Birdingfield Report Women Birders Program

BIRDING FIELD REPORT ESTANCIA BELLO HORIZONTE LODGE MADRE DE DIOS – PERU 2021

WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics www.JACAMARCLUB.com

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> A Field Report < Of Birding Excursions and The importance of Empowering Women in the Birding Activities for Enviromental Education in Peru and Bolivia.

WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics, Estancia Bello Horizonte Lodge Madre de Dios – PERU march 13, 2021 Candy Echevarria1, Ana Amable2, Richard Amable3 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

The “Women Birders”, a program created to empower women in the good ecological practices of birding & birdwatching in Peru and Bolivia. Through this program the women in the community will be able to increase their leadership and knowledge in conservation and ecotourism. Also, this will make a difference in their communities as they can represent their communities and will lead the changes in local conservation behavior. Finally, it will benefit directly to the conservation of local birds. The Jacamar Club programs perform a series of activities as a preliminary steps to environmental education, ecotourism ideas and conservation of bird habitats in Peru and Bolivia. It is a long way of training, all the participants in our program have been learning about birds both virtually, through various talks, and in situ, twice a month, going out to birch around the Cusco region in Peru, recording all possible birds, taking photos of the birds, places and communities where we do our trainings. In the Madre de Dios region we are 09 from 30 ladies, of three regions of Peru, ladies from different houses of study, institutes, universities that without distinction we learn together from the hand of Jacamar Club; If you want to support us you can find out more here on our website, in addition you will find videos, photos and the selected ones reports of each field trip in the three regions where the program takes place, in Cusco, Madre de Dios and Loreto. https://jacamarclub.com/women-birders-peru/

BIRDING LOCALITIES OF INTEREST PUERTO MALDONADO Puerto Maldonado is a city in southeastern of Peru, it is the capital of the Department of Madre de Dios, located on the banks of the confluence of the Madre de Dios River and the Tambopata River. It is one of the main commercial centers of the Amazon, has access on the interoceanic highway on the triple border with Bolivia and Brazil. Puerto Maldonado is located in the district and province of Tambopata in the department of Madre de Dios. It is a hot city with temperatures of up to 40ºC, tropical with excellent tourist and cultural potential.

TAMBOPATA DISTRICT Tambopata province is a one of the three provinces of the Madre de Dios Region, in southern Peru. Contemplate a great biodiversity. The Nacional Reserve of Tambopata is just 50 minutes by boat. It is one of the places where the Amazonia is in harmony, surrounded by lakes of meandering origin and many clay licks of parrots and macaws visiting it. Tambopata province has four districts. The birded route we chose is situated in the district of the Las Piedras, km 14 Bello Horizonte , about 7 kilometers down the road Bajo Loboyoc we will find the entrance to Estancia Bello Horizonte Lodge.

ESTANCIA BELLO HORIZONTE LODGE. It is a work created for the benefit of APRONIA (Association for the Protection of Children and Adolescents). This place is surrounded by one of the most outstanding palm groves in the Amazon Mauritia flexuosa this area of aguajal is perfect to see some Psittacidos, Estancia Bello Horizonte Lodge has several trails where it house large trees as well as a suspension bridge over 30 meters high, wich allows as to visualize the birds of the canopy.

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Estancia Bello Horizonte Lodge- Photo Estancia Bello Horizonte.

Over the canopy- Photo Estancia Bello Horizonte.

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Map route to Estancia Bello Horizonte Lodge, by Google MAP

Main square of Puerto Maldonado- Photo Pavel Martiarena

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Bajo Loboyoc road- Photo Candy Echevarria

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THE KEY TO THE BIRD LIST

* = Species heard only Red – IUCN Red List Category IOC = International Ornithological Congress SACC = South American Classification Committee

THE LIST OF BIRDS

ANSERIFORMES Galliformes + Anseriformes are placed in linear sequence to follow Tinamiformes in accordance with a wealth of data that show that these two orders are sister taxa, and that they are basal within the neognath birds. The monophyly of the Galliformes has never been seriously questioned and has been confirmed by Eo et al. (2009. [relationships among families]

ANHIMIDAE: Screamers/ Gritadores 1.Horned Screaming – Anhima cornuta- Gritador unicornio. Seen over two, common here. Widespread and fairly common in Amazonia. An enormous, ungainly bird of rivers and marshes; usually seen as singles or pairs on river banks and sandbars, or perched in low bushes or trees at margins of oxbow lakes or marshes. Seems to have difficulty taking flight, but once airborne flight is sure and steady; may even soar. Grazes on aquatic vegetation. At close range note long white “horn” (modified feather) on forehead, and “spurs” at bend of wing. VOICE Unmistakable song, usually a duet, is a loud, reedy, honking series of multisyllabic notes, some rising, others falling. Carries for long distances. Co, E, Br, Bo

Horned Screaming- Photo Candy Echevarría Page 6

GALLIFORMES CRACIDAE: Guans and Curassows/ Chachalacas, Pavas, y Paujiles

2. Speckled Chachalaca – Ortalis erythroptera- Chachalaca Jaspeada * Widespread and fairly common in eastern Peru, to 1700 m. Originally a bird of river-edge forest that has successfully colonized second growth and forest edge; often persists close to towns and villages if not hunted heavily. Much smaller than Penelope guans, with drabber plumage, and a reduced dewlap. VOICE Song (in duet or chorus) a raucous 4-note chatter: “rah-KA’DUK-kah!” or “cha- cha’LAH-kah!” Other calls include cackles, rattles, purrs, whines, and other sounds. Co, E, Br, Bo

COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE: PIGEONS AND DOVES / PALOMAS Y TÓRTOLAS

Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015) found that the Columbiformes were sister to Old World Pterocliformes + Mesitornithiformes. The monophyly of the Columbiformes has never been seriously questioned. Traditional classifications (e.g., Gibbs et al. 2001) treat the huge, extinct flightless pigeons of the Mascarene Islands as a separate family, Raphidae, but recognition of this family would certainly make both families paraphyletic because it would seem impossible that the three species of "Raphidaeko" are each other’s closest relatives, but instead represent three independent colonizations of separate islands with subsequent convergent evolution . Within the Columbidae, Goodwin (1983) recognized five subfamilies, only one of which, Columbinae, occurs in the Western Hemisphere. These subfamily designations do not correspond to deep splits in the family. In fact, genetic data (Johnson 2004) indicate that the New World ground-doves are a distinctive group that are the sister group to a large sample of Old World and New World genera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera to placed ground doves first. Pereira et al. (2007) confirmed the distinctiveness of the New World ground doves but did not find that they were the sister to all other columbids, but rather that the Columba group was; they also found strong support for the sister relationship between Columbina and Metriopelia. Gibb and Penny (2010) also found that the Columba group was sister to all other pigeons. Cracraft (2013) and Dickinson & Remsen (2013) placed the pigeons in three subfamilies: Columbinae, Peristerinae, and Raphinae (extralimital). SACC proposal passed to recognize two subfamilies and to modify sequence of genera. Dickinson & Raty (2015) determined that Claravinae or Claraviinae, not Peristerinae, is the correct subfamily name. Sweet et al. (2017) found that the relationships among the genera in the Claravinae are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

3. Plumbeous Pigeon – Patagioenas plumbea – Paloma plomiza * Fairly common and widespread in eastern lowlands, regular but somewhat less common up to 2300 m on east slope of Andes (pallescens, bogotensis). Plumbeous and Ruddy are pigeons of forest interiors. Both forage in subcanopy and canopy of humid forest, and only rarely fly above canopy. Typically seen as singles or as pairs, not in flocks, although may congregate in small groups at fruiting trees. Distinguished from other pigeons by habitat, behavior, uniformly drab plumage, and proportionally longer tails; but difficult to distinguish from each other by sight. Plumbeous averages slightly larger. Also is paler and grayer (plumage less suffused with reddish tones). Iris often pale (whitish); Ruddy always has dark (reddish) iris. VOICE Song very similar to that of Ruddy, but usually deeper, and with different pattern. Song in most of eastern Peru (pallescens) a variable series of 3 coos, middle of which may be bisyllabic. First note rises, second usually quavers, and final note rises then falls: “woo whOOoOO whoOOoo”; occasionally, last note is not included. Song of bogotensis (north of Amazon/east of Napo) may have a shorter descending middle note: “woo HOO whoOOoo.” Song in foothills in Puno is a different “heep HOO-HOO.” Call a rising growl: “grrooOOW.” Co, E, Br, Bo

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4. Gray- fronted Dove – Leptotila rufaxilla – Paloma de frente gris Fairly common and widespread in eastern lowlands, up to 1200 m, locally to 1700 m. Primarily at edge of humid forest, in river-edge forest, and on river islands; also enters forest interior, especially along streams. Overlaps with similar White-tipped Dove, but is more widespread in Amazonia. Also is more richly colored, with buffy (not light grayish brown) sides to face and greater contrast between gray crown and white forehead. At close range, orbital skin is reddish (blue in Amazonian White-tipped). VOICE Song is a series of descending coos, normally delivered at about a note every 5 sec: “whooOOOoo.” In Amazonia song of White-tipped similar, but delivery slower and usually with 2 notes. Co,E,Br,Bo

Grey- fronted Dove- Photo Alvaro Capa

ACCIPITRIFORMES ACCIPITRIDAE: Kites, Eagles, and Hawks/ Gavilanes, Aguilas, y Aguiluchos

5. Great Black Hawk – Buteogallos urubitinga – Gavilan negro Widespread and fairly common in eastern lowlands, up to 800 m; rare and local in northwest below 400 m. Usually found near water in forested areas, such as along rivers and streams; in Amazonia often seen perched on muddy riverbanks or on branches low over water. Widespread, and adult is perhaps the most frequently seen blackish hawk in Peru, at least in Amazonia. Frequently soars. Note the broad white base to the tail, relatively long yellow tarsi, and dull yellow cere; cf. Slate- colored Hawk. Juvenile a large, long-legged, brown and buff hawk, with a broad pale superciliary and often with buff streaks on the nape. The underparts are buff, coarsely streaked with dusky; streaking often particularly heavy on the sides of the breast. Tail buff or light brown, narrowly barred dusky; tibial feathers buffy, often barred. Cf. Solitary Eagle and (northwest) Common Black-Hawk. VOICE Call a piercing, whistled scream, usually rising. Co, E, Br, Bo

