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IDU:Illegible Original (MSI/PFM, 1999-04-21) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OF PRE-DETERMINED CENTRE-LINE FOR THE PROPOSED SEFOPHE - MARTIN'S DRIFT ROAD

ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE PLANNING CONSULTANTS - UNITED KINGDOM

MAY 1989

FE CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 METHODOLOGY

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

5.0 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENT

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS - METHODS OF CONTROL, AMELIORATION AND MONITORING

7.0 CONCLUSION//EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

1 £-- LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 LOCATION PLAN

FIG. 2 PROPOSED ROUTE AND LINK ROAD

FIG. 3 EXISTING VEGETATION

FIG. 4 PRESENTLY KNOWN SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

FIG. 5 EXISTING LAND USE

FIG. 6 RECOMMENDATIONS

FIG. 7 IMPACT MATRIX 1 PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS

FIG. 8 IMPACT MATRIX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

FIG. 9 IMPACT MATRIX 3 HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS

FIG. 10 IMPACT MATRIX 4 AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS

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0 100 200 0 i0= 150 cm North Sefophe-Martin's Drift Road LOCATION PLAN FIGURE 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report is the result of a study commissionedby the consultantsBrian Colquhoun,Hugh O'Donnelland Partners, Botswana,in fulfillmentof a requirementset out in the Terms of Referencethat the impact of the proposedSefophe - Martin's Drift Road be investigatedand that recommendations be made with regardsto monitoringand amelioration.

"Tbe objectiveof an EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentis to define and evaluatethe foreseeableimmediate and long-term effects on the physicalenvironment, public health and welfare of the populationaffected by a specific project during it's entire cycle and followingcompletion." (REQUIREMENTSOF THE WORLD BANK - WORLD BANK 1984)

A complete assessmentincludes :

(i) Identificationof the proposeddevelopment

(ii) Identificationof relevant elementsof the the environmentlikely to be affectedby the deve- lopment

(iii) Evaluationof the initial and subsequent impacts

(iv) Recommendationsfor the managementof the beneficialand adverse environmentalimpacts generatedby the planned and induced activitiesderiving from the development over time.

There are three major impacts:physical, ecological and social/economical. These may be both beneficialand adverse and may be classifiedas either primary or secondaryin character.

It is rare that all concerns are able to be accommodatedand the most salient areas of impact have to be identifiedearly on in the study.

In the case of the Sefophe - Martin's Drift Road, early viabilitystudies indicated an overridingneed for a linking, access infrastructurewithin the region. The benefitswere seen to be primarilysocio-economic in that the road would provide employment,access to further employment,link distant villages and lands to main market centres, access schools, clinics and encouragemore efficientuse of the natural resource by promotingreadily available markets.

The route alignmentwas chosen with the followingin mind : L_ I) allowing areas of expansionaround villagesas opposed to D accessingthrough them directly ii) linkingoutlying villages by deviatingthe alignment to accommodateas many as possible along the route

iii) avoidingareas of obvious importancesuch as archaeologicalsites, vegetationof special significanceand agriculturallands which would be destroyed by road dissection

Two phases of developmentwere consideredduring the impact assessment:construction and operational. These were listed in conjunctionwith present conditions and the potentialfor ameliorationso that the impact would be evaluated in its fullestcontext.

The followingaspects of the environmentwere considered in the impact assessmentat each phase :

(i) Landscapequality and geomorphology

(ii) Existingphysical processes(erosion, drainage etc)

(iii) Air and water quality

(iv) Sound and visual quality

(v) Fauna and flora

(vi) Historical,cultural, social and economic factors.

Recommendationsfor the amelioration,control and monitoringof impactswere made and an executive summarydrawn up in conclusion.

FD-j 3p 2.0 METHODOLOGY

An inspection of the centre-line was carried out from 31 March 1989 to 3 April 1989 for observational purposes.

An "area of influence" was decided upon as that distance from the centre-line that could be reached by donkey-cart during the course of one day. (Figures 1 & 2).

A socio-economic study commissioned by the consultants was carried out and the results and observations incorporated into this study.

2.1 Data Collection

Data was collected from existing published texts, maps and reports of visual observatious made from 31 March 1989 - 3 April 1989.

