Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS

MARKET INSIDER

December 2016

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Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/

Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant [email protected]

Cover Picture: Freshly harvested shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) root tubers. Applied Environmental Research Foundation (AERF). Maharashtra. 2016.

Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ...... 3 Some Useful Terminology ...... 3 1. Industry News and Trends ...... 5 1.1. Contamination of medicinal plants - a main theme at Bernburg Winter Seminar ...... 5 1.2. Distribution deal for Finnish producer of certified organic wild extracts...... 5 1.3. India pitches conservation of medicinal plants to mitigate climate change at COP22 ...... 6 1.4. All of Finland’s wild bilberries to become certified organic? ...... 7 1.5. Medicinal Plants Programme Officer job opening in Budapest ...... 8 1.6. Survey estimates 32% of European households collected wild forest products in 2015 ...... 9 1.7. New labelling scheme for sustainable high altitude medicinal and aromatic plant products .. 9 1.6. Medicinal and aromatic plants featured in FAO Forestry survey ...... 10 1.7. Traceability of CITES-listed Asian medicinal plants ...... 10 2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 12 2.1. International workshop on sustainable use and trade of African pygeum bark planned ...... 12 2.2. BTC offers financial support to African producers of sustainable and fairly traded MAPs ... 12 2.3. Online database launched for Ghanaian indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants ...... 13 3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 14 3.1. Uttar Pradesh Forest Department to survey wild medicinal plants ...... 14 3.2. Northern schisandra market prices 5 times higher than southern schisandra...... 15 3.3. Star anise of different origins evaluated as starting material for production of Tamiflu ...... 15 3.4. 3,780 Vietnamese medicinal plant species ...... 16 3.5. Nepal DoF to study 10 economically important medicinal plants for conservation ...... 17 3.6. Field workshop on medicinal plants of Western Ghats ...... 18 3.7. Medicinal plants centre of excellence to be established in Rajasthan ...... 18 3.8. TCM market to reach 5 trillion yuan by 2030 ...... 18 3.9. Herbal drug manufacturing hub for small- to medium- sized companies inaugurated in Jammu ...... 19 4. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 21 4.1. Anklam Extrakt announces distribution deal for Chilean maqui berry extracts ...... 21 5. Currency Rates of Exchange ...... 21 6. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ...... 22 7. Selected Events ...... 28 8. Herb Profile: Shatavari Root ...... 33 9. Company Profile: IOFPCL...... 35 10. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ...... 36

About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients

The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles.

New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market- insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology

AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item. Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel FOR & FOT: Free on Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as: extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non-Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia PPRC: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

1. Industry News and Trends

1.1. Contamination of medicinal plants - a main theme at Bernburg Winter Seminar by Market Insider Friday, 16 Dec. 2016

Contamination of medicinal plants in the market is one of the main themes on the program of the 27th Bernburg Winter Seminar for medicinal and aromatic plants taking place 21-22 February 2017 in Bernburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. Barbara Steinhoff, Head of the Department of Herbal Medicines at the German Medicines Manufacturers‘ Association (BAH) (Bonn, Germany), will present on the current situation and requirements for testing of pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination of medicinal plants. According to a BAH report, there are ten herbal ingredients in the European market most affected by contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloids, St. John’s wort herb, passionflower herb, German chamomile flower, lady’s mantle herb, liquorice root, lemon balm leaf, peppermint leaf, sage leaf, dandelion herb and root, and thyme herb.

Dr. Bernard Klier, the responsible person for quality control and contaminants at PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany) will speak about detection limits for pesticide residue contamination found in certified organic herb crops. Detection of pesticide residues of unknown origin (nonpoint source contamination) is an increasing problem worldwide including detection of pesticides on wild-collected medicinal plants and on certified organic crops where pesticides have not been used.

On day 2, Dr. Maik Kleinwächter of Repha GmbH (Langenhagen, Germany) will discuss the problem of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from weeds persisting in the soil and the update of this contaminant into the target medicinal plant species being cultivated.

Sources: 1. Programm 27. Bernburger Winterseminar für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen: http://saluplanta.de/wisemi.htm 2. European Medicines Agency. Public statement on contamination of herbal medicinal products/traditional herbal medicinal products1 with pyrrolizidine alkaloids Transitional recommendations for risk management and quality control. London, UK, European Medicines Agency. 31 May 2016: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Public_statement/2016/06/WC5002081 95.pdf 3. USP expert committee proposes more rational approach to regulating pesticide residue limits on medicinal plants. Market Insider. 15 March 2016: http://www.intracen.org/blog/USP-expert- committee-proposes-more-rational-approach-to-regulating-pesticide-residue-limits-on-medicinal- plants/ 4. USP Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee (Brinckmann JA, Dentali S, Fletcher E, Gafner S, Marles RJ) and USP Staff (Okunji C, Sarma N, Giancaspro GI), ‘Stimuli to the Revision Process: Need for Clear Regulation of Pesticide Residue Limits for Articles of Botanical Origin’, Pharmacopeial Forum; 2016;42(2), 17 pages.

1.2. Distribution deal for Finnish producer of certified organic wild extracts by Market Insider Friday, 25 Nov. 2016

Eevia Oy (Seinäjoki. Republic of Finland), a supplier of certified organic wild collected medicinal plants of arctic Finland and standardized extracts made from them, has

announced an exclusive distribution deal with Gee Lawson (London, England), for distribution of their branded ingredients in regions of Europe including the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, French Republic, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Ireland, Kingdom of Belgium, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Spain, and Republic of Italy. Gee Lawson was acquired in 2015 by Lehvoss UK, the UK subsidiary of German chemicals company Lehmann & Voss & Co. (Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany).

