr Nicole Bourque was particularly helpfiil while I was dohig fieldwork, and her readiness to tell me that I needed a holiday was a cmcial factor in the completion of this work. It is customary to acknowledge one’s supervisors, but even if it were not, I would still want to thank them both.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt's Tourism Industry and the Arab Spring
    EGYPT’S TOURISM INDUSTRY AND THE ARAB SPRING Konstantinos Tomazos, University of Strathclyde Tourism is an uncertain industry and in many cases it has been exposed as the giant with feet of clay that it really is, as its evolution remains very sensitive to sudden/violent changes in the tourism environment. Changes in the macro and/or micro environment in the form of political instability, revolution and terrorism can greatly dictate the future of tourist destinations and their viability. Egypt has a long history of turmoil and it has experienced political change through all of the above elements that had a profound effect on the country, its people and its very resilient tourism industry. The recent Arab Spring and a chain of ensuing events and continuous crisis are testing Egyptian tourism’s bounce-back ability to its limits Introduction In an era of volatility, instability, political turmoil and extremism, tourism is faced with significant challenges. As tourism is a very vulnerable and sensitive industry political stability, peace and above all safety, are prerequisites to tourism. In addition, tourists and tourism markets are prone to panic and events, such as civil unrest and terrorism can cause tourists to second-guess their decisions to visit certain destinations. In turn, the immediate impact and the short term, midterm and long term aftermath of such occurrences can be catastrophic, not only for the country destination, but also for the region as a whole. It is not only the economic loss that a destination will have to face; it is also a general sense of instability and economic malaise that discourages investment and inevitably reinforces the cycle of violence and instability as young people, especially are left unemployed, with no prospects and grow increasingly nihilistic and thus suggestible to extremist ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East Terrorist Activity in Latin America
    Middle East Terrorist Activity in Latin America Mark S. Steinitz Policy Papers on the Americas Volume XIV, Study 7 July 2003 About CSIS For four decades, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has been dedicated to providing world leaders with strategic insights on—and policy solutions to— current and emerging global issues. CSIS is led by John J. Hamre, former U.S. deputy secretary of defense. It is guided by a board of trustees chaired by former U.S. senator Sam Nunn and consisting of prominent individuals from both the public and private sectors. The CSIS staff of 190 researchers and support staff focus primarily on three subject areas. First, CSIS addresses the full spectrum of new challenges to national and international security. Second, it maintains resident experts on all of the world’s major geographical regions. Third, it is committed to helping to develop new methods of governance for the global age; to this end, CSIS has programs on technology and public policy, international trade and finance, and energy. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., CSIS is private, bipartisan, and tax-exempt. CSIS does not take specific policy positions; accordingly, all views expressed herein should be understood to be solely those of the author(s). CSIS Americas Program Leadership Sidney Weintraub, director, Americas Program, and William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy Phillip McLean, senior associate and deputy director, Americas Program Luis Pinto, coordinator, Americas Program M. Delal Baer, senior fellow, Americas Program Armand Peschard-Sverdrup, director, Mexico Project Sara Rioff, research assistant, Mexico Project Miguel Diaz, director, South America Project Viviane Vanni, research assistant, South America Project © 2003 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Receipts Alone Account for Close to 6% of GDP
    Technical Assistance to Estimate the Economic Impact of the Luxor Incident Final Report Submitted to Robert E. Wuertz Chief, Economic Growth, Sector Policy Ingi Lotfi Contracting Officer Technical Representative by TAPR Technical Assistance to Support The Reform Activities of the Government of Egypt and Provide Management Activities Bradley Perry WEFA, Inc. Adam Sacks WEFA, Inc. Dina El Shafei FinBi March 20, 1999 Report prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of Economic Growth, Sector Policy Division, Cairo, Egypt, under the TAPR Project: Technical Assistance to Support the Reform Activities of the Government of Egypt and Provide Management Activities (Contract No. 263-Q-00-97-00104-00, Task Order No. 5, Task Two), administered by Chemonics International Inc. This report is a joint effort between TAPR and its subcontractors, WEFA, Inc. and FinBi. Table of Contents Page # Executive Summary ..................................................................................................1 Background ...............................................................................................................2 Historical Review ......................................................................................................3 Econometric Analysis of the Visitor Arrival Data...................................................5 Monthly Approach.............................................................................................6 Annual Approach............................