M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I BO- 7115 PAPER - I DIVERSITY of VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA, BACTERIA and FUNGI (60 Hrs)

Home , Asteroxylon, Funariales, Marchantiales, Phylloglossum, Sphaerocarpales

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I BO- 7115 PAPER - I DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA, BACTERIA AND FUNGI (60 Hrs)

Unit I Five kingdom, Eight kingdom classification and Three domains of 02 hrs living organisms. Unit -II Viruses – general characters, nomenclature, classification; 08 hrs

morphology, structure, transmission and replication. Purification of plant viruses. Symptoms of viral diseases in plants Mycoplasma – General characters , classification ,ultrastructure 05 hrs Unit-III and reproduction. Brief account of mycoplasmal diseases of plants- Little leaf of Brinjal.

Unit -IV Bacteria –Forms, distribution and classification according to 12 hrs Bergy’s System, Classification based on DNA-DNA hybridization, 16s rRNA sequencing; Nutritional types: Autotrophic, heterotrophic, photosynthetic,chemosynthetic,saprophytic,parasitic and symbiotic ; A brief account on methonogenic bacteria ; Brief account of Actinomycetes and their importance in soil and medical microbiology.

Unit – V Fungi 20 hrs

General characteristics, Classification (Ainsworth 1973, McLaughlin 2001), structure and reproduction. Salient features of Myxomycota, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina and their classificafion upto class level.

Unit - VI Brief account of fungal heterothallism, sex hormones and 09 hrs Parasexual cycle. Brief account of mycorrhizae,lichens, fungal symbionts in insects, fungi as biocontrol agents ( Trichoderma and nematophagous).

Unit – VII Isolation, purification and culturing of microorganisms 04 hrs (bacteria and fungi).

PRACTICALS: Micrometry. Haemocytometer. Isolation, culture and staining techniques of Bacteria and Fungi.

Type study: Stemonites, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Albugo, Phytophthora, Mucor/Rhizopus , Erysiphe, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Pencillium, Morchella, Hamileia, Ustilago Lycoperdon, Cyathes, Dictyophora, Polyporus, Trichoderma, Curvularia, Alternaria, Drechslera and Pestalotia. Study of few bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal diseases in plants (based on availability).

Activity/PIA Project work related to above topics

REFERENCES

• Alexopoulus, C.J. and Mims, C.W (1990) Introductory Mycology, 5th edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. • Aneja, K.R. (1993) Experiments in Microbiology, plant pathology and tissue culture, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi. • Burnet, F.M. and Stanely, W.M. (1970) Biochemical biological and biophysical properties Vol-I general virology 3rd edition Academic Press, NY, London. • Conrat, F.H.; Kimball, P.C. and Jay, L. (1988) Virology prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. • Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O. (1972) Principles and techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold company, NY. Pelczar, M.J. (Jr.) Cjan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1988) th Microbiology, 5 edition McGraw Hall book company, Singapore. • Prescott, M.L., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1990) Microbiology Wm C Brown publisher's, USA. • Schlegel, H.G. (1993) General Microbiology, 7th edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK. • Stanier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L.; Wheelis, M.L. and Painter, P.R.(1992) General Microbiology, Mac Millan Ltd., NY. • Wistreich, G.A., and Lechtman, M.D. (1988) Microbiology, 5th edition, Mac. Millan publishing company, NY • Hudson, Fungal biology. • Mehrotra R.S. and Aneja K.R.(1990)An introduction to Mycology. New Age International Publications. • Webster. J.(1980) Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M. Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I BO - 7215 PAPER II

DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES (60 hrs)

ALGAE (30 hrs) Unit I A comparative study of important traditional and modern 05 hrs

systems of algal classification; criteria of classification.

Diversity of algal habitats; a general account of the ecology of

fresh water and marine algae. Epiphytic, Endophytic and

Parasitic algae.

Unit II A comparative study of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic 03 hrs

algal cells; Pigments in algae and their significance.

Unit III Thallus organisation in algae with reference to different groups 09 hrs

(Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Bacillariophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae).

Unit IV Reproduction in algae; vegetative, asexual and sexual reproductive 09 hrs

structures; Patterns of life cycles in algae; phylogenetic relationships of

algae.

Unit V Economic importance of algae; algal bloom, algal toxins, and 04 hrs

extracellular products.

PRACTICALS

Type study of representative species of the following : 1. Cyanophyceae : Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia, Nostoc,Stigonema 2. Chlorophyceae : Scenedesmus, Zygnema, Oedogonium, Desmids, Cladophora, Draparnadiopsis. Coleochaete, Bulbochaete, Neomeris, Ulva, Enteromorpha, Codium, Helimeda, Caulerpa. 3. Charophyceae : Chara/Nitella 4. Xanthophyceae : Vaucheria/ Botrydium. 5. Bacillariophyceae : Pennate diatoms. 6. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Sphacelaria, Padina, Turbinaria, Fucus. 7. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia,Gracilaria

REFERENCES

• Bold, H.C., and Wynne,M.J.1978. Introduction to the algae:

structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,N.J.

• Chapman and Chapman, 1973. The algae, Macmillan & Co.,

• Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. • Dodge, J.D. 1973. Fine structure of algal cells. Academic Press, London. • Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure and reproduction of algae. Vols. I and II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. • Kingsley.R. 1998. Photosynthetic pigments of algae. • Round, F.E. 1973. Biology of the algae. Edward Arnold, London. • Smith, G.M. 1951. Manual of phycology, Chronica Botanica Publ. Co. Waltham, Mas.

BRYOPHYTES: (30 hrs)

UNIT- I General characters of Bryophytes – Gametophytic characters; Sporophytic 02 hrs characters; Vegetative reproduction; sexual reproduction; heteromorphic alternation of generation

UNIT - II Classification of bryophytes and criteria of classification. 06 hrs Characteristic features of the classes- Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida, Bryopsida Characteristic features and affinities of the orders- Marchantiales, Sphaerocarpales, Calobryales, Takakiales, Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andraeales, Funariales, Polytrichales

Unit - III Diversity in habitat, habit, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the 14 hrs following genus- Plagiochasma, Sphaerocarpos, Calobryum, Takakia, Porella, Notothylus, Sphagnum, Andraea, Funaria, Polytrichum

UNIT - IV Origin of Bryophytes- Algal origin and Pteridophytean origin, Inter 02 hrs relationships of bryophytes-

UNIT - V Fossil Bryophytes; General structure of Bryophyte cell 03 hrs

UNIT - VI Experimental work on bryophytes (In Brief). 03 hrs Economic importance of Bryophytes.

Bryophytes – Practicals

Study of Morphology and anatomy of the following: 1) Riccia fluitans; 2) Lunularia; 3) Dumortiera; 4) Asterella; 5) Porella; 6) Pallavicinia; 7) Riccardia; 8)Anthoceros; 9) Sphagnum; 10) Funaria 11) Polytrichum 12)Plagiochasma 13)Targionia

PIA/Activity – topic with reference to above REFERENCES

• Cavers, F. 1964. Inter-relationships of Bryophytes. • Chopra, R.N. and Kumar, P.K. 1988. Biology of bryophytes. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. • Parihar, N.S. 1970. An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad. • Sharma, P.D. 1978. Introduction to Bryophytes. • Smith, G.M. 19. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. • Watson, E.V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson and Co., London.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Paper: III, BO7315 (60 hrs)

Unit - I History, scope of ecology , 05 hrs (Interdependence,Holocoene, Limiting factors, Tolerance, Dynamism, Thermodynamics). Levels of ecological organization Unit - II Ecosystem – Concepts, Structure, Components, Functions, Dynamics. 05 hrs Homeostasis and feedback mechanism in the ecosystem.

Unit - III Ecological factors - Climatic, Edaphic and Biotic factors 10 hrs (amensalism, commensalism, protocooperation, symbiosis, epiphytism , myrmecophily, saprophytism, parasitism).

Unit - IV Population Ecology 03hrs (a)Growth and Characteristics of Population (b) Ecological niche.

Unit - V Plant communities - Concept of Communities, Structure of 15 hrs Communities; Methods of Studying Vegetation (Quadrat, line and belt methods). Types: Evergreen forests, Dry and moist deciduous forests, scrub jungles, Grasslands, boreal forests, tundra, deserts and mangroves. General account of vegetation of Karnataka.

Unit - VI Environnemental Pollution - 12 hrs (a)Sources, impact and control of Air, Water and Soil Pollution (b)Solid waste disposal and management (c)Radio Active Pollution - a brief account. (d) Noise pollution - Sources, effects, control and management (e) Heavy metals as pollutants – concept of biomagnification, Unit - VII 02 hrs Mercury and Lead as pollutants. Global Environmental Problems : Acid rain, Ozone Depletion, Global warming and Climate Change 08hrs Unit - VIII Environmental Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary levels), Management and Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Impact assessment, rainwater harvesting and water- shed management. Application of Remote Sensing in Plant Science (GIS).

