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Physical Environment and Residents' Perception Towards Tourism Impacts

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Physical Environment and Residents' Perception Towards Tourism Impacts International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Physical Environment and Residents’ Perception towards Tourism Impacts: A Case Study of Tioman Island Norhafiza Md Sharif & Ku ‘Azam Tuan Lonik To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i11/7948 DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i11/7948 Received: 19 September 2020, Revised: 30 September 2020, Accepted: 16 October 2020 Published Online: 11 November 2020 In-Text Citation: (Sharif, & Lonik, 2020) To Cite this Article: Sharif, N. M., & Lonik, K. A, T. (2020). Physical Environment and Residents’ Perception Towards Tourism Impacts: A Case Study of Tioman Island. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 10(11), 215-228. Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, Pg. 215 - 228 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 215 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Physical Environment and Residents’ Perception Towards Tourism Impacts: A Case Study of Tioman Island Norhafiza Md Sharif1 & Ku ‘Azam Tuan Lonik2 School of Distance Education, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia1&2 Email: [email protected] Abstract Beautiful island environment can be an important asset for this country to attract tourists. However, the uncontrolled tourism activities can pose to the negative impacts on the natural environment. This article aimed to identify the perception of the resident on environmental impacts and their support towards tourism development. This study used quantitative methods to conduct questionnaire forms on 280 respondents who were residents of Tioman Island using a simple random sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24 and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, percentage and standard deviation) and correlation pearson. The results showed that poor tourism development has contributed to the negative impact on marine life (mean=4.71). However, the tourism sector has also created environmental awareness among residents (mean=4.56). A strong positive relationship (r=0.885, ρ<0.05) was found between the positive impact of the environment and residents support for the tourism sector. This study may provide useful information that could be used to plan the development of tourism, taking into account aspects of environmental assessment in the affected areas. Keywords: Environmental Impacts, Island Tourism, Tourism Impacts, Resident Perception, Support Towards Tourism. Introduction The tourism industry has been identified as a major catalyst in the services sector. In 2014, the tourism industry in Malaysia recorded a foreign exchange earning of RM72 billion compared to RM56.5 billion in 2010, an increase of 27.4% (Economic Planning Unit, 2015). This positive economic performance prompted Malaysia to make the tourism sector one of the main catalysts in the National Key Economic Area (NKEA) where it serves as a driver of economic activity for the Malaysians (Department of Information Malaysia, 2019). 216 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Recognizing the great potential of the tourism sector, the government has sought the best alternative to increase tourism products in line with the developmental efforts of other countries in Southeast Asia. The existence of beautiful beaches and islands in Malaysia has the great potential to be one of the tourism products that can attract tourists to this country. In addition, CNN Travel (2017) also recognized three beaches in Malaysia in the list of 50 best beaches in the world namely Tanjung Rhu in Langkawi, Kedah (49th rank), Juara Beach in Tioman Island, Pahang (21st rank) and Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu (13th rank). Moreover, Malaysia is also listed as one of the 10 best destinations in the world that should be visited (Lonely Planet, 2017). However, the uncontrolled influx of tourists is feared to affect the environmental capacity limit and consequently cause damage to the natural environment at the tourist destination (Sunlu 2003; Livadeas and Smith 2018; Taiminen 2019). In fact, poor tourism development has contributed many problems on the environment (Ozturk et al. 2015; Mohammed 2018; Mikayilov et al. 2019). More worryingly, the environmental damage that has occurred will take a long time to recover and consequently, affect the quality and experience of tourists in the areas affected (Bohm and Pfister 2011; GhulamRabbany et al. 2013; Asadzadeh and Mousavi 2017). In this regard, this study aims to identify the environmental impact received by the residents as a result of tourism development, as well as to examine the relationship between environmental impact with resident support for the development of the tourism sector in Tioman Island. This study could contribute to government planning in the development of the tourism sector. It is important to study the perception of the residents on the physical environmental impacts of the tourism sector to evaluate the positive and negative effects that have been received, and this is in line with the National Tourism Policy 2030 aimed at strengthening the commitment to achieve sustainable tourism. In addition, Research and Development (R&D) needs to be enhanced to improve the quality of services and ensure the sustainability of the island's tourism sector. Study Area Tioman Island Tioman Island is a mukim and an island in Rompin District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is located 32 kilometres (20 miles) off the east coast of the state, and is some 20 kilometres (12 miles) long and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) wide (Rompin District & Land Office, 2020). Tioman Island is the largest island in the archipelago of nine islands (Pulau Tioman, Pulau Tulai, Pulau Labas, Pulau Sepoi, Pulau Seri Buat, Pulau Tokong Bahara, Pulau Gut, Pulau Cebeh and Pulau Sembilang) forming the Tioman Island Marine Park. 217 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Figure 1: Map of Tioman Island, Pahang Source: Md Sharif (2017) The island is approximately 32 nautical miles east of Tanjung Gemuk, Pahang and was gazetted as a Marine Park in 1994 under the Fisheries Act 1985 (Amendment 1993). In addition, five other islands namely Pulau Renggis, Pulau Tumok, Pulau Soyak, Pulau Tasu and Pulau Raja are also included within the boundaries of the park (Department of Marine Park Malaysia, 2020). Tioman Island tourism products are nature-based covering the islands of the Marine Park and Wildlife Reserves (Figure 2). In terms of facilities, Tioman Island Marine Park provides a variety of interesting recreational activities such as snorkelling, diving, picnicking, camping, fishing, boating, swimming, jungle tracking and hill climbing, bird watching, wildlife observation and photography. 218 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Figure 2: The surroundings of Tioman Island, Pahang. Source: Rompin District & Land Office (2020). Literature Review Negative Environmental Impacts Typically, the deterioration of the quality of the environment is often due to human activities and therefore disrupts the ecological balance (Kameda et al. 2011; Vennila et al. 2014; Ghorani-Azam et al. 2016; Appannagari 2017). The negative impacts from the tourism sector usually occur when the level of tourist use exceeds the capacity of the environment to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change (Sunlu, 2003). Therefore, the development of uncontrolled tourism sector could pose a threat to natural areas around the world (Masa'deh et al. 2017). Previous studies (Sunlu 2003; Yazdi 2007; Ghobadi and Verdian, 2016) have indicated that tourism development caused many problems to the environment, including the destruction of vegetation, water pollution in coastal areas and the destruction of the coastal landscape. In addition, the tourism industry has also affects water quality through the construction and maintenance of infrastructure for boat and recreational facilities (Reopanichkul, 2009). According to Hall (2002), ecosystems and natural habitats may suffer from damage to infrastructure, recreational boat activities and the cruise industry. Caric and Mackelworth (2014) found that recreational and boat activities could destroy the ocean ecosystem. The construction of new hotels and recreation centers has led to an increase in wastewater and consequently increased the destruction of marine vegetation while reducing the diversity of fauna and oxygen supply (Yazdi and Saghayei, 2007). Therefore, Piazzi et al. (2005) and Antolic et al. (2008) expressed their concern for
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