Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação E Biologia Evolutiva

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Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação E Biologia Evolutiva Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva Filogenia e biogeografia de três famílias de aves do Neotrópico Mateus Ferreira Manaus, Amazonas Fevereiro, 2018 Mateus Ferreira Filogenia e biogeografia de três famílias de aves do Neotrópico Orientador: Dra. Camila Cherem Ribas Tese apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como requisito para obtenção do grau de doutor em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva. Manaus, Amazonas Fevereiro, 2018 1 Folha reservada para a banca julgadora da versão final da tese 2 ii 3 Ficha Catalográfica 4 iii 5 Agradecimentos 6 Agradeço primeiramente a minha orientadora Camila Ribas, pela paciência e confiança 7 que depositou em mim durante esses anos de orientação. Sem sombra de dúvidas, esse trabalho 8 não seria possível sem essa amizade e parceria. 9 Ao meu co-orientador, Joel Cracraft, com quem tive a sorte de trabalhar durante o meu 10 doutorado sanduíche. Pelas excelentes conversas e orientações sobre biogeografia e sobre os 11 padrões e processos que moldaram a diversidade de aves no mundo. 12 À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e ao 13 programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, do Instituto 14 Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado no país e bolsa 15 sanduíche (# 88881.133440/2016-01), que tornaram este projeto possível. 16 Aos curadores e responsáveis pelas coleções científicas que gentilmente cederam 17 material para que este trabalho fosse desenvolvido: Fátima Lima e Antonita Santana (MPEG); 18 Marlene Freitas (INPA); Nate Rice (ANSP), Cristina Miyaki (LGEMA), Donna Dittman e 19 Robb Brumfield (LSU), Paul Sweet e Tom Trombone (AMNH), Mark Robbins (KU), John 20 Bates e Ben Marks (FMNH), Brian K. Schmidt (USNM), Sharon Birks (UWBM). E, a todas as 21 pessoas envolvidas nas expedições de coleta dessas institutições. 22 Ao projeto “Dimensions US-Biota: Assembly and evolution of the Amazon biota and 23 its environment: an integrated approach”, um projeto financiado conjuntamente pela Fundação 24 de Amparo à Pesquisa de São Paulo (FAPESP #2012/50260-6) e pelo National Science 25 Fundation (NSF DEB 1241056). Cujo apoio e financiamento foram essenciais para a execução 26 das várias etapas desse doutorado. 27 A todos os colegas do EBBA, pela constante ajuda e pelas excelentes discussões e 28 incentivos, e pelo café, especialmente pelos cafés: Robs, Fernanda, Rafael, Claudinha, Érico, 29 Erik, Lídia, Renatinha, Jessica, Nelson, Carol, Waleskinha e todo mundo que passou por aqui. 30 Ao pessoal que me aguentou durante esse doutorado: Maricota, Leandro, Marina, Ana, 31 Marizita, Derek, Miquéias, Pedro, Cadu e Manu. Em especial à Romina, pela caminhada lado 32 a lado durante toda a execução desse projeto, pelos puxões de orelha quando eu precisei e por 33 ter me aguentado todo esse período. 34 Ao pessoal do LTBM, Giselle e Paula, pela excelente companhia, pelos cafés e ajudas 35 quando precisei. iv 36 To everyone who received me at the AMNH during my sandwich fellowship: Lydia, 37 Bill, Tom, Paul, Gabi, Brian, Luke, and Peter. A special thanks to Jessica and Laís for all the 38 support and friendship during my time in NY. 39 Também gostaria de agradecer ao Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica 40 (LNCC/MCTI) por fornecer recursos de computação de alto desempenho através do 41 supercomputador SDumont, fundamentais para as análises realizadas neste estudo. 42 Por fim, um agradecimento especial para a minha família, que me apoiou 43 incondicionalmente em todo esse percurso, e cuja ajuda foi essencial para a finalização deste 44 doutorado. 45 v 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” 66 Theodosius Dobzhansky 67 68 “Life and Earth evolve together” 69 Leon Croizat 70 vi 71 72 Resumo 73 O Neotrópico é uma das regiões com os maiores índices de biodiversidade do planeta e muito 74 tem se questionado sobre a origem de tamanha diversidade. Acredita-se que os padrões de 75 diversidade atual dentro da região sejam um resultado da complexa história geomorfológica e 76 climática da região. Entre os eventos geomorfológicos mais discutidos estão o soerguimento 77 dos Andes e consequente reestruturação da drenagem continental, e o fechamento do Istmo do 78 Panamá, que permitiu a troca intercontinental de biotas. Neste trabalho foram selecionadas três 79 famílias de aves do Neotrópico. A família Trogonidae tem uma distribuição Pantropical, 80 ocorrendo também nas regiões subtropicais e tropicais da África e Ásia, no entanto, a maior 81 diversidade encontra-se justamente na