The botanical raw materials used by Eevia Oy to manufacture their standardized extracts are wild-collected under certified organic control in Lapland, Finland’s largest and northernmost region, which is also the world’s largest contiguous area for wild collection of medicinal and edible berries and mushrooms. The certified organic branded ingredients to be offered include:

. FENO-CHAGA®: aqueous dry extract of wild Arctic chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) . FENO-MYRTILLUS®: aqueous-ethanolic dry extract of wild Arctic wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) . FENOPROLIC®: aqueous-ethanolic dry extract of wild Arctic pine bark (Pinus sylvestris) . FENO-VITIS®: aqueous-ethanolic dry extract of wild Nordic lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).

Sources: 1. Finnish herbal extracts supplier signs Gee Lawson for expansion plans. Gee Lawson News. 2. Press Release: Eevia & Gee Lawson Announce Exclusive Distribution Partnership: http://www.eevia.fi/news.html

1.3. India pitches conservation of medicinal plants to mitigate climate change at COP22 by Market Insider Friday, 11 Nov. 2016

On Wednesday 09 November, at the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) taking place in Marrakech, Kingdom of Morocco, delegates from the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) made a presentation on the need for medicinal plant conservation as one strategy to mitigate negative climate change effects.

Dr. G.S. Goraya, senior scientist at ICFRE, reported on research results showing that about 350 Indian medicinal plants are threatened and red-listed. Of those, 100 species are already at risk of extinction. Herbal medicine companies are making substitutions in formulations due to lack of supply.

"The herbal plants are needed in high quantities but they are not available in the wild. It is mainly due to excessive and destructive harvesting and increasing biotic pressure in the harvested area", Goraya said.

He also stated that the factors triggering climate change are weakening resilience of wild plant rootstocks. Goraya suggested that the government should identify and demarcate medicinal plant conservation areas throughout India and that survival of local health traditions can have a positive climate effect.

“Impact of climate change is evident across India, where such plants have started flowering early. The situation is aggravated by unprecedented spread of invasive alien species, vanishing water springs and drying of alpine lakes, receding glaciers and effect on glacier melt,” said Goraya.

Sources: 1. Dixit K. Conserve medicinal plants to mitigate climate change, says India at COP22. India Times. 09 November 2016: http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/conserve-medicinal- plants-to-mitigate-climate-change-says-india-at-cop22-116110901658_1.html 2. India Draws International Attention To Conservation Of Himalayan Region At COP22. India Times. 10 November 2016: http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-draws-international- attention-to-conservation-of-himalayan-region-at-cop22-265237.html 3. India pitches for cultivation of medicinal plants to mitigate climate change. Asian News International. 10 November 2016: https://www.inshorts.com/news/medicinal-plants-to-fight- climate-change-india-at-cop22-1478783812932

1.4. All of Finland’s wild bilberries to become certified organic? by Market Insider Wednesday, 02 Nov. 2016

Vaccinium myrtillus is a medicinal plant of European biodiversity, known as bilberry or European blueberry. The ripe fruits of bilberry are wild-collected by local people for household income in several European countries including Republic of Finland. Standardized bilberry extracts rank among the highest-value medicinal herbal ingredients processed by most of the major European extraction houses for the global market.

There is a new trend in sustainable resource management with entire eco-regions, states or nations becoming certified organic for all agricultural and wild-collection activities within their borders. Last year the State of Sikkim, Republic of India, announced becoming the first certified organic State and the Kingdom of Bhutan announced its goal to become a 100% certified organic country. Now Finland is talking this way. Already, Lapland, Finland’s largest and northernmost region is the world’s largest contiguous area for wild collection of berries, including medicinal and edible berries such as bilberry. In 2015, about 7.2 million kg of Finnish wild bilberries were sold.

According to a recent article posted by the Finnish Forest Association, more than 12 million forest hectares of the 23 million total hectares in Finland are certified organic, of which 9 million hectares are in Lapland. The article goes on to suggest that as much as 97 to 99% of Finland’s forests could become certified organic without modifying the current forest management practices. They are promoting this idea in a new project, in part, due to the ever-increasing demand for certified organic forest products.

All of Finland’s forests becoming certified organic would, of course, not only impact bilberry because many other medicinal plants are wild-collected in the same forest regions, such as, for example, birch leaf and tree sap (Betula spp.), dandelion leaf and root (Taraxacum officinale), juniper berries (Juniperus communis), lady’s mantle herb (Alchemilla spp.), meadowsweet herb (Filipendula ulmaria), stinging nettle leaf (Urtica dioica), uva ursi leaf (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and yarrow flower (Achillea millefolium), among others.

In the EU, extract of fresh bilberry fruit is regulated as an active ingredient of traditional herbal medicinal products (THMPs) requiring registration and pre-marketing authorization. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approves the following therapeutic indications (a) ‘THMP to relieve symptoms of discomfort and heaviness of legs related to minor venous circulatory disturbances’; and (b) ‘THMP to relieve symptoms of cutaneous capillary fragility’.

Sources: 1. FAO. It’s all organic: Finns could certify almost all picking areas of wild berries. NWFP Update. November 2016, Issue #9: http://forestry.fao.msgfocus.com/q/1230PzUrwsCWCR6ou4hV/wv 2. Kauppi A. It’s all organic: Finns could certify almost all picking areas of wild berries. Finish Forest Association. 19 August 2016. 3. Arctic Flavours Association. Wild Herbs. http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/en/info/herbs/ 4. European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM). Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Europe. 5. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) European Medicines Agency (EMA). European Union herbal monograph on Vaccinium myrtillus L., fructus recens. London, UK: EMA. 29 September 2015: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_- _Herbal_monograph/2015/12/WC500198374.pdf 6. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Fresh Bilberry Fruit Dry Extract, Refined and Standardised. In: European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur 8.6). Strasbourg, France: EDQM. 2015.

