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GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS

Editor Selection criteria include enough detail to satisfy most non-specialist readers. C. David Garner FRS The criteria for selection are scientific excellence, Supplementary data up to 10Mb is placed on the Society's originality and interest across disciplines within the website free of charge. Larger datasets must be deposited Commissioning Editor physical sciences and engineering. The Editors are in recognised public domain databases by the author. Bailey Fallon responsible for all editorial decisions and they make these decisions based on the reports received from the referees Conditions of publication and/or Editorial Board members. Many more good Articles must not have been published previously, nor Editorial Board proposals and articles are submitted to us than we have be under consideration for publication elsewhere. The space to print, and we give preference to those that are main findings of the article should not have been C. David Garner, Editor Bruce Joyce C.N.R. Rao of broad interest and of high scientific quality. reported in the mass media. Like many journals, Phil. University of Nottingham Imperial College, London CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Trans. R. Soc. A employs a strict embargo policy where Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Kazuyuki Aihara Brian Kennett Publishing format the reporting of a scientific article by the media is University of Tokyo Australian National University Scientific Research Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A articles are published regularly online embargoed until a specific time. The Editor has final Henrik Alfredsson Marta Kwiatkowska Ulrich Rist KTH Stockholm Universität Stuttgart and in print twice a month. Along with all Royal Society authority in all matters relating to publication. Chunli Bai Ying-Cheng Lai Stuart Robinson journals, we are committed to archiving and providing Chinese Academy of Sciences University College, London Arizona State University perpetual access. The journal also offers the facility for Electronic Submission details Russel Caflisch Gordon Semenoff Frank Larkins including Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) to For full submission guidelines and access to all journal University of California, Los Angeles University of British Columbia University of Melbourne Giu-Qiang Chen Ingrid Stairs papers. Contents of the ESM might include details of content please visit the Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A website at University of Oxford Brian Launder University of British Columbia methods, derivations of equations, large tables of data and rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org. Jack Connor University of Manchester computer programs. However, the printed version must Culham Centre for Fusion Energy Stephen Liddle University of Toronto Peter Coveney University of Nottingham Howard Stone University College London Joseph T. C. Liu Princeton University Walter Craig Brown University Bill Unruh McMaster University Malcolm Longair University of British Columbia John Dainton University of Cambridge Tanja van Mourik Cockcroft Institute For Accelerator Science Mike Lovell University of St Andrews The Royal Society, the national academy of science of For further information on the Society’s activities, please and Technology University of Leicester Bryan Webber the UK and the Commonwealth, is at the cutting edge contact the following departments on the extensions Caterina Ducati John Meurig Thomas University of Cambridge of scientific progress. We support many top young listed by dialling +44 (0)20 7839 5561, or visit the University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Paul Williams Ben Feringa scientists, engineers and technologists, influence Society’s Web site (royalsociety.org). Paul Milewski University of Reading University of Groningen science policy, debate scientific issues with the public University of Bath Xuesong Wu Baylor Fox-Kemper Nicolas Moussiopoulos Imperial College, London and much more. We are an independent, charitable Research Support (UK grants and fellowships) Brown University Aristotle University, Thessaloniki Vivian Yam body and derive our authoritative status from over Research Appointments (Fellowships): 2542 Isabelle Gallagher University of Hong Kong Université Paris-Diderot Alfredo Ozorio de Almeida 1400 Fellows and Foreign Members. Research Grants: 2223 Nigel Goldenfeld Centro Brasiliero de Pesquias Hiroshi Yamaguchi International travel Grants: 2555 University of Illinois Fisicas (CBPF) NTT Basic Research Laboratory Our mission: to expand knowledge and further the role Newton International Fellowships: 2559 Joanna Haigh Richard Pattrick Nan Yao of science and engineering in making the world a University of Manchester Princeton University Imperial College, London better place. Science Policy Centre Yasuhiro Iwasawa Eric Priest John Zarnecki University of Tokyo University of St Andrews The General enquiries: 2550 The Royal Society’s strategic priorities are to: Science Communication • invest in future scientific leaders and in Commissioning Editor: Bailey Fallon AIMS AND SCOPE General enquiries: 2573 (tel: +44 (0)20 7451 2214; fax: +44 (0)20 7976 1837; Each issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A is devoted to a specific area of the innovation, [email protected]) mathematical, physical and engineering sciences. This area will define • influence policymaking with the best scientific Library and Information Services a research frontier that is advancing rapidly, often bridging traditional advice, Library/archive enquiries: 2606 Editorial Coordinator: Ruth Milne disciplines. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A is essential reading for mathematicians, • invigorate science and mathematics education, (tel: +44 (0)20 7451 2633; [email protected]) physicists, engineers and other physical scientists. As well as theme • increase access to the best science internationally, issues, the journal publishes papers from the Royal Society’s Production Editor: Matthew Eland and mathematical, physical and engineering discussion meetings. For • inspire an interest in the joy, wonder and 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK information on submitting a proposal for a theme issue, please consult excitement of scientific discovery. royalsocietypublishing.org the journal’s website at rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org

ISBN: 978-1-78252-066-5 COPYRIGHT © 2014 The Royal Society Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. In particular, the Society permits the making of a single photocopy of an article from this issue (under Sections 29 and 38 of the Act) for an individual for the purposes of research or private study.

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