Archaeological Research & Consultancy at the University of Sheffield Graduate School of Archaeology West Court, 2 Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 4DT Phone 0114 2225106 Fax 0114 2797158

Report 1169.1(1)

Desk-based Assessment of Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works,

April 2008

By Sean Bell

Prepared for: Severn Trent Water Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works, Nottinghamshire

National Grid Reference: SK 637 421 (centred)

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Report 1169.1(1) © ARCUS 2008

Checked by: Passed for submission to client:

Date: Date: Sean Bell Glyn Davies ARCUS Project Archaeologist ARCUS Senior Project Manager

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 1 OASIS SUMMARY FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

OASIS identifier arcus2-38634

Project title Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham.

Short description of the ARCUS was commissioned by Severn Trent Water to undertake a desk-based assessment of project land at Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works, Nottingham. The most significant archaeological site within the proposal area is an undated double linear feature with an associated circular enclosure, that was recorded within the site’s northernmost field on a 1975 aerial photograph. The proposal area lies outside the historic core of the village and its medieval field system and is unlikely to contain significant archaeological remains dating from this or later periods. Based on the disturbance associated with the sewage works, along with the low archaeological potential in the 2 fields under consideration, it is proposed that an archaeological watching brief is undertaken during any removal of the current topsoil or sewage waste in these fields. During the watching brief, particular attention should be paid to the northern field in which cropmarks were visible on the 1975 aerial photograph.

Project dates April 2008

Previous/future work None/not known.

Monument type and period None.

Significant finds None. (artefact type and period)

PROJECT LOCATION

County/Parish Nottinghamshire/Stoke Bardolph

Site address Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works, Stoke Lane, Stoke Bardolph, Nottinghamshire.

Site co-ordinates SK 637 421 (centred).

Site area

Height OD

PROJECT CREATORS

Organisation Severn Trent Water

Project brief originator Severn Trent Water

Project design originator N/a

Project manager Glyn Davies

Site Supervisor Sean Bell

Sponsor or funding body Severn Trent Water

PROJECT ARCHIVES

Archive Type Location/Accession no. Content (e.g. pottery, metalwork, etc)

Physical N/a N/a

Paper Nottinghamshire SMR Report (text, illustrations, plates)

Digital Nottinghamshire SMR Report (pdf copy)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Title Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham

Report no 1169.1(1)

Author Sean Bell

Date April 2008

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 2 CONTENTS

OASIS SUMMARY FORM ...... 2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLATES ...... 4

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY...... 5

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 6

2 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY ...... 6 2.1 Aims...... 6 2.2 Data Collection...... 6 2.3 Site Visit ...... 6 2.4 Geotechnical Data...... 6 2.5 Planning Framework...... 6

3 SITE LOCATION AND LAND USE ...... 7

4 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMARY ...... 7 4.1 Prehistoric ...... 8 4.2 Roman ...... 8 4.3 Medieval ...... 8 4.4 Post-medieval...... 9 4.5 Modern...... 9

5 CURRENT CONDITION OF THE SITE AND EXISTING FEATURES...... 10

6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION AND POTENTIAL ...... 11

7 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 11

8 COPYRIGHT...... 12

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES...... 12

10 GAZETTEER OF KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ...... 14

11 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLATES...... 15

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 3 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLATES

Illustrations 1 Site location 2 Location of known archaeological sites and find spots 3 1796 Enclosure Award map 4 1873 Map of Stoke Bardolph 5 1928 Drainage plan and proposed sewage treatment works

