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An Earthquake Hits STAMPEX: Quetta 1935

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An Earthquake Hits STAMPEX: Quetta 1935 An Earthquake hits STAMPEX: Quetta 1935 Building an Exhibit from a Tragedy Contributed by Neil Donen Neil with his ‘salt of the earth’ philatelic wife Nancy Number 3.2 October 2018 A Rare Opportunity - not to be Missed Sometimes we are presented with an opportunity which just we cannot pass up. It is a foolish man who will turn this down. So when Neil Donen agreed that we could share his Exhibit on the Quetta Earthquake, displayed at the Autumn 2018 STAMPEX with us, it was one of those moments. I was more than delighted to welcome an authoritative and insightful addition to our third set of Occasional Papers Neil’s display fitted the agenda set for our Occasional Publications perfectly: • It tells a story which is compellingly interesting; • It introduces what is for many, a new angle on Indian Philately; • It puts humanity at the centre where we can find examples of bravery, resourcefulness, empathy, organizational capacity, kindness and essential optimism; • It is a self-contained fragment from history; • It is a study which can be limited to just 14 days or be extended into the days and years preceding the earthquake and into the aftermath of its consequences; • It poses many unanswered questions which will require further research and thought to reach a conclusion. Many members of the ISC will already have read some of the research work already undertaken by Neil Donen in India Post 52/2 (2018) No. 207. He makes a compelling case for research in these misty areas to be undertaken on a collaborative basis. Neil is seeking illumination from wherever it comes - and especially if our ideas about what happened on the ground need to be further refined. It is a fact that we are always seeking new Quetta material to add to the corpus of known mail items and associated memorabilia, so that we can complete the picture of how such an event was handled over 80 years ago. A cautionary word before you jump in, the exhibit wording has been slightly modified to fit in the publication, but it nevertheless presents an accurate picture of the exhibit. The Message for us all is – let’s get more involved in philatelic research ! ! ail and s to m relie nse f fu po nd es The 1935 e l r ff ta Quetta Earthquake or s ts Po • 31 May 1935: Magnitude Moment MW7.7 earthquake in Quetta (Baluchistan). • 30,000 - 45,000 persons estimated to have died. • Large Empire garrison (12,000 personnel). Rapid search, rescue and relief work. • Most Post Offi ce personnel killed (56 of 60). Mail handled by Railway Mail Services (RMS). OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE Th e aim of this two frame exhibit is to show - the responses of the postal system to mail out of and into Quetta in the seven month period aft er the earthquake i.e. June to December 1935, and it’s services to assist earthquake relief funding eff orts. CHALLENGES • Acquisition: Less than 170 known Quetta covers with very few items in some subgroups. • Variable quality of accessible correspondence related material in Quetta aft er earthquake. Items of additional interest have a next to them PLAN OF EXHIBIT 1. Background (2-3) 2. Outgoing Mail - June 1935 a. Postmarks RMS cancels (4-5) b. Postmarks Concession period (6-11) c. Concession withdrawal (12-13) d. Errors and Postage Due/Taxed (14-16) e. Mail by Rail, Sea and Air (17-21) f. Additional covers of interest (22-23) 3. Correspondence (24-25) 4. Incoming mail (26-27) 5. Funds for relief eff orts (28-30) 6. Return to ‘normal’ (31-32) Background Quetta: Pre-earthquake postmarks Postmarks in use • Combined Date/Hour stamp with and without obliterator arc • Double-circle Date stamp without obliterator arc • Rectangular Box slogan with date - Type A29(a) - Only at Main (General) G.P.O. Right: Quetta Main G.P.O. (Combined Date/Hour stamp with obliterator arc) Left : Quetta Aerodrome (Double-circle date cancel without obliterator arc) Right: Quetta Main G.P.O. Type A29(a) date slogan* * See Smith & Padgham "Classifi cation of Indian Postal markings." India Post. 1979;13(2);pp 95-103 ‘Support the Jubilee Fund’ Quetta was the capital of the Baluchistan Agency. It is located in an earthquake prone zone along the Chaman Fault near the Afghan border. In 1935 the population was estimated at 60,000 persons including 12,000 troops responsible for defending the North-West Frontier. Background Eff ects of the Earthquake Th e Magnitude Moment MW7.7 earthquake occured at 3:03am on 31 May 1935. It produced widespread damage to Quetta and the surrounding areas. An estimated 30,000-45,000 people died. Map of Quetta showing areas aff ected following the eathquake. Post Offi