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Determining the Gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene Horses from Fossilized Trackways
Foss. Rec., 24, 151–169, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-151-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways Alan Vincelette Pretheology Department, St. John’s Seminary, Camarillo, CA, 93021, USA Correspondence: Alan Vincelette ([email protected]) Received: 19 November 2020 – Revised: 11 May 2021 – Accepted: 11 May 2021 – Published: 10 June 2021 Abstract. Much work has been done on the study of ver- 1 Introduction tebrate gaits over the past several decades and efforts un- dertaken to apply this to fossil tracks, especially dinosaurs and mammals such as cats, dogs, camels, and horses. This Among horses, one of the most diverse sets of gaits of any work seeks to expand upon such studies and in particular to animal species can be observed. Some of these gaits are stan- study footprints laid down in sand by modern horses and ap- dardly classified as “natural” as they occur in nearly all horse ply such studies to determine the gaits of fossil horse track- breeds and usually do not have to be explicitly taught to the ways. It thus builds upon the work of Renders (1984a, b) horses. There are four such natural gaits: the walk, trot, can- and Kienapfel et al. (2014) and suggests additional measure- ter, and gallop, in increasing order of speed (Grogan, 1951; ments that can be taken on horse footprints. In this study Hildebrand, 1965, 1977; Gray, 1968; Prost, 1970; Leach and the footprints left in the sand by 15 horses of various breeds Dagg, 1983; Barrey, 1999, 2013b; Starke et al., 2009; Harris, with various gaits were videotaped, photographed, described, 2016, pp. -
Sauropareion Anoplus, with a Discussion of Possible Life History
The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history MARK J. MACDOUGALL, SEAN P. MODESTO, and JENNIFER BOTHA−BRINK MacDougall, M.J., Modesto, S.P., and Botha−Brink, J. 2013. The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (4): 737–749. The skeletal anatomy of the Early Triassic (Induan) procolophonid reptile Sauropareion anoplus is described on the basis of three partial skeletons from Vangfontein, Middelburg District, South Africa. Together these three specimens preserve the large majority of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, articulated forelimbs and hindlimbs, and all but the caudal portion of the vertebral column, elements hitherto undescribed. Our phylogenetic analysis of the Procolophonoidea is consonant with previous work, positing S. anoplus as the sister taxon to a clade composed of all other procolophonids exclusive of Coletta seca. Previous studies have suggested that procolophonids were burrowers, and this seems to have been the case for S. anoplus, based on comparisons with characteristic skeletal anatomy of living digging animals, such as the presence of a spade−shaped skull, robust phalanges, and large unguals. Key words: Parareptilia, Procolophonidae, phylogenetic analysis, burrowing, Induan, Triassic, South Africa. Mark J. MacDougall [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada and Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Sean P. Modesto [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada; Jennifer Botha−Brink [[email protected]], Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, P.O. -
Studies on Continental Late Triassic Tetrapod Biochronology. I. the Type Locality of Saturnalia Tupiniquim and the Faunal Succession in South Brazil
Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19 (2005) 205–218 www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. I. The type locality of Saturnalia tupiniquim and the faunal succession in south Brazil Max Cardoso Langer* Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeira˜o Preto, SP, Brazil Received 1 November 2003; accepted 1 January 2005 Abstract Late Triassic deposits of the Parana´ Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, encompass a single third-order, tetrapod-bearing sedimentary sequence that includes parts of the Alemoa Member (Santa Maria Formation) and the Caturrita Formation. A rich, diverse succession of terrestrial tetrapod communities is recorded in these sediments, which can be divided into at least three faunal associations. The stem- sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim was collected in the locality known as ‘Waldsanga’ near the city of Santa Maria. In that area, the deposits of the Alemoa Member yield the ‘Alemoa local fauna,’ which typifies the first association; includes the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon, aetosaurs, and basal dinosaurs; and is coeval with the lower fauna of the Ischigualasto Formation, Bermejo Basin, NW Argentina. The second association is recorded in deposits of both the Alemoa Member and the Caturrita Formation, characterized by the rhynchosaur ‘Scaphonyx’ sulcognathus and the cynodont Exaeretodon, and correlated with the upper fauna of the Ischigualasto Formation. Various isolated outcrops of the Caturrita Formation yield tetrapod fossils that correspond to post-Ischigualastian faunas but might not belong to a single faunal association. The record of the dicynodont Jachaleria suggests correlations with the lower part of the Los Colorados Formation, NW Argentina, whereas remains of derived tritheledontid cynodonts indicate younger ages. -
Reptile Family Tree
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus -
A Coluna Vertebral De Brazilosaurus Sanpauloensis Shikama