1.5. Medicinal Plants Programme Officer job opening in Budapest by Market Insider Monday, 31 Oct. 2016

Applications will be accepted until 20 November 2016 to fill the full-time post of Medicinal Plants Programme Officer for TRAFFIC Europe in Budapest, Hungary. TRAFFIC is a strategic alliance of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is an international network, organised into six regional programmes.

The programme officer will be responsible for the implementation of TRAFFIC projects relating to the use of and trade in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in the European region, “and assist in the development of TRAFFIC programme in Europe, working in close collaboration with the TRAFFIC network and TRAFFIC’s partners WWF and IUCN”.

One of the specific duties, among others, will be to oversee implementation of the transnational activities of the Interreg Danube Transnational Programme project ‘LENA - Local Economy, demographic change and Nature conservation in the Danube Region’ implemented in Danube countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia) in co-operation with project partners.

Another specific duty will be to liaise with the Secretariat of the FairWild Foundation (FWF) to assist in the promotion of the FairWild Standard (FWS) in Europe and support its implementation by MAP stakeholders. According to the FWF: “The purpose of the FairWild Standard is to ensure the continued use and long-term survival of wild species and populations in their habitats, while respecting traditions and cultures, and supporting the livelihoods of all stakeholders, in particular collectors and workers”.

To learn more about the vacancy, visit: https://hrms.iucn.org/vacancy/1395

Sources: 1. IUCN Human Resources Management System. Vacancy: Programme Officer - Medicinal Plants: https://hrms.iucn.org/vacancy/1395 2. FWF. FairWild Standard Background: http://www.fairwild.org/standard

1.6. Survey estimates 32% of European households collected wild forest products in 2015 by Market Insider Monday, 24 Oct. 2016

The results of a survey undertaken to assess the wild-collection and consumption of wild forest products (WFPs) in Europe are being presented today Friday 14 October 2016 at the “International Conference on Wild Forest Products in Europe”, Barcelona, Kingdom of Spain.

The survey, which resulted in 19,665 respondents, was conducted in all member states of the European Union, as well as in Republic of Serbia, Republic of Turkey and European part of the Russian Federation.

Results show that 32% of all households collected WFPs during 2015. Most frequently collected WFPs were:

wild berries, e.g. Vaccinium spp. and Rubus spp. (77% of respondents); wild mushrooms (71%); and wild medicinal and aromatic herbs (53%).

The most frequently collected WFPs by householders in Europe include pine cones (Picea spp.), penny bun bolete mushrooms (Boletus edulis), summer truffles (Tuber aestivum), wild blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), wild garlic (Allium ursinum) and birch tree sap (Betula spp.).

The book of abstracts of oral presentations and of poster presentations can be downloaded at: http://star-tree.eu/events/final-conference.

Source: 1. Lovric M, Da Re R, Vidale E, Prokofieva I, Wong J, Pettenella DM, Mavsar R. Collection and consumption of wild forest products in Europe. In: Book of abstracts: Wild Forest Products in Europe. 13–14 October 2016. Barcelona, Spain.

1.7. New labelling scheme for sustainable high altitude medicinal and aromatic plant products by Market Insider Thursday, 13 Oct. 2016

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Mountain Partnership and Slow Food International have announced a new voluntary product label for mountain goods aiming to “improve market access for small highland producers from developing countries and highlight mountain products as distinct and sustainable.”

High altitude medicinal and aromatic plant products such as herbs, spices and teas as well as coffee and honey fall within the scope of the labelling scheme and trading system. The Mountain Partnership Secretariat (MPS) launched the Mountain Partnership Products Initiative at Terra Madre Salone del Gusto in Turin, Italy on 24 September.

The “Mountain Partnership Product” label may be used on labels of cosmetics, foods and beverages, and herbal medicinal products that comply with the following key values and requirements:

Altitude: Products mainly produced and transformed in mountain areas;

Small-scale: Products from small-scale production; including family farming and/or small mountain producers/cooperatives/organizations; Environmental sustainability: Production processes respectful of the environment, either traditional or innovative; Equity: Fair returns for the producer, equitable distribution of profits along the value chain.

Sources: 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). New label for mountain products puts premium on biological and cultural diversity. 30 September 2016. Rome: FAO. 2. Mountain Partnership Initiative. MP Products launched at Terra Madre. 22 September 2016. Rome: FAO. 3. Mountain Partnership Initiative. Towards the creation of a global mountain label. 4. Mountain Partnership Products In collaboration with Slow Food International. Terms and Conditions for the use of the Mountain Partnership Product label:

1.6. Medicinal and aromatic plants featured in FAO Forestry survey by Market Insider Wednesday, 28 Sep. 2016

FAO Forestry (the Forestry Department of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) works to help nations manage their forests in a sustainable way.

FAO Forestry is soliciting help in its work with non-wood forest products (NWFPs) by posting a brief survey on their website home page http://www.fao.org/forestry/en/ and through social media including Twitter: https://twitter.com/FAOForestry

The survey includes 12 questions, some of which are specifically relevant to the production and trade of wild-collected medicinal, aromatic or culinary plants, for example:

What initiative or topic related to NWFPs do you think should be a priority for FAO? (E.g. specific product or products such as medicinal plants, nuts and berries, or issues such as legislation, statistics, terminology, etc.).

What product(s) would you like to see more information on? (e.g. honey, bamboo, rattan, insects, berries).

Source: FAO Forestry @FAOForestry: Help #UNFAO in its work with non-wood forest products by taking this 3-minute survey: http://svy.mk/29RExF9

1.7. Traceability of CITES-listed Asian medicinal plants by Market Insider Tuesday, 27 Sep. 2016

A workshop on traceability systems for CITES-listed plant species (ornamental and medicinal plants) organized by UNCTAD BioTrade took place at CITES CoP17 in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa on 22 September 2016.