PRACTICALS • Study of vegetation by Quadrat method. • Determination of importance value index (IVI) • Ecological Instruments : Maximum and Minimum thermometer, Anemometer, Thermohygrograph, Aneroid barometer, hygrometer, luxmeter, Rain gauge etc. • Analysis of water samples: Estimation of Dissolved oxygen, Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Free Carbon dioxide, Hardness, organic matter in soil. • Measurement of Noise in different Environment. • Adaptations of Aquatic macrophytes. • Adaptations of Xerophytes. • Adaptations of halophytes. • Adaptations of epiphytes and parasites.

REFERENCES • Mullar - Dombois, Dand Ellenberg H (1974), Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology - Willey, New York. • Odum - E.P. (1971) fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders, Philadelphia. • Kormondy, E.J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice hall India, New Delhi. • Foin, T.C. (1996) Ecological system and environment, Mifflin, Boston. • Nobel, B.J. and wright R.T. (1996) Environmental science, prentice hall, New Jersey. • Treshow, M. (1985) Air pollution and plant life. Wiley inter science. • Heywood, V.H. and Watson R.T. (1995) Global Biodivrsity - assessment, Cambridge University pass. • Mason, C.F. (1991) Biology of fresh water pollution, Long man publication. • Hill, M.K. (1997) understanding environmental pollution, Cambridge University Pass. • Lillesand T.M. and Kiefer R.W. (1987) Remote sensing and image interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I BO- 7415: PAPER IV PALEOBOTANY, PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT ANATOMY (60 hrs)

Paleobotany (18 hrs) Unit - I Introduction to Paleobotany with particular reference to its 02 hrs history,development and scope. Unit - II Geological phenomena: Indirectly and directly responsible for 02 hrs Fossilization Unit - III Types of fossil plant preservations: Impression, compression 05 hrs nodule, petrifaction, coal balls, cast, mold and amber. Unit - IV Paleobotanical techniques used in studying plant fossils: 05 hrs Techniques to study microfossils : Maceration of coal and lignite. Techniques to study macrofossils: Impression, compressions, thin ground sectioning and peel technique for petrified specimens Unit - V Paleobotanical Nomenclature, provisions made in ICBN for naming 02 hrs of fossil plants. Unit - VI Application of paleobotanical studies: Fossil fuels (coal and oil) 02 hrs exploration

PRACTICALS BO 7P2 • Study of non - fossiliferous and fossiliferous rocks. • Types of fossil plant preservations Impression,Compression,Cast,Silicified petrifaction Calcified petrifaction (coal ball), Nodule

Palynology (14 hrs) Unit - I Introduction of Palynology and its basic branches and their scope 01 hrs Unit - II General account of pollen morphology: Polarity, size, shape, 02 hrs symmetry, aperture (NPC classification included). Exine stratification, Ornamentation and L.O. analysis. Unit - III Pollen morphological studies of commonly occurring dicot, 02 hrs Casuarina, Parthenium, Acacia, Hibiscus, Polygala, Amaranthus and Citrus and monocot - Grass, Cocos. Spore morphology of commonly occurring pteridophytic taxa Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella Equisetum and Pteris. Gymnosperms – Cycas, Ginkgo, Pinus, Araucaria and Ephedra

Unit - IV Palynological techniques used for studying modern pollen and 02 hrs spores: Wodehouse Technique, Erdtmans Acetolysis technique. Unit - V Aspects and prospects of Melittopalynology, pollen analysis of 03 hrs honey, honey pollen flora and its applications. Unit - VI General Account of Aerobiology and its applications in human 04 hrs respiratory allergy and immunology. Methods used in atmospheric pollen monitoring, compilation of pollen calendar. Application of pollen calendar in the detection and treatment of respiratory allergy.

PRACTICALS

• Demonstration of acetolysis technique • Study of pollen morphology of common angiosperm taxa from permanent slides. • Preparation of permanent pollen reference slides using Acetolysis technique. REFERENCES

• Agashe, S.N. (2006).Palynology and its application, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, • Agashe, S.N. (Ed.) 1997. Aerobiology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 615. • Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany : Plant of the past, their evolution, Paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD. pp. 359. • Erdtman, G. 1957 "Pollen & spore Morphology / plant taxonomy Vol. 1 - V. Hafner Pub. Co. New York. • Shaw, A.B. 1964. "Time in Stratigraphy". • Wadia, D.N. 1957. "Geology of India". • Wodehouse .R. 1965. "Pollen grains" their structure, identification and significance in Science and Medicine". • Steward, A.C. 1959 Plant life through the Ages. Hafner Publishing Company, New York. Pb. • Steward, A.C. Fossil Plants (Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1989, 1910, 1977, 1919). • Surange, K.R. Lakhanpal, R.N. Baradwaj, D.C. 1974. Aspects and appraisal of Paleobotany, Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, 675, 77. • Stuart, 1983, Paleobotany and evolution of Plants. • Tilak, S.T. 1982 "Aerobiology" • Nair, P.K.K. 1970. Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms : a historical and phylogenetic study. Scholar publishing house, Lucknow. • Ogden, E.C. Rayner, G.S. Manual for sampling Airborne Pollen. Hafner Press, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York. 10

PLANT ANATOMY(28 hrs)

Unit I Plant cell wall: Ultra structure and organization. Types of 06 hrs Vascular bundles- collateral, bicollateral, concentric ,medullary bundles, Internal Phloem. Nodal Anatomy - Unilacunar, Trilacunar and Multilacunar nodes : Split –lateral condition, Root-stem transition.

Unit II Leaf Anatomy : Dorsiventral, Isobilateral and Centric leaves, 03 hrs Bundles sheath, foliar sclereids (types and distribution), mature stomatal types and distribution, major and minor venation

Unit III Primary Xylem : Concepts of Protoxylem - metaxylem ; 06 hrs Diversity in structure of wood : Heart wood, sap wood, growth rings, ring – porous wood : diffuse - porous wood : diversity in axial parenchyma distribution, diversity in ray system.

Unit IV Shoot apical meristem : Structural organization - Tunica – corpus 08 hrs Theory, Cytohistological zonation, apices with primary thickening meristem, summit meristem - Acyclic changes in shape and size of shoot apex during different phases of development. Cyclic changes (plastochronic changes). Root apical meristem-apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, quiescent centre concept, promeristem concept. For suggestions

Unit V Vascular Cambium : Structure and activity, uniseriate / 05 hrs Multiseriate nature, cambium zone, types of diversion in the fusiform initials. Anomalous structure in Bignonia sp., Mirabilis sp. And Aristolochia sp.

PRACTICALS BO 7P2 • Study of epidermal appendages • Stomatal types • Tracheary cells • Root Anatomy • Stem anatomy • Leaf anatomy • Double staining technique. • Maceration technique

• Activity- stress related experiments/ study of galls

REFERENCES

• Abraham, F. 1982, Plant anatomy - II edition, Pergaon Press, Oxford. • Carlquist, S. 1967, Comparative plant anatomy - Holt Reinert and Winston. • Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant anatomy - Part I, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant Anatomy - Part II, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Eames and McDaniel. 1947, II edition, "Plant Anatomy" McGraw Hill, NY. • Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy II Edition, John, Wiley and Sons, NY. • James D. Mauseth, 1988, Plant Anatomy, The Benzamin / Cummings publish. • Katherine Esau, 1979, Anatomy of seed plants - First Wiley Eastern. • Fahn.a(1989) Plant anatomy .III Edition.Pergomon Press NY(Maxwell • Macmillan International Editions)

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II BO 8115: PAPER I PLANT MORPHOGENESIS AND REPRODUCTION (60hrs)

Unit - I Plant Morphogenesis: 05 hrs Aim, scope and historical account.

Morphogenetic Studies: Morphogenesis in vivo (Field concepts

and meristemoid); Experimental studies on shoot apex, root apex

and differentiated organs.

Unit - II Organogenesis in Plants: 09 hrs

Formation of leaves ; phyllotaxis ; transformation of vegetative apex

into reproductive apex. Nature of organs: Theories on nature of shoot (Phytonic and axial

theories) and flower (Monaxial, pluriaxial, suigeneris and acarpy:

appendicular and axial theories of inferior ovaries).

Unit - III Polarity:

Contemporary understanding at different levels of organization and 03 hrs in different organisms.

Unit - IV Flower:

Serial evocation of genes and floral development ; genetic analysis of floral development ABC model (Arabidopsis), flower regulatory 04 hrs genes ( MADS box genes).