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2015 Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt Jantzen William Garnett As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons Recommended Citation Garnett, Jantzen William, "Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt" (2015). MSU Graduate Theses. 2551. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/2551 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TERRORISM AND THE RISE OF ISIS IN EGYPT A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Jantzen W. Garnett December 2015 Copyright 2015 by Jantzen William Marlow Garnett ii TERRORISM AND THE RISE OF ISIS IN EGYPT Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2015 Master of Science Jantzen W. Garnett ABSTRACT Using mostly primary source materials this thesis seeks to understand the evolution of and linkages between different terrorist organization that have operated in Egypt and the Sinai, in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FUTURE of TOURISM: Challenges of Tourism and Hospitality in a Risky World
    International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism/Hospitality THE FUTURE OF TOURISM: challenges of tourism and hospitality in a risky world Facultad de Ciencias Económicas THE FUTURE OF TOURISM: challenges of tourism and hospitality in a risky world Abstract The present brief commentary piece explores the future of tourism in view of the recently-innovated technological breakthrough as well as the surfacing of global risks as international terrorism. The piece discusses in depth the consolidation and evolution of the specialized literature according to three major events which not only shocked the public opinion but also marked the beginning of a new paradigm. The question whether Luxor Massacre ignited a hot debate revolving around the needs of promoting development to avoid ethnical conflicts or states of tension, was accompanied by the terrible images of September 11. This major event was characterized by the idea that mobilites and means transport may be used as real weapons against civilian targets. Specialists of all streams adopted the thesis that risk perception and the precautionary doctrine were useful instrument to prevent the advance of terrorism. The US-led invasion in Middle East, which were prompted by 9/11, reminded the impossibility of precautionary thesis to limit the violence of terrorism. In consequence, the attacks perpetrated simultaneously in Paris (2015) were only a question of time. Today´s tourists embraced enthusiastically the current technologies towards new forms of touring such as virtual tourism where their ontological security remains safe. Key Words: Terrorism, Risk, Tourism, Virtual world, Mobilities, the end of Tourism. Introduction Over the recent decades, terrorism and local crime have situated as two main threats to the tourism industry (Enders & Sandler, 1991; Somnez & Graefe 1998; Korstanje & Clayton 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA Briefing Cairo/Brussels, 20 April 2004
    MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Briefing Cairo/Brussels, 20 April 2004 ISLAMISM IN NORTH AFRICA II: EGYPT’S OPPORTUNITY This is the second of a series of ICG briefings which many Egyptians feel could lead to a addressing the range and diversity of Islamic recrudescence of violent activism at some stage. activism in the North African states where this The government risks realising too late that it has activism has been able to develop most fully -- Egypt, squandered a vital opportunity and wasted the fruits Algeria and Morocco. The first provides general of its own earlier successes on the security front. background. Each subsequent paper examines with respect to one of the three states the outlook and Between 1974 and 1997, Egypt witnessed intermittent strategies of the main Islamist1 movements and violence conducted by radical Islamic groups animated organisations, their relations with the state and with principally by the desperate vision of Sayyid Qutb.2 each other, and especially the way in which they Between 1992 and 1997, the violence was particularly have evolved in recent years. The analysis focuses on intense, with altogether over a thousand killed. the relationship between Islamic activism and Following the massacre of 58 tourists at Luxor in violence, especially but not only terrorism, and the Upper Egypt in November 1997, however, the armed problem of political reform in general and movements declared a cease-fire, which has held ever democratisation in particular. since. In the meantime, the Society of the Muslim Brothers has been allowed to pursue its activities and has recovered much of the position it held, before its I.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 1 THE LUXOR MASSACRE: THE CULMINATION OF A FIVE-YEAR WAR AGAINST TOURISTS AND THE TOURISM INDUSTRY ................................................................. 3 COPTIC CHRISTIAN VICTIMS ....................................................................................................... 