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6. Roadside Hawk – Rupornis magnirostris – Aguilucho caminero* Common in forest- and river-edge; rapidly colonizes open habitats (such as along roads). Wide -spread in east (up to 1600 m, locally to 2600 m), uncommon in northwest. Learn Roadside well, as basis of comparison for rarer species. Frequently perches low. Generally does not soar, but flies from one perch to another, flight interspersed with short glides; often shakes tail from side to side after alighting. Note pale iris, yellow cere, and rufous primaries of adult; upperparts may be gray or brown. Some individuals in southeast (saturatus-like; not illustrated) have brown upperparts and hood, more orange belly barring, and rufous tail bars. Juvenile browner and drabber; note contrast between streaked breast and coarsely barred belly. Cf. Gray and Broad-winged hawks. VOICE Vocal. Frequent call a clear, descending, nasal “Kiyerrrr!” with complaining quality: also a slow series of rising, nasal notes “kree kree kree kree...” and a rapid series of rising, reedy notes, recalling a woodpecker and often uttered in flight: “ree kree-keekikikikikikikikiki.” Co, E, Br, Bo

TROGONIFORMES The monophyly of the Trogoniformes has never been questioned; its relationships to other birds, however, are uncertain. Traditional classifications have considered the Trogonidae to be more closely related to the Coraciiformes than to other orders, or to a group that includes Coraciiformes + Piciformes; see reviews in Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Espinosa de los Monteros (2000), and Mayr (2003); some genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) are consistent with this view. A recent analysis of morphological data (Mayr 2003b, Mayr & Clarke 2003) suggested that the Steatornithidae and the Trogoniformes and might be sister taxa. Some genetic (Espinosa de los Monteros 2000) data suggest a sister relationship with the Coliiformes (mousebirds), whereas other genetic data (Fain & Houde 2004) support a sister relationship with the Old World Bucerotidae. However, the most recent, comprehensive genetic data sets (Hackett et al. 2008, Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015) reveal strong support for their traditional position: they are members of a group of orders that consists of the Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Bucerotiformes, and Upupiformes. Recent genetic data (Moyle 2005) suggest that the quetzals (Pharomachrus + Euptilotis) might be basal to all other trogons, including Old World genera. SACC proposal passed to invert linear sequence of genera

TROGONIDAE: Trogons/ Trogones

7. Black- tailed Trogon – Trogon melanurus – Trogon de cola negra * Uncommon to locally common in humid forests in east up to 1000 m (Black-tailed); rare to fairly common in evergreen and semideciduous forest in northwest, 400–1250 m (Ecuadorian). Large red- bellied trogon, with no white in tail; Ecuadorian has pale iris and (male) yellow bill. VOICE Song (Black-tailed) a series of deep mewing whistles: “cow cow cow cow cow cow”; also a more muffled hooting “woo woo woo woo woo….”

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Black- tailed Trogon- Photo Álvaro Capa

CORACIIFORMES MOMOTIDAE: Motmots/ Momotos

The monophyly of the Momotidae has never been seriously questioned. Several data sets (e.g., Olson 1976, Mayr 1998, Espinosa de los Monteros 2000, Johansson et al. 2001, Overton & Rhoads 2004) indicated that the Momotidae and the West Indian Todidae are sister families, but Ericson et al. (2004), Hackett et al. (2008) and Prum et al. (2015) supported a sister relationship between the Alcedinidae and Momotidae. SACC proposal passed to invert sequence of families. Although generic limits in the family have remained fairly constant (see Snow 2001), the relationships of genera within the Momotidae have not been subjected to any modern analyses.

8. Broad- billed Motmot – Electron platyrhynchum – Relojero de pico ancho Uncommon to fairly common in humid forest, up to 1200 m; usually perches in midstory, often fairly high off ground. Similar to much larger Rufous, but note green chin, more extensive green on belly. From underneath, broader-based bill is easily seen. VOICE Song a hoarse series of “gaw” notes, sometimes in a more rapid series; also sometimes as a duet. Call a quiet series of “tuk” notes, sometimes becoming a soft rattle. Vocalizes more regularly during daylight than other motmots. Co, E, Br, Bo

9. Rufous Motmot – Baryphthengus martii – Relojero rufo* Uncommon in terra firme below 1300 m, locally up to 1600 m; not as closely tied to treefalls and edges as Blue-crowned Motmot. Largest lowland motmot. Cf. smaller Broad-billed Motmot. VOICE Song a rapid, monotone “boop-oop”; very similar to Blue-crowned but does not change pitch. In duet a rolling series of hoots (very similar to Momotus). Co, E, Br, Bo

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Broad- billed Motmot- Photo Alvaro Capa

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GALBULIFORMES Evidence from genetics (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Johansson et al. 2001, Johansson & Ericson 2003, Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008) and morphology (e.g., Sibley 1956, Simpson and Cracraft 1981, Swierczewski and Raikow 1981, Mayr et al. 2003, Manegold 2005) strongly indicate that the Galbulidae and the Bucconidae are sister taxa, a relationship identified over 250 years ago. The monophyly of each has never been seriously questioned (see reviews in Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Rasmussen & Collar 2002, Tobias 2002). They are usually considered to be a suborder, Galbulae, of the Piciformes, but some evidence (Sibley and Ahlquist 1972, 1985, 1986, Olson 1983, 1985, Burton 1984, Mayr 1998, Höfling & Alvarenga 2001) suggested that they might be more closely related to the Coraciiformes. The original genetic evidence for this relationship (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) is actually ambiguous (Harshman 1994). Almost all recent genetic evidence (Johansson & Ericson 2003, Mayr et al. 2003, Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008; cf. Fain & Houde 2004) supports the traditional placement of the Galbuliformes as sister to the Piciformes, so maintaining them as a separate order is arbitrary. However, these two lineages are estimated to have diverged roughly 50 mya (Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015) , and so they are as old as most lineages treated as separate orders.