Plates 1 General view of Stoke Farm, looking east. 2 View along water channel forming north-west boundary of east field, looking southwest. 3 View of tree plantation in north-east corner of east field, showing young trees and surrounding vegetation, looking south-east. 4 View along north-west boundary of east field, looking south-west, showing edge of ploughed surface. 5 General view across east field, looking north-west, showing ploughed surface. 6 View of south-east corner of north field, looking south, showing scrub grassland with sewage treatment works beyond. 7 View across north field, looking south-west towards by-pass road, showing recently deposited material and standing water. 8 View across north field looking east towards hills beyond , showing recently deposited material, machine tracks and standing water. 9 View of former east end of north field, looking south, showing ploughed surface examined to characterise deposits within the proposal area to north of the treatment works. 10 View, looking west, along access road from Stoke Farm. 11 View along road at north-east boundary of east field, looking north. 12 View along road running to north of north field, looking south-east.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 4 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ARCUS was commissioned by Severn Trent Water to undertake a desk-based assessment of land at Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works, Nottingham (centred on SK 637 421). The assessment was required in relation to a planned extension of the sewage works and included a site visit, along with documentary and cartographic research. The site lies within the Trent Valley, which was a focus for human activity during the prehistoric and Roman periods. Trent Valley river gravels have yielded archaeological evidence of fauna, flora and human occupation. However, these deposits and features are often located at considerable depth and the visibility of potential sub-surface archaeology within the site may have been reduced by the regular spreading of waste materials from the sewage farm and the later sewage treatment works across the agricultural areas of Stoke Farm. The most significant archaeological feature within the proposal area, is an undated double linear feature with an associated circular enclosure, that was recorded within the site’s northernmost field on a 1975 aerial photograph. The proposal area lies outside the historic core of Stoke Bardolph village and its medieval field system and is unlikely to contain significant archaeological remains dating from the medieval period or later. No evidence for any such deposits or structures was identified during the walkover survey. Based on the disturbance associated with the sewage works, resulting in the low archaeological potential of the 2 fields under consideration, it is proposed that an archaeological watching brief should be undertaken during any removal of the current topsoil or sewage waste in these fields. During the watching brief, particular attention should be paid to the northern field in which cropmarks were visible on the 1975 aerial photograph.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 5 1 INTRODUCTION This document presents the results of an archaeological desk-based assessment of land adjacent to Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works, Nottingham. The assessment was required to support a planning application for an extension of the works. ARCUS was commissioned by Severn and Trent Water to undertake the assessment. Research and fieldwork were carried out by Sean Bell and Mark Stenton.

2 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Aims The aims of the desk-based assessment were to: • establish the archaeological and historical background of the application area; • assess the potential for the survival of archaeological deposits within the site.

2.2 Data Collection Data was collected from the following sources: • Nottinghamshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) • Nottingham Archives; • Primary published sources; • Secondary published sources; • Online sources.

2.3 Site Visit A site visit was made by Sean Bell. This consisted of a walk-over survey of the surrounding area, to identify any visible archaeological or historic features and areas of previous ground disturbance that may have affected the survival of buried archaeological deposits. Current land use was also noted.

2.4 Geotechnical Data No known geotechnical investigations have been carried out in this area.

2.5 Planning Framework Planning Policy Guidance Notes 15 (PPG15) ‘Planning and the Historic Environment’ and 16 (PPG 16) ‘Archaeology and Planning’ were issued in 1994 and 1990 respectively by the Department of the Environment. They were issued to provide a statement of current legislative designations/protections for the historic environment and archaeological remains, and guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers, and other relevant bodies on the appropriate action of the investigation and preservation of such remains. PPG 15 states:

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 6 Paragraph 2.11 Local planning authorities should expect developers to assess the likely impact of their proposals on the special interest of the site or structure in question, and to provide such written information or drawings as may be required to understand the significance of a site or structure before an application is determined. Paragraph 2.16 Sections 16 and 66 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 require authorities considering applications for planning permission or listed building consent for works which affect a listed building to have special regard to certain matters, including the desirability of preserving the setting of the building. The setting is often an essential part of the building’s character. PPG 16 states: Paragraph 21 Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out before any decision on the planning application is taken. Paragraph 22 Local planning authorities can expect developers to provide the results of such assessments and evaluations as part of their application for sites where there is good reason to believe there are remains of archaeological importance.

3 SITE LOCATION AND LAND USE The treatment works (centred on SK 511 991) lies on the north side of Stoke Lane, in the district of Gedling, Nottingham (lllustration 1). The proposal area consist of 2 fields, adjacent to the treatment works. One lies to the north of the works, measuring approximately 220 x 130m; the other lies to the east, measuring approximately 170 x 150m. Both fields form part of the holdings of Stoke Farm, which is owned by Severn and Trent Water, and used for agricultural purposes. There are no listed buildings within the proposal area, and it is not part of a Conservation Area. Nottinghamshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) designated the village of Stoke Bardolph as a ‘Historic Settlement Area’.