Presentations specifically relevant to the trade of medicinal plants included the following:

• Introduction to BioTrade and UNCTAD´s work on traceability systems for CITES listed non- timber forest plant species. Ornamental and medicinal plants;

• The applicability of traceability systems for CITES medicinal plants with a focus on the Greater Mekong subregion: A Preliminary Assessment.

The second listed presentation with reference to the Greater Mekong subregion focuses on prioritized medicinal plants including two that are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine:

• 石斛 – shi hu - Herba Dendrobii (Dendrobium nobile)

• 天麻 - tian ma – Rhizoma Gastrodiae (Gastrodia elata)

The workshop presentations are available to download online at: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/MeetingDetails.aspx?meetingid=1182

Source: UNCTAD: “Workshop on traceability systems for CITES Appendices II and III listed non-timber forest plant species (ornamental and medicinal plants)”, 22 September 2016: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/MeetingDetails.aspx?meetingid=1182

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts

2.1. International workshop on sustainable use and trade of African pygeum bark planned by Market Insider Monday, 03 Oct. 2016

The commercial supply of pygeum bark, also known as African cherry, for medicinal use, obtained mainly from wild Prunus africana trees, is a product of African biodiversity. Pygeum trees occur in Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, among other African countries.

A draft monograph of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) proposes the following indications for use for specified extracts of pygeum bark:

“Traditional herbal medicinal product for the relief of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia after serious conditions have been excluded by a medical doctor”.

At the seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP17) being held in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa (24 September - 5 October 2016), the acting chair of the CITES Plants Committee from Canada presented the document “Harvesting of and Trade in Prunus africana”, which directs the Secretariat to organize, within one year after the COP17, an international workshop on the sustainable use and control of international trade of Prunus Africana, with the participation of exporting and importing countries, forestry experts and other stakeholders. The workshop will aim to produce recommended methodologies for resource assessments, sustainable harvesting techniques, monitoring and traceability systems, as well as perspectives on other ways to produce sustainable pygeum bark, such as through plantations or agroforestry systems.

The Committee adopted the document and an international workshop will be planned to occur prior to 2019. A member from Switzerland emphasized that the workshop will help “Review of Significant Trade” (RST) compliance.

Sources: 1. Rosen T, Fredvik BA, Goldberg T, Harris K. African cherry (Prunus africana). Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Wednesday, 28 September 2016; Vol. 21 No. 92, Page 1: http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb2192e.pdf 2. CITES Plants Committee. Harvesting of and trade in Prunus africana. Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Johannesburg (South Africa), 24 September - 5 October 2016: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/17/WorkingDocs/E-CoP17-67.pdf 3. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). [Draft] European Union herbal monograph on Prunus Africana (Hook f.) Kalkm., cortex. London, UK: European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 November 2016: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_- _Herbal_monograph/2015/12/WC500198936.pdf

2.2. BTC offers financial support to African producers of sustainable and fairly traded MAPs by Market Insider Friday, 30 Sep. 2016

The Trade for Development Centre (TDC), a program of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC), is offering financial support to eligible producer groups engaged in fair and sustainable trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in selected (mainly African but also some Asian and South American) countries. TDC has launched this new call for applications with a deadline of 31 October 2016.

“Through its financial support, TDC wants to enhance the access to markets of producer organisations engaged in Fair or Sustainable Trade through strengthening of the organisational capacities, strategic marketing & communication, as well as the technical and production skills of the producers and their organisations.”

The grant applications must fall between a minimum amount from BTC contribution of 60,000 EUR and maximum 100,000 EUR. The grantee will co-fund 10% of the total project budget. Producer organizations in the following countries fall within the geographical scope for eligibility:

Africa: Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kingdom of Morocco, People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Republic of Benin, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Mali, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of the Niger, Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Senegal, Republic of South Africa, Republic of Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania;

Asia: Palestinian Territories, Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

South America: Plurinational State of Bolivia, Republic of Ecuador, Republic of Peru.

Application rules and forms are available online to download in Dutch, English French, and Spanish languages at: http://befair.be/en/content/tdc-launches-call-applications-fair-andor- sustainable-various-products-sectors

Source: 1. BTC Trade for Development. Belgium. Call for Proposals under the intervention: Trade for Development Centre. Financial support for organizations involved in fair and/or sustainable products. BEL1405411: Guidelines for Applicants. Available at: http://befair.be/sites/default/files/Call%20for%20Proposal_BEL1405411-AP- 009_Guidelines%20EN_v2.pdf

2.3. Online database launched for Ghanaian indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants by Market Insider Thursday, 29 Sep. 2016

Announced yesterday, an online database of Ghanaian indigenous knowledge (IK) on forest foods and medicinal plants has been launched.

The online database is the culmination of a project started in 2015, funded by the Elsevier Foundation (Amsterdam, Netherlands), developed and carried out by Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), an institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the past, CSIR had been directly involved in the development of the Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia, first published in 1992, significantly revised and republished in 2007.

Elsevier Foundation awards grants to non-profit organizations for projects focusing on the world’s libraries. Project objectives included, among others to Identify, capture, document

and digitise Ghanaian indigenous knowledge (IK) on forest foods and medicinal plants; create a database; and “share knowledge of useful IK practices and their usage and thereby preserve the information to promote their wider application.”

The database is not only intended to prevent the appropriation of Ghanaian IK by individuals for private gain but also to serve as an authoritative source of data for researchers to assess the contributions of IK to scientific research.

The Ghanaian IK database, available online at http://www.csir-forig.org.gh/tikfom/database, enables searching by scientific Latin name (of the medicinal plant), by local common names, and sorting by category, whether forest food, medicinal plant, or both. Search results provide a page with a photograph of the medicinal plant, nomenclature (Latin binomial, family name, local names), plant category, plant parts and their uses according to the literature, traditional uses in Ghana, and a listing of diseases treated.

