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Use of Preventive Measures Against Milk Fever in Punjab, Pakistan

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Use of Preventive Measures Against Milk Fever in Punjab, Pakistan Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Use of preventive measures against milk fever in Punjab, Pakistan Syed Ahad Raza Zaidi Degree project / Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Degree project, 30 hp Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, 583 Master Thesis Uppsala 2016 Animal Science ii Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Use of preventive measures against milk fever in Punjab, Pakistan Syed Ahad Raza Zaidi Supervisor: Cecilia Kronqvist, SLU, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Examiner: Kjell Holtenius, SLU, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Extent: 30 hp Course title: Degree project in Animal Science Course code: EX0551 Programme: Master in Animal Sciences Level: Avancerad A2E Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2016 Series name, part no: Examensarbete / Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för husdjurens utfodring och vård, 583 On-line published: http://epsilon.slu.se Key words: Milk fever in Pakistan; Prevention strategies; Use of Vitamin D; Restricted milking; Oral prophylaxis; Feeding strategy; Dairy animals; Questionnaire survey In this series Degree projects (corresponding 15, 30, 45 or 60 credits) at the Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, are published. The department's degree projects are published on the SLU website www.slu.se. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Fakulteten för veterinärmedicin och Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science husdjursvetenskap Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Institutionen för husdjurens utfodring och vård PO Box 7024 Box 7024 SE-750 07 Uppsala 750 07 Uppsala Phone +46 (0) 18 67 10 00 Tel. 018/67 10 00 Homepage: www.slu.se/animal-nutrition-management Hemsida: www.slu.se/husdjur-utfodring-vard iii Abstract Milk fever or hypocalcaemia is widely acknowledged disease of dairy animals at the time of parturition. The study was aimed to investigate preventive strategies against milk fever by small and large farmers in Punjab, Pakistan from the year 2011-2013. For the sample 212 farmers consented to be part of this study, a questionnaire survey was used as a tool for data collection. The sample was categorized as small (less than 10) and large herd size and data was divided into “no milk fever” and any milk fever” groups, then analyzed through chi square and logistic regression by Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). This study concluded that farmers in Punjab, Pakistan focused on few milk fever preventive methods i.e. administration of Vitamin D, milking strategy, oral prophylaxis (oral calcium intake) and feeding strategy. From these methods; oral prophylaxis came out as the most widely used strategy among farmers, but it was highly used in both risk groups with or without milk fever therefore statistically it didn’t impacted any significant effect. Milking strategy as preventive measure; showed the significant higher use among farmers with no milk fever (p = 0.001). Statistical analysis also presented, use of Vitamin D as prophylactic method; was used more in herds with no milk fever. Logistic regression of other risk factors revealed that herds with buffalos have a tendency for higher risk of having milk fever (p<0.09) Keywords: Milk fever in Pakistan; Prevention strategies; Use of Vitamin D; Restricted milking; Oral prophylaxis; Feeding strategy; Dairy animals; Questionnaire survey iv Acknowledgment One of the most pleasant parts of such studies is the opportunity to thank those who have contributed into it. Unfortunately, the list of expression of thanks, no matter how extensive, is always incomplete. These acknowledgments are no exception. First of all, I am thankful to Almighty Allah, who endowed me with the strength and blessings that enabled me to complete this research. The guidance and encouragement rendered by Mr. Jan Olofsson, Program Coordinator- Animal Sciences, throughout the study period in most gratefully recognized. I would like to put my gratitude for my kind research supervisor, Cecilia Kronqvist who was the inspiration and a rower behind all this work. She laboriously read and criticized the early drafts and so kindly read and approved the final one. She continued her backing till the concluding stages of research. I proudly acknowledge my participants who consented to be part of the study. These are the people whose cooperation and understanding were crucial to the production of this work. The completion of the research was not possible without their humble accommodating attitude. A particular note of thanks is addressed to my wife Zille Zahra and kind fellow Dr. Shahid Malik. Without these inputs, it was nearly impossible to produce this work. I do, however, take the responsibility for all the remaining errors. Author v Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1 Dairy Farming in Pakistan ................................................................................................................... 1 Farmer’s Awareness regarding Diseases ............................................................................................. 1 Research Question ............................................................................................................................... 2 Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Review of Literature ................................................................................................................................3 Importance of Nutrition towards Disease Resistance .......................................................................... 3 Hypocalcaemia/ Milk Fever ................................................................................................................ 4 Calcium Homeostasis .......................................................................................................................... 6 Measures to prevent milk fever ........................................................................................................... 7 Dietary cation–anion reduction ........................................................................................................... 7 Stimulation of PTH secretion by Ca deficient diet prepartum ............................................................ 9 Supplementing Vitamin D ................................................................................................................. 10 Supplementing Oral Ca at calving ..................................................................................................... 12 Calcium in Diet ................................................................................................................................. 13 Milking Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 15 Effect of Breed, Season and milk yield on incidence of milk fever: ................................................. 16 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 17 Selection of Farmers .......................................................................................................................... 17 Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................... 19 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 20 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Analysis for the preventive methods ................................................................................................. 22 All Herds ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Herds with more than 10 animals .................................................................................................. 22 Logistic Regression for the prevalence of disease ......................................................................... 22 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 26 References ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 32 vi List of Tables Table 1: Analysis of preventive strategies using Chi Square Test in SAS Table 2: Logistic regression of likelihood parameters List of Figures Figure 1: Predicted milk fever risk with different feeding levels of calcium Figure 2: Visual Mapping
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