1 Bibliography Primary Sources the Apache Sentinel. "New

Bibliography

Primary Sources

The Apache Sentinel. "New Training Films Enlisted Men and Women Learn 16 M.M Projectionist Methods." The Apache Sentinel (Fort Huachuca, AZ), August 11, 1944, 5. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95060813/1944-08-11/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1940 &sort=date2=1963&words=Private+SNAFU &language=&sequence=0&lccn=&index=2&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=privat e+snafu&year=&phrasetext=&andtext=&proxValue=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page =1. There was only a brief mention of Private Snafu in a short snippet about Military training films from the newspaper The Apache Sentinel. Although it wasn't useful in terms of learning more information about the topic it was interesting to see how widespread Private Snafu spread, mentioned in newspapers across the world.

"The Complete, Uncensored Private Snafu Cartoons from World War II. Volume 2." U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-100960018-vid. This source provided an archive of the complete, uncensored volumes of Private snafu. This was an extremely important source to our research because watching the completely unfiltered videos was important for our research. Being able to watch what the soldiers watched in WWll was incredibly eye-opening and gave us a better understanding of how it taught soldiers to act in war.

Coons, Robbin. "New Army Cartoon." The Nome Nugget (Nome, AK), February 14, 1944, 4. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020662/1944-02-14/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1940 &index=0&rows=20&words=Private+Snafu&searchType=basic sequence=0&state=date2=1963&proxtext=private+snafu y=4&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. Chronically America, a newspaper archive, has been an extremely useful source throughout the entirety of our research. On the site, we found this primary source newspaper from 1944, The Nome Nugget, a newspaper from Nome Alaska had an article about Private Snafu. The article explains what the cartoon is and who Private Snafu is, one line stuck out in the article reading "Snafu is a Military secret." This led us to the question if Snafu is a secret, why is a local newspaper of a small town in Alaska publishing an article about it? Unfortunately, the article included no further explanation as to how they knew about Private Snafu.

Fischer, Meredith. "Capturing the Animated Soldier." Studies in Popular Culture 41, no. 1 (2018): 94-127. https://doi.org/10.2307/26582198. This website provided a section of a journal written about Private snafu, which was issued in Studies in Popular Culture. Providing a brief description, author Meredith Fischer wrote about propaganda and other aspects of snafu. Throughout the entirety of

the journal, she writes about what the Private snafu cartoon was as well as how it was used. Meredith Fischer may be a possible interview candidate.

"GAS." Directed by Chuck Jones. GAS. 1944. Accessed November 28, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKYtiQ5WMSY&feature=emb_logo. In this 4:34 film in the series of SNAFU cartoons, SNAFU learns a lesson about using a gas mask. This film brings the past to life because you get to visualize how things were during war and before all the new technologies and the different ways they communicated lessons like using a gas mask when needed and different tips and tricks on how to be a successful military man.

King, Gilbert. "The Boy Who Became a World War II Veteran at 13 Years Old." Smithsonianmag.com. Last modified December 19, 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-boy-who-became-a-world-war-ii-veteran-a t-13-years-old-168104583/. This source specifically covers a soldier named Seaman Calvin Graham who became a war veteran at 13. The story of young Graham, only age 11, lied about his age to fight in WWll, his family back home unknowing of what he did. Once his mother found out she reported him to the Navy. His story was uncommon; many boys between the ages of 11 and 16 lied about their age to fight in WWll. Reading about a boy's story was important to understand why they lied about their age to fight.

Popova, Maria. "Dr. Seuss's World War II Political Propaganda Cartoons." Brainpickings. https://www.brainpickings.org/2012/08/10/dr-seusss-wartime-propaganda-cartoons/. This article from Brainpickings was informative on Dr. Sues's World War II cartoons and Private Snafu. Many other sources we found either had little mention of Dr. Sues in World War ll or no mention of it at all. Due to Dr. Seuss being well known for his children's books and rhymes uncovering information on his life before then has its difficulties. Although this source is not primary it is a step in right direction.