6 INTELLECTUALS TARGETED ..................................................................................................... 10 CIVILIANS KILLED DURING SHOOT-OUT OPERATIONS .................................................... 12 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................................... 12 EGYPT Human rights abuses by armed groups BACKGROUND Political violence has been one of the main characteristics of Egyptian life in recent years. The cycle of violence pitting the security forces against armed Islamist groups, especially in Upper Egypt, since the beginning of 1992 has left at least 1300 people dead. The victims have included civilians, as well as armed Islamists and members of the security forces. Armed groups have been responsible for three assassination attempts on the lives of senior government officials during this time: the Minister of Information, Safwat al-Sharif, in March 1993, the former Minister of the Interior, Hassan al-Alfi, in August 1993, and the Prime Minister, Dr ‘Atef Sidqi, in November 1993, as well
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt Country Profile Prepared for Wikimedia Foundation April 22, 2008
    Egypt Country Profile Prepared for Wikimedia Foundation April 22, 2008 DISCLAIMER This country report is provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as security-related advice or recommendations. The information in this country report is not intended to substitute for obtaining advice from a security professional. Triple Canopy, Inc. and Clayton Consultants make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this country report. No person should act or rely on any information in this country report in place of seeking the advice of a security professional. The use of any information contained in this country report shall be solely at the recipient’s own risk. Nothing contained in this country report creates a business relationship of any kind between the recipient and Triple Canopy, Inc. or Clayton Consultants. All information contained in this country report came from publicly available, open sources. CONTENTS I. RECENT SECURITY INCIDENTS II. QUICK FACTS III. SECURITY THREATS IV. TRAVEL ADVICE V. CRIME & SAFETY VI. CULTURAL ADVICE VII. SECURITY RECOMMENDATIONS VIII. CONTACT INFORMATION EGYPT COUNTRY PROFILE | APRIL 22, 2008 | PAGE 1 I. RECENT SECURITY INCIDENTS 20 APRIL 2008 Ehsan Jami, a former Dutch politician, announced the upcoming release of an animated film that he said is even more controversial than the cartoons of Mohammed that appeared in a Danish newspaper. Both the Egyptian and Dutch governments condemned the release of a previous film by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders and are expected to do the same for Jami’s upcoming film release. Visitors should exercise extra caution when visiting Dutch and Danish consulates.
    [Show full text]
  • An Empirical Analysis of Tourism in Egypt
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Fielding, David; Shortland, Anja Working Paper How do tourists react to political violence? An empirical analysis of tourism in Egypt DIW Discussion Papers, No. 1022 Provided in Cooperation with: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) Suggested Citation: Fielding, David; Shortland, Anja (2010) : How do tourists react to political violence? An empirical analysis of tourism in Egypt, DIW Discussion Papers, No. 1022, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46201 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen
    [Show full text]
  • Extremism and Terrorism
    Egypt: Extremism and Terrorism On August 13, 2021, ISIS claimed responsibility after a roadside bomb targeted an armored military vehicle in New Rafah along the Gaza border, killing eight and wounding six. On July 31, ISIS fighters ambushed Egyptian forces at a security checkpoint in Sheikh Zuweid, killing at least five and wounding six. Security forces killed three of the attackers. (Sources: Al Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Al Jazeera, Times of Israel) Extremist attacks in the Sinai became rarer in the first half of 2021, though they have not ended altogether. In February 2018, the Egyptian military began an ongoing operation called Sinai 2018 to capture or kill ISIS militants in the northern and central Sinai. On September 10, 2021, prominent Sinai Province leader Mohamed Saad Kamel, a.k.a. Abu Hamza al-Qadi, turned himself in to the Association of Sinai Tribes, which coordinates with the Egyptian military. In March 2021, the Egyptian government began implementing major economic development projects in the Sinai to further dissuade extremists. Despite the successes of Egypt’s counterextremism initiatives, ISIS’s Sinai Province has continued to sporadically carry out attacks in and around the Sinai Peninsula. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Times of Israel, Al-Monitor) Human Rights Watch and other rights groups have accused Egypt of failing to hold its forces accountable. A September 2021 Human Rights Watch report concluded dozens of alleged armed militants killed in so-called shootouts with Egyptian forces did not pose an imminent danger to security forces or others when they were killed. In many cases, the suspects were already in custody when they were killed.