Unit - V Microsporangium:

Development and structure; differentiation of anther wall and their

role. Microsporogenesis: General account, ultrastructure and physiology;

role of callose. Male gametophyte: Development and structure; differential

behavior of generative and vegetative cells; formation of male

gametes, sperm dimorphism, male germ unit. Pollen abnormalities -

10 hrs pollen sporophytes, Nemec phenomenon, pollen development in

Cyperaceae.

Unit - VI Ovule: A general account of ontogeny, types and diversity in 10 hrs

structure. Megasporogenesis: General account, Ultra structure and

physiology.

Female gametophyte Diversity in organization; ultra structure of

female gametophyte, embryosac haustoria.

Unit VII Fertilization : Structure of stigma and style, role of stigmatic 5hrs

exudates; pollen germination in vivo ; pollen tube entry into the

stigma ; pollen tube growth ; entry of pollen tube into female

gametophyte ; double fertilization ; hetero fertilization and single fertilization., in vitro fertilization, Polyspermy.

Unit VIII Sexual incompatibility: Self incompatibility, genetic basis, barriers

to fertilization, physiology and biochemistry of incompatibility,

stigmatic surface and stylar inhibition, biological significance. 5hrs

Unit IX Endosperm: Types, Development and reserve food materials,

embryo endosperm relationship, Endosperm haustoria. Embryo: classification based on early development; structure,

composition early embryogenesis (2 celled, proembryonal tetrad, quadrant and octant stages) ; octant to mature embryo in Capsella

(Dicot) and Najas (Monocot). Chimeral embryos, Polyembryony,

apomixis in brief. 9hrs

PRACTICALS BO 8P1

• Study of shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants

(Ceratophyllum & Hydrilla).

• Study of cytohistochemical zonation in the shot apical

meristem in sectioned and double stained micropreparation

of a suitable plant. Study of development of bisected shoot

apices.

• Study of L.S. of roots from permanent micropreparation to understand the organization of root apical meristem and its

derivatives - origin of lateral roots. Study of development of

bisected root apices.

• Study of alternate and distichous, alternate and superposed,

opposite and superposed, opposite and decussate leaf

arrangement.

• Diagrammatic representation to show the polarity in higher

and lower plants, Experiment to cause alterations in plants in

polarity, Regeneration experiment with stem cuttings to

show polarity.

• Study of the following stages from permanent micro

preparation ;

Anther wall, Microsporogenesis

Male gametophyte in general and in Cyperaceae

Types of ovules and ovular parts

Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte

(polygonum type)

Endosperm - Three types (Cellular, Nuclear,

Helobial)

Embryo - Mature dicot and monocot embryo Activity/PIA- project work related to the above topic

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous)

M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES & GYMNOSPERMS

BO - 8215 (PAPER II) (60 hrs) PTERIDOPHYTES (30hrs)

02 hrs Unit I General characters of pteridophytes and classification

(according to Reimer, David W. beirhost, Gifford and Foster).

Characteristic features of the order – Psilotales, 14 hrs Unit II Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Equisetales, Ophioglossales,

Marattiales, Osmundales, Marsileales, Salviniales, Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales and Calamitales

Unit III Systematic position, Structure of sporophytes and gametophytes 06 hrs and Reproduction of the following genera – Tmesipteris, Phylloglossum, Isoetes, Equisetum,Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Marselia, Azolla and Pteris (Developmental details not required).

Unit IV Fossil Pteridophytes – Systemic position, Structure of 04 hrs sporophytes and gametophytes, Reproduction of the following genera – Horneophyton, (Comparative account of

Horneophyton with Rhynia) Asteroxylon, Lepidodendron and Calamites.

Unit V Heterospory and seed habit. Stelar evolution, phylogenetic 04 hrs Relationship, experimental work on Pteridophytes. Economic importance of Pteridophytes.

BO 8P1 PRACTICALS

Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following; Psilotum, Lycopodium Isoetes, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Glichenia, Trichomanes, Pteris, Cyathea, Marsilea, Salivinia and Azolla. Fossil pteriodophytes studied in theory (specimens and slides).

REFERENCES • Eames, A.J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants (lower

groups), McGraw - Hill, New York.

• McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book of theoretical botany. Vol I. Longmans, Green and Co.,

Ltd., London.

• Parihar, N.S. 1977. The morphology of pteridophytes.

Central Book Depot. Allahab.

• Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic botany. Vol. II. McGraw

- Hill, New York.

• Sporne, K.R. 1966. The morphology of pteridophytes. The structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson

University Library, London.

GYMNOSPERMS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and General characters of Gymnosperms.Classification 03 Hrs (Birbal Sahni 1920, Pant 1957 , Sporne 1974, Takhtajan 1966 ),Distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to India. Unit I Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive 18 Hrs structures of the sporophytes and gametophytes of the following Genera -Medullosa, Williamsonia,, Glossopteris, Bennettites, Pentoxylon, Cordaites, Zamia, Ginkgo, Cedrus, Podocarpus ,Taxus, Welwitschia (Developmental stages not required) Unit I Origin of Gymnosperms, Affinities of Gymnosperms, with special 07 Hrs reference to order Gnetales, Xylotomy of Gymnosperms, Polyembryony in Gymnosperms with special reference to conifer ales. Evolutionary significance of Gymnosperms. Economic Importance of Gymnosperms

Unit I Experimental work on Gymnosperms with special reference to forest 02 Hrs biotechnology

Practicals A study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following :Medullosa, Cycadeoidea, Williamsonia, Pterophyllum, Ptilophyllum, Glossopteris, Phyllotheca, Vertebraria, Pentoxylon, ,Cornoconites, Zamia, Ginkgo, Cedrus, Araucaria, Podocarpus, Cupressus, Cryptomeria and Ephedra and Welwitchia (Spotters/slides/ specimens

References  Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany. Plants of the past, their evolution, paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels.

Oxford & I.B.H. New Delhi.  Andrews, H.N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley, New York.  Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1997. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd., New Delhi.  Biswas, and Johri, B.M. 1997. The gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.  McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book of theoretical Botany. Vol I. Longmas, Green and Co., Ltd., London.  Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of gymnosperms. The structure and evolution of primitive seed plants. Hutchison University Library, London.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) ,BANGALORE M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II BO 8315: PAPER III PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & METABOLISM (60 hrs)

Unit - I Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics (all the laws with 05 hrs examples) free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions, structure and functions of ATP. Unit - II Fundamentals of enzymology : General aspects, Active and 08 hrs Regulatory sites, isozymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michael's – Menten equations and its significance, allosteric mechanism. Unit - III Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes : 05 hrs Plant water relations (General aspects and SPAC concept), passive and active transport, Membrane transport proteins aquaporins Unit - IV Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts and Historical 10 hrs background, photosynthetic pigments & photo oxidation of pigments, light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanisms of electron and proton transport and photophosphorylation. Unit - V Carbon assimilation: The Calvin cycle, the C4 cycle, the CAM 08 hrs pathway, Photorespiration and its significance, synthesis and degradation of Starch and Sucrose. Unit - VI Respiration: General aspects, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron 08 hrs transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose phosphate pathway and Alternative oxidase system and pathways. Unit - VII Lipid Metabolism : Structure and function of Lipids, Synthesis And 06 hrs degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of Phospholipids and Gylcolipids, Glyoxylate pathway and Gluconeogenesis. Unit - VIII Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Biological Nitrogen fixation, 05 hrs Nodule formation and nod factors, Nitrogenase – its properties and mechanism of action. UNIT - IX Plant growth hormones: Physiological effects and mechanism Of 05 hrs action of hormones including poly amines, agricultural applications and hormones.

Practicals

1. Preparation of solutions and reagents 2. Determination of water potential by gravimetric method 3. Effect of temperature and different solvents on the membrane permeability in plant tissues 4. Determination of chl a and chl b in C3 and C4 plants 5. Determination of total chlorophyll content in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and Angiosperms 6. Separation of chlorophyll pigments by solvent wash method 7. Determination of absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments 8. C3/C4/CAM plant anatomical studies and pH estimations 9. Measurement of respiration by Warburg method

10. Experiments on enzyme kinetics (Polyphenol oxidase) 11. Estimation of Lipase activity. 12. Physiological effects of phytohormones

Activity /PIA – project work related to above topics

Conn, EE., Stumpf, PF., Bruening, G and Doi. RH. 1987. REFERENCES • Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, Chichester, Bisbane, Toronoto and Singapore.

• Hall, DO and Rao KK 1999, Photosynthesis 6th edition,

published in association with Institute of Biology,

Cambridge University Press.

• Hopkins, WG 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.

• Moore, TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant

Hormones (Second edition) Springer - Verlag, New York,

USA.

• Stumpf, PK, and Conn, EE (eds.) 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants - A comprehensive treatise,

Academic Press, New York.

Plant Physiology (second • Taiz L and Zeiger E. 1998. edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,

Massachusetts, USA.

• Wilkins, MB (eds.) 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology.

