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Appendix C Toxicity of Malathion to Marine and Estuarine Fish And

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Appendix C Toxicity of Malathion to Marine and Estuarine Fish And Appendix C Toxicity of Malathion to Marine and Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates This appendix presents results of laboratory toxicity studies that yielded acute and chronic toxicity endpoints for the effects of malathion on marine/estuarine fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. These studies include ones submitted by pesticide registrants for fulfillment of FIFRA testing requirements for pesticide registration as well as comparable studies that have been published in the open literature. Open literature studies are listed when they yielded similar endpoints as a required EPA guideline study, namely an LC50 or EC50 for acute exposure, or an NOAEC and LOAEC for growth, development, or reproduction for chronic studies. We are not attempting to summarize the complete body of toxicity literature on effects to marine and estuarine species. Relevant studies from the open literature were identified from a screen of data in the EPA’s ECOTOX database with toxicity results on malathion. In order to be included in the ECOTOX database, papers must meet the following minimum criteria: 1. The toxic effects are related to single chemical exposure; 2. The toxic effects are on an aquatic or terrestrial plant or animal species; 3. There is a biological effect on live, whole organisms; 4. A concurrent environmental chemical concentration/dose or application rate is reported; and 5. There is an explicit duration of exposure. Data that pass the ECOTOX screen are further evaluated for use in the assessment along with the registrant-submitted data, and may be incorporated qualitatively or quantitatively into this endangered species assessment. Acute Toxicity to Fish Acute toxicity testing with estuarine/marine fish species using the TGAI is required for malathion because the end-use product is intended for direct application to the marine/estuarine environment and the active ingredient is expected to reach this environment because of its use near estuarine environments. The preferred estuarine test species is sheepshead minnow. Results of acute tests with marine/estuarine fish that were submitted for FIFRA testing requirements and reviewed by the EPA are summarized in Table C1. Table C2 provides additional information on the acute toxicity of malathion to marine and estuarine fish from published studies identified in the ECOTOX database. 1- Table C1. Acute Toxicity of Malathion to Marine/Estuarine Fish % LC50 (95% CI) Classi- Species Tested ai Duration in µg/L MRID Author fication 48 hr Spot(SW) 95 LC50=320 (N.R.) 40228401 F. L. Mayer, USEPA Supl. 48 hr Striped mullet(SW) 95 LC50=330 (N.R.) 40228401 F. L. Mayer, USEPA Supl. 48 hr Longnose 95 LC50=150 (N.R.) 40228401 F.L. Mayer, USEPA Supl. killifish(SW) 96 hr Sheepshead 95 LC50=33.0 (14-63) 41174301 Bowman, J 1989, ABC Accept. minnow(SW) Laboratories 96 hr Striped bass(SW) 95 LC50=60 (N.R.) 156311 Wellborn, T. 1971 Supl. Reference 96 hr Sheepshead 57 LC50 55 41252101 Bowman,J. ABC Labs, Accept. minnow(SW) EC 1989 Table C2. Data from the open literature on the acute toxicity of malathion to saltwater fishes. ECOTOX Results Ref # Common Name Scientific Name Duration Endpoint (µg/L) 522 Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus 96 hr LC50 94 522 Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus 96 hr LC50 76.9 628 American eel Anguilla rostrata 96 hr LC50 82 628 Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia 96 hr LC50 125 628 Bluehead Thalassoma bifasciatum 96 hr LC50 27 628 Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus 96 h LC50 80 628 Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus 96 h LC50 400 628 Northern puffer Sphoeroides maculatus 96 h LC50 3250 628 Striped killifish Fundulus majalis 96 h LC50 250 628 Striped mullet Mugil cephalus 96 h LC50 550 5074 Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 96 h LC50 51 Lepidocephalichthys 5629 Loach thermalis 48 h LC50 7750 Lepidocephalichthys 5629 Loach thermalis 48 h LC50 20610 Lepidocephalichthys 5629 Loach thermalis 24 h LC50 22690 100% 81672 Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus 24 h mortality 1960 0% 88204 Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata 96 h mortality 386.8 2- Chronic Toxicity To Freshwater and Estuarine Fish A literature search conducted with the ECOTOX database yielded only one study that provided information on the chronic toxicity of malathion to an marine/estuarine fish that yielded results comparable to the EPA test guideline. This study was an unpublished Ph.D. dissertation that reported acute and chronic toxicity of malathion to the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae (ECOTOX Ref. No. 081672, Alvarez, 2005). According to this report, malathion did not cause any significant effects on the growth rate, behavior, or respiration rates in either of the two test concentrations (1.0 and 10 µg/L, nominal). The measured day-0 concentration of the higher test concentration was 7.4 µg/L. The study therefore established an NOAEC for the Red drum at 