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SefP )lift ~~~pOEDROUTEatifl Road aDdLIKRALINft ROAD J:J~~FGURE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT DATA SOURCE

Climate National Development Plan 6 (1985-1991)

Soils Survey Information BCHOD

Topography 1:50 000 Topographic maps Visual observations

Surface Hydrology Report pending

Fauna Visual observations

Flora - Visual observations - Alocks (1975) VELD TYPES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA - TREES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (Keith Coates Palgrave 1977) - SOME FLOWERING PLANTS OF SOUTH-EASTERN BOTSWANA (Blomberg- Ermatinger/ Turton 1988)

Land Use - Visual observations - Survey Information - Orthophotographs - Socio-EconomicStudy Report

Aesthetics Visual observations

Economic infrastructure "Economic Review of the Sefophe - Martin. Drift Road" Final Draft Report (Feb 1989) Brian Colquhoun, Hugh O'Donnell & Partners

Archaeology/Cultural Heritage Survey information

FU 2.2 Description of Proposed Development

The proposed development consists of a new road with a bitumous surface treatment. The proposed alignment extends from Sefophe in the north to the settlement of Sherwood Ranch in the south, as shown in Figure 2.

The road deviates westwards to access the villages of Mogapi, Maunatlala,Lesenopole, Borakauelo, Seolwane and Lerala, passing outside of the village limits in order to allow space for growth towards the road.

A link road is proposed to access further villages such as Kgagodi, Moakatimo and Mogapinyana both north-easterly towards Sefophe and westerly towards Palapye. (See Figure 2).

FE] L1J 3.0 DESCRIPTIONOF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1 Topography

The study area is characterisedby flat, featurelessterrain with occasionalrocky hills or outcrops and depressions formingpans.

The Tswapong Hills, to the west of Maunatlala,constitute the largest change In level of the landscape and form the visual base of the area, creatinga focus along the route.

3.1.2 Geology and Soils

The area from Sefophesouth to Maunatlalaconsists of alternateBanded Gneiss and GraniticGneiss formationswhilst the area south of Maunatlalatowards tartin's Drift consists of UndifferentiatedGrey Gneiss interspersedwith Calcrete. Outcropsof Red Jasper occur at river-crossings.

Surface soils alternatebetween Black Cotton and Kalahari-Sand.Decomposed Calcrete occurs where Calcrete formationsare exposed to weathering.

These shallow, relativelyinfertile soils are particularly susceptibleto erosion due to their low permeability. Stormwaterrun-off is enhanced,often resultingin severe erosion and contributingto the silting up and redirectionof watercourses.

3.1.3 Surface Hydrology

Report pending

3.1.4 Climate

The climatic parameterswhich have been consideredas relevant to this study are rainfall,temperature, evaporationand wind.

(i) Rainfall

The annual rainfallof 400-450mmper annum is relativelyhigh for Botswana. The rainfall pattern is sbort, heavy thundershowers followed by hot sunshinein the summer. The rainy season extendsfrom October to April with the dry period extending from April to October. E [fi t7 The rainfall pattern contributes significantly to the erosion of topsoil especially wbere the ground has been stripped of cover vegetation.

(ii) Temperature and Evaporation

High ambient temperatures in summer (33 degrees average daily maximum in January) raise ground temperature3 tLereby increasing the rate of moisture loss from the soil. Evaporation and transpiration rates will frequently exceed the precipitation rate with the result that little moisture remains in the surface soil for any appreciable time. This makes re-vegetation of disturbed areas particularly difficult.

JANUARY (SUMMER) JULY (WINTER)

Average Daily Maximum Temp: 33 degrees cent. 22 degrees cent. Extreme Daily Maximum Temp: 43 degrees cent. 32 degrees cent. Average Daily Minimum Temp: 19 degrees cent. 5 degrees cent.

(iii) Wind

Wind strength - and direction - together with seasonal fluctuations, contribute greatly to dust pollution, dessication and erosion of soils.

During the construction phase, the effects of wind direction and speed will be particularly important in relation to the following :

a) stripping and grading - dust b) blasting, heavy vehicles - noise and dust c) machinery and site camps - odour, litter, smoke

MEAN MONTHLY WIND DIRECTION WIND SPEED

Average Percentage Frequency NE (30X) Average Percentage Frequency CALM (28%) October (At 10 M.A.G.L.) 9.4 km/hr May (At 10 M.A.G.L.) 5.2 m/hr

3.2 Ecological Environment

3.2.1 Fauna and Flora E

Information was derived primarily from visual observations made during visits to the area. TPI (i) Fauna

Little sign of large game species was apparent during the site observation,although smallergame appeared to be present.

Reptiles,birds and insectswere abundant. By far the largest populationsof animals consistedof domestic speciessuch as cattle, goats, donkeys, poultry, sheep and dogs with the populationdensity increasingwith proximityto settlements.

Evidenceof the above was observed throughoutthe route.

As on most roads in Botswana,free-ranging domestic animalspose a serious threat to road safety. They also cause a number of environmentalproblems particularly around areas of permanenthabitation and pans.

