Different Densities of Weeds and Wild Oats (Avena Ludoviciana) and Canary Grass (Phalaris Minor) on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat Cultivar Chamran

2497 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): 2497-2500, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Different densities of weeds and wild oats (Avena ludoviciana) and canary grass (Phalaris minor) on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Chamran

Einallah Hesammi

Faculty member, Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch. Iran

Einallah Hesammi: Different densities of weeds and wild oats (Avena ludoviciana) and canary grass (Phalaris minor) on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Chamran

ABSTRACT

Chamran wheat in order to evaluate the performance, the effect of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and canary grass (Phalaris minor), to 0 and 160, respectively, with densities up to 80 plants per square meter, an experiment conducted in 2010 at the Research Farm Faculty of Agriculture, the unit was Shoushtar. The results showed, canary grass, weeds and wild oats with different densities had no significant effect on the height of wheat plants. With 20 or more plants in the wild oat seed weight and seed number per spike of wheat decreased. The weed density between 20 to 160 plants per square meter, respectively, 18 to 44 percent reduction in grain yield. Canary grass with 20 to 80 plants per square meter, significantly decreased grain weight and grain yield was reduced 18 to 19 percent but had no effect on the number of grains per spike.

Key words: wheat, wild oats, canary grass, density, yield

Introduction with wild oat (A. fatua), when the abundance of 1 / 6% green cover, the addition of nitrogen not only Weeds as an integral part of ecosystems and increased the yield of wheat but it was significantly agricultural crops and non-reducing products are the reduced [3]. Was shown in studies to reduce the important factors [9]. Process of competition between sowing of wheat lines from 22 / 5 to 15 / 9 cm plants is a complex phenomenon, since many factors decreased wild oat biomass and grain yield increases are involved in the development and its [5]. It was shown that delayed planting of wheat, consequences. canary grass density and growth, but also reduced In the case of competition and the traits that grain yield [7]. The result of this report is to confirm identify the source or the absorption and utilization the effect of planting date on weed growth. Planting of limited resources, they can determine, it is very of wheat varieties with short legs, long legs important. Wild oats (Avena spp) and canary grass compared to the figures of the crop, the number of (Phalaris minor) as the dominant weeds in wheat are spikes, wild oat seed dry weight increased 80 to 100 known [8,11,10]. Impact of weeds on various factors [16]. Studies conducted in the province showed that such as wheat and weed density, wheat varieties the average density of wild oat (A. ludoviciana Dur) grown, the amount and timing of fertilizer, planting was close to 70 plants per square meter, grain yield date and the other parts depend on ecological decreased by 66% [12]. While in Karaj, the weed conditions. For example, wild oat A. fatua of soil plants per 100 square meters, 25 to 29 percent nitrogen to get better and wheat in the fertile decrease in wheat yield [14]. And competitive way conditions, the weed growth because the yield of of oat (A. ludoviciana) with the wheat crop and weed these crops is more widespread effect. Plots infected density varies depending on the cultivar [1].

Corresponding Author Einallah Hesammi, Faculty member, Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch. Iran E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(8): 2497-2500, 2011 2498