ELBS / Longman.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II BO 8415: PAPER IV BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS (60 hrs) PART-A: BIOSTATISTICS (30 hrs) Unit I Introduction, brief history and applications of biostatistics. 04 hrs Sampling techniques: Methods of sampling. Random and non random sampling. Sampling and non sampling errors. Study design – concepts of control, replicates and randomization.

Unit II Methods, types, significance and limitations: Diagrammatic and graphic representation of data: Line diagrams, bar diagrams and pie diagrams. Histograms, frequency polygons and frequency 02 hrs curves. Unit III Concepts and problems: Measures of central tendency; mean, median and mode. ( Problems to be given related to the theory part) Measures of dispersion: Variance, standard deviation, 10 hrs coefficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis.

Unit IV Correlation and Regression: Analysis of Correlation and Regression, Scatter plot method, graphic method, coefficient of 04 hrs correlation, coefficient of regression.

Unit V Probability: Introduction and Rules of probability. 03 hrs

Unit VI Probability distributions: Normal, Poisson and Binomial Distribution. Properties and importance of distribution. 03 hrs

Unit VII Hypothesis Testing: Introduction, basic concepts and rules. 02 hrs

Unit VIII Tests of significance: Degrees of freedom, 02 hrs Chi-square test and ANOVA.

PRACTICALS BO 8P3: Project: Work Related to the Applications of Biostatistics

Activity/PIA – R programming/SAS

REFERENCE  Bailey, N.T.J. 1995. Statistical methods of Biology 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press.  Daniel, W.W., 1978. Biostatistics : A foundation for analysis in health sciences 2nd edition. John Wiley, NY.  Khan, I.A. and Khanum, 1994. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Ukaaz Publications Hyderabad.  Remington, R.D. and Schork, M.A. 1970. Statistics with applications to the Biological and health sciences, Prentice Hall Inc. NY.  Sundar Rao, P.S.S. and Richard, J. 1996. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition Prentice Hall India.  Eynon B.P. and T.W. Anderson, Minitab guide to Statistics.

PART-B: BIOINFORMATICS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and brief history of bioinformatics 06 hrs Biological databases: Introduction, types, bibliographic databases, nucleotide sequence databases, protein sequence databases, and genome databases. Human Genome Project

Unit II Computer Networking and programming languages 03 hrs Types of Network, The Internet, Networking standards, Navigation through web. Brief account of Java, Bio-Perl and Python

Unit III Genomics and Proteomics 05 hrs Genomics: Introduction, types, gene sequencing methods, analysis of raw sequence data and annotation. Proteomics: Introduction, experimental approaches, protein- ligand interactions and molecular interaction prediction. Unit IV Pair Sequence Analysis 04 hrs Introduction, Dot plot, Sequence Alignment, Dynamic programming, Searching sequence databases.

Unit V Multiple Sequence Analysis 04 hrs Introduction, Dynamic programming method, and Progressive alignment method.

Unit VI Protein Structural Analysis 05 hrs Peptides and Protein Primary Structure, Secondary structure and backbone conformation, Super secondary structure, Tertiary protein structure, Quaternary structure, Protein structure visualization.

Unit VII Drug Designing; Introduction, CADD, NCE and protein 03 hrs docking PRACTICALS  Data Retrieval-NCBI, Expasy, PDB  Pairwise sequence analysis- BLAST  Multiple sequence analysis – Clustal Omega  Secondary structure prediction- Jpred  Molecular visualization tools –RASWIN

REFERENCES  Fundamentals of Bioinformatics Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy: SS Education Series: 1st edition 2011

 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Geetha Publishers, Bangalore. 2017 Edition

 Introduction to Bioinformatics Author(s): Teresa Attwood, David Parry-Smith: 1999, 1st edition; Prentice Hall  Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Second Edition Author(s): Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis Ouellette (Eds): 2001; 2nd Edition; Willey&Sons  Problems and Solutions in Biological Sequence Analysis Author(s): Mark Borodovsky and Svetlana Ekisheva: Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (September 11, 2006)  Computational Modeling of Genetic and Biochemical Networks Author(s): James M. Bower and Hamid Bolouri : 2011: MIT Pubs

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III SEMESTER - III PAPER BO 9115 CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (60 hrs.)

Unit I CYTOLOGY 07 hrs Ultra-structure of cell membrane and cell organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosome, and peroxysomes. Cytoskeleton and its role.

Unit II Eukaryotic chromosome: Ultrastructure, Centromere-kinetochore 10 hrs complex, centromere proteins (CENPs), telomere and its role in segregation of chromosomes and cellular ageing; secondary constriction-SAT chromosomes; sister chromatid cohesion; C- value paradox, programmed cell death(Apoptosis)- A brief account.

Unit III GENETICS Mendelism,Non-mendelian inheritance- incomplete and co- 09 hrs dominance, multiple alleles (maize, blood group), lethal genes, penetrance, expressivity, pleiotropy. Gene interactions- supplementary, complimentary, epistasis, inhibitory genes, duplicate genes (plant examples only) Inheritance of quantitative characters- polymerism, multiple genes Sex linked inheritance; sex influenced, sex limited traits; sex determination and sex reversals in plants Unit IV Mutation- importance, types, causes; DNA repair Mechanism 02 hrs (mismatch, base excision)

Unit V Population genetics –Genetic variability in population, factors 02 hrs responsible for variation. Calculation of gene frequency

Unit VI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Genetic basis of heredity : DNA - chemistry and structure, 16 hrs polymorphism in DNA structure, DNA replication - models, Gene: present concept; split genes; fine structure of r II locus (Benzer’s concept). Genetic code : Poly – U experiment and cracking of the first genetic code; Universality of genetic code, degeneracy; Wobble hypothesis, Dictionary of genetic code ;use of synthetic RNAs ; central dogma, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes RNA – types ( hnRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and functions; RNA editing and post transcriptional modifications

Unit VII Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer, OncogenesChemical 14 hrs carcinogenesis. Nucleic acid Hybridization – andcot curves, Southern, Northern and Western blottingtechniques - Dot and slot blots – PCR, RAPD and RFLP -DNA finger printing in forensics Practicals  Preparation of stains and reagents for cytology; root tip squash and smears- Rhoeo, onion; preparation of Kayotypes, idiogram, mitotic and meiotic analysis;  Genetic problems (monogenic, digenic, test cross, gene interactions, population genetics)  Isolation of plasmid and genomic DNA.  Separation of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis  Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method  Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method  Restriction Endonuclease digestion of DNA  RAPD and finger printing  Gel filtration  Ion exchange

References Cytology  Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. II Revised • Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. I Revised edition, Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., Sanibahad, U.P. • Swanson, C.P., Cytology and Cytogenetics, Macmillan. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cyto genetics, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. • Conn, N.S., (1979) Elements of cytology, Harcourd could. • Verma, P.S. &Agarwal, V.K. Cytology, Chand & Company Ltd. GENETICS • Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad (1991). Principles of th Genetics - 8 edition, John Wiley, New York. • Herskowitz, J.H., Principles of Genetics, II edition - Collier MacMillan International edition. • Sansfield, W.D., Theory and problems of genetics, Schaum's outline series, New York. • Sinnott, Dunn and Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics, TMH edition. • Strickberger, Genetics, II edition, MacMillan Publication, Company, New York. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cytogenetics, Prentice Hall, Mers& W.J. Young, New Delhi. • A.C. Pal, Fundamentals of Genetics, TMH edition

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • Brown, T.A., 1990. Gene cloning, Chapman & Hall. • Friefelder, D., 1987. Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett publishers, Boston. • Grierson, D. 15 and Covey, S.N., 1988. Plant Molecular biology, 2nd edition, Blackie, Chapman and Hall, New York, USA. • Lewin, B., 1990. Genes, Vol. I to VI, Oxford University Press, Madras • Kahl, A. and Schell, J.S., 1982. Molecular Biology of plant tumour, Academic Press, New York. • Malchensky&Frifelder, Molecular Biology, Academic Press (2000). • Verma and Agarwal., 1998. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology - S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1998. • J. Perry Gustafson - Genetics, Development and evolution - 17thStadler Genetics Symposium - Ed. Plenum Press New York and London. (1986) • Strickberger., 1990. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, London. • U. Sinha and SunitaSinha. 1985. Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and Evolution. Vikas Publications Private Limited. • A.P. Jha., 1993. Genes and Evolution. MacMillan India Limited. • ChandrasekharanNayar., Advanced Organic Evolution. Sudarasana Publications.  Edward O., Doson., 1962. Evolution : Process and Product. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III BO 9215 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY (60 hrs.)

Unit I Systems of Classification: Bentham & Hooker; Engler&Prantl; 9 hrs Hutchinson, and Takhtajan. Taxonomic hierarchy; concept of characters; Taxonomic literature - Floras, Monographs, Indices, Keys and Journals. Field & Herbarium Methods.