BUCCONIDAE: Puffbirds/ Bucos 10. Pied Buffdird – Notharchus tectus – Buco pinto Trans-Andean subspecies subtectus was described as a separate species but subsequently treated as a subspecies of B. tectus (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919). Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) treated subtectus as a separate species (“Lesser Pied Puffbird”) based on plumage and unpublished vocal differences, but see Donegan et al. (2015)

11. Yellow- billed Nunbird– Monasa flavirostris – Monja de pico amarrillo * Rare to uncommon in midstory of viny terra firme, ridgetop forest, and in association with Guadua bamboo, up to 1250 m. Smaller, quieter, and less conspicuous than other nunbirds. Plumage blacker, contrasting strongly with yellow bill; bill thinner, more curved than bills of other nunbirds. Cf. juvenile Black-fronted Nunbird. Diagnostic white at bend of wing often concealed by body plumage. VOICE Song, usually in chorus, a rapid musical chatter, somewhat parakeet - like. Also a descending series of whistles that ends in a chattering phrase. Less rolling and musical than other nunbirds. Co, E, Br, Bo

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Pied Puffbird- Photo Yadhira Cavero

PICIFORMES

RAMPHASTIDAE: Toucans/ Tucanes

Multiple independent data sets identify the Capitonidae/Semnornithidae as the sister to the Ramphastidae (see notes under those families above). The Ramphastidae have a number of unusual characters that distinguish them from all barbets, New World and Old World, including a unique arrangement of the caudal vertebrae and sleeping posture (see Short & Horne 2001) and a unique cranial morphology (Höfling 1991, 1998); the genus Aulacorhynchus shares these characters and is firmly embedded in the Ramphastidae, despite Sibley & Ahlquist’s (1990) suggestion that it was intermediate in some respects between toucans and Capitonidae. Genetic data are consistent with the monophyly of the Ramphastidae (Moyle 2004).

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Genetic data (Barker & Lanyon 2000, Moyle 2004) indicate that Ramphastos is basal to all other toucan genera, and other genetic data sets are consistent with this (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Nahum et al. 2003). Moyle (2004), Weckstein (2004), and Pereira & Wajntal (2008) found that Andigena and Selenidera were sister genera, and Moyle (2004) and Weckstein (2004) found that Aulacorhynchus was the sister of Andigena + Selenidera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera to the one used in this classification.

12. White throated Toucan – Ramphastos tucanus – Tucan de garganta blanca * Common in forest in lowland Amazonia, locally into foothills (mostly below 800 m, locally up to 1100 m). Cf. nearly identical, but smaller, shorter-billed Channel-billed Toucan. Best distinguished by VOICE Song, usually given from an exposed perch in the canopy, sometimes in duet, is a loud yelping: “KEE-yu REEP REEP,” sometimes just the latter 2 notes. A second bird (the female?) often overlaps these notes with a similar rising “YAP YAP,” sometimes preceded by a low growl. The sound can carry for great distances and is a characteristic sound of Amazonian forest. Co, E, Br, Bo

13. Lettered Aracari – Pteroglossus inscriptus – Arasari letreado Pteroglossus viridis and P. inscriptus form a superspecies (Haffer 1974, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Short & Horne 2001); their sister relationship has been confirmed by genetic data (Patel et al. 2010). 7a. Cory (1919) treated the subspecies humboldti as a separate species from P. viridis and P. inscriptus. Peters (1948) treated humboldti as a subspecies of Pteroglossus viridis, but Haffer (1974) included it in P. inscriptus; intermediate specimens from their area of contact led Haffer (1974) to treat humboldti as conspecific with and a subspecies of P. inscriptus. Genetic data (Pereira & Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010) support the close relationship of the three taxa and indicate that humboldti and inscriptus are sister taxa. Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) treated humboldti as a separate species (“Humboldt’s Aracari”) based on coloration and insufficient evidence for free interbreeding. Proposal needed. 7b. “Pteroglossus didymus,” known from eastern Peru and treated as a valid species by Cory (1919), is now considered a synonym of Pteroglossus inscriptus humboldti (Traylor 1958, Friedmann 1958, Borrero 1959, Haffer 1974, Short & Horne 2002b). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa

Lettered Aracari- Photo Yadhira Cavero

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FALCONIFORMES

Harriers are long-winged, long-tailed hawks of open country. Typically show a narrow white band on the upper tail coverts. Harrier flight is distinctive, a mixture of frequent flapping interspersed with short glides and sudden tilting motions; wings often are held noticeably above the plane of the body. Harriers forage by flying low over the ground, often passing back and forth over an area, then dropping down suddenly on prey. Cinereous is the only expected harrier in Peru. Merlin and American Kestrel are the two smallest species of falcon found in Peru.