Compared with wild oat and rye grain with higher The effects of treatments in the middle of each green strength of the soil, which is why this is the plot were as follows: long stem of the internodes. If there is adequate moisture, seeds of wild oat Depth 7 / 5 to 10 cm 1. After the spike in wheat, the four points of each sprouts [6]. Growth in wheat and oat as a weed plot, and a height of 10 plants anywhere, Crown problem, with high growth is strong roots. In to the end of the main stem spike, using a ruler addition to the direct product of the plant, reducing and measured their average was determined. costs and increasing product quality sifter, 2. Before the wheat harvest, randomly, from each transportation, agro-chemical and controls to reduce plot with 10 spikes to the main stem of wheat farm income [13]. Competition of weeds and crops plants were harvested clipper. Cornish then any affected by ecological conditions is different. spike in each spike were counted and their Therefore, the effect of weeds in a crop in each average. district must comply with the technical conditions 3. After ripening wheat, the product of three lines needed to be done to the crop estimate to reach close (including margins) of each plot was harvested to reality. The purpose of this study, the estimated by the worker and the threshing machine was impact of weeds in wheat fields prevail in the designed specifically for small plots. With wheat province (city Shoushtar) with different densities on seeds weighed from each plot, yield was the yield. determined. 4. The product yield was determined for each plot. Materials and methods Numbers obtained with the software and the average variance MSTATC treatments each test In this experiment, two experiments as a was compared with Duncan's test at 5% level. randomized complete block design with four replications of five treatments in each experiment Results and discussions was related to the weed wild oat (A. ludoviciana) and canary grass (P. minor) were. In Table 1, the effect seen in wild oat in wheat. The experiments at Research Farm, University The weed from 0 to 160 plants per square meter in Shoushtar was in season 2010. For each experiment, height in the wheat had no significant effect. Weed the field was divided into four blocks, each block of infestation of 20 plants significant effect in reducing size 22 square meters and one meter away from each the number of square meters or more in a spike of other, they were intended. Then, each block was wheat seeds and with a density of 80 plants per divided into five plots, each 2 meters so that their square meter and 160 thousand grain weight was distance from the 0 / 5 m from the other. significantly decreased. All treatments had a The experiment, treatments included weed significant effect on weight loss; grain yield was density was different for this purpose, before higher than that of the wild oat density increased. So planting, each plot of each treatment, a certain the decrease in grain yield due to weed densities 20, amount of years that the seeds were collected and 40, 80 and 160 plants per square meter, respectively, kept in laboratory conditions, were uniformly 20 / 2, 32 / 4, 39 / 2 and 9 / 63 percent (Figure 1). distributed. Canary grass with different densities had no Then mixed with soil to a depth of about five significant effect on plant height and number of grain cm of soil was placed cramp. Then planted in each per spike did not (Table 2). With a density of 40 and plot five lines, 20 cm long 2 meters apart from each 80 plants per square meter, Further significant other and Chamran of 150 kg per hectare of wheat reduction in seed weight, Significant and equivalent was planted. For a uniform density of weeds in the to 21 to 22 percent of the wheat grain yield was plots of each treatment, after their emergence, 1 to 2 reduced compared with control (Table 2, Figure 2). leaf stages, to remove the excess plants, so that the Impact of weeds in wheat crop in good condition and soil and it is not possible, was attempted. In so they depend on the density is high. Reported that experiments concerning oat wild and canary grass, wild oat plant density of 84 to 90 m 26% yield of broadleaf weed control from herbicide 2-4-D 72% of barley crop was reduced to 7 [2]. The report, a linear a liter of fluid per hectare of wheat was at tillering. relationship between density of wild oat and wheat In each experiment, prior to planting, ammonium showed a decline. Also, the densities Zero, 86, 137 phosphate and urea fertilizers, respectively 160 and and 227 wild oat plants per square meter Wheat 145 kg per hectare, the land was added to uniform. yields were evaluated on And found that increasing Also, Roads as well as nitrogen fertilizer in two, One density reduced the number of wild oat panicles and early tillering and the beginning of stem elongation grain yield of wheat leaves [4]. The relationship of in wheat, in each of 50 kg per hectare was used the densities of 10, 30,60,100,150 and 200 wild oat uniformly across the field. The plants require plants per square meter Wheat yield and yield irrigation during the season was done. components in the density of 400 plants per square Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(8): 2497-2500, 2011 2499 meter, found that oat density increased, the number the high densities of weeds so that the pressure of of tillers, panicle weight, grain number per panicle, competition from wheat has led to a sharp drop. seed weight and eventually yield to the control (no Density increased competition weeds out the weeds oats) in a Densities of the order of 33 / 9, 37 / 5, 42 so the plants as well as the competition has been / 5, 45 / 4, 48 / 6 and 54 / 2 percent [15]. The created. This further increases the density of weeds results of this study is to close. and wild oat and wheat grass is a canary. The results In this study the effect of wild oat and canary are concluded Canary grass weed control and grass, with densities up to 20 percent, respectively management of wild oat in wheat is dependent on 35% and 18% (Fig. 1). The results showed that wild plant density. Areas where weeds and wild oat oats and annual canary grass in crop yield are canary grass as a weed in wheat fields are important affected. if there is likely to increase weed density, would Densities of biologic and economic impact of further damage them. This problem especially in weeds in wheat and wild oat grass from the Canary areas where wheat is grown in water has more. The and decline with increasing density is Densities with use of suitable crop varieties, resistant weeds and steady trend of decline in kidney function, but this is increased density consistent with the cultures of the So that the percentage yield loss at high weed region can largely control the damage and lack of densities than low densities. Therefore, it seems that weeds and wild oat canary grass, can help.

