E-252 Public Disclosure Authorized SeXph-Wi5qr-2.;.:tsf7o'lfllv LAflryaj ENVQ19\ONM Nt 1.*4 1 a STXEi4EWf OS ?;,&"D- BE,N1l';i'D tZ\iifE. LINE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Erth:in':ii- rt'3 i.nd Y'Yni- i CT3OL'l,'% - U.rMscK2r 1 £ynm- P X $cs 474 Public Disclosure Authorized IDU:Illegible Original (MSI/PFM, 1999-04-21) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OF PRE-DETERMINED CENTRE-LINE FOR THE PROPOSED SEFOPHE - MARTIN'S DRIFT ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE PLANNING CONSULTANTS - UNITED KINGDOM MAY 1989 FE CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 METHODOLOGY 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 5.0 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENT 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS - METHODS OF CONTROL, AMELIORATION AND MONITORING 7.0 CONCLUSION//EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 1 £-- LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1 LOCATION PLAN FIG. 2 PROPOSED ROUTE AND LINK ROAD FIG. 3 EXISTING VEGETATION FIG. 4 PRESENTLY KNOWN SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE FIG. 5 EXISTING LAND USE FIG. 6 RECOMMENDATIONS FIG. 7 IMPACT MATRIX 1 PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS FIG. 8 IMPACT MATRIX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FIG. 9 IMPACT MATRIX 3 HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS FIG. 10 IMPACT MATRIX 4 AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS ED [ap ANGOLA ' - ZAMBIA i !-- -. -- iZIMBABWE R NxaiPasn '\. .~~~~ar Na Pu | NGAMILAND Ma j* . NAMtBIA !iI !' m~~HOBeReiNOR6-EAsT - \ OrapiP Francistown I. _ . _ . J Central4 Kalnc* prlk i vGame ReseNwr NAMiBIA * Serowe -% \\herw i I Pabapye IORTAGHANZI GameReseiesev ^ TD IGhanz ~ ~ ~~'~ lr ~ -ffiz.-..t\ ahabpye t Tsane I-. ~KWENENG AREA Tsang' ~~~~~K'GATLENG * KGA~~LAGADi oepII. SOUTHERN - ,YiGAhOONE * Nationalaa sOhL*_. Reseive *i Kany?oaS SOUTH.EAST i/ bong. *',. 3/ SOUTHAFRICA ! -**--*. -- 0 100 200 0 i0= 150 cm North Sefophe-Martin's Drift Road LOCATION PLAN FIGURE 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report is the result of a study commissionedby the consultantsBrian Colquhoun,Hugh O'Donnelland Partners, Botswana,in fulfillmentof a requirementset out in the Terms of Referencethat the impact of the proposedSefophe - Martin's Drift Road be investigatedand that recommendations be made with regardsto monitoringand amelioration. "Tbe objectiveof an EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentis to define and evaluatethe foreseeableimmediate and long-term effects on the physicalenvironment, public health and welfare of the populationaffected by a specific project during it's entire cycle and followingcompletion." (REQUIREMENTSOF THE WORLD BANK - WORLD BANK 1984) A complete assessmentincludes : (i) Identificationof the proposeddevelopment (ii) Identificationof relevant elementsof the the environmentlikely to be affectedby the deve- lopment (iii) Evaluationof the initial and subsequent impacts (iv) Recommendationsfor the managementof the beneficialand adverse environmentalimpacts generatedby the planned and induced activitiesderiving from the development over time. There are three major impacts:physical, ecological and social/economical. These may be both beneficialand adverse and may be classifiedas either primary or secondaryin character. It is rare that all concerns are able to be accommodatedand the most salient areas of impact have to be identifiedearly on in the study. In the case of the Sefophe - Martin's Drift Road, early viabilitystudies indicated an overridingneed for a linking, access infrastructurewithin the region. The benefitswere seen to be primarilysocio-economic in that the road would provide employment,access to further employment,link distant villages and lands to main market centres, access schools, clinics and encouragemore efficientuse of the natural resource by promotingreadily available markets. The route alignmentwas chosen with the followingin mind : L_ I) allowing areas of expansionaround villagesas opposed to D accessingthrough them directly ii) linkingoutlying villages by deviatingthe alignment to accommodateas many as possible along the route iii) avoidingareas of obvious importancesuch as archaeologicalsites, vegetationof special significanceand agriculturallands which would be destroyed by road dissection Two phases of developmentwere consideredduring the impact assessment:construction and operational. These were listed in conjunctionwith present conditions and the potentialfor ameliorationso that the impact would be evaluated in its fullestcontext. The followingaspects of the environmentwere considered in the impact assessmentat each phase : (i) Landscapequality and geomorphology (ii) Existingphysical processes(erosion, drainage etc) (iii) Air and water quality (iv) Sound and visual quality (v) Fauna and flora (vi) Historical,cultural, social and economic factors. Recommendationsfor the amelioration,control and monitoringof impactswere made and an executive summarydrawn up in conclusion. FD-j 3p 2.0 METHODOLOGY An inspection of the centre-line was carried out from 31 March 1989 to 3 April 1989 for observational purposes. An "area of influence" was decided upon as that distance from the centre-line that could be reached by donkey-cart during the course of one day. (Figures 1 & 2). A socio-economic study commissioned by the consultants was carried out and the results and observations incorporated into this study. 