Subsistence-Based Socioeconomic Systems in Alaska: an Introduction
Special Publication No. SP1984-001
Subsistence-Based Socioeconomic Systems in Alaska: An Introduction
by Robert J. Wolfe
1984 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence
Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to ≥ mile mi Company Co. harvest per unit effort HPUE nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp. less than < ounce oz Incorporated Inc. less than or equal to ≤ pound lb Limited Ltd. logarithm (natural) ln quart qt District of Columbia D.C. logarithm (base 10) log yard yd et alii (and others) et al. logarithm (specify base) log2, etc. et cetera (and so forth) etc. minute (angular) ' Time and temperature exempli gratia (for example) e.g. not significant NS day d Federal Information Code FIC null hypothesis HO degrees Celsius °C id est (that is) i.e. percent % degrees Fahrenheit °F latitude or longitude lat. or long. probability P degrees kelvin K monetary symbols (U.S.) $, ¢ probability of a type I error (rejection of the hour h months (tables and figures) first three null hypothesis when true) α minute min letters (Jan,...,Dec) probability of a type II error (acceptance of second s registered trademark the null hypothesis when false) β trademark second (angular) " Physics and chemistry United States (adjective) U.S. standard deviation SD all atomic symbols United States of America (noun) USA standard error SE alternating current AC U.S.C. United States Code variance ampere A U.S. state two-letter abbreviations population Var calorie cal (e.g., AK, WA) sample var direct current DC hertz Hz Measures (fisheries) horsepower hp fork length FL hydrogen ion activity (negative log of) pH mideye-to-fork MEF parts per million ppm mideye-to-tail-fork METF parts per thousand ppt, ‰ standard length SL volts V total length TL watts W
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. SP1984-001
SUBSISTENCE-BASED SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN ALASKA: AN INTRODUCTION
by
Robert J. Wolfe Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Juneau
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 1255 West 8th Street, Juneau, AK 99802-5526
1984
The Division of Subsistence Special Publications series was established for the publication of techniques and procedure manuals, special subject reports to decision-making bodies, symposia and workshop proceedings, application software documentation, in-house lectures, and other documents that do not fit in another publications series of the Division of Subsistence. Most Special Publications are intended for readers generally interested in fisheries, wildlife, and the social sciences; for natural resource technical professionals and managers; and for readers generally interested the subsistence uses of fish and wildlife resources in Alaska. Special Publications are available through the Alaska State Library and on the Internet: http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/.
Robert J. Wolfe Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1255 West 8th Street, Juneau, AK 99802-5526, USA
This document should be cited as: Wolfe, R.J. 1984. Subsistence-based socioeconomic systems in Alaska: an introduction. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence, Special Publication No. SP1984-001, Juneau.
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write: ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK, 99811-5526 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042, Arlington, VA, 22203 Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, MS 5230, Washington DC 20240 The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers: (VOICE) 907-465-6077, (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648, (Juneau TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please contact: ADF&G Division of Subsistence at www.subsistence.adfg. state.ak.us.
· .
SUBSISTENCE-BASED SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEMS
IN ALASKA: AN IN'l'RODUCTION
Robert J. Wolfe, Ph.D. Research Director Division of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish and Game Juneau, Alaska Novembe r 1983 (Revised December 1984)
One of the major research endeavors of the Division of Subsistence
of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game is to describe and understand
a type of socioeconomic system in Alaska which may be termed a "subsistence
based socioeconomic system." A subsisence-based socioeconomic system
is an economy and society where fishing and hunting for local use play
important roles. Communities with su~sistence-based systems are
economically and socially dependent on fishing and hunting for local use.
W:i.thout access to the natural resource base of fish, game, and plants,
the communities could not exist as they do today •
There appear to be several characteristics of a subsistence-based
socioeconomic system. Characteristic features include the following:
a community-wide seasonal round of subsistence activities; high participation
rates in fishing and hunting activities; substantial outputs of fish and
gam~ products for local use; a domestic mode of production; extensive
non-commercial distribution and exchange networks; traditional syste~s
of land use and occupancy; and a mixed economy combining subsistence and
commercial sectors. This paper briefly describes each of these features
illustrated with materials drawn from several communities where the Di vision , )
of Subsistence has conducted work which are examples of this taxonomic
- type of socioeconomic system. The locations of these communities are
depicted in Figures 1 and 2.