Evidenceof overgrazingwas apparentadjacent to the route alignmentwith the severity increasingwith proximityto human settlement.

The higher rainfall of this region has attractedgreater densitiesof domestic animals in the past, only to be followedby periods of extended droughtwhich caused pressureon land resourcesresulting in severe overgrazingand erosion.

The ensuingflood years have exacerbatedthese erosion processesresulting in even further degradation.

It is anticipated that the forthcoming years are once again to yield high rainfalland are expected to attract higher concentrationsof people and domestic animals before the degraded land resourcescan stabiliseor regenerate.

As is evidentin Botswana'sNational Development Plans, "developmenton a suitable basis" is an importantmaxim in preservingand maintainingproductivity of land resources. Since the proposeddevelopment may impact on the domesticanimal populationin the study area, it is recommendedthat a study of the effectsof this possible impacton the environmentbe undertaken.

(ii) Flora

The study area is characterisedby tree savannah with Mopane. This vegetationtype resultsfrom the combinationof climaticconditions and typically shallow,sandy soils of low fertility. DI TSETSEBJWE MarLiaon CentreLhie (16.900) 2 Mania on CentreLkle (21S960)

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051~~~0 Nor-5 75 m MACHA2N \ MARTINSDRFT Sefophe-Martin's Drift Road EXISTING VEGETATION FIGURE 3 There are minor localisedchanges of vegetationoccuring where soil type or depth changes. These were noted in the vegetationsurvey and can be found in Fig. 3.

Certain areas show evidence of overgrazing. This is indicatedby the presenceof the speciesAcacia tortilis and Dichrostachyscinnerea.

The land has been subjectedto overgrazingto varying degrees and where land has been most severely overgrazed,Acacia tortillsis the dominant species,and in some places, the only species found in large areas adjacent to villages.

As much of the area is already degraded and the natural vegetationdisturbed, the proposed developmentwill not be destroyingpristine sites of major ecological importance. However,there are areas worth preserving along the route : (See Figure 3).

These include

- pan-edgevegetation - riverine bush (rare in the region) .4 - woodlandstands - individualtrees or groups of trees

A list of tree speciesfound along the centre-lineis containedin the Appendix.

3.3 Aesthetic Environment

The aestheticenvironment is an important considerationin the assessmentof the impactsof any development.

The study area is characterisedby flat terrainwith occasionalattractive outcrops of rock and hills. The Tawapong Hills are the most dominant feature of the landscape, visible from great distancesand aestheticallydistinctive.

The road is thereforeonly likely to impact the area at a localisedlevel.

3.4 Human Environment

3.4.1 Archaeology (Flgure4)

No professionalarchaeological survey of the route has been conducted,although some data was received from Mr D Schermer (BCHOD Materials Engineer). He confirmed that the most important known sites occurredon the western slopes of rocky L outcrops and hills as well as along water courses. l

Great care was taken during the road survey to avoid obvious archeaologicalsites and there is a commitmentby the F engineeringconsultants to research and report on the' archeaologyof the study area.

Particular sites of archaeologicalinterest close to the road SEPOH

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Nodth 2.5 7.5 km ______M~~~~~~~~~~ARTINSDRFTI Sefophe-Martin's Drift Road PRESENTLY KNOWN SITES of ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE FIGURE 4 - Chainage 79.230,west of the road is a Tuillereor Iron-age smeltingsite. This site is very close to the proposed route and should be carefully protectedduring road construction.

- the hills around hogapi which are rich in archeaological sites.

- Lefiswane Hill which has a "Tautswe"-stylesite and is a rare example in the east of Botswana.

3.4.2 Population

Most people living along the route of the proposeddevelopment belong to the Bangwatotribe. No data was collectedon tribal customs and social patternsalthough the proposeddevelopment does not appear to have raised any concern with local tribal authorities to date.

The populationis heavilyweighted towardschildren under five, with many of the economicallyactive age groups away in towns. The rural areas are dominated by women heads-of-household, old people and children.

3.4.3 Settlement

The study area falls into the Central region of the country and a small portion to the south, into the Tuli Block. There are several settlementsof varying sizes and scattered dwellings throughoutthe land areas and at cattle posts. The area is relativelydensely populated, with the majorityof inhabitantsliving in, or near to, the larger villagesand the town of Selebi-Phikwe(population 47,000).

The proposed developmenthas sought to access many of these villages but has by-passedthem by a few kilometres,allowing growth towards the road. These villages include Lerala, Seolwane,Borakanelo, Lesenopole, Maunatlala and Mogapi. A proposed feeder-linkroad will access additionalvillages such as Kgagodi, hoakatumo and Mogapinyana further linking the road with the west.

