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Main Theme: Albert Bandura (1925(1925-- )) Reciprocal Determinism --thethe interaction/ interlocking of the person, Background behavior and environment as Canadian determinants of personality Graduate schoolschool-- Iowa Teaching at Expressions of inherent individual Stanford differences in cognitive capabilities
Memory, differentiation, generalization
Main Ideas:
Observational Learning/Modeling Who you are is affected Learning/Performance depends upon by the environment and reinforcement vise-versa. Person Environment Attentional processesprocesses––observingobserving the behavior What you do affects What you do affects Retention processesprocesses––rememberingremembering it what you think and the environment and Motor reproduction processesprocesses–– believe and vise-versa vise-versa performing the behavior Behavior Motivational processesprocesses––wantingwanting it
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Needs: Study --cartooncartoon --symbolicsymbolic modeling
Reinforcement Values --howhow satisfying Bobo doll the goal of the need is to the person In Person, Video, Cartoon Reinforcement Expectancy --howhow likely Symbolic modeling has about the she/he thinks the attainment of the same impact as live models. goal is At times less imitation in the modelmodel-- Behavior Potentials --summarizedsummarized the punished condition implications of the other two Effects of television components for actual performance and also specifies the set of actions that Performance of learning is brought such performance would entail about more by the expectation of receiving reinforcement.
Girls behaved less aggressive compare to boys We tend to be more influenced by models who are similar to us.
Children showed more aggression toward the Bobo doll when they were shown either through direct or vicarious modeling to act aggressively.
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If we want to eliminate aggression we Development: need to have individual corrective effort and group action aimed at changing A function of Modeling current societal practices. Difference between learning and performance
Vicarious modeling --children's’ tendency to imitate movies and cartoons as often as live models.
William Sheldon Endomorph --ViscerotoniaViscerotonia --77--11--11 (1898(1898--1977)1977) Round, robust physical development Comfort, affection, even tempered, Main Theme: extraverted The expression of Mesomorph --SomatotoniaSomatotonia --11--77--11 personality type Muscle development, athlete based upon one's somatotype Love of physical adventure and risk taking More Aggressive, Assertive, Lust for Power Not the first to do this Ectomorph --CerebrotoniaCerebrotonia --11--11--77 Constitutional Type Fragile, linear Theorist Bookworms, introverted Based upon Largest brain/central nervous system physique
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Constitutional Theorist ––basedbased on body Scale ratings/Somatotype
makemake--upup Correlational studiesstudies––.87.87––anythinganything Ponderal Index --heightheight divided by the wrong here?
cube root of weight Males more mesomorphic Females more endomorphic Trunk Index --chest/trunkchest/trunk divided by Is this sexist? stomach/trunk
Dysplasia --disharmonydisharmony between the three physique components Fat stomach, skinny lens and arms
Development: Henry Murray (1893(1893--1988)1988) Based upon somatotype Body Build is generally invariant over Main Theme: the life of organism Similar to Freud. Too simplistic Not all functioning Personality much more complex of the person an attempt to avoid Influenced, in part, by Phrenology conflict. Wouldn’t it be nice if we could do this? At times we actually seek conflict NONO––notnot enough variation
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Prepotency of Needs. Viscerogenic/Psychogenic Overt/Covert immediate/ restrained Needs --aa significant determinant of Focal/Diffuse behavior. Linked to a specific object(s) “An entity that organizes perception, apperception, action, etc. in such a way Proactive/Reactive as to transform in a certain direction an In person/activated from environment existing, unsatisfying situation.” It is a theoretical construct. Similar to a motive.
Proceedings --SubjectSubject--subjectsubject interaction Press --EnvironmentalEnvironmental "thing" that or subjectsubject--objectobject interaction. facilitates or inhibits an individual's goal. Observable and timetime--limitedlimited interaction What it can do to or for the individual. among people or between people and objects with motives (or needs) Beta Press ––PerceivedPerceived ––determinesdetermines operating in such interactions much behavior. Basic unit of data. Alpha Press --Reality.Reality.
Thema is a NeedNeed--PressPress unit
They are more molar when compared to just a need or a press.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ID --SimilarSimilar
Tell a story about what is going on in a Not all instincts selfish picture. Ego --SimilarSimilar Extension of nondefensive nature of the ego Superego --Similar.Similar.
Not fixed in childhood as much as Freud suggested.