SALLA, KEENAN. Private Snafu: What Can a Cartoon Tell Us About the U.S. Military in World War II? 2014. https://psource.sitehost.iu.edu/PDF/Archive%20Articles/Spring2014/2014%20-%20Sprin g%20-%201%20-%20Salla%20Keenan.pdf. This read was super informing and over filling with information. It opened our eyes and went into depth about the The Origin of Private Snafu, Snafu's Mission, Snafu as the Every soldier and Snafu's Legacy. Each one of these things held a strong impact in the before and after which was very useful and interesting to learn.

Smoodin, Eric Loren. "Animating Culture ; Hollywood Cartoons from the Sound Era," translated by Eric Loren Smoodin. In Animating Culture: Hollywood Cartoons from the Sound Era. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993. " Smoodin explores animated shorts and the system that mass-produced them. How were cartoons exhibited in theaters? How did they tell their stories? Who did they tell them to? What did they say about race, class, and gender? How were cartoons related to the feature films they accompanied on the evening's bill of fare? " This was interesting

because those questions were implied to almost everything Smoodin came across and I see it as that is what help shaped American TV.

Secondary Sources

Albrecht, Brian. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Hitting World War II Vets" [Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Hitting World War II Vets]. Cleveland.com. Last modified July 16, 2009. Accessed January 11, 2021. https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2009/07/posttraumatic_stress_disorder.html.

BBC Magazine. "The Boys Who Lied about Their Age to Fight in WW2." History Extra.com. Last modified July 2014. https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/boys-who-lied-about-age-to-figh t-ww2-teenage-soldiers/. This source covered the boys who lied about their age in WWll allowing them to fight, including many pictures of the boys as well as links to their stories as well. This aided in our overall understanding of the boys fighting in WWii and why having something like snafu was important because they were so young and inexperienced. Reading about their experiences was both eye-opening and heartbreaking, conditions were rough for these young men. Learning to adapt quickly was necessary for survival, many of them became tough and accustomed to death, it was an everyday thing for them. They were forced to grow up fast.

Blakemore, Erin. "How PTSD Went from 'shell-shock' to a Recognized Medical Diagnosis" [How PTSD Went from 'shell-shock' to a Recognized Medical Diagnosis]. National Geographic. Last modified June 16, 2020. Accessed January 11, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/06/ptsd-shell-shock-to-recognized-me dical-diagnosis/.

Broudy, M. S. "WWII and Its Impact on Psychology" [WWII and Its Impact on Psychology]. Online Psychology. Last modified September 2019. Accessed January 21, 2021. https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2009/07/posttraumatic_stress_disorder.html.

Crow, Jonathan. "Private Snafu : The World War II Propaganda Cartoons Created by Dr. Seuss, Frank Capra & Mel Blanc." Open Culture. Last modified February 10, 2014. Accessed November 29, 2020. https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/private-snafu.html. This website is full of information that will get you more familiar with SNAFU and help understand the whole process and idea of the cartoons. This was found very useful because for the start of our research it really helps and going into debt with useful information that will expand our knowledge and research work. It also provides SNAFU cartoons footage to watch.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dr. Seuss American Author and Illustrator." Britanica.com. Last modified December 17, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dr-Seuss. In order to better familiarize ourselves with Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss), we read through this biography specifically focusing on his earlier or young adult life because that was around the time he started working on Private Snafu. In the biography, there was a specific section dedicated to his World War ll experiences mentioning a documentary he was assigned to. Interestingly there was no mention of his work on Private Snafu, finding a different biography or better yet autobiography might include more in-depth information on that part of his life.

Goodman, Martin. "Toons in Training." Animation World Network. Last modified November 1, 1999. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/toons-training. " Martin "Dr. Toon" Goodman discusses how animated short films have been used for educational purposes, from helping to fight WWI, WWII and the Cold War, to today's medical advancements." This was a very interesting find because it helps you visualize how long cartoons have been around and the impact they have had and how much the entertainment world has grown and continues to grow.