Ghana’s most economically important medicinal and aromatic plants for domestic consumption and for the global export market are included in the database.

Sources: 1. Busia K (ed.). Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Accra: Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI). 2007 2. Elsevier Foundation: http://www.elsevierfoundation.org/ 3. Forestry Research Institute of Ghana. Digitisation of Indigenous Knowledge in the Forestry Sector in Ghana. http://www.csir-forig.org.gh/projects/donor-funded 4. CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana. Indigenous Knowledge on Forest Foods & Medicinal Plants in Ghana: http://www.csir-forig.org.gh/tikfom/ 5. CSIR. Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Accra: Policy Research and Strategy Planning Institute (PORSPI). 1992. 6. Kwabia Owusu-Mensah GNA. Ghana establishes online database on forest foods and medicinal plants. Ghana News Agency. 27 September 2016.

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts

3.1. Uttar Pradesh Forest Department to survey wild medicinal plants by Market Insider Wednesday, 14 Dec. 2016

Uttar Pradesh, a northern state of Republic of India, shares a border with the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. According to a news article published by the Times News Network (TNN), the Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) State Biodiversity Board, under the U.P. Forest and Wildlife Department, has begun to carry out a survey of medicinal plants available in each district of the state. Based on the results of the survey, the Biodiversity Board will develop and implement a medicinal plants conservation plan with enforcement.

As an example, the article states that the northwest U.P. district of Bijnor alone is known to possess over 200 medicinal plant species, some of which the Forest Department believes are being harvested illegally without permits and are also being exported. These include herbs used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine such as:

1. ARJUNA: Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. 2. BEL: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 3. BRINGRAJ: Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 4. GILOE: Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

5. GOKHROO: Tribulus terrestris L. 6. JAMUN: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 7. LAVANGA: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry 8. MUSLI: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. 9. NEEM: Azadirachta indica A.Juss. 10. TULSI: Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

Source: 1. Dabasi H. Forest Department to document medicinal plants in UP. TNN.

3.2. Northern schisandra market prices 5 times higher than southern schisandra by Market Insider Friday, 09 Dec. 2016

Both northern schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) and southern schisandra (Schisandra sphenanthera) are products of East Asian biodiversity, the berries of which are used interchangeably in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and also exported for use in herbal medicinal products and herbal dietary supplement products in many countries.

Northern schisandra is harvested mainly in the north-eastern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Southern schisandra is harvested mainly in the south-central Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Chongqing, Henan, and Shaanxi.

Historically, in normal years, the price differential between southern and northern schisandra had been about double. For example after the autumn 2015 harvest and until early 2016, the market price for dried southern schisandra berry was about 25 Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY) per kg whilst the average market price for northern schisandra berry was about 50 CNY per kg.

On 31 March 2016, Market Insider reported on shortage conditions for northern schisandra and that average market prices had reached 82.50 CNY per kg. Prices were predicted to continue to climb until after the autumn 2016 harvest, which they have.

As of 08 December 2016, average market prices for northern schisandra fruit are ranging between 130 to 140 CNY per kg (= 18.84 to 20.29 USD per kg) whilst market prices for southern schisandra fruit remain stable at 25 to 26 CNY per kg (= 3.63 to 3.77 USD per kg), a difference of about 5 times.

Sources: 1. Schisandra market prices continue to soar following major warehouse fire. Market Insider. 31 March 2016: http://www.intracen.org/itc/blogs/market-insider/Schisandra-market-prices-continue- to-soar-following-major-warehousefire/ 2. Chengdu Tiandiwang Information Technology Co., Ltd, Northern schisandra market price. 09 December 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/Search/Index?keyword=五味子 3. Chengdu Tiandiwang Information Technology Co., Ltd, Southern schisandra market price. 09 December 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/Search/Index?keyword=南五味子

3.3. Star anise of different origins evaluated as starting material for production of Tamiflu by Market Insider

Monday, 05 Dec. 2016

Star anise fruit (Illicium verum), known as ‘ba jiao hui xiang’ in Chinese and as ‘bất giác hồi hương’ in Vietnamese, is a product of southeast Asian biodiversity occurring in southern provinces of the People’s Republic of China (Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) and in neighbouring Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

While star anise fruit is used as an herbal drug in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations, it also serves as the starting raw material for obtaining shikimic acid, a key active ingredient of the prescription medicine Tamiflu® (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland), used to treat the flu (influenza).

Reportedly due to a shortage of the drug, a study has been carried out aiming to determine if star anise fruits of different geographical origins contain more or less shikimic acid in order to scale up plantation of selected varieties with higher content.

For analysis, the Guangxi Academy of Forestry took samples of star anise fruit from eleven different forest farms in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In Guangxi, star anise is mainly distributed in forests around Longzhou County, Ningming County, Pingxiang City, Baise City, Fangcheng District, Yulin City, Hechi City, and Cangwu County.

The results showed that the shikimic acid content varied greatly from 6.28% (Yulin Forest Farm) up to 11.57% (Taiping Town, Wuming County). However, the harvest dates and times were not uniform (some differed by two months) and this could be a factor impacting shikimic acid content. Besides time of year when harvested, other factors may impact the shikimic acid level such as geographical conditions (altitude, latitude), climatic conditions, soil nutrient status, and forest farming practices.

The next step will be to better control the sampling to occur over a shorter duration and to analyse the geographical and climatic conditions and other factors, for example measuring differences in star anise fruits harvested at the same location but at different points in time to better understand the main factors affecting shikimic acid content in star anise fruit.