3.4.4 Economic Base of the StudyArea (See Figure 5)

Information was obtained from the consultants report "Economic Review of the Sefophe- Martin's Drift Road".

The economic base of the region is dominated by migratory male workers. 80% of the rural income comes from membersof rural families working in urban areas. F 1D SFFOPHE

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North 2.5 MACtN '0 ARTINS DRIFT Sefoph'e-Martin's Drift Road 'EXISTINGLAND USE FIGURE 5 Livestockranching and communal subsistencefarming, mostly sorghummake up the main economlc functionof rural dwellers. However, for many of these families,farming is an exercise in money saving rather than money earning since it allows them to purchase commoditiesother than food.

Serviceindustries, trading and the mining operationsat Phikwe Mine providework opportunitiesfor thousandsof skilledand unskilledworkers. The Industrialbase of Selebi-Phikweis broad and the Regional DevelopmentPromotion Unit is committedto further diversifyingthe economy change back.

At presentthere is a lack of investmentopportunity so that people who have extra income tend to invest in more cattle. This is partly a traditionalexpression of wealth and status which is still prevalent in rural areas, and partly an insuranceagainst drought; the premise being that cattle last longer than a field of sorghumduring droughtyears.

This trend has repercussionsfor the environmentin the event of the proposeddevelopment stimulating growth and extra income in the study area. As noted in Section3.2.1 the area is already badly overgrazed and an increasein cattle numbers will only exacerbatethis problem.

3.4.5 Health

Health care standardshave risen considerablyin the last decade. Life expectancyis longer and the infantmortality rate is proportionallyvery much lower than in other African countries. However,medical care remainsminimal for those living in more isolated areas. There are rural clinics in Lerala, haunatlala,Moakatumo and Sefophe.

The proposedroad developmentwill provideeasier access to these facilitiesand will also enable mobile health units to reach previouslyinaccessible settlementirs .- - --

A general rise in health standardsthrough education and preventativemedicine is expected to result indirectlyfrom the proposedroad.

3.4.6 Education

The road will improve access to schoolsand training facilitiesimmeasurably.

Enrolmentin schools in the area has increasedfaster than populationgrowth in the last 10 years and the governmenthas committed itself to increasing and improving education facilitiesin the region. PrimarySchools exist in Sefophe, Mogapi and ?aunatlals. l I 1- Lt At present there are SecondarySchools at Sefophe, Maunatlala and Lerala,and more proposed for hogapi and hogapinyana. Limitedtertiary trainingfacilities are to be found in Selebi-Phikwe.

-LE' P17 4.0 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS

This evaluationconsiders those aspects most pertinentto the assessment of impactsanticipated by the proposed development.

4.1 Overall EnvironmentalImpacts

The impact on the natural environment by the development will indeed be high during the constructionphase. This can be justified by the socio-economicbenefits which will be derived in the long-term.

Recommendationsfor the ameliorationand monitoringof the most adverse impacts is included in section 5.0

4.2 Impact hatrices -

Overleaf

i[El 7rn, CONDIT IONS

PHYSICAL PRESENT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL POTENTIALFOR ENVIRAN4ENT AIMELIORATION TOPOGRAPHY Flat, regular Isolated hills NEDILII IWPACT(Adverse) LOWI WACT GOOD and rocky outcrops, easonal Road bed to be raised 1- above No further changes to topography Rehabilitation of eartheorks will streams and seall pans ground level. anticipated return topography to nearest possible Crusher rock hll to be removed. natural form Creatfon of borrow pits along route will leave depressions POOR- HEDIUM GEOLOGY& Lo lnoted Gneiss, Ferracrete, HIGH IHPACT (Adverse) LOWTO HEDIUM IMPACT Materials lost to constructlon cannot SOILS Reo Jasper. Banded Gnelis Removal of materials tor road building Materials used for reseallng ot 7 yeor be replaced. Borrow pits can be 1. Geology end use of crusher-stone hill sill have Intervalswill continue to Impact,dependent re-graded/filled eJor mpoact on geological structure on road condition. along route.

2. Solis Kalaharl sands, Black Rmovol of topsoil from contre-line and Dependent upon rehabilitation and GOOD Cotton vgetatlon cover from reserves vill mintenonce of road verges and reserves Concurrent rhabilitation end erosion rendef solls end sub-soils vulnereble mnagemnt will decrease Impacts. to erosion processes. Manitoring essential for successfuii ame loratIon

SURFACE LOWI PACT HIGH I WACT (Adverse) LOW lACT GIPC HYDROLOGY Streams Bridge construction over Thokase Dependent on stormwater and flood anage-_ Smll posed areas and concurrent Pans likelyto cause severe lepoct to mnt facilities rehabilitation will minimlse run-off Boreholes strem bed and siltation.