4 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMARY This section provides a summary of the historical and archaeological background of the area, focusing in particular on the site of the proposed works. Historical maps and plans of the area from 1796 to the present were consulted, including the Ordnance Survey series. Documents, unpublished technical reports and published works relating to the site were also consulted. A list of known archaeological sites and find- spots within 1km of the site was compiled from the SMR, and from other historic sources. This is presented as a gazetteer (Section 10 below), with the locations of the sites shown in Illustration 2.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 7 Glossary of time periods referred to in the text: Palaeolithic: Before 10000 BC Mesolithic: 10000-4000 BC Neolithic: 4000-2300 BC Bronze Age: 2300-700 BC Iron Age: 700 BC-AD 43 Romano-British: AD 43-450 Early Medieval: 450-1066 Medieval: 1066-1485 Post-Medieval: 1485-1720 Modern: 1720 - present day

4.1 Prehistoric Evidence for Palaeolithic occupation of the Trent Valley has been recovered from the nearby area of , as well as a red deer antler showing Mesolithic groove and splinter work from Holme Pierrepont, 2 miles to the south-west. (Knight & Howard, 2004). There are two find-spots listed in the SMR recording prehistoric material. A Neolithic stone axehead was recovered in an adjacent field to the east of the sewage treatment works in 1951 (Site 5). A late Bronze Age spearhead recovered from the River Trent during dredging operations in 1928 (Site 11) measured 275mm in length, with a maximum width of 79mm. It has two circular symmetrical openings, 8.5mm in diameter, on the lower blades. The spearhead has been assigned to Class IVb using Greenwell and Brewis’ typology, and is held by Nottingham Castle Museum.

4.2 Roman Roman occupation of the region began with the advance of the army in late AD 40s and AD 50s and was followed by the imposition of new socio-political and economic organisation. One result was the intensification of arable cultivation coupled with large-scale clearances in the Trent Valley. There is evidence to suggest that this resulted in an increase in settlement densities and was the culmination of a process begun in the Late Iron Age (Knight & Howard, 2004). This would have resulted in an expansion to areas previously unoccupied and the large number of Romano-British field systems identified by aerial photography are part of this process. Cropmark features identified from the air form the majority of the sites listed in the SMR within the search area (Sites 1, 3, 4, 6-8, 10, 12-14), although these remain unexcavated and have not be surveyed on the ground. Site 1, a double linear feature with an associated circular enclosure, lies within the northern field. However, its date is unknown. Large-scale excavations have been carried out at the Romano-British rural settlement at Holme Pierrepont. The settlement consisted of 4 enclosure complexes, covering approximately 1km², with occupation spanning the Iron Age and the Roman Period (O’Brien 1978, 1979). There is only one site attributed to Roman occupation within the search area (Site 9). This is an earthwork enclosing approximately 4 acres of promontory. The east side is marked by a large bank and denuded ditch, with the west side being marked by a bank only. The feature has been interpreted as an Iron Age promontory camp with later Roman occupation being indicated by Roman finds.

4.3 Medieval During the Early Medieval Period, the manor of Gedling lay within the kingdom of

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 8 Mercia. Prior to the Norman Conquest, the manor was held by the Thegn Otta (or Otti) and then his son Tochi. With the ascent of William the Conqueror, the manor was granted to William Peveril, along with other lands in western Nottinghamshire and the Derbyshire Peak. During the reign of Henry II (1154-‘89), lands at Gedling passed by marriage to the Bardolph family. The family built a moated castle or fortified manor to guard the ferry crossing across the Trent to Shelford, within the township of Stoke Bardolph (Bartholomew, 1887). The street plan and the shape of the fields adjacent to the village shown on a later Enclosure Award map indicate that the village is, at least, of medieval origin. A 19th-century description of Stoke Bardolph notes that there was once an ancient chapel within the village, but of which there remains no trace (White’s Directory of Nottinghamshire, 1853). No sites or find-spots of medieval date are located within the search area.