Source: 1. 周兴 [Zhoug Xing]. 八角茴香含量评测报告 [Evaluation Report on the Content of Illicium verum Hook]. 29 November 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/pingce/261615.html

3.4. 3,780 Vietnamese medicinal plant species by Market Insider Thursday, 01 Dec. 2016

According to an UNCTAD report published this week “The Interface Between Access and Benefit-sharing Rules and BioTrade in Viet Nam,” that was produced jointly by the Biodiversity Conservation Agency of Viet Nam (BCA) and the BioTrade Implementation Group of Viet Nam (BIG Viet Nam):

“Viet Nam is home to an estimated 12,000 species of high-value plants, of which 10,500 have been identified, and approximately 3,780, or 36 per cent of which, have medicinal properties. Vietnamese medicinal plant species account for approximately 11 per cent of the 35,000 species of medicinal plants known worldwide. This figure is artificially low as there are many medicinal plants species (ethno-medicine plants) whose properties are not yet generally known and are used only by ethnic minority groups in the country who make up 14 per cent of the total population.”

The study also provides some quantification of the (mainly domestic) market size for Vietnamese herbal medicinal products and herbal dietary supplement products at an estimated US$ 100 million with only four herbal product companies accounting for 80% of the domestic market:

“BioTrade in Viet Nam focuses on value chains for the collection, cultivation, processing and commercialization of medicinal and aromatic plants. Even though it started with only four pioneer phyto–pharmaceutical companies, their sales contribution in the domestic herbal medicines market is 80 per cent. The sales of BioTrade in Viet Nam have been estimated at US$ 100 million for both herbal medicines and dietary supplements. The majority of products are related to medicinal and aromatic plant formulations, functional foods and derived products. Most of the sales take place in the domestic market but exports are slowly increasing. Currently, the domestic market shows promising growth rates of 30 per cent annually in medicinal plants which could be a boost for BioTrade. Nevertheless, and considering such a great potential for expansion, there are still many phyto-pharmaceutical companies that are only willing to focus on the domestic competition rather than set their eyes on the international markets.”

Source: 1. Dr. Trang Thi Huong Tran et al. The Interface Between Access and Benefit-sharing Rules and BioTrade in Viet Nam. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD. November 2016. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webditcted2016d9_en.pdf

3.5. Nepal DoF to study 10 economically important medicinal plants for conservation by Market Insider Monday, 21 Nov. 2016

According to a news report in the Kathmandu Post, the Department of Forests (DoF), Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, will carry out a study in fiscal year 2017-2018 on the threat status of 10 economically important wild-collected medicinal plants in order to develop measures for their conservation, sustainable management, trade and use “for the benefit of the local communities and the national economy”.

The ten-prioritized species for the study, ranked according their importance for the export market are the following:

11. JATAMANSI: Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. 12. KUTKI: Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y.Hong 13. SATUWA: Paris polyphylla Sm. 14. SUGANDHAWAAL: Valeriana jatamansii Wall. 15. BANLASUN: Allium wallichii Kunth 16. BIKHJARA: Aconitum spicatum (Brühl) Stapf (syn. Aconitum lethale Griff.) 17. NIRMANSI: Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson 18. PANCHA AUNLE: Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó 19. BHUTKESH: Selinum tenuifolium Salisb. (syn. Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O. Saxena) 20. LOTH SALLA: Taxus wallichiana Zucc.

Source: 1. Govt to study 10 medicinal plants for conservation. Kathmandu Post. 4 November 2016: http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-04/govt-to-study-10-medicinal-plants-for- conservation.html

3.6. Field workshop on medicinal plants of Western Ghats by Market Insider Monday, 21 Nov. 2016

The “5th Field Workshop on Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats” takes place 23-27 November 2016 at Kulagi Nature Camp in the forests of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot in the state of Karnataka.

The focus of the workshop, targeted to researchers of medicinal plants and herbal medicine, is on the study of medicinal plants of the Western Ghats in their natural habitat. The ecology, identification, collection & processing methods of medicinal plants along with preparation of herbarium specimens will be core areas of the workshop. Related issues such as biodiversity and ethnomedicine will also be part of the program.

The organizing secretory for the workshop is the Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Belgaum, Karnataka.

Source: 1. 5th Field Workshop on Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats: http://www.klepharm.edu/media/uploads/files/Field_Workshop-2016_1_1.pdf

3.7. Medicinal plants centre of excellence to be established in Rajasthan by Market Insider Monday, 21 Nov. 2016

Organized by the Government of Rajasthan and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the ‘Global Rajasthan Agritech Meet 2016’ (GRAM ‘16), which took place in Jaipur 9-11 November 2016, featured special pavilions for organic farming and for promotion of medicinal plants.

At the event, the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Vasundhara Raje, said “that taking a lead from the success of GRAM 2016, such agritech meets would be organized at the divisional and district levels in the state in the future”. She also announced that “a centre of excellence in medicinal plants would be set up and farmers would be trained under the skill development programme”. It is proposed that under the cooperative farmers’ welfare scheme, landless farmers would be allotted agricultural land, low-interest loans, and low cost insurance.

Sources: 1. Official Twitter account of Vasundhara Raje, Chief Minister of Rajasthan, India: @VasundharaBJP 2. GRAM to begin from tomorrow in Jaipur. 8 November 2016: http://www.pressnote.in/national-news_329281.html 3. ‘Rajasthan may surpass Gujarat in agriculture sector’. 12 November 2016: http://www.nyoooz.com/jaipur/662335/rajasthan-may-surpass-gujarat-in-agriculture- sector

3.8. TCM market to reach 5 trillion yuan by 2030 by Market Insider

Thursday, 27 Oct. 2016

Approved in August and released Tuesday 25 October 2016 by the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council, the "Healthy China 2030" plan estimates that the value of the traditional Chinese medicine market may reach 5 trillion Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY) by 2030 (= US$ 737.9 billion).