FIGURE MATRIX ONE CONDITIONS

ECOLOGICAL PRESENT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL POTENTIALFOR ENVIRONMENT AIELIORATION

FAUNA 1. Gao Mlnlmal nurbers of large MEDIUM IMPACT (Adverse) HIGH IMPACT (Adverse) 00 game SPP, SM811mammals Road accidents likely Road accidePts probable unless fencIng of roads will contaln most present. road fonced animals. Some loss of reptilian and Reptiles, and birds Insects Insect llfe expected. abundant

2. Domestic Cattle, goats, donkeys, MEDIUMIMPACT (Adverse) HIGH IMPACT (Adverse) GOCO poultry abundant. flod accidents likely As above Fencing and manogemnt of water Soa sheep, few dogs Animal moveants to drinking holes sources will minimlse road accidents throughout study area affected, enpeciellyChalinag 19,600 East: an lmortant watering point In an otherwls, arid area.

FLORA Unitora pane H scrubland, HIGH IWACT (Adverse) tEDIU14 IMPACT GCOW with by occasional Removal of vegetation from centre-line,Unless rhabilIltated and monitored, limIting size of work area, protecting riverlne belts, smll verge and most road reserve area, verges coulq degrade and cause special vagetatfodtand concurrent woodland standsand pen-edge borrow-pit sites, road constructlon- further problms for vegetationin rehabilltation will greatly reduce vegetation. crew camps, srvice and accessroutes l_diat amua lmpacts. Entire study area subjected end assocated construction sites. Ro-vegetation of reserves, grading of to grazing - end In sectlons Dust from constructlon ectivIty will borrow pits end ripping of service vegetatlon severely afiect remaining vegetotion on edge Borrow-pits and crew-camp sites could roads will stabills environment degraded. road reserve. of dgrade vegetation beyond repair along route alignmnt. Continued Brldge building xspeted to hve arn monitoring will assum this. especlally high lmpact on rinerine vegetation - specially If water courses ore changed.

FiGuft NATRIX TWO CUNDITIOr4S

PRESENT CONSTRUCTION OPERTIk POTENTIALFOR EN,i ROf4ENT AMELIORATION ARCHAEOLOGY:NO SURVEYCARRIED OUT MEDIUMIHPACT (Adverse) LOWIMPACT GSOD Iron-age sites Smelting-site (Chainage 79-230) will No major impact Is expected Fencing off of sites prior to con- amongst Mogapi Hills - be effected by construction struction and monitoring throughout western slopeS. erautsae_styl site on Crusher stone-hill near t4gapl could Results of re-evaluation of crusher- LetIswene Hill. contain valuable archaeological stone Hil will determine Impacts Smelting-site (Chalnage Information 79-2501. Where floods have washed away river banks. scattered artefacts found

POPULATION: No In-depth survey con_ LOW IMAPCT HIGH IMPACT (potentially Beneficall MEDIUM TO GO0 ducted of population trends. Skilled labour Imported to site may A migration froe rural areas to towns Dependent upon broad Regional Plan Population of Botswana In- reveal a new say of llfe to rural and larger villages will probably ae a of Developmnt creasing at a rate of 5.3% dwellers. Could create deomandfor change from subsIStence- to a comodity per &annu. better health, educatton and based war at fie. Population figures Selebl-Phlkso has a popula- eaplomeont opportunities. for the area sill probably rise con- tIon of 47 000. Los Impact at this stage. siderably with the Improved access to jobs, medical facilities and schools

SETTLEMENT: Several settlemnts ranging LOW IMPACT HIGH IMPACT(Adverse and Beneficial) NEDIt4I In siz1 from a few dwellings Little change Is expected during the Road Is expected to encourage the Dependent upon broad Regional plan to a busy town of 47 000. construction phase. d_-populathon of rural settlements and for Dv-elopmnt majority of population live Minor Interfacing with Imported road. inspiro a gsnerml migration to towns. near large villages and crew and locals Is expected moever. villages are expected to grow Salebl-Philkw. proportlonally once town-employment Temporary settlemnts new opportunitiss ere saturated agriculturalland and cattle Agricultural end livestock activities posts underwent great change could then be r.vitalised after recent drought and flood flux