4.4 Post-medieval The Bardolph family remained associated with the area until the late 15th century: “Joan Bardolph, eldest daughter of Thomas Bardolph, was Lady Bardolph, and had a daughter, Elizabeth, who married John, Viscount Beaumont, by whom she had a son, William, Viscount Beaumont and Lord Bardolph, who was attainted by Parliament 4 November, 1 Ed. IV. [1461]. His sister, Jane, thus became heir and married John, Lord Lovell; their son, Francis, was killed fighting against the king at the battle of Stoke-field, 16 June, 1487." (Whitbread, 1903). The moated site at Stoke Bardolph was the venue for the Court Baron and the Court Leet, and documentary evidence indicates that these were still being held in 1539. No sites or find-spots dating from the post-medieval period are located within the search area.

4.5 Modern Stoke Bardolph remained an agricultural village throughout the post-medieval period. The 1796 Enclosure Award (lIlustration 3) showed the area of the current sewage treatment works as ‘Plot 292. Earl of Chesterfield. for Tithes’. The proposal area lies within Plot 291, awarded to Charles Pierrepont, Esq., and Plot 294, another in the possession of the Earl of Chesterfield. All 3 plots were described as being land within Carr Field, ‘carr’ being derived from the Old Norse word for boggy ground or marsh. The map also described the plots to the east as ‘Old Inclosures’, and the pattern of these reflects the use of burgage plots. No notable structures were shown on the map, other than a windmill in the plot to the west of Plot 292. In 1872 Stoke Bardolph was described as a township in Gedling parish with a post office, a ferry and a chapel of ease. It was noted as having a population of 174 within 38 houses and property worth £2127 (Wilson, 1870-‘72) An 1873 plan of Stoke Bardolph showed that the plots that had formed the enclosure awards had been divided into much smaller units, with those of the proposal area being owned by Sydney William Herbert Pierrepont, 3rd Earl Manvers (Illustration 4). However, these new divisions were not represented on the 1885 Ordnance Survey map. An 1878 deed recorded the leasing of a farm and lands in the Township of Stoke Bardolph for use as a sewage farm. This was the property presently known as Stoke Farm. The farm was leased by John Elliott Burnside, Esq. to the Mayor, Alderman and Burgesses of the Borough of Nottingham for a term of 60 years for an annual rent of

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 9 £135. This followed the Nottingham and District Sewerage Act of 1872 which established the Nottingham and Leen Valley Sewerage Board. Its powers passed to the Corporation of Nottingham in 1877. The first sewage was received on 17 June 1880. The area covered by the farm increased in subsequent years, being a fully- functioning agricultural business, selling milk produced from cows grazing on the land. This sewage farm remained in operation until the early 20th century. In 1928 a new sewage treatment works was proposed to Nottingham Corporation. This was shown on a plan of the location occupied by the current treatment works, and also detailed the current and proposed drainage system (Illustration 5). The proposal area was shown to have existing underdrainage, with a new carrier proposed to run east-west under the north field of the present proposal area. In 1936 a combined scheme for Main Drainage and Sewage Disposal Works in the Corporation of Nottingham was inaugurated. New piping systems and a pumping station at brought extra sewage to the farm, and new buildings were opened providing for preliminary treatment of the sewage before the effluent was spread on the land. Stoke Farm is currently operated by Severn and Trent Water, and sludge from the treatment works is distributed across the fields as fertilizer.

5 CURRENT CONDITION OF THE SITE AND EXISTING FEATURES Both fields comprising the proposal area are currently in agricultural use, forming part of the holdings of Stoke Farm (Plate 1). The north-west boundary of the east field was marked by a water channel and a managed hedgerow (Plate 2). The remainder of the field boundaries are marked by hedgerows only. In the north-east corner of the east field is an area of young tree plantation with vegetated margins (Plate 3). The field had been ploughed recently, the depth of the ploughing being approximately 0.3m (Plates 4 and 5). A total of 3 north-east/south-west transects were undertaken to briefly assess the type of material, if any, was present within the disturbed ploughsoil. A total of 3 plastic items, 1 late 20th-century potsherd and 1 fragment of modern glass from a bottle, were recovered. No features of archaeological significance were identified during the walkover survey. The north boundary of the north field was marked by a managed hedgerow; the west by the new by-pass road; and the south and east boundaries by fencing demarcating areas of the current treatment works. The south-east corner of the field was covered with scrub grassland vegetation (Plate 6). Much of the ground surface was covered by a mid-grey/brown coloured deposit, with a significant amount of standing water present. The impression of caterpillar tracks was visible in the upper surface of this deposit across the northern half on the field (Plates 7 and 8). This material and vehicular activity was interpreted as being the result of the construction and usage of the new section of the treatment works at the east end of the field. This effectively divided the north field into 3 parts, with only the most westerly being part of the current proposal. However. a brief survey of the east section was undertaken in oprder to characterise the nature of the field north of the treatment works. This had also been recently ploughed (Plate 9), with an average plough depth of 0.2m. Two plastic items and a sherd of late 20th-century pottery were recovered from this east section. No features of archaeological significance were identified within the north