FALCONIDAE: FALCONS AND CARACARAS / HALCONES Y CARACARAS Harriers are long-winged, long-tailed hawks of open country. Typically show a narrow white band on the upper tail coverts. Harrier flight is distinctive, a mixture of frequent flapping interspersed with short glides and sudden tilting motions; wings often are held noticeably above the plane of the body. Harriers forage by flying low over the ground, often passing back and forth over an area, then dropping down suddenly on prey. Cinereous is the only expected harrier in Peru. Merlin and American Kestrel are the two smallest species of falcon found in Peru.

14. Laughing Falcon – herpetotheres cachinnas– Halcon reidor * Heard far more frequently than is seen. Uncommon but widespread in Amazonia, up to 1000 m; rare and local in northwest up to 800 m. Sluggish hawk of forest borders. Perches, often in relatively high open sites, for extended periods watching for prey (primarily reptiles). Does not soar. Flies low with shallow, choppy wingbeats and short glides on slightly bowed wings; swings up to perch. Characteristically looks large-headed. Adult Yellow-headed Caracara has very different behavior and much narrower dark line through eyes. VOICE Song, usually given at dawn and dusk and sometimes in duet, a long series (often lasting over 5 min) of yelps eventually changing to couplets, the first rising and the second falling: “ya, ya, ya, ya ya, ya ya, yeh-yaw, yeh-yaw,” etc. Sometimes, couplets are given without the introductory series. Also may give a loud series of accelerating “aw” notes, similar to Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon. Call chuckling notes. Co, E, Br, Bo

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Laughing Falcon- Photo Candy Echevarría

PSITTACIFORMES The monophyly of the Psittaciformes has never been seriously questioned and has been supported by genetic data (e.g., de Kloet & de Kloet 2005, Wright et al. 2008) and recent morphological data (Livezey & Zusi 2007). The relationship of the Psittaciformes to other orders, however, has been uncertain (e.g., Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain & Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006). Recent comprehensive genetic analyses (Hackett et al. 2008) indicate that the closest relative is most likely the Passeriformes or the Falconiformes, as also recently found by Suh et al. (2011). SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of orders. . Within the order, different authors rank various groups as families, subfamilies, or tribes (e.g., see Collar 1998); so far, all data point towards the New World parrots as forming a monophyletic group (e.g., de Kloet & de Kloet 2005, Wright et al. 2008).

Joseph et al. (2012) and Cracraft (2013) recognized several families within the Psittaciformes and subfamilies within those families; they placed the New World parrots in the Psittacidae and subfamily Arinae (and the Old World group containing the introduced Psittacula krameri in the Psittaculidae and subfamily Psittaculinae. SACC proposal passed to revise higher-level classification with the parrots. 1a. Within the New World parrots, Tavares et al. (2006) and Wright et al. (2008) found very strong support for the monophyly of a group that includes the genera in the linear sequence below from Anodorhynchus through Enicognathus but also including Pionites and Deroptyus (Ognorhynchus not sampled). Page 16

Tavares et al. (2006) also found moderately strong support for inclusion of Forpus in this group, but Wright et al. (2008) did not. Tavares et al. (2006) also found very strong support for the monophyly of a group that includes the genera in the linear sequence below from Pionopsitta through Triclaria, excluding Pionites and Deroptyus; Hapalopsittaca was not sampled, but see Ribas et al. (2005) and Wright et al. (2008) for its inclusion in this group. Kirchman et al. (2012) and Schirtzinger et al. (2012) found that a group consisting of Touit, Bolborhynchus, and Psilopsiagon was sister to all other New World parrots, as well as many other differences that would affect the traditional linear sequence of genera. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence of genera.

PSITTACIDAE: PARROTS AND MACAWS/ LOROS Y GUACAMAYOS

15. Blue- headed Parrot – Pionus menstruus – Loro de Cabeza azul * The eastern subspecies reichenowi was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) considered a separate species from Pionus menstruus, but Peters (1937) treated them as conspecific. Genetic data (Ribas et al. 2007) indicate that P. menstruus and P. sordidus are not sister species as is implied in traditional linear sequences, but rather that P. menstruus groups with P. chalcopterus, extralimital P. senilis, and P. tumultuosus, and that P. maximiliani and P. sordidus are sisters, with P. fuscus sister to that pair. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence

16. Red- bellied Macaw – Orthopsittaca manilatus – Guacamayo de vientre rojo Locally common throughout Amazonia up to 650 m. Associated with swamps and flooded forests, particularly Mauritia palm swamps. Often in flocks of up to 30 individuals (occasionally more). Small, with bare yellowish face and yellowish underwings; red belly difficult to see. VOICE Flight call a distinctive high-pitched, weak, almost pleasant, rolling “greeeah”; also a more braying series. Co, E, Br, Bo

17. White- eyed Parakeet – Psittacara leucophthalmus – Cotorra de ojo blanco Fairly common and widespread throughout Amazonia; locally (or seasonally?) also up to 1700 m in Andes. Mainly in river-edge forest and forest edges; rarely forages in terra firme but often heard flying over it. Typically in small flocks, occasionally in pairs. Green, with small and variable amount of red flecking on sides of head and neck; bend of wing and lesser underwing coverts red, greater underwing coverts bright yellow. Immature mostly green, with little or no red and yellow on underwings. VOICE Flight calls rolling screeches “curee’ee’ee” and short braying series. Co, E, Br, Bo