ECONOMY; 80S local Income from mIgrent LOW IMPACT HIGH IMPACT (potentially Beneficial) Predicted worters sending reittances Unskilled mybe labour drawn from local Road will powide access to larger Impacts generally benoficial hom from towns. reserves-will Inject capital Into rural settlemnts and enable re Comauel farming and cattle areas. Not expected to lmpact rural dwellers to find employmnt ranching co_on In rural ares greatly at this stage. away from the lend. Industries Limited trade and service aseocleted with road developmnt ere Industry expected to spring up - such es bars. servs(cm telaons and some werchandisIng

HEALTH: Clinics at Setopho, *id LOWIMPACT HIGH I4PACT BelneficIal) Predicted moakatumo,Maunatlala and Construction crews may Import health 8enefits of greeter mobility end access impacts generally beneficial Lerala. risks to rural dwellers - not expected to health units ere expected to be great. Goverrnmnt has increased to be major problem Preventetiv mdictne through educction Is loc41 health standardsover expected to improve health standards past decade. Health care Is dramatically still minimal In reoote areas. EDUCATION: Education standards have LOW IHPACT HIGH IMPACT (Beneficial) Predicated Impacts generally risen dramatically over past Little change Is anticipated although Access to schools and tralning centres beneficlal decade. Imported road crews - particularly will Improve the level of skills skilled workers - could pass on trade amongst rural dwellers. The government skills to local unskilled labour Is colitted to continuing In standard of education of the Primary schools exIst at reglon Sefophe, Mogapi, Dlloro, Kgagodi, kaunatlala, Lerala, Lesenopole, Borakanelo and Sedwane. Secondary schools are found at Sefophe, Maunatlela and L rala

Limlted tertiary educatlon Is available at Selebl- PhlkVw

FIGURE HATRIX THREE CONDI T ItJS

AESTHETIC PRESENT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL POTENTIALFOR ENVIRONMENT AWELIORATION

1. Visual Visually uniform - pleasing HEDILM IMPACT (Adverse) LOW IWACT GOOD views of Tswapong Hllls to Road elevation (IM Above rL) will alter Local vIsual environment will be effected SensItIve rehabilitation and bridge west - and outcrops along the visual environment throughout the design will minimlse vlsual Impacts route, route - at a very local level only. Degraded areas visually Brldges, borro-pits, particularly poor. those close to the road will CertaIn standsof ta I trees alter the visual landscape. end riverlne vegetation The quarryingof the crusher-stone hill very attractive wlil alter the iediate environment.

2. Pollution Nosle and dust from traffic HIGH IHPACT (Adverse) MEDIUM IWPACT (Adverse) GOO NoIle mov_emn's on existing roads. Nolse & dust pollution from Sealing the road surface will mnimise, Dust po)lution can be reduced by Dust hind-bloan dust from blasting and machinery activity traffic-related dust pollution. damping down durlng construction Odour degraded areas associated with wind direction & speed. hoise levels expected to be bitueous surfacing wil reduce dust. Low o*our Impact of tar mchines tolerable with In the 20 year projected Noisepollution lovels anticipated period particularly as villages are acceptable odour negligable. presently some distance from route and thus more protected.

FIGURE HATRIX FOWR 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Pre-ConstructionRecommendations

It is recommendedthat these be incorporatedat the tendering stage.

5.1.2 Commitmentto designingthe follcwing beforeconstruction commences :-

(i) Proposedservice roads and any trafficdetour roads to be constructedalong route

(ii) Access roads to borrow pits and crusher- stone hill

(iii) Sites of crew-camps and estimatedtime of habitation

(iv) Sites of machinery - camps and estimated time of habitation

(v) Any other areas expected to be impacted upon during construction

(vi) Phasingdetails

This will enable detailed specificationsfor rehabilitationto be drawn up for concurrentrehabilitation to occur.

5.1.2 Commitmentto liaise at all times with relevantLand Board and Tribal authoritiesin matters pertainingto land expropriation and tribaldissatisfaction arising out of the proposed development.

/ '~5.1.3 Commitmentto concurrentrather than post-construction rehabilitation. (See 5.2)

1 5.1.4 It is stronglyrecommended that the hill marked for use as a crusher-dtonesource be re-evaluatedfor its archaeologicalimportance before being utilizedby the contractor.

5.1.5 Strippingof Vegetation

It is recommendedthat vegetation be strippedat relatively short intervalsahead of over the length of the road section.

This will reduce the surface area of disturbedground thus reducing the vulnerabilityof that soil to erosion. Xl 10 This will also negate the need for the strippingof secondary growth later on thus preventingfurther constructionimpacts on the environment.

5.1.6 Storageof Topsoil

It is recommendedthat strippedtopsoil be stored and monitoredin such a way as to preserve it and prevent it's displacementby wind or water erosion. Existingdisused borrow pits along the route could provide suitable storage areas.