Seasonal Round of Subsistence Activities
The first characteristic of a subsistence-based socioeconomic system
in Alaska is the presence of a community-wide seasonal round of fishing
and hunting activities. The economic activities of a community follow
a yearly cycle, based on the seasonal appearence of fish and game resources.
The seasonal round of production activities is complex and differs in detail
between communities, as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 which depict seasonal
rounds for two areas communities along the Yukon River delta, and the
community of Tyonek along Upper Cook Inlet. The seasonal round is a regular
pattern, although fluctuations appear in it from year to year depending
upon the availability of resources, weather conditions, and other fact o rs.
Participation
A second characteristic of a subsistence-based socioeconomic system is
high participation in fishing and hunting activities within the community.
Figures 5 and 6 show participation rates in selected subsistence activities by
households in Nondalton near Lake Clark, and in Tyonek. Figure 5 shows
that between 60-75 percent of ~ondalton households harvested sockeye each
year during a three years' study period. Between 50-60 percent harvested
whitefish, while 60-70 percent harvested caribou. Figure 6 shows participation
rates in descending order in Tyonek during 1978-82. As will be described below,
households which did not harvest certain resources typically receive products
through distribution and exchange networks.
2 " Outputs
A third characteristic of subsistence-based systems is that production
outputs of fish and game are substantial. Figure 7 shows food outputs for
six communities near the Yukon River delta and for Nondalton, in pounds
dressed weight per household per year, in 1980. The sample of 88 Yukon
Delta area households interviewed in 1981 on average produced 4,600 pounds
of fish and game, or about 780 pounds per household member. These are
substantial outputs, reflecting the high dependencies of these communities
on fish and game. The economic base of these communities is "food extractive"
in nature. This contrasts with the economic bases of other Alaska communities
such as trade, goverment services, finance, defense, and manufacturing.
There is as yet little infornation documenting trends in subsistenc~
outputs. What little information exists for Yukon Delta communities suggests
there has been no radical decreases or increases in output in recent years.
Figure 8 depicts harvest trends in subsistence salmon caught along the
lower Yukon River, for which there is fairly uniform information for
about 20 years. It demonstrates that king harvests fluctuate from year
to year primarily due to run strength and catch conditions, and that
five-year averages seem to be increasing slightly. Five-year averages of
chum harvests seem to show a decline over time, attributable in part to
the decreased use dog teams in the area.
Domestic Mode of Production
A fourth important characteristic of subsistence-based systems is
that fishing and hunting activities primarily occur within kinship units.
Figure 9 illustrates a fishing group at Alakanuk, composed of two households
3 allied for the purpose of taking salmon. The triangles are men, the circles
women, and the vertical lines are birth and descent relationships. In this
work group, the father and son-in-law fished and the mother and married
daughter processed the catch by air-drying and smoking, a relatively labor
intensive processing method. The production group pooled labor and capital,
and the proceeds were commonly held by the two households in a food cache
at the parental household. Figure 10 shows that kinship based production
groups can be considerably more complex. This group is composed of six
households from two villages, using five tents and three smokehouses.
In subsistence-based economies, the major economic firms are these domestic groups. Production capital, labor, and community use-areas are
controlled or accessed by these kinship groups. Production levels are determined by the needs of the family group, which are typically at levels
below production capacity. This contrasts markedly with the social organization of production in industrial-capital economies where production
primarily occurs in firms separate from the family, and production is directed toward market sale and accumulated profit.
Distribution and Exchange Networks
A fifth characteristic of subsistence-based socioeconomic systems is
the presence of extensive non-commercial distribution and exchange networks.
Fish and game are shared, distributed, and exchanged in non-commercial
transactions in large quantities. Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the distribution of a moose taken by hunters in Chuathbaluk on the middle
Kuskokwim River and Tyonek, respectively. The Chuathbaluk hunter's ~oose was divided among five households; the Tyonek hunter ' s moose was used by eight households. Consequently, even though a household may not directly
4 participate in the harvesting and processing of a resource, the household may use the resources taken by someone else.
Traditional Systems of Land Use and Occupancy
A sixth characteristic of a subsistence-based socioeconomic system is the presence of traditional systems of land use and occupancy. The locations of fishing and hunting activities by residents of a community are influenced by systems of non-codified customary laws defining rights of access. Trap lines, fish campS, set net sites, big game areas, and other areas are recognized as the use areas of particular kinship groups and communities. The Division of Subsistence is be"ginning to map Some of these use areas, and to document SOme of the customary laws regulating use. Figure 13 depicts the locations fishcamps along the lower Yukon River.
