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Responses of Elite Athletes to the Negative Consequences of Turning Points During and After Their Sport Careers

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Responses of Elite Athletes to the Negative Consequences of Turning Points During and After Their Sport Careers Responses of Elite Athletes to the Negative Consequences of Turning Points During and After Their Sport Careers Author Balcombe, Luke Published 2015 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/879 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366240 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Responses of Elite Athletes to the Negative Consequences of Turning Points During and After Their Sport Careers Luke Balcombe BA Leis Mgt, M Sc Env Element: Psychology/Suicidology Department: Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention Group: Health Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 16, 2012 0 Statement of Originality This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. (Signed)_____________________________ Name of Student: Luke Balcombe Statement of Ethical Clearance Ethical clearance was granted by Griffith University’s Human Research Ethics Committee (GU Ref No: CSR/01/08/HREC). The research was conducted in accordance with the approved protocol. 1 Acknowledgements My Primary Supervisors, Professor Diego De Leo and Professor John O’Gorman, External Supervisors, Professor Bernhard Baune and Associate Professor Frances Quirk assisted this Thesis in their supervisory capacity including planning and editorial assistance during the confirmation and editing process. Renee Carrett assisted me in checking the audio for validity with my transcripts. Nicole Shepherd assisted with technical training for data analyses with the NVivo program and member check. Thank you all very much for your support and assistance. I dedicate this thesis to my father, Barry. His passing away, believed to be suicide in 1985 led me to want know more about the experience of downward spirals and what constitutes a “survivor”. Acknowledgement of published papers included in this thesis Included in this thesis is a published paper in Appendix G for which I am the sole author. The bibliographic details for this paper are: Balcombe, L. “Mental Ill-Health and Suicidal Ideation in Athletes: There’s a Dark Side to Being a Champion”. Gold Coast Health and Medical Research Conference Proceedings, Main Beach: 1-2 December, 2011. Additionally included in the thesis is a published poster/paper in Appendix F which is co- authored with another researcher. The bibliographic details for this paper are: Balcombe, L. and Quirk, F. “Athletes and Mental Health: Is Depression a Sports Injury?” 4th Asia Pacific Regional Conference of the International Association for Suicide Prevention. Brisbane, Australia, 17 - 20 November 2010. Key words and phrases Elite athlete, perceptions and expectations of self, injury, retirement, life changes, risk, stress, psychological distress, suicidal ideation, mental ill-health, linking, achievement, perfectionism, coping strategies, support, resilience, life satisfaction, dedication, high achievers, turning points, transition, trauma, downward spiral. 2 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 10 Background ........................................................................................................................... 10 Rationale for the present study ............................................................................................. 13 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 14 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 18 Stress in athletes .................................................................................................................... 18 Expectations of athletes ........................................................................................................ 20 Injury ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Mental ill-health and suicide in athletes ............................................................................... 24 Identity .................................................................................................................................. 27 Alcohol and drug use ............................................................................................................ 28 Overtraining, burnout and chronic fatigue ............................................................................ 29 Retirement ............................................................................................................................. 32 Perfectionism ........................................................................................................................ 34 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 37 Chapter 3: Research Methods ....................................................................................... 39 Qualitative approach ............................................................................................................. 39 Stages .................................................................................................................................... 40 Athlete Sample ...................................................................................................................... 42 Interview Guide .................................................................................................................... 45 Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 46 Thematic Analysis ................................................................................................................ 48 3 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 53 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................... 54 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 4: Secondary Data ............................................................................................ 56 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 56 Perceptions of sport career .................................................................................................... 57 Perceptions and expectations of self ..................................................................................... 58 Changes in perceptions and expectations of self .................................................................. 60 Perfectionism ........................................................................................................................ 60 Stressors ................................................................................................................................ 61 Injury ..................................................................................................................................... 62 Overtraining, burnout and fatigue ......................................................................................... 63 Retirement ............................................................................................................................. 63 Psychological distress ........................................................................................................... 64 Suicidality in Athletes ........................................................................................................... 66 Coping strategies, support and rehabilitation ........................................................................ 67 Alcohol and drugs ................................................................................................................. 68 Intervention ........................................................................................................................... 70 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 5: Elite Athlete Interviews ............................................................................... 74 Study Participants ................................................................................................................. 74 Retired Males ........................................................................................................................ 74 Retired Female Athletes .......................................................................................................
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