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Biblioteca Digital de Periódicos da UFPR (Universidade Federal do Paraná) Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 30 (1, 2, 3, 4): 151-173. 2001. 151 A coluna vertebral de Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki, 1966 da Formação Irati, Permiano da Bacia do Paraná (Brasil) (Proganosauria, Mesosauridae) The vertebral column of Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki, 1966 from Irati Formation, Permian of Paraná Basin, (Brazil) (Proganosauria, Mesosauridae) FERNANDO A. SEDOR1 & JORGE FERIGOLO2 Os Mesosauridae incluídos na ordem Proganosauria (BAUR, 1887) constituem dentre os “Reptilia”, um pequeno grupo extinto de formas lacertiformes esguias, de pequeno porte, adaptados à vida aquática ou semi-aquática (cf. ROMER, 1956; 1966). A distribuição temporal e geográfica do grupo restringe-se ao Permiano da América do Sul e da África. No Brasil, os Mesosauridae ocorrem na Formação Irati da Bacia do Paraná, e, no continente africano, ocorrem na Formação Whitehill, do Sistema Karoo (COPE, 1886; MCGREGOR, 1908; SHIKAMA & OZAKI, 1966; MENDES, 1967; ROÖSLER, 1970; ARAÚJO, 1976; BORGOMANERO & LEONARDI, 1979; MOREIRA et al., 1984). Também são referidas ocorrências de Mesosauridae no Paraguai (Beder; e Harrington, apud OELOFSEN & ARAÚJO, 1983) e no Uruguai (Guillemain; e Walther, apud MONES, 1986). 1 Museu de Ciências Naturais (MCN) — SCB, Universidade Federal do Paraná — Caixa Postal 19031 — 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Email: [email protected] Pesquisador do Museu de Ciências Naturais — Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. 152 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 30 (1, 2, 3, 4): 151-173. 2001. Os sedimentos sul-americanos portadores de mesossaurídeos situam- se dentro do intervalo temporal do Kazaniano e os africanos entre Permiano Inferior e Permiano Médio (PINTO, 1972a; OELOFSEN & ARAÚJO, 1987), correspondendo à porção mais superior do Sakmariano. -
The Geology, Paleontology and Paleoecology of the Cerro Fortaleza Formation
The Geology, Paleontology and Paleoecology of the Cerro Fortaleza Formation, Patagonia (Argentina) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Victoria Margaret Egerton in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2011 © Copyright 2011 Victoria M. Egerton. All Rights Reserved. ii Dedications To my mother and father iii Acknowledgments The knowledge, guidance and commitment of a great number of people have led to my success while at Drexel University. I would first like to thank Drexel University and the College of Arts and Sciences for providing world-class facilities while I pursued my PhD. I would also like to thank the Department of Biology for its support and dedication. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Kenneth Lacovara, for his guidance and patience. Additionally, I would like to thank him for including me in his pursuit of knowledge of Argentine dinosaurs and their environments. I am also indebted to my committee members, Dr. Gail Hearn, Dr. Jake Russell, Dr. Mike O‘Connor, Dr. Matthew Lamanna, Dr. Christopher Williams and Professor Hermann Pfefferkorn for their valuable comments and time. The support of Argentine scientists has been essential for allowing me to pursue my research. I am thankful that I had the opportunity to work with such kind and knowledgeable people. I would like to thank Dr. Fernando Novas (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales) for helping me obtain specimens that allowed this research to happen. I would also like to thank Dr. Viviana Barreda (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales) for her allowing me use of her lab space while I was visiting Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. -
(Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Cretaceous of South America
A ptychodontid (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Cretaceous of South America Paulo M. BRITO Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) [email protected] Philippe JANVIER UMR 8569 du CNRS, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 8 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Brito P. M. & Janvier P. 2002. — A ptychodontid (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Cretaceous of South America. Geodiversitas 24 (4) : 785-790. ABSTRACT An articulated assemblage of chondrichthyan teeth remain, previously described by Larrazet (1886) as selachian dermal scutes from the Carboniferous of New Granada, is re-described as a Ptychodus sp. and turns out to be Cretaceous in age, presumably from the La Luna Formation of Colombia or Venezuela. This Ptychodus species seems to differ from all the other known ptychodon- KEY WORDS tids by its homodontous dentition, tooth morphology and ornamentation, Chondrichthyes, however we prefer not to erect a new taxon here until tooth morphology Ptychodontidae, Upper Cretaceous, morphoclines become better known and help in the understanding of the South America. phylogenetic relationships among chondrichthyans. RÉSUMÉ Un ptychodontidé (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) du Crétacé supérieur d’Amérique du Sud. Une plaque dentaire de Chondrichthyes, précédemment décrite par Larrazet (1886) comme des plaques dermiques d’un Sélacien du Carbonifère de la Nouvelle -
Upper Cretaceous Chondrichthyes Teeth Record in Phosphorites of the Loma Gorda Formation•
BOLETIN DE CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rbct Upper Cretaceous chondrichthyes teeth record in phosphorites of the • Loma Gorda formation Alejandro Niño-Garcia, Juan Diego Parra-Mosquera & Peter Anthony Macias-Villarraga Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received: April 26th, 2019. Received in revised form: May 17th, 2019. Accepted: June 04th, 2019. Abstract In layers of phosphorites and gray calcareous mudstones of the Loma Gorda Formation, in the vicinity of the municipal seat of Yaguará in Huila department, Colombia, were found fossils teeth of chondrichthyes, these were extracted from the rocks by mechanical means, to be compared with the species in the bibliography in order to indentify them. The species were: Ptychodus mortoni (order Hybodontiformes), were found, Squalicorax falcatus and Cretodus crassidens (order Lamniformes). This finding constitutes the first record of these species in the Colombian territory; which allows to extend its paleogeographic distribution to the northern region of South America, which until now was limited to Africa, Europe, Asia and North America, except for the Ptychodus mortoni that has been described before in Venezuela. Keywords: first record; sharks; upper Cretaceous; fossil teeth; Colombia. Registro de dientes de condrictios del Cretácico Superior en fosforitas de la formación Loma Gorda Resumen En capas de fosforitas y lodolitas calcáreas grises de la Formación Loma Gorda, en cercanías de la cabecera municipal de Yaguará en el departamento del Huila, Colombia, se encontraron dientes fósiles de condrictios; estos fueron extraídos de la roca por medios mecánicos, para ser comparados con las especies encontradas en la bibliografía e identificarlos. -