ce buildingss are highlighted by red arrows; Telegraph and Wireless Communications identifi ed by black arrows. Staff College was the only post offi ce not damaged in the earthquake. Note the destruction of the civil area of the city (lower part of map). Post-earthquake postal services were run by RMS staff operating in the the grounds of Telegraph Offi ce. Original map included with Major-General Karslake’s (Offi cer Commanding Western Headquarters) report on the earthquake.and organisational responses. Outgoing Mail - June 1935 The Railway Mail Service (RMS) cancels Th ere was severe damage to most of the post offi ces and the death of almost all of the post offi ce personnel in Quetta. Postal services were taken over by Railway Mail Service (RMS) employees living in Quetta, who had suff ered minimal staff losses. Th ey used their own “Quetta R.M.S.” cancellers between 6 and 15 June. Th e original intended use of the RMS canceller was at the Railway Station Post Offi ce. Th e RMS postmarks are a key marker for sequencing outgoing mail Quetta RMS Type Crc postmark commonest RMS postmark seen. Used from 6 June 1935. All postmarks seen show time of 11:15pm and ‘Set-2’. “Set - 2” indicates shift i.e. 3:30pm to 11:30pm. Quetta RMS Type Crc postmark/cancel:* Combined Date/Hour Stamp and Obliterator canceller (has movable date and hour slugs for dispatch dates and time). Introduced in 1910 for Railway Mail Offi ces which were handling more than 150 posted items daily. * Donen, N & Gillham, B. “Mail from Quetta aft er the 1935 earthquake.” India Post 2018;52:pp 58-64. Outgoing Mail - June 1935 The Railway Mail Service (RMS) cancels Quetta RMS Type Crd postmark. Associated primarily with the Red Handstamp cancels (Quetta Group 2). Crd postmark usage only noted between 4 and 7 June. Time range for dispatch dictated by Set number. Post earthquake, both ‘Set-1’ and ‘Set-2’ cancellers have been seen. Facsimile example Quetta RMS Type Crd cancel:* Double-circle Date Stamp cancel (has movable date slug for dispatch dates). Issued in 1914 to all Railway Mail Offi ces without any daily posted items volume restrictions. * Donen, N & Gillham, B. “Mail from Quetta aft er the 1935 earthquake.” India Post 2018;52:pp 58-64. Quality of strikes was very variable (fair to poor). Outgoing Mail - June 1935 Concession Period (Free Postage) Quetta Covers classifi ed into four Groups 1. No handstamp 2. Two-line Red handstamp 3. One-line Black handstamp 4. Th ree-line Red withdrawal handstamp On 4 June 1935, India Post sent out a memo to all post offi ces as well as telegraphs to Empire authorities requesting them not to tax letters from the earthquake area. Mail was to be sent post free. Group 1 Covers - No Handstamp Many of the surviving covers sent aft er the earthquake do not have any frankings. Key indicators highly suggestive of these covers are: a. Manuscript writing: “quetta earthquake/no stamps available” and b. Th e presence of small triangular “Inspector’s Marks” on covers sent to Great Britain. Th e date of this cover to England is unknown i.e. there are no postmarks. Research based on other covers suggests this was probably sent by airmail from Karachi. Note comment re lack of stamps. Undated cover probably sent airmail to England. Note the triangular “Inspector’s Mark.” Mrs. Davies was the wife of Major- General H.R. Davies. Outgoing Mail - June 1935 Concession Period (Free Postage) Group 1 Covers - No Handstamp Covers with either RMS, Transit or Receiving cancels or, combinations thereof, allow one to identify the probable routing of the cover and its contents. Part of back cover Cover (postmarked 8 June) and contents carried by train to Karachi. To London via Flight IW345 (Departed 12 June). Arrived London 17 June. Delivered Godmanstone 18 June (Receiving postmark). Back cover. Mailed from Bank of Quetta, Quetta to Bank of India in Bombay. Bombay receiving cancel dated 8 June. Train travel time between the two cities was Postmark dates on covers approximately 36 hours. Cover and contents probably mailed on 6 June. with no handstamps range from 4 June to 14 June. Approximately 30% of covers seen mailed from Quetta in the immediate post-earthquake period were to destinations within India. Outgoing Mail - June 1935 Concession Period (Free Postage) Group 2 Covers - Red Handstamp Th e Two-line Red Handstamp "Quetta Earth Quake. / Postage Free." (98 x 64 mm) is thought to have been used between 6 and 10 June and only at Staff College. Cover postmarked 7 June with RMS Type Crd cancel to Bristol, England. Routing: By train from Quetta to Bombay. Carried on P&O mailship SS Ranpura, departing Bombay 15 June. Travelled overland from Marseilles to a Channel port and then by sea to England arriving on 30 June.
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