It illustrates that camps tend to cluster according to the resident's village of origin. Figure 14 depicts the areas used for fishing and hun ting by the community of Tyonek. The systems of land use represent a sociopolitical organization of fishing and hunting whereby access to resources is defi[~ed and control exerted.
Mixed Economy
A final characteristic of subsistence-based economies is that food production for subsistence use is mixed with commercial and wage employ~ent in the community. The economy is "mixed" because the communities have subsistence and commercial sectors. In the Yukon Delta area, money is gai~ed through the commercial sale of fish and furs, wage employment, and cottage crafts. Incomes are relativelY low, as commercial harvests are finite and wage-paying jobs are few, highly seasonal, low-paying, and part-time.
5 Figures 14 and 15 depict monetary incomes for three Lower Yukon communities and for Tyonek. Typically, communities with subsistence-based economies cannot function solely on monetary earnings. Consequently, money is invested in the equipment for fishing and hunting for subsistence uses, the most reliable sector of the economy.
There are complex interrelationships between type of commercial or wage employment and resource use. In many communities, the commercial sector and subsistence sector are mutually supportive. Money gained through the commercial sale of fish, wage employment, trapping, and crafts is invested in a way which supports success in the subsistence sector.
Research in the Division of Subsistence continues to explore the interaction of monetary and subsistence activities in these mixed economies.
Summary
To summarize, a "subllistence-based socioeconomic system" seems to be a type of socioeconomic system in the State. It is a food extractive economic system and has several identifying characteristics of resource use. Subsistence-based socioeconomic systems are characterized by a complex seasonal round, high participation rates, high production outputs, a domestic mode of production, extensive non-market distribution and exchange networks, traditional systems of land use and occupancy, and mutually supportive subsistence and commercial-wage sectors.
Clearly. in certain communities, fishing and hunting for local use are important components of the social life and economy. In these communities, the community's economy and society are organized around fishing and hunting for subsistence uses. Understanding the form and functioning of this type of Alaskan socioeconomic system is one of the major directives of the Division of Subsistence.
6 ~ EMMONAK AI.AKANUK ~ b SIIEl.l.ON rOlNT
huathbalukr
'"'1 \-', Q
CASE CO~'HUNITY · LOCATIONS Yukon River Delta Region
Norton Sound
Bering Sea
o 5 10 15 20 25mile o 5 10 1520 25 30 kilometer
Figure 2 From Robert J. Wolfe (i984) Commercial Fishing in the Hunting-Gathering Economy of a Yukon River Yup'ik Society. Etudes/Inuit/Studies .
JUN JUL AUG 5£' OCT NOV DEC J AN 'E" ~AIt "PI! MAY
Wot.,faw' " ...I,Oft - - - 5 ..." • • ,,-.5 •• • fllft • I(lft, Sellllo. • Cftu.. 50''''0. Cofto So I1110 ft PInk S.'..Oft ·8'00' Wftlt.fllft 8e,'., C Ilco • au 'bot - Blacofll" So /f,an COd -
B.,.""O Beo,ud 5.01 5 PO".d SIO' Ringed S.ol - 11100 .. CO, ' OOy a.O ... I' - 1111 •• '0" Land 0"., Hor. ""I.fot ...,t,n
JUH J UL AUG S EP OC T NOV DEC J AN FEll .... AR APR MA Y
l FI SH CA MP I I.U'N VILLA GE I I B a AT I SNOWMA CH' NE I
Fig . 4 . Seasona l Ro u nd of Subsis t ence Ha r ves t s , Lo\"e r Yukon Rive r, 1981
FIG UR E 3 From James A. Fall, Dai.iel J. Foster, and Ronald T. Stanek (1983) The Use of Moose and Other Wild Resources in the Tyonek and Upper Yentna Areas: A Background Report. Technical Paper No.74, Division ( S~SUNA~ RUUNU UF HARVtST ACTIVITIES FOR SELtCTED SPECIES, T~UNEK,AK. 197~-1982
$pec1 es Al=R MAY JUN JUL AU\; SC:P GCT NUV DEC JAIl F::S ,"IAR
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~alC1nal ill tS. Duer. s Geese /"Cos e ------ Brown ~eoir ------ Tor.;coa Spr:Jee Grouse------ Porcupine i%oa
Sn :l..S noe Ha re ?tarm1 gan
/'11 nil Marten Fox Coyote kleolver Ot':.er Ralnoow Trout------______
Dollj '~4r~en ------
'(,e1: ___ US~dl ;Jerloa cf har',est effor<,:; ------Gc:.!sio~31 :ler iod JT harvest ef"';Jr: .