Development: Eurethral (between oral and anal): Psychosexual Urinary apparatus is the pleasure Similar to Freud but stops with Phallic center. No latency and no genital Complex --similarsimilar to anal type, Adds two stages as well competitiveness/ acquiescence. Claustral (intrauterine): No real pleasure center Sleeps curled in a ball Passive dependency on mother. Complex --denial,denial, passive, withdrawal.
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Gordon Allport (1897(1897--1967)1967) Main Theme: To function in a manner expressive of the self or proprium and to satisfy needs Freud necessary for biological survival. “And was that little boy you?” No two people have exactly the same Doctorate at age traits or personality. We have a unique 2424 pattern of traits that cannot be explained Trait theorist as a simple combination of traits. Criticism Describes rather than explains
Opportunistic FunctioningFunctioning--mustmust be satisfied Propriate Functioning --expressiveexpressive of self. first. Self or ego most important Food, water, air Major theme in his work After satisfied, attempt to express self or Cannot separate from social influence proprium becomes paramount. Phenomenologically defined. Biological characteristics. More important, human, and ReactiveReactive--influencedinfluenced by the world. extraordinary. TemperamentTemperament––biologicallybiologically based Sense of body, selfself--identify,identify, self--esteem,self esteem, differences in personality selfself--extension,extension, rational coping. No real conflict between the two Proactive --influencesinfluences the world functionings.
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Traits --PersonalPersonal Dispositions. Can be either:
Develop over time with experience but are DynamicDynamic--motivational.motivational. relatively stable ExpressiveExpressive--stylistic.stylistic. Neuropsychic structurestructure--particularparticular to Can be either: individual. IndividualIndividual––possessedpossessed only by one Has capacity to render many stimuli person, unique functionally equivalent. CommonCommon––possessedpossessed by many each to a Can initiate and guide consistent varying degree (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior
Unique traits: individualizesindividualizes--uniqueunique to CardinalCardinal--Major,Major, master motive, only one if each personperson––nono two persons ever have any precisely the same trait. Don Juan, Religiosity, Napoleonic We can infer traits from language Very rarely does a person have a (dictionary), behavior, documents, cardinal trait personality measurements The eminent trait, the ruling passion
Can traits be inconsistent? CentralCentral--letterletter of recommendation. Why? SecondarySecondary--Preferences.Preferences. Peripheral to the person Many traits influence behaviorbehavior––areare we always introverted? No! Sweaters, asparagus If Cardinal changes.
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Development: 33--44 --EgoEgo--extensionextension identity with personal Opportunistic at birthbirth--requiresrequires nurturance possessions. “My toy!” and affection. Continues into adulthood Becomes more propriate with time and 44--66 --SelfSelf--imageimage evaluation of our present maturation abilities, status and roles and our If biological needs satisfied easily, aspirations for the future propriate functioning develops. 66--1212 --RationalRational Agent --rationalrational coping of proprium become apparent. First year --InitialInitial signs of a sense of body. Solves problems 11--22 --BeginningsBeginnings of self--identityself identity and then Adolescence --PropriatePropriate striving or ego selfself--image.image. involved motivation which is directed and 22--33 --EgoEgo--enhancementenhancement Working on selfself-- intentional. esteem, capacity for pride
Adulthood --TheThe KnowerKnower----cognitivecognitive Functional AutonomyAutonomy--shiftingshifting from integration of previous seven aspects opportunistic to propriate functioning of the self into a unified whole Interests and values have become internalized ––maturemature individual
Stages similar in qualitative changes Money for work into wanting to do a Similar to Piaget good job for the sake of value “A behavior pattern originally instrumental to satisfaction of a biological need can persist as a fully independent aspect of living even after the biological need is no longer an important force.”
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A given behavior can may become an end Personality changes little after about the or goal even though it was initially used age of 30 for biological reasons. Normal Adult Healthy people can function without much Extension of the sense of selfself––autonomousautonomous help. interests Thus, traits should be understood in terms Warm human interactions of the present, rather than in terms of Emotional security and selfself--acceptingaccepting their origins or past. Realistic perception, skills and assignments Traits today they are different compared to the past. SelfSelf--objectificationobjectification with insight and humor Unifying philosophy of life ––HighestHighest level of personality integration
Raymond B. Cattell (1905(1905-- TraitsTraits––enduringenduring dimensions of personality; 1998) patterns of observations that go together, multivariate IPATIPAT––InstituteInstitute for SourceSource––Cardinal,Cardinal, robust, one source of Personality and Ability variation ––underlyingunderlying variable which Testing (1949) determines behavior The expression of personality through SurfaceSurface––Central,Central, observed, may not be traits of personality enduring ––inferredinferred from observable which allow prediction behavior ––measuredmeasured more reliably of behavior. Trait theoristtheorist----thus,thus, he is nomothetic.