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Red- bellied Macaw- Photo Candy Echevarría

White- eyed Parakeet- Photo Candy Echevarría

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PASSERIFORMES Virtually all morphological and genetic data support the monophyly of the order Passeriformes. Within the Passeriformes, genetic data (e.g., Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Edwards et al. 1991, Mindell et al. 1997, García-Moreno & Mindell 2000, Lovette & Bermingham 2000, Irestedt et al. 2001, Prychitko & Moore 2003, Hackett et al. 2008) support the traditional division of the order based on morphology (see Ames 1971, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) into suboscines (here Dendrocolaptidae through Sapayoidae) and oscines (the rest of the families), with the exception that the Acanthisittidae of New Zealand are basal to both groups (REF, Hackett et al. 2008). Within the suboscines, suborder Tyranni, two major divisions are traditionally recognized and are supported by genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1985, 1990, Chesser 2004): (1) the New World families ("Tyrannides" of Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) and (2) the Old World families (broadbills, pittas, and asities). Recent genetic data (Fjeldså et al. 2003, Chesser 2004, Hackett et al. 2008) confirm that the Neotropical species Sapayoa aenigma is the only New World member of the otherwise strictly Old World group (see below). Within the New World "Tyrannides," two major divisions are traditionally recognized and supported by genetic data (e.g., Chesser 2004, Hackett et al. 2008): (1) the woodcreepers, ovenbirds, antbirds, gnateaters, and tapaculos, and (2) the tyrant-flycatchers, manakins, and cotingas. For relationships among members within these two groups, see appropriate family sections below. The sequence of families follows Moyle et al. (2009)

THAMNOPHILIDAE: ANTBIRDS/ HORMIGUEROS TIPICOS

18. Peruvian Warbling Antbird – Hypocnemis peruviana – Hormigero peruano Uncommon to fairly common, and widespread, throughout Amazonia below 1100 m, locally up to 1600 m. Yellow- breasted occurs at base of Andes from Huánuco south, also locally in lowlands of southeast. More widespread Peruvian occupies remaining area, but the two locally overlap in southeast. In forest understory, primarily at treefall gaps, forest borders, in advanced second growth, and along streams; in southern Peru, Yellow-breasted also commonly in bamboo. Typically in pairs; may join mixed-species flocks, but not regularly. VOICE Song (Peruvian) a moderately paced series of modulated notes ending with 2 or 3 rasping notes: “DJEE-djeh-DJEER-djeer-djer-djer-DJRZZDJRZZ.” Calls a mellow, whistled “hur HEER” or “hur HEER-HEER” and low “che-chet” notes. Song (Yellow-breasted) similar, but with more noticeable spaces between notes, and often not having the harsh terminal notes: “chee cher-CHEER-cheer- cher-chrrr.” Calls a low, raspy “hrjzz hrjzzesh.”

19. Plumbeous Antbird – Myrmelastes hyperythrus – Hormiguero plomizo Fairly common to common, and widespread in Amazonia, below 500 m, locally to 800 m. Found in understory of seasonally flooded forest and along stream margins, on or close to the ground. May follow army ant swarms. Large, plump antbird with prominent light blue skin around eye. Male largely gray (with white-spotted wing coverts); female distinctly bicolored. Cf. the smaller Blackheaded, Allpahuayo, Slate-colored, and Spot-winged antbirds. VOICE Song a rapid, slightly accelerating, rising series of notes: “wur-wur-wurwrwrwe’e’e’e’e’ip.” Calls a characteristic, hollow “perp-erp,” also a low churring or puttering chatter. Co, E, Br, Bo

20. Chestnut- tailed Antbird – Sciaphylax hemimelaena – Hormiguero de cola castaña One of the most common and widespread antbirds of Amazonian forest understory south of the Amazon, up to 1500 m. Note reddish brown tail (both sexes); also black throat and white belly of male, buffy throat and chest of female. Saturation of body plumage variable in both sexes. Cf. very similar Zimmer’s Antbird. VOICE Song a slow but accelerating, descending series of loud, chiming notes, usually ending with a quiet churred phrase: “TEE TEE-tee-ti- tidjrdjr,” sometimes answered by female’s fairly even-paced, descending series of rising whistles: “WEE-wee-wee-wee- wee-djr-djr.” Calls a single, sharp “pik,” sometimes in short series, and a quiet, descending, thin rattle. Br, Bo

21. Black- spotted Bare- eye – Phlegopsis nigromaculata – Ojo- pelado Moteado de negro * Widespread, uncommon to fairly common in Amazonia (but apparently absent from northwest) below 800 m. Occurs in understory of humid forest, regularly in transitional forests and less commonly in terra firme. Bright red orbital skin (gray in juvenile); back is brown, prominently spotted with black. Sexes similar. VOICE Song a slow, descending,

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2- or 3-note series of slightly burry whistles; first note is longest, loudest, and least burry: “HEEEW heeer heer.” Calls a quiet series of burry whines and “pew” notes. “Chirr” is a thin, descending “djeeer.” Co, E, Br, Bo