FiglJre 3, SeasJnal roure of hd:-',est ~-:':iviti~s :; 7jonek reSIdents (F')s:~r
:J32j:J~) IMHISWOlJl l'hMTII:rrhTIOH IN HhRVr.rr .\CTIVITI'~··S D'~r_ft NG 197]. I?!O •.I"~ lUI. KEY ~ONDhLTO!l
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~ 1~80 1981
: ~o .;, - ."-,. 70 - - ~O ~ ~ SO
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SPEC I(S
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" SNO\j$HOE B(AV(R lYNX nUCK Geos ;: ;U ;.11 HARE
fi..;urL' 12. IlullSCl!oLd PJ.rcicioJcion in !!.:lrvesc Accivicics During 19 73, 1980. Jnd 1981. NonJJ.lcon
From Steven R. Behnke (1982) Wildlife Utilization and the Economy of ~ondalton. Technical ~eport No.47, Figure 5 Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G., Dillingham, Alaska. From James A. Fall, Danieal J. Foster, Ronald T. Stanek (1983) The Use of Moose and Other Wild Resources in the Tyonek and Upper Yeritna Areas: a Background Report. Technical Paper 74, Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G. Anchorag~, Aiaska.
~ , -- -
"CD = ....<: - o
~ •M
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....~ M .... ~ ...." OJ c: ,...-:.. o :;:.., ... I er- Q r-. o C> ;: co M .... ~ V'> a:I C> C>= ";-~~I ______:"______~~__~______-1 C>~ ....~ '"~ Fi gure 6 From Robert J. Wolfe (1983) Resource Diversification and Coastal Riverine Habitats: The Economy of the Yukon Delta Eskimo. Draft report, POlJlDS fV~ SALYON Etudes/Inuit/Studies, November 1984 DRESSED WEIGHT On1ER FISH 3) COO I SEA tW\MALS ~~ LAND t1AJ'IMALS AAvM BIRDS 2)500 ~ HERRING · . 2)000 ··,. ·• · .t ··. ··. ··,. tSOO ·· . ·4• · ~ . ••• •• • w· • 1))]0 500 YUKON RIVER YUKON RIVER NORTON SOUND I LI A'vINA LAKE COASTAL-RIVER IN LAND-R IVER COASTAL-RIVER INLAND-RIVER (FOUR VILLAGES) (MT. VILLAGE) (STEBBINS) (NONDALTON) FIGURE 4. MEAN HOUSEHOLD HARVESTS IN POUNDS DRESSED WEIGKT DURING 19m} BY COf'1\lUN ITV Fi gure 7 From Robert J. ~Jo1fe (1984) Corrmercial Fishing in the Hunting-Gathering Economy of a Yukon River Yup'ik Society. Etudes/Inuit/Studies THOUSANDS OF SALMON Chum King 160 15 140 14 Chum 130 13 120 12 110 11 ,\J ___Klng 100 10 , II I \ , 1\ ,I 90 9 'I I \ I \ I ,I", I \ ,I 80 8 ,, I , I , , , , I 70 7 , , I , , , ,I , , , 80 8 I, ,I \ ,I I \ I , , , 50 6 \ I \ , \ ~ , I I I I \ I \ , , ~ 40 .. \ , \ I \ , I , ~ ~ I, 30 3 I 20 2 10 1 82 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 YEAR Fig . 6 . Subsis t e nce Salmon Ca t ches, Lowe r Yukol1 ~ i \'e r, 1 9G 1-1 9 8 ~ FI GURE 8 From Robert J. Wolfe (1981) Norton Sound/Yukon Delta Sociocultural Systems Baseline Analysis. Technical Paper No. 59, Division of Subsistence, A.D.~~G., Juneau, Alaska. .\ 0 I I I "J I I I A .4 0 • 1 ~ I I t E) A A 1 SAUNA ~ f0'/m HouSa H()()~e. (VACANT) ----~ ----~-~------R"/E~ ....