7.4 µg/L, but an LOAEC was not determined. The Agency will review the study report and raw data during the registration review process to determine whether these results are acceptable for use in the EPA risk assessment. Toxicity of Malathion Formulations to Fish A single study submitted by the registrant in 1989 with sheepshead minnow exposed to 57% EC formulation showed this product to be highly toxic with an LC50 of 33 ppb (MRID 41252101). Acute Toxicity to Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates Acute toxicity testing with estuarine/marine invertebrates using the TGAI was required for malathion because the end-use product is intended for direct application to the marine/estuarine environment or the active ingredient is expected to reach this environment because of its use near estuarine habitats. Testing is required with both a crustacean and a mollusk. The preferred test species are the mysid and the eastern oyster. Results of acute tests with marine/estuarine fish that were submitted for FIFRA testing requirements and reviewed by the EPA are summarized in Table C3. Table C4 provides additional information on the acute toxicity of malathion to marine and estuarine fish from published studies identified in the ECOTOX database. Table C3. Acute Toxicity of Malathion to Marine/Estuarine Crustaceans Species Tested % Durati EC50 or LC50 MRID Author Classifi- ai on (95% CI) in µg/L cation 96 hr Mysid, Mysidopsis 94 LC50=2.2 (1.5-2.6) 41474501 Forbis, A., ABC Accept. bahia Lab.,1990 48 hr Pink shrimp, 95 48 Hr LC50=280 40228401 F.L. Mayer, USEPA, Suppl. Penaeus duorarum (N.R.) 1986 96 hr Eastern oyster, 95 96 Hr LC50>1000 40228401 F.L. Mayer, USEPA, Suppl. Crassostrea 1986 virginica 96 hr Eastern oyster, 57% 96 Hr EC50=2960 42249901 Wade, B and J. Wisk, Accept. 3- Crassostrea EC (N.R.) ESE , Inc. 1992 virginica 48 hr Blue Crab, 95 48 Hr LC50>1000 40228401 F.L. Mayer, USEPA, Suppl. Callinectes sapidus 1986 Table C4. Data from the open literature on the toxicity of malathion to saltwater crustaceans. ECOTOX Results Ref # Common Name Scientific Name Duration Endpoint (µg/L) 968 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 3.0 968 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 3.1 968 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 2.6 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 5.7 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 3.2 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 5.4 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 5.2 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 4.0 2280 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 5.0 Dungeness or edible 100% 6793 crab Cancer magister 6 d mortality 2.0 Dungeness or edible 6793 crab Cancer magister 96 h EC50 0.40 Dungeness or edible 6793 crab Cancer magister 96 h LC50 1300 Dungeness or edible 6793 crab Cancer magister 96 h LC50 1.2 Dungeness or edible 100% 6793 crab Cancer magister 12 d mortality 2400 13513 Northern pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum 96 h LC50 12 13513 Opossum shrimp Americamysis bahia 96 h LC50 11 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 96 h LC50 9.1 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 96 h LC50 38 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 96 h LC50 13 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 18 d LC50 13 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 25 d LC50 6.5 Daggerblade grass 14346 shrimp Palaemonetes pugio 35 d LC50 5.6 4- ECOTOX Results Ref # Common Name Scientific Name Duration Endpoint (µg/L) 16752 Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei 96 h LC50 21 18363 Brine shrimp Artemia sp. 24 h EC50 > 140,000 19281 Harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis 96 h LC50 21 19281 Harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis 96 h LC50 24 19281 Harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis 96 h LC50 7.2 51439 Gammarid amphipod Gammarus palustris 72 h LC50 5.9 51439 Gammarid amphipod Gammarus palustris 72 h LC50 19 51439 Gammarid amphipod Gammarus palustris 96 h LC50 2.3 51439 Gammarid amphipod Gammarus palustris 96 h LC50 4.7 70574 Brine shrimp Artemia salina 24 h LC50 37,000 73331 American lobster Homarus americanus 96 h LC50 38 Metapenaeus 89575 Sand shrimp monoceros 96 h LC50 1400 Additional data on the toxicity of malathion to the blue crab Callinectes sapidus was recently reported in a master’s thesis by Christina Wendel (Wendel, 2008). Effects of malathion exposure on the mortality of juvenile and adult crabs were evaluated using time-to-death analysis. Results from this study are presented in Table C5. While not directly comparable to results from LC50 studies, these results provide useful supplemental information on the lethality of malathion to crustaceans. Table C5. Results from Wendel (2008) on the toxicity of malathion to the blue crab. Results Common Name Scientific Name Age Endpoint (µg/L) Mortality, time- NOAEC = 0.32 Blue crab Callinectes sapidus Juvenile to-death LOAEC = 1.0 Mortality, time- NOAEC = 1.0 Sand shrimp Callinectes sapidus Adult to-death LOAEC = 11 Several toxicity studies are also available on the effects of malathion to estuarine/marine mollusks.
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