região Neotropical. As famílias Bucconidae e Galbulidae 82 são duas famílias irmãs endêmicas do Neotrópico. Foram selecionadas amostras de todas as 83 espécies e quase todas as subespécies descritas para os três grupos. Para as espécies amplamente 84 distribuídas foram selecionadas amostras ao longo de toda a distribuição e uma análise prévia 85 para verificar a estrutura filogeográfica de cada grupo, com base nesses resultados, foram 86 selecionadas amostras para o sequenciamento de milhares de loci de regiões Ultra Conservadas 87 (Ultraconserved Elements, UCE). Dessa forma, compilamos três estudos nessa tese. No 88 primeiro capítulo, foi estudado um complexo de aves da família Galbulidae associada aos 89 ambientes de areia branca na região Amazônica. Através da comparação entre marcadores 90 moleculares com diferentes métodos de herança, DNA mitocondrial e nuclear (UCE), pudemos 91 observar um conflito entre esses dois marcadores. Através deste conflito foi possível propor um 92 modelo de diversificação para os ambientes de areia branca na região. No segundo capítulo 93 analisamos a diversificação global da família Trogonidae, com o auxílio dos UCEs 94 reconstruímos a relação filogenética entre todas as espécies da família e estimamos uma árvore 95 datada da diversificação de Trogonidae. No terceiro e último capítulo, analisamos os padrões 96 de diversificação das famílias Galbulidae e Bucconidae através de uma abordagem 97 filogeográfica e filogenética. Neste trabalho pudemos observar que a diversidade do grupo se 98 encontra claramente subestimada. 99 100 101 vii 102 Abstract 103 The Neotropical region has one of the highest biodiversity index in the planet and several 104 hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of such diversity. Currently, landscape 105 and climatic evolution are credited to be the two main processes responsible for shaping the 106 patterns. Landscape evolution includes, for example, the Andean uplift and consequent 107 continental drainage reconfiguration, and the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, which 108 allowed the Great American Biotic Interchange. In the present study we selected three 109 Neotropical families of birds. Trogonidae has a Pantropical distribution, members of this 110 family inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, however, the highest diversity 111 is currently found in the Americas. Galbulidae and Bucconidae are sister families and 112 endemics to the Neotropics. WE sampled all species and almost all subspecies currently 113 recognized for this three families, and for widespread species we thoroughly sampled 114 throughout their distributions to uncover hidden phylogeographic patterns. Based on these 115 results, we selected the samples to sequence thousands of Ultraconserved Elements (UCE). 116 Thus, we compiled three studies for this thesis. In the first chapter, we studied one Galbulidae 117 species complex associated with the Amazonian White-sand environments. We compared 118 between molecular markers that have different heritage systems, the mtDNA and nuDNA 119 (UCE), where we recovered contrasting histories between markers, and based on these results 120 we proposed a diversification model for the White-sand environments. In the second chapter, 121 we analyzed the global diversification of Trogonidae, employing thousands of UCE loci to 122 propose a phylogenetic hypothesis between all species currently recognized, and we also 123 estimated a fossil calibrated time tree for Trogonidae diversification. At last, in the third 124 chapter, we analyzed the diversification patterns for Galbulidae and Bucconidae using a 125 phylogeographic/phylogenetic approach. In this chapter it was clear how these groups 126 diversity in underestimated by currently taxonomic approach. 127 viii 128 Sumário 129 130 Agradecimentos .................................................................................................. iv 131 Resumo ............................................................................................................... vii 132 Abstract ............................................................................................................. viii 133 Introdução Geral ................................................................................................. 1 134 Objetivos............................................................................................................... 7 135 Capítulo 1 ............................................................................................................. 8 136 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 10 137 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................
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