------ --- FIGURE 3. EXTENDED FAMILY COOPERATIVE GROUP AT -A ~INTER VILLAGE Figure 9 "' ..- - -...... / - "" ,/ '" / (I) "" o I " '\ I \ ,r-_,_ I \ $ (!) Q <:) ~ ~ 0 e A e y~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o r+.~ A o i ~ J ~ ~ \MOk~HOuU~ - . ~ ...JI .. .• ~t : :~ ~ TENT TeNT~ ~~r:p;u . lli!1 Wl1I ~ TeNT T~Nl" ~ o TiNT ~ ~ ~~O~EHOUSE ~ ~fI\O~EH00SE o-rj fJ· (JQ c: '1 ro ======-====------~~~~------~=====- ~BEAC.I-I ~ ~ ~~ o fIGURE 4. COOPERATIVE GROUP AT A FISHCAMP BASED ON KINSHIP AND PRINCIPLES OF ALLIANCE From Ho ll e n .J. Wo l f e (1 981) No rto n Sound/Y lik o n De lla Sociocultura l Systems Baseline Analysis. Tl!c lll1i cd l Pa pe r No .59, Divisiol1 o f Subsi s t e nce, A.D . F.G., Juneau, Alaska From Susan Charnley ( 1983) Moose Hunting in Two Central Kuskokwim Communities: Chuathbaluk and Sleetmute. Technical Paper No. 76, Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G., Bethel, Alaska '1c ---_ ...... ------ - - - - ... 'lJ u C ~ .::::. C ·11 ~ :J 1.1 . ~ '"'l.I u I.. E :; r:: .c ----- ------ :J :J ~ I.. ~ ~ C ...J :; - e.f) ::l a a E u -::; -:: ~ -c - ~ ·,1 ------~------~ O_-..IrO GI ... ~ II C II ~ ~ II CD ::: ... e'" .... 0 os II I I I CI 0 .. -.. ..;:, ~ 0 .Q .c: .....~GI ....IC "'0 c- .c:... ------.---- ;,., NC.- "'0 ...... GI ...• I.JC GI -c:c:~ GI .... a. '" IV 4/~ E ...... 4/N ... VI o~ . 00 .... E os "'c.tftGl 0 ...... ~w ~ - ~ ..:::c_.... - ,.., U 0 U ... Vel C ~ 0" -... -'til ~., ------i:~; - GO.Q ~ .. e .. :::s :::s .. oc: N - .c: .... ~ .. CJ ~ ~2~- - -... From James A. Fall, Daniel J. Foster, and Ronald T. Stanek (1983) The Use of Moose and Other Wild Resources in the Tyonek and Upper Yentna Areas. Technical Paper ~o.74, Figure 12 Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G., Anchorage. , . , From Steve Behnke (1982) Wildlife Utilization and the Economy of Nondalton. Subsistence Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage. 60 MOOSE ~1973 N=25 50 ...... ;;;;;;;;;:;;;: 1980 N= 14 1981 N=19 40 30 20 10 o NONE ONE TIl0 TH,REE FOUR 60 CARIBOU _1973 N=25 50 \::~::::::: 1980 N= 14 1981 N=19 40 30 20 10 NONE ONE ThlO THREE FnUR FIVE OR MORE ~~ Figure~. Percentage of Nondalton Households Harvestina Moose and Caribou ' . • From Robert J. Wolfe (1981) Norton Sound/ Yukon Delta Sociocultural Systems Baseline Analysis. Technic~l Paper 59, Division of Su9sistence. Juneau. NORTON SOUND • ALAKANUK •• "" EMMONAK o KOTLIK .