Unit II Plant nomenclature: ICN, Typification, Principles of priority 5 hrs and their limitations - Effective and valid publication – Authors, Citations Retention, choice and rejection of names

Unit III Modern trends in taxonomy - Role of the following in taxonomy: 04 hrs Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Embryology, Cytology and phytochemistry. Phy

Unit IV Systematic Position (according to Engler & Prantl’s system 26 hrs Syllabus der Pflanzen familien, Melchior ed. 1964); salient features and economic importance of the following families. Monocotyledonae: Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae andPoaceae. Dicotyledonae: Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Amarantaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Moraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Capparidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Acanthaceae, and Asteraceae.

Unit V Comparison of families: 06 hrs Annonaceae&Magnoliaceae; Rutaceae&Meliaceae; Apocynaceae&Asclepiadaceae; Tiliaceae&Sterculiaceae; Verbenaceae , Lamiaceae&Acanthaceae; Zingiberaceae& Marantaceae.

Unit VI Economic Botany: Distribution, Botanical name, systematic 10 hrs position, Description & Economic uses of the following: Fibre - Cotton, Coir, Jute Timber - Rosewood, Teakwood and Sal Medicinal Plants- (i)Drugs from roots- Aconite, Belladona, Sarpagandha, Ashwagandha; (ii)Drugs from underground stems- Turmeric, Ginger, Onion, Garlic; (iii)Drugs from bark- Cinnamon, Quinine, Ashoka, Berberry; (iv)Drugs from leaves- Aloe, Holybasil, Vasaka, Stramonium; (v)Drugs from stems and woods- Ephedrine, Catechu, Digitalis, White Sandalwood (vi)Spices and Condiments- Asafoetida, Cinnamon, Clove, Cardamom, Saffron, Black Pepper, Anise, Coriander, Cumin, Fennel, Fenugreek, Poppy. (vii)Oils: I. Extraction methods of essential oil and edible oil. Classification of vegetable oil. (viii)Essential oil: Sandal wood, Eucalyptus, lemon-grass. Jasmine, Rosemary, Mint. (ix)Edible oil: Linseed, Sunflower, Sesame & Groundnut (x) Biofuels: Jatropa, Pongamia

Practicals Study tour ( mandatory) Students must undertake a tour in the III Semester for not more than 5 days to study flora and submit 05 herbaria, 15 digital herbaria (hard and soft copy) and a tour report. To be submitted during practical examination.  Construction of floral diagrams, descriptions using technical terms to bring out salient features of the taxa  Preparation of dichotomous keys  Identification of economically important plants and plant products mentioned in the theory syllabus

References  Benson, L.B., 1962. Plant Taxonomy: Methods and principles  Beck, C.B., (ed) 1976 Origin and early evolution of Angiosperms, Columbia University Press, New York  Bhattacharya, B., &Johri, B.M., (eds) 1988 Flowering Plants: Taxonomy and phylogeny, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi  Carlquist, S., 1961 Comparative plant anatomy - A guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of anatomical data in Angiosperms  Cronquist, A., 1988 The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd ed., New York Botanical Garden, New York  Dahlgren., 1980 A revised system of classification of the Angiosperms. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 : 91 – 124  Davis, P.H., & Heywood, V.H., 1973 Principles of Angiosperm taxonomy. Robert E Kriegen Publ. Co., New York  Lawerence, F.H.M., 1951 Taxonomy of vascular plants. MacMillan, New York  Erdtman G., 1952 Pollen Morphology and plant taxonomy, Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Maas  Heywood, V.H., & Moore D.M. (eds) 1984 Current concepts in plant taxonomy, Academic Press, London  Nair, P.K.K., 1970 Pollen morphology of angiosperms: a historical and phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York  Lam, H.J., 1959 Taxonomy: general principles and angiosperms. Vistas in Botany Vol. II page 3 - 75.  Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R., & Bell, C.R., 1974 Vascular Plant systematics, Harper & Row, New York  Smith, P.M. 1976 The chemotaxonomy of plants. Edward Arnold, London  Sneath, P.H.A., &Sokal R.R., 1973 Numerical taxonomy : The principles and practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman, Sanfransisco  Swain, T., (ed.) 1966 Comparative phytochemistry, Academic Press, New York  Turrill, W.B., (ed) 1964 Vistas in Botany Vol. IV : Recent researches in plant taxonomy, Pergamon Press, London  Yough, D.A., &Siegler, D.S. (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm phytochemistry, Praeger Scientific, New York

ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MSC BOTANY SEMESTER III ELECTIVE (Intradepartmental) BO - 9315 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY (60 HRS)

Unit I PHOTOBIOLOGY 8 hrs Phytochromes : discovery, structure, photochemical and biochemical properties, physiological function of phytochromes. Molecular mechanism of photoreceptor action. Cryptochromes : discovery, structure and physiological functions. A brief account of phototropins and zeaxanthin

Unit II SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 15 hrs General overview, types of cell signalling, ligands/ cell signalling molecules, signalling receptors – characteristics, properties and structural classes. G- proteins and G-protein Coupled Receptors. Role of cyclic nucleotides as second messengers, calcium – calmodulin cascade. Plant specific signalling mechanisms – Plant wound signalling pathway, Phospholipid signalling, JAK-STAT pathway and Stomatal guard cell signalling.

Unit III STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 25 hrs Water stress – Causes. Effect of drought on physiological processes in plants, mechanisms of drought resistance in plants, anti-transpirants, drought hardening, molecular mechanism of drought stress. Flooding stress – Causes, Physiological effects of flooding stress, anaerobiosis, tolerance mechanism. Salt stress – definition of saline soil, salinity and sodicity, cause of soil salinization, Physiological effects of salinity stress, tolerance mechanism. Ionic stress – Effect of ion toxicity (iron,zinc), heavy metal toxicity and aluminium toxicity. Transgenic approaches. Thermal stress –Heat stress, chilling and freezing stress. Physiological effects, mechanisms of high and low temperature tolerance, hardening. Gaseous stress, radiation stress, oxidative stress, Biotic stress – Effect of fungal infection on plant metabolism, phytoalexins, biochemical mechanism of disease resistance and allelopathy. Role of proteins and enzymes related to the above stresses. Engineering of plants for stress tolerance

Unit IV DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS 12 hrs Structure, role and mode of action of secondary metabolites like terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen containing compounds ( alkaloids , cyanogenic glycosides and non protein amino acids) as defense molecules. Plant – plant interaction and communication through secondary metabolites. Post-infectionally formed compounds – Phytoalexins. Proteins and enzymes involved in defense mechanism

Practicals BO9P2  Estimation of activity of enzyme succinic dehydrogenase by colorimetric method.  Estimation of activity of the enzyme super oxide dismutase (SOD).  Estimation of protein: Colorimetric estimation of total protein by Lowry-Lopez method.  Determination of isoelectric point of protein  Colorimetric estimation of α-Amylase activity  Estimation of soluble and insoluble phenolics -- Lowry-Lopez method  Estimation of ATPase activity by Fiske-Subba Row method.  Estimation of Proline in stressed plants

B) Projects: Related to theory

Advanced Physiology I Practicals: CIA 25 Marks Conducted practicals 20 Marks Record 05 Marks II Project and Viva 25 Marks (20 + 5)

References  Biswas, S.K., Mallik, D.C.V., and Vishveshwara, C.V., 1989. Cosmic perspective, Cambridge University Press  Burrows, C.J., 1990. Processes of vegetation change, Unwin Hyman, London  Campbell, D.H., 1972. Evolution of land plants, Central Book Depot, Allahabad  Capra, F., 1983. The Turning Point - Science, Society and the rising culture, Flamingo, London  Dey, P.M., &Horborne, J.N., 1977. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York  Goodwin &Mercep., 1993. Introduction to plant biochemistry, Pergamon Press, New York  Hall, D.O., &Rao, K.K., 1999. Photosynthesis 6th ed., Published in association with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press  Moore, T.C., 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant hormones, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi  Singh, B.N., &Mengel, K., 1995. Plant physiology and biochemistry, Panima Pub. Corporation, New Delhi  Singal, G.S., Genger, G.C., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D., &Govindjee, 1999. Concepts in photobiology, photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi  Stumpf, P.K., & Conn, E., (eds) 1988. The biochemistry of plants - A comprehensive treatise, Academic Press, New York  Taiz, L., &Zeiger, E., 1998. Plant physioloogy, the Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., New York  Wilkins, M.B.A (ed.), 1989. Advanced plant physiology, ELBS / longman  L. Lehninger, 1982. Principles of biochemistry - C.B.S. publications and distributors, New Delhi  Salisbury, F.B., and Ross, 1974. Plant physiology - Prentice Hall India Ltd., New Delhi  Neggle, R. and Fritz., G.J., 1989. 2nd edition. Introductory plant physiology, Prentice Hall of India Publishers Ltd., New Delhi

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III Elective BO 9415 Plant Tissue Culture Elective (Intradepartment) (60 hrs) Unit I A brief historical account (contributions of Haberlandt, White, Morel, 4 hrs Murashige and Skoog); Terminologies:- Totipotency, Competency, differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, cytodifferentiation, Xylogenesis, rhizogenesis, embryoid,meristemoid and determinism.