Green, Richard. "Uncle Sam-I-Am: Dr. Seuss's Private Snafu." The Unwritten Record (blog). Entry posted March 4, 2014. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2014/03/04/uncle-sam-i-am/. This post was written by Richard Green on The Unwritten Record National Archives allowed us to discover training film tapes actually begun to be used in World War l then became more popular in World War ll. Before World War ll the training films being used were considered unhelpful to soldiers and boring to recruits, therefore, making them ineffective. The army was desperate for a solution turning to Hollywood, which is how they came in contact with Frank Capra. Capra then recruited Mel Blanc, a famous voice actor, to be the voice of Private Snafu, Chuck Jones, and Theodor Geisel were recruited as well. It was interesting to discover through the production and creation of Private Snafu Jones and Geisel became close friends. On a whole, this source was helpful in finding another piece to the backstory puzzle of the creation of Private Snafu we have pieced together as well as some other smaller interesting facts.

Johnson, Garry. "The Complete Uncensored Private Snafu." Skylighters.org. http://www.skylighters.org/comiccards/snafu/index.html. This site provided us with an honest video review by Gary Johnson, due to the fact this was a review and not an informational piece only there was a chance of bias. However, through the entirety of the article, Johnson provided useful pieces of background information which we cross-checked to ensure were accurate. It is important to understand and read multiple perspectives on Private snafu to ensure we are looking at the topic from all sides. Unfortunately, the article covered information we were already familiar with however it did reveal not every episode was produced by Warner Brothers like we previously thought, two were produced by UPA and one by Harman-Ising.

Kaufman, Mark David. "Ignorant Armies Private Snafu Goes to War." public domain review.org. Last modified March 25, 2015. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/ignorant-armies-private-snafu-goes-to-war. This article written by Mark David Kaufman claims to explain the "overarching theme of containment", this caught our attention. The article mentions Donald the Duck and how the cartoons of him in action braving snipers and crocodiles in the jungles of Asia was a recruitment method. Donald Duck wasn't the only one, Popeye, Superman, and Bugs Bunny were all mentioned as well. All these well-known cartoons were used as recruitment but the number one cartoon was the Army's "secret mascot" private SNAFU. These cartoons, first released in 1943 soul purpose was to prepare enlisted men for the challenges they would be facing in war. This whole source was incredibly useful for learning more about cartoon propaganda and how SNAFU was created.

Lange, Katie. "Dr. Seuss' Army Career" [Dr. Seuss' Army Career]. US Dept of Defense. Last modified February 28, 2019. Accessed January 25, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/story/Article/1769871/dr-seuss-army-career/.

Mcenearney, Allison. "This WWII Cartoon Taught Soldiers How to Avoid Certain Death" [This WWII Cartoon Taught Soldiers How to Avoid Certain Death]. History. Last modified April 18, 2013. Accessed December 10, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/wwii-propaganda-private-snafu-flashback.

"Mel Blanc." IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000305/. This source allowed us to familiarize ourselves with Mel Blanc, a popular voice actor with quite an impressive resume. He was known as "The Man of Thousand Voices" and considered one of the best voice actors ever in Hollywood, with over a thousand screen credits. He worked on many famous cartoons, including Private snafu. This source also provided a link to an in-depth biography which we will utilize for further research.

The National WWll Museum. "Private Snafu cartoon series." Nationalww2museum.org. Last modified May 20, 2020. Accessed December 6, 2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/private-snafu-cartoon-series. Although this is a recently created source, it was a helpful first source to familiarize us with the topic. It briefly describes what Snafu was as well as describing the condition of WWll. It included a propaganda image that helped to understand what private snafu was originally created for and the effect it had on teaching the young soldiers how to act in War.