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 10 field. No features of archaeological significance were identified during the walkover survey. Access to the proposal area is via a metalled road running westwards from Stoke Farm (Plate 10), which crosses the small watercourse shown on the historic maps. The line of the road is shown as a field boundary on the 1796 and 1873 maps, and is first shown as an access route on the 1883 Ordnance Survey. The road follows the west edge of this northwards (Plate 11), defining the north-east edge of the east field. The road then continues in a north-west direction along the north edge of the north field. This is shown as a field boundary on the Enclosure Award, but is represented as an access route on the 1873 map leading to the north edge of Stoke Bardolph village.

6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION AND POTENTIAL The proposal area lies within the Trent Valley, which was a focus for human activity during the prehistoric and Roman periods. Trent Valley river gravels have yielded important information on the palaeoenvironments of the river valley, its fauna, flora and human occupation. Archaeological monitoring prior to quarrying at Holme Pierrepont exposed palaeochannels, preserved land surfaces and oak-tree trunks dating from the Neolithic and Bronze Age (Knight & Howard, 2004). These deposits and features are often preserved at considerable depth. The most significant archaeological site identified within the proposal area is Site 1. This is an undated, but probably Iron Age or Romano-British, double linear feature with an associated circular enclosure, which was recorded within the northern field on a 1975 aerial photograph. The proposal area lies outside the historic core of the village of Stoke Bardolph and its medieval field system. The site’s documented history is one of predominantly agricultural use and is thus unlikely to contain significant archaeological remains dating from the medieval period or later. No evidence for any such deposits or structures was identified during the walkover survey. Recent activity has included the dumping of significant quantities of dry waste matter from the sewage works on both of the fields under consideration and on other fields beyond these. Works have also involved the construction/excavation of ponds within the northern field. Aerial photographs on Google Earth and Live Search show that these ponds were more extensive than is shown on the current O.S. map (Illustration 2). The extensive dumping of waste matter and excavation of ponds in the fields will have disturbed any shallow archaeology present. Also the dumping and storage of processed sewage waste will have severely influenced the soil chemistry and changed preservation conditions. The presence of a cropmark site in the northern field would normally suggest a moderate to high archaeological potential but the disturbances associated with the sewage works have resulted in a low archaeological potential for the two sites under consideration.

7 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the disturbance associated with the sewage works, resulting in the low archaeological potential in the two fields under consideration, it is proposed that an archaeological watching brief would be an adequate response to the potential

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 11 archaeology on the site. This should be undertaken during the removal of the current topsoil or sewage waste in these fields. During the watching brief, particular attention should be paid to the northern field in which crop marks were visible on the 1975 aerial photograph.

8 COPYRIGHT ARCUS may assign copyright to the client upon request, and reserves the right to be identified as the author of all project documentation and reports, as specified in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (chapter IV, section 79).

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Archive Sources 1796 Gedling, Carlton and Stoke Bardolph Enclosure Award (EA/19/1/2). 1878 Lease of Stoke Farm Sewage Farm (CA.SDF/I/1). 1925-‘27 Sewage disposal works land (CATC 10/134/12, 17-29). 1935-‘37 Sewage disposal works land (CATC 10/138/4).

Historic Maps 1609 Sherwood Forest map (XF 1/2 R). 1796 Gedling, Carlton and Stoke Bardolph Enclosure Award (EA/19/1/2). 1873 Plan of Stoke Bardolph (GE 1 L). 1885 Ordnance Survey map. 1894 Site of sewage farm (DD.PF 61). 1901 Ordnance Survey map. 1928-‘29 T. Wallis Gordon’s map of existing and proposed drainage areas and new sewage works at Stoke Bardolph (No. 29/1-4L). 1929 Sewage disposal works land (CATC 10/138/12). 1945-‘58 Plan showing extensions to sewage works (CATC 10/134/23/1-11). 1958 Ordnance Survey map.