5.1.7 Strippingof UnderstoreyVegetation

It is recommendedthat the strippingof understoreyvegetation inside the reserve be monitoredso that care is taken not to damage adjacentvegetation outside of the reserve.

It is recommendedthat, whereverpossible, vegetation suitable for use as fuel be depositedat specific sites for collection.

5.1.8 r Protectionof Trees within Road Reserve

A It is recommendedthat certain trees, valuable species,or trees of exceptionalsize and especiallythose describedin Figure83 & 6 be protectedduring constructionof the road.

It is recommendedthat these trees be clearly marked before the strippingphase and that the constructionareas be demarcatedif necessary,to protectthem from damage. It is recommended,that responsibilityand monitoring of this processrest with the contractorand that it be clearly stated in the contractdocuments, with the incorporationof penalties againstthe contractor,should any trees be damaged.

5.1.9 Protectionfrom Dust and Noise Pollution

It is recommendedthat unnecessarydust and noise pollutionbe eliminatedto protect the existingvegetation, animal and human communitiesalready presentalong the route.

The watering-downof existingand temporarydirt roads used as access routes and the siting of crew and machinery camps away from existingvillages is recommendedin this respect. The monitoringof this shall rest with the contractor.

£U 5.1.10 Building of Bridges

The occurrenceof riverinevegetation In the region is rare, and because such ecosystemsare fragile, specialattention should be paid to encouragethe preservationof sucb sites.

Where the constructionof bridgesoccurs along the proposed road, the contractorshould be made aware of the importanceof these areas. Only the ares immediatelyaffected by constructionshould be disturbed.

Monitoringof this impact should be carried out during bridge construction.

5.1.11 Creation of Cattle crossingsand Accommodationof Present Animal Movements

A study of local animal movementsshould be carriedout and an agreement reachedwith the local authoritiesas to where to place cattle crossings. It is understood that this processis generally carriedout on an ad hoc basis while constructionis taking place.

The placementof fences and road crossings should accommodate the position of veterinaryfences.

At Chainage 19.100 there is a small, yet important,water source in an otherwisedry region which attracts a large number of cattle from the surroundingareas. For road safety reasons it is recommendedthat animals be preventedfrom crossing the road at this point to reach the pan, and that an alternativesource of water be provided on the other side of the road.

An alternativeto providinga second, artificialwater source might be an under-passto enable continual access to the present water source.

There being no data availableon wild-animalbehaviour along the route it is not possibleto make recommendationsfor their protection.

5.1.12 Grading of Borrow Pits

It is recommendedthat all borrow pits be graded to return them to the nearest as possibleform of their originalstate. Fill material could includenon-toxic waste products and displacementmaterials from the constructionprocess.

PD Where applicable,borrow pits could be transformedinto water holes or dams.

5.1.13 Rehabilitationof Road Reserves,Access roads, Detours and Crew and MachineryCamp Sites

There are severalalternatives in this respectIncluding :

(i) Rippingground to lessen compaction (ii) Hydromulching (iii) Hydroseeding (iv) Broadcastseeding

The type and methodof rehabilitationshould be determinedby the consultantand client prior to the tenderingstage and penaltiesfor non-adherenceagreed to and documented accordingly.

Monitoringof this phase is very important,especially during the rainy seasonwhen erosion risks are highest.

The method of rehabilitationshould be appropriateto the facilitiesavailable to the Botswana Roads Departmentwho will undertakemaintenance of road reserves.

5.2 OperationalRecommendations

5.2.1 Managementand Maintenanceof Road Reserves

Maintenancesuch as grass cutting, bush cleaning,weed-killing of verges, litter removal, tree-protectionand facility maintenance(toilets, picnic spots, bus-stops,fences, gates etc ... ) will be the responsibilityof the Roads Department.

It is recommendedthat a detailed MaintenanceSchedule be supplied by the Consultantsto the Roads Departmentand that the latter be well informedas to the importanceand most suitablemethods of sustainingminimal impact on the environmentduring maintenanceroutines.

Special care-shouldbe taken to protect the trees remainingin the road reserveand to ensure that herbicidesand other toxic materialsutilised in the maintenanceprocess be handledwith care.

The upkeep of fences and gates will be of prime importance with regardsto the controlof animal movementsas discussed in 5.1.11. FEg LD I1P, 5.3 Long-TermRecommendations

Whateverthe impacts on each componentof the environment,the obvious concern is for the soclo-economicbenefits of the developmentto be imparted to the region.

The Sefophe - Martilns Drift Road must be part of a broader regionaldevelopment plan which allows for informed and responsiblefuture exploltationand conservationof resources.