New England Historical Society. "Private Snafu, Horny Cartoon Character, Teaches Soldiers How to Behave — and Dr. Seuss How to Write." Newenglandhistoricalsociety.com. Accessed January 10, 2021. https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/private-snafu-horny-cartoon-character-tea ches-soldiers-how-behave-and-dr-seuss-how-to-write/. This article by the New England Historical Society was useful because it went into depth on the backstory of Dr. Sues and how before he wrote Cat in the Hat or the Grinch he worked on Private snafu. Most of the audience's private snafu was directed

towards being semi-literate meaning Dr. Sues had to use simple, easy to understand words to get the point across. Dr. Seuss used these writing skills he learned later in life when he started writing children's books. Interestingly, the article also said that in today's society private snafu would be considered widely inappropriate and offensive to many audiences, including cursing and racial stereotypes. Warner Bros contract with the U.S. Army is mentioned as well, including the detail of popular cartoon characters' appearances on Private snafu like Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck.

Omeka. "Warner Brothers: Private SNAFU." The American Century. https://americancentury.omeka.wlu.edu/exhibits/show/donaldduckandsnafu/warner-broth ers--private-snafu. This cite provided a short yet informational snippet on Warner Bros association with the U.S. Army to provide Private snafu, as well as introducing us to Major Frank Capra who played an important role in the production. At the time Capra was one of the most successful directors in Hollywood when he enlisted in the army his first assignment was to direct instructional films. Later on, he teamed up with Dr. Sues who at the time was a left-wing newspaper editorial cartoonist from NYC. This article revealed Disney originally wanted the contract with Private snafu however they wanted rights to the characters whereas Warner Brothers did not, therefore, making them the more favorable production company thus leading to Warner Brothers getting the contract.

Open Culture. "Private Snafu: : The World War II Propaganda Cartoons Created by Dr. Seuss, Frank Capra & Mel Blanc." Openculture.com. Last modified February 10, 2014. Accessed December 6, 2020. https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/private-snafu.html#:~:text=MOOCs-,Private%20S nafu%3A%20The%20World%20War%20II%20Propaganda%20Cartoons%20Created%2 0by,Seuss%2C%20Frank%20Capra%20%26%20Mel%20Blanc. This source was an in-depth article on the creators of Private Snafu. Surprisingly we found out one of the creators was Doctor Seuss. It was interesting to discover the well-known children's book author also created the WWll cartoon that impacted the young soldiers learning how to act appropriately.

"PRIVATE SNAFU – BOOBY TRAPS (1944)." world war 2 facts. Last modified July 20, 2020. Accessed January 14, 2021. http://www.worldwar2facts.org/private-snafu-booby-traps-1944.html. This article was found while we looked for really what messages were in the series. This web page was a run down of what exactly the cartoon named " Booby Traps " actually meant and what was taught. "Booby Traps" tells the unwary soldier to watch out for booby traps in the field. It showed what to expect and how to recognize and how to avoid. I believe this was a wonderful start to researching more what they held within the cartoons.

"Private Snafu Cartoon Series." nationalww2museum. Last modified May 20, 2020. Accessed January 7, 2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/private-snafu-cartoon-series.

As we conducted our research this web page came in handy. It covered data and research about the men who were a part of World War 2 and helped visualize the education the men reached. We learned that 70 percent had dropped out of school, 500,000 had less than a fourth grade education, and 4.4 million had less than an eighth grade education. This is very useful because it shows we were basically throwing the minds of children into war which allowed us to draw conclusions on how and why that would affect their mental health and overall just their understanding and reality.

Zurski, Ken. "'Private Snafu,' the U.S. Army's Unbecoming Soldier." UnrememberedHistory. Last modified October 23, 2018. Accessed February 8, 2021. https://unrememberedhistory.com/2018/10/23/unremembered-cartoon-private-snafu-was- the-u-s-armys-unbecoming-soldier/. This webpage was very useful in finding images that help tell the story. This webpage had a rundown of SNAFU's history, some films as well as a part on Frank Capra who has played a huge role which helped open new doors to new and more research.