~ MOUNTAIN VILLAGE • .sHELDON POINT .' o~ • STEBBINS o ~ 10 15 20 lS Mil ... o 5 "0 " 0 15 lCilometwra Figure 4: Approximate locations of summer fishcarTlps of households from Alakanuk, Emmonak, Kotlik, Mountain Village, Sheldon Point, and Stebbins during 1981 Figure 13 . , From James T. Fall, Daniel ~. Foster, and Ronald T. Stanek i (1983) The Use of Moose and Other Wild Resources in the Tyonek and Upper Yentna Areas: A Background Report. Technical PaDer NO. 74, c Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G., Anchorage, Alaska BELUGA Sus ftna \ ;, ( ~i\)0 \~\ I '"'~\\l y~~ I I \lEST FC~E!.J,IIO gig R1vel{I ,V-:::::J ~_~ _ COO K I N l £ T ~p "C..,OI,;U I 9~Y ( ~ ~y,HA..m POn:> J$"'"Glll ISL"" cresce;Rl~;;;sre/,X,','. )\,P~t. e71~, { h' e~ iVOM EK RESO URCEr-l HARVEST ~REA ~ sea E o 5 10 15 111 Il ES Figure 2. Geogrilpnic are) o~' ~escurC2 nar'/~st usedJy Tyonek res idents lS73 ~J ~'?S= Figure 14 r f"'"". ~ -..• •• A'" ";; -~.~ , . ~."~~~" .;._ ..... ~ ~ ; ~·;, i.- .. ·'· : 7 ..' _ ' ~.lC:.\ .~.~ .... ·~lt:;~'...... :, ..' l'\· -::-:)\-- ') -~-. ,.J:;-) I: "" . 1 --.-. J ":'~" ..... J.J-." .'f . I ( / ('t. .-,., J(. . :". /.~. fiG. AREAS UIIEO fOR fiSHING BY RESI· ", '. I. :') DENTS Of ALLAKAIlIET ANO ALATNA. JANUARY '" 1 ~ ~ ,...... ~ ~-? / ..... t'..:, L,~)\!., ' :' "). .• :. h '~11 . DECEMBER 'M2. 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G-GRAYlING SU-SUCKERS - -..)" .t o/.>.~ ' 1'" /j -~). :. i~)"" ... I I .. • 1 , '_-""\, . ' ~.'" " _. -:-,..- '-..-)" I( -,,'. r~.:tt;' .~ ( : I ~' :::: ~ I < ) .' - , • .., . ~(t.TI· · , ' P- PII( E T-TROUT ~ rI ,\... ~ ,If'.! ,. - I .:" "r:1 ..:/f'~:S_ .r.~: :". ,'!l / .. q ~. ;" " '1 , .,'; :;,,:', ~~~~~"~;;~~~':'~~l~O~"~~~:~~~O:..~:,'50A~=T~:H~~:'50~~~l~ SH·t~~l~.~; I ' )') : I . .. ~ " .'.. ' -: U\l ....,C"....c.t~.OIlrl'IA"'0 .. Ao"',. ..O'HYlt __ O,.II1'.'(C'fICI IW.\'... : ). \_, .f/ .' .(. '.•;! J "'P"I),... UO,..."II . ""50 ..A'C.... 'ICOIOl\IOIHfOO..LYAPA.,.ALM' ..M" AlAS~A DtPAAT"ENl Of fiSH AHO GAME UN'''IIO''OfAIIII''I'''PoalAIOI'10LOCALllitt~'OIHI~ TH"IIrIA'I~"L'O ~ .t.:.,. "..... ":"', "'.' • . ,, ' ~ . I): I T .. yA...... ' ... ' .. IC,.L'OfIJ~UGOO''''O... III(O''I\'O... ''f'U.'50ISIl ..L:1 DIVISION Of SU/lSI5TENCt 1 .. _ .~ ... "" \ . 1 ' .; . .( , " 1884 (-' f' r"\ , J, ~,...... ; '", ,~' " .. .. ,J. ;~;.S:L~ H • .I. ~ ..,,1 ·I.t" ..... \ .... ·L: : ~ I· fiG. AREA. USEO fOR fUR8EARER TRAP· . -:.,~ . . ,' ..' PING 8V RESIDENTS Of ALLAKAKET AND ALA1NA, NOIIEM,ER INl· MARCH I SIll. ' . # ' , r 1 . ,. :.. ~i:...... '. \J'I I ! , , .. I -N-: " !' ~, lRAPPING AREAS USED BY , .0: CO ...... UNITY HOUSEHOLDS. " . o ITRAPLINES ARE LOCA TEO WITHIN THESE AREAS ,) ',~~ . i: ~t '.' ~ ~ i . i, ,. ... ~ '- I. I" , , INIO.M" TlO" COUICJ(D 'Oil lG HOUil"Ol05 • ., .11M .....corl[. "0"'111 'o.u... ..tiD "AI ••LlI...... 5 ...... JUL".IIIU .,.-'". .,. it[ ' CONU"POII"A, .[iOuIlCl uS( P..IUII.., IN 'H[ uPP[ ...O'WIUlI, .[CtON ., .J""'15 A ...... COI U ....0 r(A • ., L "'''''''''$ 0,\'15'ON 0' 'UtiSI5H"CI IIC""'C"L ",,11'(."'0 UfO. IU.'HlAlaPL"""'IO", . \ '! 