    [Show full text]
  • CTC Sentinel 8:3 (March 2015)
    AUGUST 2015. Vol 8. Issue 8 Contents Bay`a Remorse? Wilayat Sinai 1 Bay`a Remorse? Wilayat Sinai and the and the Nile Valley Nile Valley By Mokhtar Awad and Samuel Tadros 7 A View from the CT Foxhole: An Interview with Alain Grignard, Brussels Federal Police By Paul Cruickshank 10 Wilayat West Africa Reboots for the Caliphate By Jacob Zenn 17 Governing the Caliphate: The Islamic State Picture By Laith Alkhouri and Alex Kassirer 21 Al-Muhajiroun’s European Recruiting Pipeline By Raffaello Pantucci A policeman guards the Italian Consulate in Cairo after a powerful bomb attack. MOHAMED EL-SHAHED/AFP/ GETTY IMAGES 25 Islamic State Affiliates By Mokhtar Awad and Samuel Tadros Press Hamas became apparent that the attack had By Samar Batrawi t was early morning on Saturday, instead targeted the Italian consulate, I July 11, 2015 when Cairo awoke to a rather soft diplomatic target. More 28 CTC Sentinel Staff & Contacts the sound of a huge explosion. Coming significant than the target, however, just 12 days after the assassination of was the quickly released statement Prosecutor General Hesham Barakat, claiming responsibility. Instead of a and ten days after a massive assault claim by Wilayat Sinai, the Islamic on the city of Sheikh Zuwaid by State mother organization itself took Wilayat Sinai, the Islamic State’s local the credit.2 affiliate, residents feared the country’s widening terrorist insurgency had The following month in the early About the CTC Sentinel claimed another high-ranking official hours of August 20 residents in north The Combating Terrorism Center is an in the heart of mainland Egypt.1 It soon independent educational and research institution based in the Department of Social city.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Papers the Other Face of the Islamist Movement
    WORKING PAPERS THE OTHER FACE OF THE ISLAMIST MOVEMENT Mustapha Kamel Al-Sayyid Democracy and Rule of Law Project GLOBAL POLICY PROGRAM Number 33 January 2003 © 2003 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Carnegie Endowment. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Phone: (202) 483-7600 Fax: (202) 483-1840 www.ceip.org Carnegie Endowment Working Papers Carnegie Endowment Working Papers present new research by Endowment associates and their collaborators from other institutions. e series includes new time-sensitive research and key excerpts from larger works in progress. Comments from readers are most welcome; please reply to the authors at the address above or by e-mail to [email protected]. e Carnegie Endowment gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the Carnegie Corporation of New York for the Carnegie Endowment’s work on the Middle East. About the Author Mustapha Kamel Al-Sayyid is professor of political science and director of the Center for Developing Countries Studies at Cairo University in Egypt. In July and August of 2002, he was a visiting fellow at the Carnegie Endowment. © 2003 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace CONTENTS All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Carnegie Foreword . 3 Endowment. Charges against Political Islam . 6 Islamists in Egypt . 7 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Society of Muslim Brothers: Examining Its History and Relationship to Militant Islam .
    [Show full text]