Unit II Preparatory steps for tissue Culture: Requirements for tissue culture 5 hrs facility, Laboratory organization, instrumentation, surface sterilization of materials, basic procedure for the inoculation of explant, growth room conditions and acclimatization techniques.

Unit III Culture media: Composition of media, (Macro elements, micro 8 hrs elements, Vitamins, hormones, carbon and nitrogen sources, organicsupplements, activated charcoal, unidentified supplements) An appraisal of different media and selection of media ( Murashige&Skoog’s, White’s, Vacin& Went).

Unit IV Hormones (Applications in Plant tissue culture) : Auxins(NAA, 9 hrs IBA, 2,4-D), cytokinins( Kinetin, BAP, Zeatin), Gibberellins (GA3), and Abscissic Acid. Factors affecting Tissue Culture (Growth Regulators, selection of explant, light, Temperature, Polarity, Subculture, Genotype), Juvenility v/s Adult phase.

Unit V Establishing callus and cell cultures, Dynamics of callus growth, callus 7 hrs subculture and maintenance, Harvesting and Growth Measurements. Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variations (induction, origin and significance).

Unit VI Principles, techniques and applications ofcell suspension culture and 6 hrs organ culture (meristem, root, stem, leaf, floral bud, ovary, anther and embryo), Production of haploid plants: Anther, pollen and ovule cultures.

Unit VII Principles, techniques and applications of protoplast culture. 10 hrs Isolation and culture of protoplasts. Action of cellulase and pectinase (Macerozyme) on plant cell, important properties of isolated protoplast and its significance. Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization - method, spontaneous fusion, induced fusion, mechanical fusion, chemo-fusion, electro-fusion; mechanism of protoplast fusion, hybrid identification, hybrid isolation and post-fusion events, Cybrids; Importance of protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization.

Unit VIII Principles of in vitro biotransformation: Agrobacterium 7 hrs (A.tumefaciensandA.rhizogenes) mediated electroporation and particle bombardment technique. Commercialization of plant tissue culture: Application of bioreactors and robotics. Entrepreneurship in plant tissue culture.In vitro production

Unit IX Application of plant tissue culture – forestry, production of secondary 4 hrs metabolites and microtubers.

Practicals • Instrumentation - Laboratory equipments and glassware. • Media chemicals and preparation of media such as White's, MS and others. • Sterilization of media and equipments. • Protocol for media and inoculation techniques. • Organ culture - Leaf, Root, Embryo, Ovule, Anther and Pollen. • Callus culture . • Protocol for cell suspension and protoplast culture. • Synthetic seeds - protocol. • Micropropagation of Banana • Hardening techniques

Submission : project report

Reference  Steve Prentis, Biotechnology - An industrial revolution  Wisemann, Principles of Biotechnology, 1983  Bull, A.T. et. al., Biotechnology, 1983  Rehm, H.J. and CAS (eds). Biotechnology, Vol. 1-8, VerlagChimic Wens Hemm, Florida  Dharmalingam, K., Gene cloning and DNA sequencing, MacMillan & Co., New Delhi  Ferranhi, M.P. &Fierchter, A. (eds), Production and Feeding of single cell protein, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1983  Renert, J.H., & Bajaj, Y.P.S. Plant cell, Tissue & Organ culture, A laboratory manual, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1977  Trevan, M.D., Biotechnology the Biological Principal, 1987  Lynch, J.M. Biotechnology 1983

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV PAPER I: METHODS IN PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOPHYSICS. B0 0115 (60 HOURS) Unit I Literature survey, collection and indexing, outline of preparing a 2 hrs scientific paper.

Unit II Principles of Microscopy, metric units, properties of light in 13 hrs relation to microscopy: Wavelength, resolution, reflection, transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction; Relationship between revolving power and numerical aperture. Principles and uses of light microscopy, polarization microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, confocal, Nomarski (DIC) microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy (TEM, SEM, STM),atomic force microscope, calibration of microscope (micrometry),camera lucida, indicating magnification in illustrations. Photomicrography.

Unit III Microtomy and ultra microtomy techniques, fixatives, clearing 4 hrs agents, dehydrants, stains, staining schedules, freeze facturing, freeze etching; maceration technique; cryopreservation.

Unit IV Physiological methods: general principles, instrumentation, 16 hrs types and uses of chromatography (paper, thin layer, HPLC, gas chromatography), centrifugation (low speed, table top, high speed, ultra centrifuge), spectrophotometry, (visible, UV, X- Ray, IR, and NMR).Electrophoresis (agarose and PAGE); radioisotope techniques,autoradiography; a brief account of cell fractionation.

Unit V Introduction to biophysics and overview Intra and intermolecular 6 hrs interactions: atomic structure, chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, hydrogen and coordinate bonds and their applications in biological investigation. Forces of dispersion. Hydrophobic interactions: Van der Walls interactions and London forces of dispersion

Unit VI Properties of matter: Gaseous, liquid and solid state of the 5 hrs matter. Kinetic theory of gases: Boyle’s law, Charles law, Avogadro’s law Boltzmann’s distribution.

Unit VII Properties of colloids: Properties, dispersion system, 5 hrs classification of colloids (sol, gel, suspension and emulsion). Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. Applications of colloids.

Unit VIII Principles and applications of phosphorescence, fluorescence 4 hrs and bioluminescence. Unit IX Principles and applications (brief account) of biomechanics, 5 hrs radiation biophysics, nano-biotechnology and protein engineering.

Practicals BO 10P1  Research Methodology. Study of the following Instruments and applications  Dissection, stereo and light microscopes, camera lucida, photomicrography  Phase contrast Microscope  Transmission Electron Microscope, scanning electron microscope  Atomic force microscope, Scanning tunneling microscope  Microtomes ,ultramicrotome and tissue maceration  Experiments related to Chromatography and centrifugation techniques  Colorimetry, Determination of complementary colours, Visible – single and double beam,UV-VIS Spectrophotometers  IR, X-ray and NMR spectroscopy  Observation of working of GC and HPLC

REFERENCES • Banwell, C.N., and McCash E.M. 1994. Fundamentals of Molecular th spectroscopy, (4 edition), Tata McGraw - Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd • Narayanan, P. 2000. Essential of Biophysics. New Agri. International Publishers. • Berlyn, G.P. &Miksche, J.P. 1976 : Botanical Microtechnique and cytochemistry, • Iowa State Univ. Press. • De Robertis, E.O.P., & De Robertis, E.M.R. Jr. 1987. Cell and molecular th biology, 8 ed., B.I. Wasberly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • Dhopte, A, M. 2002. Principles and Techniques for plant scientists, Agrobios (India). • Grey, P. (ed.) 1973. Encyclopedia of microscopy and Microtechnique, van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. • Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical histochemistry, Freeman & Co., San- Fransisco. • Johansen, D.A. 1940. Botanical Microtechnique, McGraw Hill, New York. • Kaul, A.D., Singh, N., Sonkusare, A., Kumar, P. &Wadhwa, S.S. 1997. Design of an Atomic force microscope for topographic studies, Curr. Sci. 73 (9) : 738 - 743. • Purvis, M.J., Collins, D.C., & Wallis, D. 1966. Laboratory techniques in Botany (2nd ed.) Butterworths, London • Running, M.P., Clark, S.E. &Mayerowitzz, E.M. 1995. Confocal microscopy of shoot apex, in methods in cell biology, Vol. 49, pp. 355 - 366, Academic Press, New York. • Sadasivam, S &Manickam, A. 1966. Biochemical methods (2nd ed.), New Agent Int. Publishers, New Delhi. • Sanderson, J.B. 1994. Biological microtechniques, BIOS Sci. Pub., London. • Wilson, K., &Goulding, K.H. (eds.) 1986. A biologists guide to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry (3rded). Cambridge Univ. Press. • Schmidt R.F., Thews G. Human Physiology. Berlin Heidelberg, 1989 (in English) • Sternheim M.M., Kane J.W. General Physics. NY etc, Wiley & Sons, 1991 Vol. 1986.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE AUTONOMOUS M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV BO 0215 PLANT BREEDING AND PLANT PROPAGATION ( 60 hrs)

Unit I History and scope of plant breeding; Plant genetic resources; 06 hrs Sources of germplasm, Systematic evaluation and utilization, Germplasm conservation, Global and National organization for crop improvements, pattern of evolution in crop plants. Introduction of plants and acclimatization

Unit II Conventional breeding methods : 09 hrs Reproduction, genetic basis, sexual and asexual, apomixis, gene induction and significance in plant breeding. Domestication, plant introduction and acclimatization. Selection in self, cross pollinated and vegetative propagated plants. Hybridization: In self and cross pollinated plants. Vegetative propagated plants. Back cross: Technique and importance

Unit III Heterosis breeding: Inbreeding depression, Homozygous and 10 hrs heterozygous balance, genetic basis. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Plant breeding Resistance breeding : Disease, insects and drought, Types of resistance, genetics of host and parasite relationship, mechanism of drought resistance, breeding methods for disease, and drought resistance.