According to zyctd.com, China's biggest traditional medicine trading website, this estimate assumes an estimated annual growth rate of 10% and that about 4/5 of the total TCM market value in 2030 will come from large multinational enterprises and about 1/5 from small TCM producers and traders (raw materials and product manufacturers).

Although significantly increased demand for Chinese medicinal plant materials and products is predicted, it is also predicted that there will be major reshuffling and consolidation that results in far fewer but much larger size companies exporting TCM products for the global market.

Sources: 1. 头条：“健康中国”规划昨发布，中药板块迎5万亿蛋糕！26 October 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/zixun/204/259282.html

3.9. Herbal drug manufacturing hub for small- to medium- sized companies inaugurated in Jammu by Market Insider Friday, 21 Oct. 2016

A state-of-the-art herbal drug extraction, formulation and herbal medicinal product packaging facility was inaugurated today by Republic of India’s Union Minister of Science and Technology, Dr Harsh Vardhan and Union Minister of State in Prime Ministers’ Office (PMO) with independent charge of North Eastern States, Dr Jitendra Singh.

This new national facility is situated at the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) in Jammu (http://www.iiimcgmp.com/index.htm), in the far northern state of Jammu and Kashmir. IIIM is a national Institute of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) of India, with primary focus of research on drug discovery from natural products (medicinal plants and microbial species).

Besides functioning as a research institute, it is intended that small- to medium- sized enterprises will be able to have their traditional Indian herbal medicines (Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines) manufactured at IIIM, as per World Health Organization (WHO) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions, as well as innovative nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical products for the global market. It is also hoped that the facility will serve as a centre for discovery of new medicines leading to Investigational New Drug (IND) filings.

IIIM is also offering technical training programs for persons working in medicinal plant procurement, handling and storage, extraction technology, quality assurance and quality control of herbal drugs, formulation and packaging, for example covering these topics:

Good Agriculture and Collection Practice (GACP) and storage of medicinal plants Plant authentication using macroscopic & microscopic characters Accession of different lots in Herbarium/ Crude Drug Repository

Passport data of raw material Drying techniques of crude botanical drugs Raw material testing parameters (Chemistry Manufacturing Controls) as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India Extraction Methods and types of extraction processes (Alcoholic, Hydroalcoholic & Aqueous) Cleaning of equipment, QA clearance, and Raw material quality check Extract drying processes (Freeze drying, Spray drying) Testing parameters of API (extract) as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India or their official Monographs and CMC thereof Packaging conditions of the Extract powder.

Sources: 1. Bhat A. Harsh, Dr Jitendra inaugurate country’s first ever GMP Medicinal Unit in IIIM. Daily Excelsior. 21 October 2016. 2. Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM). cGMP Pilot Plant (for extraction, formulation and packaging of Traditional (ISM) Herbal Medicines): http://www.iiim.res.in/cgmp/index.html 3. Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM). IIIM – CSIR Unit For Manufacturing Herbal Drugs: http://www.iiimcgmp.com/#

3.10. India’s Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce (VCSMPP) by Market Insider Thursday, 13 Oct. 2016

On 26 September, Government of India’s National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), under Ministry of AYUSH, convened a stakeholders meeting in New Delhi with medicinal plant producers and Indian herbal medicine manufacturers to discuss expedited implementation of their Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plants (VCSMP), which is based on the NMPB’s standards for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Field Collection Practices (GFCP) for medicinal plants.

NMPB’s standards for GAP and GFCP for medicinal plants were first published in 2009 and in 2011 the VCSMP was rolled out. In the five years since its launch, the certification scheme has reportedly not yet been successful.

NMPB is now pushing expedited implementation of the scheme in collaboration with the Quality Council of India (QCI). QCI was set up jointly by the Government of India and selected Indian industry associations.

The standards and related documents can be downloaded at the QCI website:

1. Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) Standard for Medicinal Plants Requirements: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/STANDARD_FOR_GAPMP.pdf 2. Standard for Good Field and Collection Practices (GFCP) of Medicinal Plants: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/STANDARD_FOR_GFCP2.pdf 3. Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plants (VCSMP) – Certification Process: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/CERTIFICATION_PROCESS3.pdf 4. Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plants Produce – Procedure of Certification: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/ACCR_PROCEDURE5.pdf 5. QCI Procedure for Approval of Certification Bodies for VCSMP: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/APPROVAL_PROCEDURE_FOR_CBs6.pdf 6. Application for Approval as Certification Body for VCSMP: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/APPLICATION_FORMAT_FOR_CBs7.doc

7. Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plants (VCSMP) Brochure: http://www.qcin.org/PDF/VCSMPP/QCI-NMPB-VCS-Brochure8.pdf

Sources: 7. Kunnathoor P. NMPB to expedite implementation of voluntary certification scheme for medicinal plant cultivators. PHARMABIZ.com. 06 October 2016. 8. Kunnathoor P. Siddha manufacturers & medicinal plant cultivators in TN annoyed for not inviting them for NMPB meetings. PHARMABIZ.com. 06 October 2016. 9. Quality Council of India (QCI). Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce (VCSMPP): http://www.qcin.org/vcsmpp.php

4. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts

4.1. Anklam Extrakt announces distribution deal for Chilean maqui berry extracts by Market Insider Friday, 11 Nov. 2016

Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) is an endemic plant of Chilean biodiversity producing dark violet–blackish berries that are used for both medicinal and nutritional purposes. Maqui trees grow in southern Chile in a narrow range between Illapel (32°00'S / 71°10'W) and Chiloé Island (42°30'S / 73°50'W) in the Central Valley as well as in the mountain ranges and Juan Fernández Islands.