Table 1: Effects of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) densities on yield of wheat. The average yield of wheat Weed density m Height Number of grains per spike 1000 seeds Yield 0 92/3 a 42/5a 32/6a 5963a 20 89/8a 31/3ab 31/5ab 4888b 40 90/3a 36/3bc 32/1ab 4300c 80 90a 37/3bc 30/2bc 3900c 160 90/3a 35/3c 29c 3388d In each column, average with Latin letters in common are not significantly different from each other P =% 5.

Table 2: Effect of canary grass (Phalaris minor) with different density on wheat yield. The average yield of wheat Weed density m Height Number of grains per spike 1000 seeds Yield 0 89/9 a 43/2a 33/7a 6050a 10 89/8a 44/1a 33/4a 6055a 20 89/4a 42/1a 32/3bc 5850ab 40 90a 40a 31/5bc 4763b 80 90/1a 40/4a 30/3c 4194b In each column, average with Latin letters in common are not significantly different from each other P =% 5.

Fig. 1: Effect of wild oat density on wheat yield.

Fig. 2: The effect of density on the yield of wheat grass Canary Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(8): 2497-2500, 2011 2500

Resources 10 Montazeri, M., 1994. Read more efficient in controlling weeds in wheat Lfk. Journal of Plant 1. Atarian, A. and M. Rashed, 2003. effect of Diseases., 30: 69-77. different levels of wild oat density on yield and 11. Montazeri, M., 1990. And chemical control of yield components of winter wheat cultivars. In weeds in wheat fields in the Gorgan region, in Proceedings 15 Iranian Plant Protection Proceedings of 0.23 to 18 th Iranian Plant Congress, Volume II, Razi University, Protection Congress. Ferdowsi University of Kermanshah, 20-16 September 2003, p. 63. Mashhad., Pp: 208. 2. Bell, A.R., and J.D. Nalewaja. 1968. 12. Montazeri, M., 1990. Chemical control of wild Competition of wild oat in wheat and barley. oat in wheat farming in Khuzestan. Journal of Weed Sci., 16: 505-508. Plant Disease., 23: 29-34. 3. Carlson, H.L. and J.E. Hill, 1986. Wild oat 13. Oingwu, X. and N.S. Robert, 2002. Spring wheat Competition with spring wheat: Effect of N- seed size and seeding rate affect wild oat fertilization Weed Sci., 34: 29-33. demographics. Weed sci., 50: 312-320. 4. Cudney, D.W.L.S, Jordan, J.S. Holt and J.S. 14. Salimi, H. and Angjy, 1374; studied biology and Reints, 1989. Competitive interactions of wheat different densities of wild oat species Avena (triticum aestivum) and wild oats (avena fatua) ludoviciana competition and damage the wheat grown at different densities. Weed Sci., 37: 538- crop. In Proceedings 12 Iranian Plant Protection 543. Congress, Karaj Agricultural College, 16-11 5. Grewall, D.S. and G.S. Dhillon, 1986. Effect of September 1374: 67. crop geometry on incidence of wild oat in 15. Salimi, H., and Angjy, 1374. The most critical wheat. Weed Abstract, 35: 2-8. stages of vegetative and density of wild oat 6. Ghancellor, R.J. and N.C.B. Peterss, 1972. Plant competition with wheat. 1374 Annual Report. density and seed production in populations of Weed Research Institute Tehran plant pests and Avena fatua growing in spring barley. Weed sci., diseases., pp: 54. 10: 218-225. 16. Torner, C., C. Fernandez-Quintanilla, L. 7. Govindra, S., D. Sight and N.K. Sight, 1986. Navarrete and M.J. Sanchez, 1986. Tolerance Effect of date of sowing of wheat on Phalaris and competitive ability of different cultivars of minor and wheat yield. Weed abstract, 35: 187. wheat and barley in the presence of Avena 8. Hobbs, P.R., K.D. Sayer, 1998. Increasing wheat sterilis L. subsp. Ludoviciana (Dur.) Nyman. yield sustainable through agronomic means. Weed Abst, 35(2): 74. NRG paper 98-01. Mexico, D.F., Mexico., pp: 22. 9. Kirkland, K.j., 1993. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and yield as influenced by duration of wild oat competition. Weed Technol., 7: 890-893.