Published and Unpublished Sources Bartholomew, J. 1887. Gazetteer of the British Isles. Department of the Environment 1990. Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG 16): ‘Archaeology and Planning’. Knight, D. and Howard, A.J. 2004. Trent Valley Landscapes: The Archaeology of 500,000 Years of Change. O’Brien, C. 1978. Excavations at Holme Pierrepont Site 4. Unpublished report, Trent Valley Archaeological Research Committee.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 12 O’Brien, C. 1979. ‘Iron Age and Romano-British settlement in the Trent basin.’, in B.C> Burnham and H.B. Johnson (eds.), Invasion and Response: The Case of Roman Britain. Whitbread, R. 1903. ‘Summer excursion 1903: Gedling church.’ in Transactions of the Thoroton Society, 7. 1853 White’s Directory of Nottinghamshire. Wilson, J.M. 1870-‘72. Imperial Gazetteer of and Wales.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 13 10 GAZETTEER OF KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Locations shown on illustration 2. Site Description NGR SMR no 1 Cropmark features identified by aerial photography, 1975. SK 636 423 L8204 Double linear feature and a circular enclosure. 1790c 2 Small, low sandy mound. Excavated mid-20th century and SK 633 426 L5457 found to be devoid of finds. 3 Cropmark features identified by aerial photography, 1975. SK 639 427 L8203 Rectangular feature with internal features including 4 1790b parallel lines 4 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. Linear SK 631 419 L2041 excavated by field evaluation and interpreted as modern drainage or agricultural features. 5 Neolithic stone axehead. Surface find, 1951. SK 639 417 L5458 6 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. SK 635 416 L8209 Rectangular enclosure with associated linear and curvi- 1791a linear feature. 7 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. 5 or SK 637 414 L8211 more single ring ditches and 1 small rectangular enclosure. 1791c No surveys undertaken 8 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. Possible SK 639 414 L8212 ring ditch. 1791d 9 Earthwork, oval in plan, enclosing a promontory of c.4 acres SK 635 430 L1789 in dense undergrowth. Earthworks consist of a large bank and denuded ditch.

Trial excavations (1946) recovered 4th-century Roman L9298 pottery and a coin of Helena (d. AD 360). 10 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. SK 632 419 L8210 Intersecting rectangular enclosures and linear features. 1791b 11 Late Bronze Age spearhead (Class IVb). Dredged from River SK 647 422 L1853 Trent in 1928. 12 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. Linear SK 643 413 L8214 features and an irregular oval-shaped enclosure 1791f surrounding a ring ditch. No surveys undertaken. 13 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. Possible SK 638 411 L8217 small ovoid enclosure. 1791i 14 Cropmark feature identified by aerial photography. Parallel SK 635 412 L8216 lines, probably farm track. Rectangular features, probably 1791h field drains.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 14 11 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLATES

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 15

PLATES

Plate 1: General view of Stoke Farm, looking east.

Plate 2: View along water channel forming north-west boundary of east field, looking south-west.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008

Plate 3: View of tree plantation in north-east corner of east field, showing young trees and surrounding vegetation, looking south-east.

Plate 4: View along north-west boundary of east field, looking south-west, showing edge of ploughed surface.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 Plate 5: General view across east field, looking north-west, showing ploughed surface.

Plate 6: View of south-east corner of north field, looking south, showing scrub grassland with sewage treatment works beyond.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 Plate 7: View across north field, looking southwest towards by-pass road, showing recently deposited material and standing water.

Plate 8: View across north field looking east towards hills beyond River Trent, showing recently deposited material, machine tracks and standing water.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008 Plate 9: View of former east end of north field, looking south, showing ploughed surface examined to characterise deposits within the proposal area to north of the treatment works.

Plate 10: View, looking west, along access road from Stoke Farm.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008

Plate 11: View along road at north-east boundary of east field, looking north.

Plate 12: View along road running to north of north field, looking south-east.

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment, Stoke Lane, Nottingham ARCUS 1169.1(1) – April 2008