Unit IV Distant hybridization: Introduction, history, barriers (to the 06 hrs production). Techniques for production of distant hybrids; sterility, Quality seeds: Classes, production, maintenance. The Indian seed act. Unit V PLANT PROPAGATION: Basic concepts and principles of plant propagation. Propagating 12 hrs structures Green house Plastic greenhouses – (a) PVC film (b) polyester film (c) Fibre - glass, Hot –beds, Lath houses Miscellaneous propagating Structures – (a) Mist beds (b)Mist chamber (c) Nursery bed (d) Fluorescent light boxes (e) Propagating cases (f) Hardening tunnels Media for Propagation Qualities of an ideal rooting and growing media, selection criteria for media, media for propagation and growing nursery plants (a) soil (b) sand (c) peat (d) sphagnum moss (e) vermiculite (f) perlite/ soilrite (g) pumice (h) leaf mold (i) saw dust and wood shavings (j) coco peat

Propagating methods Seed propagation, Methods of cuttings, grafting, budding and layering in ornamentals and fruit crops. Natural vegetative methods- underground, subaerial and aeriel suckers, bulbs, Rhizomes, Stolons, Tubers, Corms, Runners, bulbils.

Unit VI Floriculture 08 hrs Indoor and outdoor cultivation methods and harvest of rose Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Carnation, Anthurium and orchids; post, harvest storage of flowers, packing, transportation and marketing

Unit VII Pomiculture 09 hrs Cultivation, harvest, post harvest storage, fruit processing, packing, transportation and marketing of grapes and apple Cultivation and propagation techniques of some important medicinal, and aromatic plants. Rauwolfia ,Costus, Pogostemon (pacholi) lemongrass

Practicals Plant breeding and propagation  Estimation of Pollen viability by using ( any 3 species) Tryphan Blue Method Muntzing method  Estimation of seed viability by (any 3 species) TTC method Ferric chloride method Mechanical method  Vegetative propagation methods Tip layering, Air layering, Mound layering, T. budding (Rose), Approach grafting(Mango), V-grafting (Mango), Bark grafting, Patch budding  Hybridization Technique References • Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian plants. I.B.H. New Delhi. • Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D.A. 1999. Breeding field crops. Panima Publ. Crop New Delhi. • Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. • Simmonds, N.W. (ed.) 1986. Evolution of crop plants. Longmann Sci. Tech. Pub. England. • Khoklov, S.S. Apomixes and Plant breeding. Amerind, New York. • Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi. • Frankel, R. and Bet Dagan. 1983. Heterosis. Springer verlag. Berlin. • Russel, E.G. 1978. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Butterworth, London. • Sneep, J. and Hendriksen, A.S.T. (ed.) 1979. Plant breeding preparations. Puduo. Wageningen, Netherlands. • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and practices. Prentice Hall, New Delhi. • Schwalz, M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydroponics, Israel University, Jerusalem. • Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and management. Indian Pub. New Delhi.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV PAPER III -BO O315 BIOTECHNOLOGY (60 hrs) Unit I Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology, 02hrs Biotechnology scenario in India. Unit II Recombinant DNA technology : 22hrs a. Cloning and expression of Vectors - cloning vectors for recombinant DNA (plasmids, phages, cosmids, viruses, transposons, YAC,BAC, MAC),Binary ad Shuttle vectors. b. Chimaeric DNA, molecular probes and gene libraries - Restriction enzymes, techniques of restriction mapping, construction of chimaeric DNA, cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, Southern, Northern and Western blotting techniques, construction and screening of genomic and c-DNA libraries, PCR technology and its application. Unit III Plant Biotechnology : 16hrs a. Pollen biotechnology, production of haploids and their importance b. Production and importance of somatic hybrids and cybrids, selection system for hybrid protoplasts. c. Importance of micropropagation in forestry and horticulture. d. Single cell culture and secondary metabolite production, industrial applications secondary products and their regulation, biotransformations, elicitors, hairy root cultures. e. Germplasm storage and cryopreservation. f. Genetic transformation employing tissue culture technology and its application Unit IV Microbial biotechnology 16hrs a. Enzyme biotechnology : Isolation and purification of enzymes, immobilization of enzymes, uses of enzymes. b. Uses of microbes in Industry and Agriculture: Production of organic compounds by fermentation: ethanol, acetone/ butanol. Production of antibiotic : Penicillin and Streptomycin Production of SCP : Spirulina and Chlorella Biofertilizers and biocontrol agents : Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Trichoderma Production of bioinsecticides : Bacillus thuringiensis and NPV Unit V Biotechnology - biosafety, social, moral and ethical consideration 04hrs

Practicals  Isolation of DNA and restriction digestion  PCR  Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments  Isolation of proteins and SDS-PAGE  II Plant Biotechnology (Basic techniques of plant tissue culture)  Laboratory organization,  Media preparation for tissue culture;  Selection and sterilization of explants,  Inoculation (Demonstration only ).  Isolation of amylase producing soil microbes  Study of fermentation process by wine production  Study of SCP(Spirulina,Chlorella),Penicillium(penicillin), Streptomyces(streptomycin),and biocontrol agents(Bacillus thuringensis,Trichoderma). References • Abelson, P.H. 1983. Biotechnology - An overview, Science, 219. 611-613. Anderson, W.F. 1984. Prospectus of human gene therapy. Science, 226. 401 – 409 • Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes published time to time. Springer - Verlag. Berlin • Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture : Applications and limitations. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam • Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture : Theory and Practice Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam. • Brown, T.A. 1994. Gene cloning, Chapman and Hall Pub. • Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical approach. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford • Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.) Handbook of Plant cell culture series Vol. 1-6. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York. • Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, fundamental methods. Springer International student edition • George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture Part 1 & 2, Exegetics Ltd. • Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ culture. • Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. (5th Ed.) 1994. Principles of gene manipulations Blackwell Science • Razdan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to plant tissue cultureOxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. • Reinert, J.R., and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer - Verlag, Berlin • Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement. Plenum Press, New York. • Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture, Academic Press, Berkeley, University of California. • Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester – IV BO 0415 (Paper – IV) Elective Paper-II Microbiology (Theory) (60 hrs)

UNIT I AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY 10hrs Molecular mechanisms in nitrogen fixation. Diagnosis of plant diseases using antibodies. Biodegradation of cellulose, pectin and lignin. Role of humus in agriculture.

UNIT II INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 12hrs Introduction to fermentation technology : Bioreactors, media and inoculum preparation, temperature and pH regulation and product recovery techniques. Alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, production of vaccines, drug designing, microbial resistance to antibiotics. Production of steroids and riboflavin. Production of enzymes: amylases, proteases and lipases. Biodegradation of pesticides, industrial wastes and oil spills. Bio leaching and its applications

UNIT III MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 15hrs Introduction to host-pathogen relationship. Etiology, epidemiology and control of the following pathogens : (i)Streptococcus (ii)Clostridium (iii)Corynebacterium (iv)Mycobacterium (v)Neisseria (vi)Enterobacteriaceae members (vii)Vibrio (viii)Hepatitis virus (ix)Adeno virus (x)Polio virus (xi) Chicken pox virus (xii) Dengue virus (xiii) Oncogenic viruses

UNIT IV IMMUNOLOGY 15hrs Introduction and overview of immunology Innate immunity Phagocytosis Complement Cellular defenses Inflammation and fever- inflammatory cascades Physiological and chemical barriers Immunogenicity and antigenicity Requirements for immunogenicity - foreignness, haptens, antigenicity, epitopes, recognition sites by B and T cells, cross reactivity. Acquired immunity : Lymphatic organs T cells and B cells Antigen presentation Antigen-antibody interactions and immunoassays Monoclonal antibodies MHC complex Hypersensitive reactions Cytokines Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders

UNIT V FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 8hrs Microbiology of milk and milk products. Pasteurization and sterilization. Microbial spoilage and preservation of food and food grains Bacterial food poisoning; mycotoxins