2.1 Data Collection Data was collected from existing published texts, maps and reports of visual observatious made from 31 March 1989 - 3 April 1989. 7p~~~~~ .TSE.8JWE Lk*Row~~ U SKFNOODI ~~~R.S.A. SefP )lift ~~~pOEDROUTEatifl Road aDdLIKRALINft ROAD J:J~~FGURE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT DATA SOURCE Climate National Development Plan 6 (1985-1991) Soils Survey Information BCHOD Topography 1:50 000 Topographic maps Visual observations Surface Hydrology Report pending Fauna Visual observations Flora - Visual observations - Alocks (1975) VELD TYPES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA - TREES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (Keith Coates Palgrave 1977) - SOME FLOWERING PLANTS OF SOUTH-EASTERN BOTSWANA (Blomberg- Ermatinger/ Turton 1988) Land Use - Visual observations - Survey Information - Orthophotographs - Socio-EconomicStudy Report Aesthetics Visual observations Economic infrastructure "Economic Review of the Sefophe - Martin. Drift Road" Final Draft Report (Feb 1989) Brian Colquhoun, Hugh O'Donnell & Partners Archaeology/Cultural Heritage Survey information FU 2.2 Description of Proposed Development The proposed development consists of a new road with a bitumous surface treatment. The proposed alignment extends from Sefophe in the north to the settlement of Sherwood Ranch in the south, as shown in Figure 2. The road deviates westwards to access the villages of Mogapi, Maunatlala,Lesenopole, Borakauelo, Seolwane and Lerala, passing outside of the village limits in order to allow space for growth towards the road. A link road is proposed to access further villages such as Kgagodi, Moakatimo and Mogapinyana both north-easterly towards Sefophe and westerly towards Palapye. (See Figure 2). FE] L1J 3.0 DESCRIPTIONOF ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Physical Environment 3.1.1 Topography The study area is characterisedby flat, featurelessterrain with occasionalrocky hills or outcrops and depressions formingpans. The Tswapong Hills, to the west of Maunatlala,constitute the largest change In level of the landscape and form the visual base of the area, creatinga focus along the route. 3.1.2 Geology and Soils The area from Sefophesouth to Maunatlalaconsists of alternateBanded Gneiss and GraniticGneiss formationswhilst the area south of Maunatlalatowards tartin's Drift consists of UndifferentiatedGrey Gneiss interspersedwith Calcrete. Outcropsof Red Jasper occur at river-crossings. Surface soils alternatebetween Black Cotton and Kalahari-Sand.Decomposed Calcrete occurs where Calcrete formationsare exposed to weathering. These shallow, relativelyinfertile soils are particularly susceptibleto erosion due to their low permeability. Stormwaterrun-off is enhanced,often resultingin severe erosion and contributingto the silting up and redirectionof watercourses. 3.1.3 Surface Hydrology Report pending 3.1.4 Climate The climatic parameterswhich have been consideredas relevant to this study are rainfall,temperature, evaporationand wind. (i) Rainfall The annual rainfallof 400-450mmper annum is relativelyhigh for Botswana. The rainfall pattern is sbort, heavy thundershowers followed by hot sunshinein the summer. The rainy season extendsfrom October to April with the dry period extending from April to October. E [fi t7 The rainfall pattern contributes significantly to the erosion of topsoil especially wbere the ground has been stripped of cover vegetation. (ii) Temperature and Evaporation High ambient temperatures in summer (33 degrees average daily maximum in January) raise ground temperature3 tLereby increasing the rate of moisture loss from the soil. Evaporation and transpiration rates will frequently exceed the precipitation rate with the result that little moisture remains in the surface soil for any appreciable time. This makes re-vegetation of disturbed areas particularly difficult. JANUARY (SUMMER) JULY (WINTER) Average Daily Maximum Temp: 33 degrees cent. 22 degrees cent. Extreme Daily Maximum Temp: 43 degrees cent. 32 degrees cent. Average Daily Minimum Temp: 19 degrees cent. 5 degrees cent. (iii) Wind Wind strength - and direction - together with seasonal fluctuations, contribute greatly to dust pollution, dessication and erosion of soils. During the construction phase, the effects of wind direction and speed will be particularly important in relation to the following : a) stripping and grading - dust b) blasting, heavy vehicles - noise and dust c) machinery and site camps - odour,