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A Mutation in the XPBIERCC3 DNA Repair Transcription Gene, Associated with Trichothiodystrophy

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A Mutation in the XPBIERCC3 DNA Repair Transcription Gene, Associated with Trichothiodystrophy Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60:320-329, 1997 A Mutation in the XPBIERCC3 DNA Repair Transcription Gene, Associated with Trichothiodystrophy G. Weeda,' E. Eveno,2 1. Donker,' W. Vermeulen,' 0. Chevallier-Lagente,2 A. Tafeb,3 A. Stary,2 J. H. J. Hoeijmakers,1 M. Mezzina,2 and A. Sarasin2 'MGC-Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam; 2Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, UPR 42 Institut Federatif CNRS-IFC1 -Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer, Vilejuif, France; and 'Unit6 de Dermatologie P6diatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Groupe Pellegrin, Hopital des Enfants, Bordeaux Summary Introduction Trichothiodystrophy (TD1) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and To counteract the deleterious effects of mutagenic and nails, mental retardation, impaired sexual development, and carcinogenic agents, all organisms are equipped with a ichthyosis. Photosensitivity has been reported in -50% of sophisticated network of DNA repair systems that is the cases, but no skin cancer is associated with TI). Virtu- essential for genetic stability. Nucleotide excision repair ally all photosensitive ID patients have a deficiency in (NER)-one of the most studied repair pathways-re- the nucleotide excision repair (NER) of UV-induced DNA moves a wide diversity of DNA lesions, including UV- damage that is indistinguishable from that of xeroderma induced lesions, in a multistep process (Hoeijmakers pigmentosum (XP) complementation group D (XP-D) pa- 1993). tients. DNA repair defects in XP-D are associated with two Two subpathways are recognized in NER: a rapid additional, quite different diseases; XP, a sun-sensitive and preferential repair of the transcribed strand of active cancer-prone repair disorder, and Cockayne syndrome (CS), genes ("transcription-coupled repair") and the less effi- a photosensitive condition characterized by physical and cient global genome repair process (Bohr 1991; Hana- mental retardation and wizened facial appearance. One walt et al. 1994). The importance of the NER system photosensitive TD1 case constitutes a new repair-deficient is highlighted by the clinical consequences of human complementation group, T T-A. Remarkably, both TTDL- hereditary diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum A and XP-D defects are associated with subunits of TFIIH, (XP), an autosomal recessive condition displaying sun a basal transcription factor with a second function in DNA (i.e., UV) sensitivity, pigmentation abnormalities, accel- repair. Thus, mutations in TFIH components may, on top erated neurodegeneration, and predisposition to skin of a repair defect, also cause transcriptional insufficiency, cancer (Cleaver and Kraemer 1994). Cockayne syn- which may explain part of the non-XP clinical features of drome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD) are two IltD. Besides XPD and TTDA, the XPB gene product is other NER-associated disorders with distinct clinical also part of TFHIH. To date, three patients with the remark- features. CS patients exhibit photosensitivity, severe able conjunction of XP and CS but not ltD have been mental and physical retardation, neurodysmyelination, assigned to XP complementation group B (XP-B). Here we impaired sexual development, skeletal abnormalities, present the characterization of the NER defect in two mild and a wizened facial appearance. Remarkably, in con- l1D patients (1 TD6VI and 1TTD4VI) and confirm the trast to XP, pigmentation abnormalities and sunlight- assignment to X-PB. The causative mutation was found to induced skin cancers are not seen (Lehmann 1987; be a single base substitution resulting in a missense mutation Nance and Berry 1992). The major DNA repair defect (T119P) in a region of the XPB protein completely con- in CS has been located in the transcription-coupled sub- served in yeast, Drosophila, mouse, and man. These findings pathway, whereas overall genome repair is unaffected define a third TID complementation group, extend the (Venema et al. 1990). TTD patients have brittle hair clinical heterogeneity associated with XP-B, stress the exclu- and nails, because of reduced content of cysteine-rich sive relationship between 'TDI and mutations in subunits matrix proteins, ichthyotic skin, and physical and men- of repair/transcription factor TFIH, and strongly support tal retardation, and approximately half of the cases dis- the concept of "transcription syndromes." play photosensitivity, correlated with a NER defect. As in the situation of CS, no cases of skin cancer have been reported (Itin and Pittelkow 1990; Sarasin 1991; Stary Received July 9, 1996; accepted for publication November 7, 1996. and Sarasin 1996). Address for correspondence and reprints: Dr. G. Weeda, MGC Complementation tests by cell fusion have demon- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, P.O. strated that these NER syndromes are genetically hetero- Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: weeda@ geneous and comprise , 10 complementation groups: 7 gen.fgg.eur.nl A-G © 1997 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved. in XP (XP complementation groups [XP-A-XP- 0002-9297/97/6002-001 1$02.00 G]), 2 in CS (CS-A and CS-B), and 2 in TTD (lTD-A and 320 Weeda et al.: New Trichothiodystrophy Complementation Group 321 XP-D) (reviewed by Hoeijmakers 1994). The finding of Material and Methods additional combined XP/CS patients falling into XP-B, XP-D, and XP-G indicates that there is considerable Cell Strains and Culture Conditions overlap and clinical heterogeneity within a subset of Skin biopsies were surgically obtained from unex- complementation groups. posed parts of the patient's body. Primary skin fibro- Interestingly, photosensitive TTD patients have an blasts were obtained from 1-mm2 slices of biopsies, by NER deficiency indistinguishable from that in XP pa- a procedure described elsewhere (Cruickshank et al. tients. To date, virtually all repair-deficient TTD pa- 1960). Primary cell cultures were studied at passages tients have been assigned, by cell hybridization, to XP- 4-15. Transformed fibroblasts were established after D (Stefanini et al. 1986, 1993a; Nuzzo and Stefanini transfection with plasmid pLASwt encoding the SV40 1989). These observations are confirmed by the finding large T antigen, as described elsewhere (Daya-Grosjean that microinjection and/or transfection with the XPD/ et al. 1987). The cells used in the present study are listed ERCC2 cDNA into cells of several unrelated TTD pa- in table 1. MRC5V1SV, XP1BR, and XP1 1BE cells were tients restores their DNA repair deficiency (Mezzina et obtained from Drs. A. R. Lehmann and C. F. Arlett al. 1994). Furthermore, mutations in the XPD/ERCC2 (Brighton, U.K.), and XP6BESV and XP4PALas cells gene have been detected in a number of TTD patients were obtained from the NIH's National Institute of Gen- who previously had been assigned to XP-D (Broughton eral Medical Sciences and A. Sarasin's laboratory, re- et al. 1994; Takayama et al. 1996). Thus there is consid- spectively. Lymphoblastoid cell lines were obtained erable clinical heterogeneity associated with XP-D, har- from peripheral blood lymphocytes, immortalized with boring patients with XP, XP/CS, or TTD (Johnson and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; B958 strain from G. Klein, Squires 1992). Stockholm), by standard procedures (Miller and Lipman Recently, it was discovered that both the DNA repair 1973). Fibroblast cell lines were grown in modified Ea- helicases-XPD/ERCC2 and XPB/ERCC3-are in fact gle's medium containing 15% FCS and antibiotics (peni- subunits of the basal transcription factor TFIIH (Schaef- cillin, streptomycin, and fungizone; Gibco). Lymph- fer et al. 1993, 1994). Subsequently, it was shown that oblastoid cells were grown in RPMI medium both ERCC2 and ERCC3, in the context of TFIIH, are supplemented with 20 mM glutamine, 10% FCS, and directly involved in repair and transcription in vitro and antibiotics. Routinely, 3 x 105 lymphoblastoid cells in vivo (van Vuuren et al. 1994; Vermeulen et al. were seeded in 100 ml of medium on T75 culture flasks 1994b). These results show that both the XPD/ERCC2 (Falcon), and every week the cell suspensions were di- gene product and XPB/ERCC3 gene product have a dual luted with fresh medium. role in two distinct metabolic processes: DNA repair and transcription. In contrast to XPD, the XPB pro- UV-Induced UDS tein-which is part of the same TFIIH complex-has, Cells were washed with PBS and were irradiated with so far, been associated only with combined XP/CS. UV-C at a fluence rate of 0.2 J/m2/s. For unscheduled Recent somatic-cell fusion experiments have identified DNA synthesis (UDS) experiments, 5 X 104 primary two additional TTD families, representing two other fibroblasts were seeded onto two 2-cm2 glass slides in distinct TTD genetic entities. One cell strain (TTD1BR) tissue culture dishes. After 18-24 h, cells were cultured has been assigned to an entirely new excision-deficient- in medium containing 0.1% FCS, 10 mM hydroxyurea, repair complementation group (Stefanini et al. 1993b), and 100 ,uM fluorodeoxyuridine for 2 h prior to UV whereas the other (TTD4VI and 6VI, from siblings) irradiation. After irradiation, cells were incubated in me- failed to complement XP-B cells, suggesting that the re- dium containing 10 gCi/ml of 3H-TdR for 3 h and were pair defect in this family resides in the XPB/ERCC3 chased for 1 h with medium containing 10 ,uM thymi- gene. Microinjection of XPB/ERCC3 cDNA resulted in dine. Slides with radiolabeled cells were mounted and the correction of the repair defect, a result that is in dipped in a photosensitive emulsion (Kodak). All other agreement with the assignment by cell fusion experi- steps of the UDS procedure were performed as described ments (Vermeulen et al. 1994b). Here we report the elsewhere (Vermeulen et al. 1986; Sarasin et al. 1992). clinical description of these two new TTD siblings, their When untransformed fibroblasts were used, the medium repair characteristics, the confirmation of the comple- was supplemented with 20% JB-clone fetal serum (Insti- mentation assignment to XP-B, and the causative muta- tut St.
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