PRACTICALS 2 BO 10P • Microbial staining techniques - Gram staining, endospore staining, capsule staining, fungal staining • Culture methods: Solid and semisolid agar culture methods, Pour plate and streak plate methods. • Isolation of microbes from water and soil. Bacteriological examination of water including MPN technique. • Biochemical characterization of microbes. (9 to10 tests). • Antibiotic sensitivity test. • Study of bacterial and fungal growth. • Isolation of microbes from milk and milk products. • Isolation of microbes from clinical samples - urine, stool, sputum. • O Agarose gel electrophoresis, Dot ELISA and u counter current electrophoresis. c • Bacterial conjugation and transformation. t • Genomic DNA, Plasmid DNA, RE digestion and e ligation. r • SDS-PAGE for study of proteins. l • Bioassay of aflatoxins. o Guided project for students in groups of 3 or 4 n each, which will be assessed. 50 Marks (Project y report = 40 Marks, Viva voce = 10 Marks) (No final practical examination will be conducted)

o REFERENCESu • Alexander,M.1977 Introduction to soil microbiology, b John l Viley and Sons Ind, .2. Atlas, R.M. 1998. e Microbiology Fundamentals and applications (2nd Ed) Millan d Publishing Co., NY. i • Dimmock, N.J. and Primrose, S.B. 1994. f Introduction to modern virology, Blackwell f Science Ltd., Oxford. u • Gerhardt, P., Murray, R.G., Wood, W.A., and s Kreig, N.R. 1994. Methods for general and i molecular bacteriology - American society for o microbiology. Washington D.C. n • Holt, J.S., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey's manual of th a systematic bacteriology (9 ed.) William and n Winking Baltimore. d • Jan Dirk, E., Jack, T.T., and Elizebeth, M.H. 1997. Modern soil microbiology, Marcell Dekker Inc., i NY. rd m • Mathews, R.E.F. 1991. Plant Virology, (3 Ed.), m Academic Press Inc. u • Powell, C.L., and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1984.

n Vamycorrhiza, CRD Press, Florida. • Prescott, S.C., and Dunn, C. 1984. Industrial o microbiology, McGraw Hill, NY. e • Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. 1966. l Microbiology, Wm C. Brown Publishers. e • Schlegal, H.G. 1993. General microbiology, (7th c Ed.) Cambridge University Press. t • SubbaRao, N.S. 1997. Soil microorganisms and r plant growth. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., o New Delhi. p • Sullia, S.B., and Shantharam, S. 1998. General

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV

BO 0515 (PAPER IV) ELECTIVE PAPER II: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS

(60hrs)

Unit I Introduction and scope of systematics. A critical study of 05 hrs angiosperm classifications of Bessey, Dahlgren and Thorne.

Angiosperm phylogeny groups (a brief idea)

Unit II Angiosperm origin: first traces, early and upper cretaceous; nature 12 hrs of probable ancestors. Theories on origin and distribution of

Angiosperms (Isoetes-monocotyledon; Coniferales-Amentiferae; Gnetales Angiosperm; Anthostrobilus; Caytonian; Pteridosperm; Pentoxylales; Darian; Stachyspory-phyllospermae theories)

Unit III Evolution of Angiosperms: Role of ecology and genetics; insects 05 hrs

and evolution, cradle of Angiosperms, hypothetical construction of first formed Angiosperms.

Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and Unit IV Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and 06 Hrs

preservation of herbarium specimens; role of herbaria; important herbaria of India and the world. Role of botanical gardens. Keys: Types and construction of Keys ( Single Access, Multi Access and

Computer-aided).

Unit V Databases in Systematics: Plant identification packages; storage and 08hrs retrieval of herbarium specimen information; electronic herbarium; open ended floras, computer based mapping of plant distribution and

vegetation change; cluster analysis, construction of phenograms and cladograms; websites related to plant systematic.

Unit VI Modern Systematics (a brief idea); Utility and limitations of the 08hrs following: ultrastructural characters; methods of protein analysis and

protein data; immunological data. Methods of obtaining and utilizing data from nucleic acids in phylogenetic evaluation.

Unit VII Species concept: Nominalistic, typological, biological, ecological 08 hrs and evolutionary concepts Clausen et al, Turresson's experiments, patterns of ecotypic variation, ecotypes and ecads and their taxonomy.

Unit VIII Evolution and Differentiation of Species: Abrupt and gradual 08 hrs speciation, races, species and isolating mechanisms: geographical and ecological, seasonal and temporal, mechanical and ethological isolation; hybridization and speciation; stabilization of hybrids.

PRACTICALS BO 10P3

LABORATORY WORK

• Identification of plants with the help of Flora. • Construction of artificial dichotomous keys to the Plants. • Solution of selected nomenclatural problems with the help of ICBN. • Application of biosystematic methods in taxonomy. • Preparation of biographical sketches of selected taxonomists.

SCIENTIFIC VISITS The students should be taken to any one of the following : • A protected area viz., National Park / Sanctuary / Biosphere reserve; Botanical gardens / research institutes / museum. • Observation of different types of vegetation.

REFERENCES • Anonymous (1997) National Gene Bank : Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. • Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. (1984) Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph No.7. • BECK CB (ed.)(1976) Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms,Columbia university press, New York • BHATTACHARYA B & BM (eds) (1998) Flowering Plants: Taxonomy and Phylogeny Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi • CARLQUIST S (1961) Comparative plant anatomy- A guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of anatomical data in angiosperms. • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (1948- 1976) The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw Materials I-IX Revised Vol I-III (1985-1992) Supplement (2000).

• Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research (1986) The Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate, CSRI, New Delhi. • CRONQUIST A (1981) An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University Press New York USA. • CRONQUIST A (1988) The evolution and classification of nd flowering plants 2 ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York • DAVIS PH & HEYWOOD V H (1973) Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy Robert Kreigen Publ. Co, New York • DUTTA S C (1988) Systematic Botany, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi • ENDRESS P K (1994) Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • ERDTMAN G (1952)m Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass • HEYWOOD V H & MOORE D M (Eds) (1984) Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London • HUBER H (1977) The Treatment Of Monocotyledons in Evolutionary System of Classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl: 285- 298 • HUTCHINSON J (1969) The Evolution and Phylogeny of Flowering Plants Academic Press, London • HUTCHINSON J (1973) The Families of Flowering Plants arranged according to a new system based on their phylogeny, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press Oxford • JAIN S K (1989) Botanical Regions and flora of India Everyman’s Science 24: 213-223 • LAM H J (1959) Taxonomy; general principles and angiosperms. In WB Turill ed Vistas in botany Vol II pp. 3-75, Pergamon Press, London • LAWRENCE GHM (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. MacMillan, New York • NAIR PKK (1970) Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms: a historical and phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York • PHILLIPSON WR (1975) Evolutionary lines within Dicotyledons. New Zealand J.Bot. 13:73-91 • PORTER CL (1967) Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. WH Freeman San Francisco • RADFORD AE, DICKENSON WC, MASSEY JR and BELL CR (1974) Vascular plant systemics, Harper & Row, New York

• SAHNI KC (2000) The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press Mumbai.

• SMITH PM (1976) The Chemotaxonomy of Plants. Edward Arnold London • SNEATH PHA & SOKAL PR (1973) Numerical taxonomy, The principles and practice of numerical classifications WH Freeman San Francisco.

• STACE CA (1980) Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. London: Edward Arnold. • SWAIN T (Ed) (1966) Comparative photochemistry, Academic Press New York • VALENTINE DH (ed) (1972) Taxonomy, Phytogeography Academic Press, London. • YOUNG DA and SEIGLER DS (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm Phytochemistry, Praeger Scientific New York.

ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.SC. BOTANY SEMESTER III – Interdepartmental Elective BO OE 9515 : HORTICULTURE 30 HR

Unit I Introduction to Horticulture 1 hr Branches, applications and significance.

Unit II Propagation structures 3 hrs Types of propagation structures – green houses, polyhouses and their uses in plant propagation.

Unit III Plant propagation 6 hrs Media for plant propagation. Techniques of plant propagation: cutting, layering, grafting and budding

Unit IV Management of plant nurseries 6 hrs General layout and components of a nursery, types of nurseries. Practices followed in a nursery - potting, seeding, manuring. Irrigation and its types – drip irrigation and micro sprinklers.

Unit V Entrepreneurship 8 hrs A general account of cultivation, post-harvest care, processing, packaging and marketing in floriculture, pomiculture and olericulture,

Unit VI A brief account of organic farming, terrace gardening, vertical 6 hrs gardening, landscaping, ikebana and bonsai techniques.

REFERENCES • Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian plants. I.B.H. New Delhi. • Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. . • Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi. • Kumaresan V, 2001. Horticulture and Plant Breeding, Saras publication. • Sharma R R, Manish Srivastava 2000, Plant propagation and nursery

management • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and practices. Prentice Hall, New Delhi. • Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and management. Indian Pub. New Delhi.

Please note:The Title of the paper has been changed from Plant

propagation and gardening to Horticulture