Chestnut- tailed Antbird- Photo Álvaro Capa

FORMICARIIDAE: ANTTHRUSHES/ HORMIGUEROS TERRESTRES

22. Black faced Antthrush – Formicarius analis – Gallinito- Hormiguero de cara negro * Most common and widespread Amazonian antthrush. Primarily found in seasonally flooded and transitional forests at lower elevations, but also up to 1150 m in foothills. Crown plain brown, breast gray, vent rusty; also has pale orbital skin (gray or light blue). VOICE Song introduced by a single note, then a space, then a rapid descending series of piping whistles: “HUR HEE’HEE’hee’hee’hee-heeheer-heer her her.” Easily imitated. Often breaks long periods of silence with a very long rising-falling version of song. Call a sharp, doubled note: “TU’TCHOOP,” often in series in flight. Co, E, Br, Bo

FURNARIIDAE: OVENBIRDS/ HORNEROS Although the monophyly of the former Dendrocolaptidae seems reasonably well established (Feduccia 1973, Raikow 1994, Clench 1995, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Marantz et al. 2003), whether it is embedded within the Furnariidae (as proposed by Feduccia 1973) or sister to all Furnariidae (Clench 1995, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) has been controversial. Genetic data (Irestedt et al. 2002, 2006, Chesser 2004, Fjeldså et al. 2005. Moyle et al. 2009) data strongly support the former, with the genera Geositta and Sclerurus basal to all other ovenbirds plus woodcreepers. Some authors had previously treated the Dendrocolaptidae as a subfamily of the Furnariidae (e.g., REFS .

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If family or subfamily ranks are retained within this group, then a third group, Geositta plus Sclerurus, must also be accorded taxonomic rank. SACC proposal passed to merge Dendrocolaptidae and Furnariidae into single family subfamily rankings. .

23. Wedge- billed Woodcreeper – Glyphorynchus spirurus – Trepador de pico de cuña One of the most widespread and ubiquitous birds of humid forest in Amazonia, up to 1400 m. Forages singly or in pairs, often with mixed species flocks but also apart, on vertical trunks relatively near ground. Small; bill very short with upturned tip to the mandible. Inner webs of most remiges partially buff, forming a buff wing stripe, visible in flight. Throat rufous-buff in most of Peru (castelnaudii), but white in albigularis (not illustrated) of Madre de Dios and Puno. VOICE Song an inconspicuous rising series of twittery notes: “tu-tu-tew-twi-twi.” Call a sharp, sneezing “tchi,” often in short series. Co, E, Br, Bo

Wedge- billed Woodcreeper- Photo Alvaro Capa Page 21

COTINGIDAE: COTINGAS/ COTINGAS

24. Screaming Piha – Lipaugus vociferans – Piha gritona * The voice of Amazonia: its far-carrying song is one of the most characteristic sounds of lowland forest. Common and widespread, up to 1150 m, in humid forest, primarily in midstory. Often perches upright, especially when singing; may raise short crest. Note large size and gray color (but cf. Grayish Mourner). Juvenile (not illustrated) has cinnamon-rufous wing coverts and tips to rectrices. VOICE Song, in chorus at widely dispersed lek, a rising series of mewing “ooh-AH” notes culminating in a very loud, piercing “SQUEEEE SQUEE-AH!.” Calls loud mewing “TOWW” notes, often in a series, and various random piercing squeaks, whistles, and moans. Co, E, Br, Bo

Screaming Piha- Photo Candy Echevarría

TITYRIDAE: Tityras and Allies/ Titiras y Afines

25. Black- tailed Tityra – Tityra cayana – Titira de cola Negra Uncommon but widespread in Amazonia, up to 700 m. Orbital skin and base of bill red in both sexes. Male has black crown and sides of head; similar to male Masked Tityra, but black is more extensive on head (reaching rear crown) and tail entirely black. Female readily recognized by narrow dark streaking on gray back and white breast. VOICE Song, often in duet, a deep, croaking “grrk grr’ik grr’ik grr’ik.” Call deep-croaked grunting “grrk” notes singly or in series. Very difficult to separate from Masked, but generally lower pitched. Co, E, Br, Bo

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Black- tailed Tityra- Photo Álvaro Capa

TROGLODYTIDAE: Wrens/ Cucaracheros Traditional classifications (e.g., Mayr & Amadon 1951, Wetmore 1960, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed the Troglodytidae near the Sittidae, Certhiidae, Mimidae, and Cinclidae to reflect proposed relationships to those fam ilies (e.g., Beecher 1953). Genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Sheldon & Gill 1996, Barker et al. 2004, Voelker & Spellman 2004, Treplin et al. 2008) indicate a close relationship to the Polioptilidae.

26. Thrush- like Wren– Campylorhynchus turdinus – Cucarachero Zorzal Fairly common and widespread in Amazonia, up to 1500 m, in midstory and canopy at forest edge, in adjacent second growth, and at gaps in forest interior. Usually in small (family?) groups that noisily investigate viny tangles and other thickets. Drab gray-brown above, indistinctly spotted dusky. Off-white below, spotted dusky. Unmistakable (and not particularly thrushlike). VOICE Song, nearly always in duet or chorus, a surprisingly loud, rollicking series of rhythmic, hollow electric sounds (pattern variable): “tik-TOO-TI-TOO-cuh”; can be longer, with more repetitive phrases. Characteristic sound of Amazonian riverine forest. Common call, often in series, a loud, pumping, bisyllabic phrase: “kung-PAH.” Also occasionally gives quiet, dry “tchik” notes or rough churrs. Co, E, Br, Bo.