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Types of Traits: Cattell believed about 80% of AbilityAbility––intelligenceintelligence nature and nurture variation in intelligence due to important heredity (is fluid) and only 20% due
FluidFluid––innateinnate ability to learn--fluidlearn fluid–– to environment (is crystallized) depends of educational opportunities of the person, might be related to working memory CrystallizedCrystallized––thethe effects of education Culture Fair Intelligence Test (Fluid Intelligence)
TemperamentTemperament––constitutionconstitution or inherited SentimentsSentiments––aa general metaerg––acquiredmetaerg acquired source traits --biologicallybiologically determined attitude structures, formed early in life What the person is like and are enduring DynamicDynamic––Motivational,Motivational, some are innate Sentiments about home, family, religion and some are learned AttitudeAttitude––specificspecific responses----interestresponses interest of a ErgErg––Constitutional,Constitutional, dynamic source trait certain intensity in a particular course of Biologically based drivesdrives––hunger,hunger, anger, action with respect to a particular object curiosity, fear, pride, pity. MetaergMetaerg––Sociocultural,Sociocultural, dynamic source trait LearnedLearned––lovelove of country, esteem of a particular person
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SubsidationSubsidation––InIn general, metaergs are Types of data: subsidiary to ergs and attitudes are L DataData––lifelife record, GPA, letters of subsidiary to sentiments. recommendation Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments Q DataData--questionnaire/ratingquestionnaire/rating of self, MC which are subsidiary to ergs and T/FT/F––16PF16PF Subject can lie or distort Self --PrinciplePrinciple organizing force in the T DataData--objectiveobjective tests, indirect purpose person’s personality Projective techniques, finger tapping, blood pressure Dispositional Rigidity ––traitstraits resist change All there types of data are important to help determine actual personality
RR--TechniqueTechnique––nomothetic,nomothetic, several people 16PF (Personality Factors):
at one timetime––CattellCattell used this A reliable measure of personality PP--TechniqueTechnique––idiographic,idiographic, one person over Source traits of Normal Individuals long period, (inferred) Specification EquationEquation––predictingpredicting behavior Can detect neurotic and psychotic from traits, situations, etc. Factor Analysis ––useesusees correlations Do you think it can be done? Anxiety defined as intercorrelated Can we really specify all we need to variables know? Factor --descriptivedescriptive statistic Orthogonal Factor --notnot correlated with each other
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Criticism -- derived factors psychologically Big Five Factor ““TheoryTheory ”” meaningless and are therefore useless P. Costa and R. McCrae Specification equations ––ableable to allow us to predict behavior in a given situation. Will include these questions in the Cattell Being neurotic (ill) was influenced by section. Only a couple. heredity.
Describing personality on the basis of five different factors each with six facets. Describes and does not explain. Different from Cattell? No really. Just using five.
Lexical approachapproach––usesuses factory analysis of Extraversion the words people use most to describe Dominance versus submissiveness or personality. surgency
Constitute the major dimensions of Talkative, passionate, active, dominant, personality sociable Five very broad personality traits Quiet, unfeeling, passive OCEAN Facets: Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions
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Agreeableness Neuroticism
Social adaptability and likeability Troubled by negative emotions GoodGood--natured,natured, softsoft--hearted,hearted, trusting Worrying, emotional vulnerable, anxious Irritable, ruthless, suspicious Facets: Anxiety, hostility, depression, Facets: Trust, straightforwardness, self consciousness, impulsiveness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender vulnerability mindedness
Conscientiousness Openness Dependability Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, Creative, imaginative, prefers variety ideas, values Uncreative, downdown--toto--earth,earth, prefers Conscientious, hardworking, ambitious routine Facets: Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, Facets: Competence, order, actions, ideas, values. dutifulness, achievement striving, selfself--discipline,discipline, deliberation
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Each factor has components to it called facets that can be measured separately. All facets that belong to one of the Big Five correlate positively with the factor and all facets within that factor.
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