2~~ IlAU ... " .. "O"PUQ '''0'' U5Ci "UC;"I' ..",0 •• TtL" - .... t no 000 Ou"Di ~ :-. , ,II " . 1 '1 'J' GJ • ,~ ,. ,. • . f C .,.\., I ....N. ;:0 ,/ ,/~,::::~•., !, '.:.:",- 1." rrI . , [. -- )., j , ' i ~ ,... I .. ~~. .\:' '==='-_....==;;..__==i;,._..tc•• " ...... f · ..,. -':'"-... t OJ .J :r' ' " ,.,1.',... I ••" j : , ' ~; . "'J .:i~ = '/ , . "'''.ct ' .. ~' T ' I I"I~ ....i> O( ....c 1 ~ ..lit .. , I.I,(D' 0111 .r10ulle...... ~ ... I ",... (;, '.0...... 0 ...... 1 III 'f.:~:.f · ~.---~---:-T ·.;r:~'~;' ~ ~--:~:~~ " .. TO .....," 1.1l ' ... ' 0 ...... ' ,0...... S O.'","'lO 'HO... " \""",l U' CO'" 17. ' ." 'r:' "UN.T, HOUUHOlD~ •• e"U\t "", 'f~""1 Of HOust HOlD III. \ o u.e. USoI I '. , ...... 'e".."'G('.o.'fl .. ~ Ion .." ."'0'...... 1 .. 0. I"' ~I'rel'.' ,..... So ...... I' , .' I;', ~~ : t' .• - I" .... 'S'HI(O H'.t. IluS ...... c ...... 'O",\'''lIUO 0""-,,, ..... NIIIoL .... M. ALASKA O(PART"'ENI Of fiSH AND OA"'E ', : " ... , .'.OH o .... Hl", ' .....011 T... , TO I oe.l ". litH ... I, IH.\ .... P' " "'L '0 , . , , ..... u .... 1 ., .. ~e.~, 0' I HO 000 ••0" t"' ",,,,,,,.0,. O' , ..... ,., I' "Ct I , . ... . / J'., DIVISION Of SuaSISTENCE j . . - _. "':- -. . ~ ..... - _ .. '''84 (_.. (\ ~ (1." .' -~-~'~- .. <: & AREAS USED FOR FISHING, HUNTING, .' TRAPPING, AND GATHERING BY RE SIDE NTS "(-1" .• \~ OF BETTLES, EVANSVILLE, ALLAKAKET, ALATNA, AND HUGHES, JANUARY 1981 THROUGH DECEMlIER HIIZ-, f • • •. , . .... -, /' \ I . -''''', , ., BETTLES AND EVANSYLLE •... \. I VJu "" "." RESOURCE USE AREA ". \ I "... \ \ (\ Ij AlLAlI ....Sl ...P AO."110 fAOM .LAS•• "000000 ••'1 ....P SlIllfS . cop.Rte", ....eric (HVIIIO""..' ... 'A&. '..,0"..... 110111 ..,..0 0.'" CI NI,R, UhI"dASIJ , Of "'A,•• , .t.~ SCALE I : 1000.000 .-.. .., ...... o 10 ZO 3D 40 ••1.. o 10 20 30 40= ~O -..1*,.,. -n ...... " " ,1,"" Gl C ::0 rrl \ ...... -N ~ (J " ,. \,.,. , o .. ~ . ' \ , "1 \ ' - ' " .... ,. ,. --" ' I"I ,S ...... ,. D(f"C1' AIIIEAS OSlO fOIt IIIIIOO"CI ""III .... ,rH.C 'tIIO" JA..,U .UIo, , .... '0 .... ,...: ... n.l IHfO,..... 11 0 M .... OI" ' HI a '.-0l1li .. s ..., . ( Of " ouSt ( ... . ", " .1I) I O l ii' t: Ae M c o ....u ... 'r" ., CAUSl ' AJ .. 'I NS ", ... 0 ,-, , ("010 IIf ) OUM " IIH .."" '(."...... C. I 'RO.. YIA" 10 t."It ...0 I" Wl f. 0' ".( ,"" .If Ie nllit' ,,£.. MI ..M( ) ,HllO H'''l. '"'S .... ,. C A ..., C OHSIOI NI a 0""'''' ,..fIIl .AL IU....' · Uh'aflO If 0 ' "JIIIIAi ,,,''-'flU''H' IU lOC." "(110Ud' AlAS"A DEPARJMENT 0' fiSH AND G ....( ~ . OIYI~IO~ 0' ~U.'I\1(HC( .~ : .