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PASSERELLIDAE: NEW WORLD SPARROWS AND ALLIES/ GORRIONES DEL NUEVO MUNDO Y AFINES Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Lougheed et al. 2000, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Sedano & Burns 2010 -- check Groth-Barrowclough etc.) indicate that the family Emberizidae as traditionally constituted is polyphyletic, with most genera occurring in South America belonging to the tanager lineage; some morphological data (Clark 1986) also support this. The only genera in South America traditionally placed in the Emberizidae for which genetic data indicate that they are true Emberizidae (now Passerellidae) are: Zonotrichia, Ammodramus, Aimophila (DaCosta et al. 2009), Arremon, and Atlapetes; the majority have been found to be members of the Thraupidae; see Note 1 under that family. Barker et al. (2013) and Klicka et al.

(2014) found that even a more narrowly defined Emberizidae was not a monophyletic group and that recognition of a new family, Passerellidae, was required for all New World members of Emberizidae. This was adopted by Chesser et al. (2017). SACC proposal passed to recognize Rhodinocichlidae. Klicka et al. (2014) also found that the phylogenetic relationships among genera and species in this family are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

27. Pectoral Sparrow – Arremon taciturnus– Gorrion Pectoral Uncommon, in understory of humid forest interior of southern Amazonia, up to 1000 m. Center of crown in male is gray; underparts are white with narrow black breast band (usually partial, broken in the center of the breast; but occasionally complete). Female buffier below, with buffy gray coronal stripe and little or no breast band. VOICE Song a high, lisping “tik-tseeeeeeu tseeeeeu”; reminiscent of song of Masked Tanager. Call a high “tik.” Co, Br, Bo.

THRAUPIDAE: TANAGERS/ TANGARAS The genera Mitrospingus, Lamprospiza, and Orthogonys have been traditionally treated in the Thraupidae (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Ridgway (1898) considered his new genus Mitrospingus to be most closely related to Eucometis. Hellmayr (1936) considered Lamprospiza to be closely related to Conothraupis and Neothraupis. However, genetic data (Yuri & Mindell 2002, Burns et al. 2003) failed to support inclusion of Mitrospingus or Lamprospiza in the Thraupidae. Klicka et al. (2007) found that it did not fit within any of the traditionally recognized families. Barker et al. (2013) found Mitrospingus is a member of a lineage that is not particularly close to other nine-primaried families and proposed creating a new family, Mitrospingidae, for it, Orthogonys, and Lamprospiza. This treatment was followed by Dickinson & Christidis (2014) and Chesser et al. (2017). SACC proposal passed to recognize Mitrospingidae.

The tanagers and allies are currently classified in the family Thraupidae. Barker et al. (2013) inferred a sister relationship between Thraupidae and Cardinalidae in the concatenated data set. In the species tree analysis, Thraupidae was sister to a clade containing Cardinalidae and Mitrospingidae. No changes in species composition are needed for this group; the committee dealt with these in a recent supplement.

28. Palm Tanager– Thraupis palmarum – Tangara de Palmeras* Widespread and common in Amazonia, up to 1600 m. Often found in or near palms. Color of body can vary from olive to purplish depending upon light; at all times, 2-toned appearance of wings usually is conspicuous. VOICE Song a series of slurred, screechy notes that accelerate into a warbling chatter. Calls single rising or falling screeched notes. Voice similar to Blue-gray Tanager. Co, E, Br, Bo

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THANKS TO THE PROUD SUPPORTER AND SPONSORS FOR THE BIRDERS WOMEN PROGRAM – 2020 -2021

1.- Thanks to Shamus Terry and Vortex Optics for sponsoring with birding gear for the education and training purpose, to help leaders in birding and birdwatching in Perú.

2.- Thanks to volunteers (MADRE DE DIOS) for this program and for the enthusiasm and companionship in the world of birds.

− Tec. Candy Echevarria − Tec. Yadhira Cavero − Tec. Angela Rafael − Tec. Alvaro Capa − Photographer: David Méndez

FIELD GEAR USED

• Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 10X42mm (1) • Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 8X32mm (2) • Bauker speaker (1) • Bird of Peru, Aves de Peru (Field Book) • Spotting Scope diamondback 20-60X80mm HD (1)

MORE INFORMATIONS AND THE NICE VIDEO CAN BE FOUND AT

1. The fun Page https://www.facebook.com/JacamarClub/ 2. Also at our website https://jacamarclub.com/ 3. Ebird Bio @jacamarclub 4. Instagram Bio @Jacamarclub

REFERENCES AND TITERATURES

PLENGE, M. A. Versión [enero 2021] List of the birds of Peru / Lista de las aves del Perú. Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú:

SCHULEMBERG, T. S.; D .F.STOTZ; D. F. LANE; J. P. O’NEILL & T. A. PARKER III. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press. 304 pp.

SAAC (The South American Classification Committee).Classification of the Bird Species of South America

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PICTURES OF THE DAY

Women birders on the aguajal trail - Photo David Mendez

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Woman bird in action with Binoculars Vortex Optics 8x32mm- Photo David Mendez Page 27

MORE PICTURES OF THE BIRDING SITES

Walkingtrail with gigants, Lupuna tree- Photo Yadhira Cavero

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