It is therefore recommendedthat the Botswana Governmentgive due considerationto thls proposal.

The road would then contributegreatly to the successful developmentof the region.

LPI SEFOPCE

I00)( _- TSETSEELWE

DOWRO 0~~~~~~~~~~ KGAGODI OAIYN MO lAKATUMO Near to _ (43.000)( Nearto Baoba X., ... ~~~~~(48-5W 7o-lop

(PALAPYE) *l, 0 (51.000)Nea to trees

LESENOPOW-%792354.60) \

KEY _ _ KEY______(9rS*> , ~~~~~~eitrmedgeoftwdn

RiverhieConservation Area

* Layby/PicrcSite Nearto Attractve Feature

* Archaeolgical Consrvation *%4104.S00)Near to pan Area o(110500)Near to trees

A Sourceof CrusherStohe- to be surveyed P

O AttemativeWater Source ZANZIBAR

f \ < ~~~R.S.A. Nort 0 10 MA AsN MART IJSDRFT Sefophe-Martin's Drift Road RECOMMENDATIONS FIGURE 6 6.0 CONCLUSION- EXECUTIVESUMMARY

In early viabilitystudies, the proposed developmentwas found to be highly desirablefrom a socio-sconomicpoint of view.

A central, linking road would access villages and lands to the town of Sefophe as well as Palapye, Selebi-Phikwe,Francistown and further on into the interior of the country.

Health, educationand employmentopportunities would arise as a result of the road and the region as a whole could be better utilized and managed.

An assessmentof the impactson the environmentthat would arise out of the immediateand long-term effects of the road was made.

It was concludedthat the socio-economicbenefits of the development supercededthe misgivingsof certain negative environmentalimpacts, most of which would occur at the constructionphase and could be amelioratedand monitored successfully.

Recommendationsfor ameliorationand monitoringwere made, together with further recommendationsfor the future developmentof the region,to which the road from Sefopheto Martin's Drift could contributea major role.

p7 Tree Species Growing Along Road Centre-line REGIONALSETSWANA COMMON BOTANICAL NAME

Mowana Baobab Andonsoniadigitata Monwana Snowberry Securinegavirosa Mothakola Thorn Pear Scolopia zeyherl Motsaba Knobthorn Acacia nigrescens Moselesele Sicklebush Dichrostachyscinerea Mokoba RussetBush Willow Combretumhereroensis Mogwana Brandy Bush Grewia flava Musu UmbrellaThorn Acacia tortilis Lethajura Common Taaibos Rhus pyroides Motopi Shepherd'sTree Boscia albitrunca Mmola Sickle-LeavedAlbizia Albizia harveyi Mongana Black Thorn Acacia mellifera Mothono Small-LeafedTerminalia Terminalia vandii Mokgalo BuffaloThorn Ziziphusmucronata Hokokuru River Bushwillow Combretum erythrophyllum Mothapo Thorny Bone-Apple Xeromphisobovata Modumela White Syringa Kirkii acuminata Motsetse LeaflessCadaba Cadaba aphylla Mopane Mopane Colospermummopane Mohudiri Rooibos Combretumapiculatum ioloto Blue Thorn Acacia erubescens Mohata PeelingbarkOchna Ochna pulchra Motswere Leadwood Combretumimberbe Morula Marula Sclerocaryabirrea Mogonono Silver Terminalia Terminaliasericea Moretologa Large Sourplum Ximeniacaffra Motomoto Red Syringa Burkea africana Mototsojwane Silver Raisin Tree Grewia monticola

4ueJ\Jto\

I)1 BIBLIOGRAPHYAND REFERENCES

- Botswana Society, The, "DevelopingOur Environmental Strategy" (SeminarProceedings) 1987, The Botswana Society,Gaborone.

- Campbell,Alex, "The Guide to Botswana"1980, Winchester Press, Johannesburg.

- Davidson, Lynette and Jeppe, Barbara "Acacias - A Field Guide to the Acacias of SouthernAfrica" 1981 Centaur PublishersJohannesburg.

- Van Wyk, Piet "Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park" 1984 Struik Publishers,Cape Town

- "World Conservation Strategy - Living Resource Conser- vation for SustainableDevelopment", 1980 Prepared by the InternationalUnion for Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World WildlifeFund (WWF).

- Blomberg-Ermatinger/Turton,"Some FloweringPlants of South-EsternBotswana" 1988, The Botswana Society, Gaborone.

- Coates Paigrave,Keith "Trees of Southern Africa" 1977 Struik Publishers,Cape Town.

- Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning "NationalDevelopment Plan 6 - 1985 - 1991" Government Printer, Botswana

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