A Procolophonid (Parareptilia) from the Owl Rock Member, Chinle Formation of Utah, Usa
Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org A PROCOLOPHONID (PARAREPTILIA) FROM THE OWL ROCK MEMBER, CHINLE FORMATION OF UTAH, USA Nicholas C. Fraser, Randall B. Irmis*, and David K. Elliott ABSTRACT An isolated skull of a procolophonid is described from the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation in the Abajo Mountains of southeast Utah. Although poorly pre- served, this specimen exhibits features that demonstrate a phylogenetic relationship with leptopleuronine procolophonids. These include the dentition, the greatly expanded orbitotemporal opening, the prominent quadratojugal spikes, and the shape of the jugal. Nicholas C. Fraser. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia 24112, USA. [email protected] Randall B. Irmis. Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. *Current Address: University of California Museum of Paleontology, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California 94720-4780. [email protected] David K. Elliott. Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. [email protected] KEY WORDS: Procolophonidae; Parareptilia; Late Triassic; Chinle Formation PE Article Number: 8.1.13 Copyright: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. May 2005 Submission: 28 June 2004. Acceptance: 6 March 2005. INTRODUCTION skull has been described in detail (Kemp 1974; Carroll and Lindsay 1985). The first member of the The Procolophonidae are a group of small clade to be named was Leptopleuron from the parareptiles (sensu Laurin and Reisz -
Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Sciences 7-2017 Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H. Nguy University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Geology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Nguy, Willow H., "Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals" (2017). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 91. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS by Willow H. Nguy A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Under the Supervision of Professor Ross Secord Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2017 MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS Willow H. Nguy, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2017 Advisor: Ross Secord Middle Miocene (18-12 Mya) mammalian faunas of the North American Great Plains contained a much higher diversity of apparent browsers than any modern biome. -
Southern Exposures
Searching for the Pliocene: Southern Exposures Robert E. Reynolds, editor California State University Desert Studies Center The 2012 Desert Research Symposium April 2012 Table of contents Searching for the Pliocene: Field trip guide to the southern exposures Field trip day 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Robert E. Reynolds, editor Field trip day 2 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 George T. Jefferson, David Lynch, L. K. Murray, and R. E. Reynolds Basin thickness variations at the junction of the Eastern California Shear Zone and the San Bernardino Mountains, California: how thick could the Pliocene section be? ��������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Victoria Langenheim, Tammy L. Surko, Phillip A. Armstrong, Jonathan C. Matti The morphology and anatomy of a Miocene long-runout landslide, Old Dad Mountain, California: implications for rock avalanche mechanics �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Kim M. Bishop The discovery of the California Blue Mine ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 Rick Kennedy Geomorphic evolution of the Morongo Valley, California ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 Frank Jordan, Jr. New records -
Osteology of the Dorsal Vertebrae of the Giant Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur Dreadnoughtus Schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Rowan University Rowan Digital Works School of Earth & Environment Faculty Scholarship School of Earth & Environment 1-1-2017 Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina Kristyn Voegele Rowan University Matt Lamanna Kenneth Lacovara Rowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/see_facpub Part of the Anatomy Commons, Geology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Voegele, K.K., Lamanna, M.C., and Lacovara K.J. (2017). Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (4): 667–681. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Earth & Environment at Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Earth & Environment Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. Editors' choice Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina KRISTYN K. VOEGELE, MATTHEW C. LAMANNA, and KENNETH J. LACOVARA Voegele, K.K., Lamanna, M.C., and Lacovara K.J. 2017. Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (4): 667–681. Many titanosaurian dinosaurs are known only from fragmentary remains, making comparisons between taxa difficult because they often lack overlapping skeletal elements. This problem is particularly pronounced for the exceptionally large-bodied members of this sauropod clade. Dreadnoughtus schrani is a well-preserved giant titanosaurian from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) Cerro Fortaleza Formation of southern Patagonia, Argentina.