-' TARLE 5. MEAN SURSISTENCE HARVESTS BY MAJOR INCOME SOURCE* Mean Mean Mean Mean Subsistence Subsistence Household's Major Household Household I-Iarvest per Harvest per Inccme Sources Size Incane Household Household Member wage Employment and Conmercial fi.1 S23,3fi2 5,274 Ihs. 870 Ibs. Fishing (n=49) Wage Employment 4.4 19,025 4,fi08 1,047 Only (n=lO) Commercial Fishing fi.3 1fi,n6 3,920 fi24 only (n=18) Transfer Payments 6.3 6,468 2,741 435 (n=ll) *From a sample of 88 households for the period June 1980 through May 1981 (Data from the communities of Alakanuk, Emmonak, Kotlik, Sheldon Point, Mountain Village, and Stebbins in the Yukon River Delta vicinity.) From Robert J. Wolfe (1984) Commercial Fishing in the Hunting-Gathe r ing Economy of a Yukon River Yup'ik Society. Draft submitted to Etudes/Inuit/Studies. FIGURE 140 \ 4 t:lO(l)~~t:I"1 ..... 0 rt/t)/t)/t) '1 <:ElCUlUlI-'O t-'oao..ortrtE! UlC ..... Clblll ..... ::sIb'1t1 ~ Ot-'oUlO::S a ::Srt /t) ~cr' ..... a > Ib /t) O/t)H'oC::I-'Ul'1 H'oUl UlIllOrt toql\lUlC (I) .... . ~'1t.... C!-iUlIllIllO· cr'/t):T::S. fl) UlO .... O" ~ ..... :T::s HC::O Ul ::s OQ (I) ::s Ul I-' rt ..... o · /t)H\ fl)OIllO~Ulfl) ::s III ::s ...... Ol-'o..ot...... fl) fl) • ::s ..... ~30% -o;x:o \.0 IIlCO~(I)CX> -I >"O::s::so ..... w /t)rtOI-'X'-' o C1 '1 t-'o EI H\ ~ ::s t-'o /t) (I) t-3 w I-I1ZOQO a:T (I) a III III fl) :) - C'l ..... (I)::sl-' o - ::s'< 0..1-'t'"' 0'\ Ul a ~ - - · ..... >rtt- 1 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Tape File 3 2Alakanuk N = 105; Emmonak N = 132; Kot Ilk N = 62 • no data available , From James A. Fall (1983) Tyonek. Resource Uses in a Small Non-Road Connected Community of the Kenai Peninsula Borough. In R.J. Wolfe and L.J. Ellanna (comp) Resource Use and Socioeconomic Systems: o o Case Studie~ of Fishing and Hunting in o M Alaskan Communities. Technical Report No.61, • A ~ .Q) Division of Subsistence, A.D.F.G., Juneau. om om u. om Q) o qo Q. 10,... CI:S om .- om >. om ... om CI:S qoqo E om om E o C) ::::J 10m (J) C'? C'? .... .:.: C) om Q) C om C om U) o qo 0 11111111111 C'? C'? >. ::::J .-- 0 om om a; :r: 10 m ,... 0) ..... "C e-..e-.. en C ~ CI:S 00) C omoqo 0 10 ,... en - e-..e-.. -... -CI:S om ~ ::::J om Q. 10 m 0 N qo 0 I11111111111111111111 e-..N C C. om -Q) om E -0 oqo U) ON 0 111m Ne-.. u ::::J C U) om C om "C Q) IOC) c...> ,...m 0 II 111111111 ...... 0 .c:: c:c om Q) en om en , oqo ::::J 10 ,... 0 I11111111111111111111 ...... II) J: ::::J om U) om C 10 qo (1) N qo ...... Il) c...> om ::::J (1) om C) .c:: o qo II11111111111111111 ON u:: -0 ~ .0 ::::J <;l ~ Q) -(":I :> ... (":I 111I11111111111111111 ::::JO III en ~ til CJ) II "C 0 IIIIIIIIIII!IIIII :;:)z c: ..... N • 1I111111111111I11 o ==~======~===II=I!~II~I~U~lIgngllgllgll~II~II~II~II~l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o 0 0 o C'? N ..... o ~Sa'OH3SnOH 3'dlf~'tS :JO 3D'tlN30ij3d Figure 16