Two clinically-tested maqui berry branded ingredients, Delphinol® and MaquiBright®, developed by Maqui New Life Group (Santiago, Republic of Chile), are now exclusively manufactured by Anklam Extrakt (Anklam, Federal Republic of Germany). Anklam Extrakt has also announced a distribution deal to market these extracts within Europe, People’s Republic of China, Republic of India, and to customers in selected other Asian countries.

Sources: 1. Anklam Extrakt News. Ausgabe 17 | November 2016. 2. News around the maqui berry. Anklam Extrakt. 07 November 2016: http://www.anklam- extrakt.de/en/special-pages/artikel/article/alles-rund-um-die-maquibeere/

5. Currency Rates of Exchange

December 2016

Rates of Exchange: 17 December 2016 CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.95920 7.27337 EURO EUR 0.956805 1.0000 Indian Rupee INR 67.8450 70.9079 Nepalese Rupee NPR 108.408 113.302 Russian Ruble RUB 62.1512 64.9570 United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.04515 Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

6. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients

Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi: Ajwain / Sanskrit: Yavani Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; Medicinal c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) uses: sharp piercing pain. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 7000~13700 INR / quintal $1.03176~$2.01931 / kg Neemuch, (= 100 kg); Modal price: (Modal price: $1.69504 / 16.12.2016 Madhya Pradesh 11500 INR / quintal kg) BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Lycium barbarum Chinese: gou qi zi (枸杞子) Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital Medicinal essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and uses: tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 60.00 CNY / kg (Grade Anguo, Hebei $8.62168 / kg 17.12.2016 280, Ningxia origin) CRANBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon French: canneberge / Spanish: arándano agrio Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus Medicinal Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: to help prevent recurrent urinary uses: tract infections. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Ex-whse New US$ 1.95 / lb $4.29897 / kg 13.12.2016 Jersey, USA (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs) (Min. qty: 454 kg) FENNEL FRUIT, SWEET Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya ;شمر :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles. Medicinal Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain uses: and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild,

spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 12 CNY / kg (northwest $1.72434 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan China origin) 5640~11755 INR / Unjha, quintal (= 100 kg); $0.831307~$1.73263 / kg 16.12.2016 Gujarat Modal price: 6600 (Modal price: $0.97280/ kg) INR / quintal US$ 1440 / MT FOB Mumbai (Grade: Europe 99%; $1.44 / kg 13.12.2016 Port, MH Qty: 14 MT – 20’FCL) FENUGREEK SEED Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Chinese: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit: Methi ;حلبة حصي :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to Medicinal yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) uses: hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp. Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 2650~5501 INR / $0.390596~$0.810819 / kg quintal (= 100 kg); Neemuch, (Modal price: $0.479033 / 16.12.2016 Madhya Pradesh Modal price: 3250 INR kg) / quintal US$ 660 / MT FOB Mumbai (Grade: Sortex; Qty.: $0.66 / kg 13.122016 Port, MH 21 MT - 20’ FCL) GINGER RHIZOME Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Chinese: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese: Sutho / Sanskrit: Sunthi Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, Medicinal vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; uses: and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 14.40 CNY / kg $2.06920 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (Yunnan origin) 11000~12600 INR / Shikaripura, quintal (= 100 kg); $1.62134~$1.85717 / kg 16.12.2016 Karnataka Modal price: 12000 (Modal price: $1.76874/ kg) INR / quintal

US$ 2145 / MT FOB Mumbai (Grade: Europe; Qty. $2.145 / kg 13.12.2016 Port, MH 12.5 MT 20’ FCL) GOTU KOLA HERB Botanical name: Centella asiatica Chinese: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit: Mandukaparni Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood Medicinal disorders. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Yulin, 10.00 CNY / kg $1.43695 / kg 17.12.2016 Guangxi ISPAGHULA SEED Botanical name: Plantago ovata Sanskrit: Sat isabgola, Isabgola Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and Medicinal b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. uses: in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 11055~11755 INR / Unjha, quintal (= 100 kg); $1.62945~$1.73263 / kg 13.12.2016 Gujarat Modal price: 11400 (Modal price: $1.68030/ kg) INR / quintal JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese: Jatamansi / Sanskrit: Jatamansi Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) Medicinal insomnia. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 40.00 CNY / kg $5.74779 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Sichuan) LIQUORICE ROOT Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra Chinese: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit: Yasti Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) Medicinal phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata uses: dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs. Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 9.50 CNY / kg $1.36510 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Xinjiang) 8.00 CNY / kg Bozhou, (wild-collected Inner $1.14956 / kg 17.12.2016 Anhui Mongolia) MAHUA FLOWER Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi: Mahuwa / Sanskrit: Gudapushpa Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) uses: wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 4200~4600 INR/ quintal $0.619058~$0.678016 / kg Lohardaga, (Modal price: 4500 INR (Modal price: $0.663277 / 16.12.2016 Jharkhand / quintal; wild-collected) kg) RHUBARB ROOT, CHINESE Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, or R. officinale Chinese: Da huang (大黄) / Tibetan: lCum-rtsa (ལྕུམ་让) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, Medicinal blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis uses: and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema. Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 21.00 CNY / kg $3.01759 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Sichuan) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis Chinese: Beiwuweizi (北五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg

Chengdu, 130.00 CNY / kg $18.6803 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (Liaoning origin) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 21.50 CNY / kg $3.08944 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (wild collected) SENNA LEAF Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Chinese: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit: svarnapatri / (سناميكى أوراق) Arabic: sanā Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 690 / MT FOB Mumbai (Indian origin; Prime 3; $0.69 / kg 13.12.2016 Port, MH Qty: 26 MT 40’ FCL) Chengdu, 8.00 CNY / kg $1.14956 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (imported) SENNA POD Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia قرن - جراب سناميكى :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Fructus Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Mumbai US$ 1180 / MT $1.18 / kg 13.12.2016 Port, MH (Qty: 26 MT 40’ FCL) SICKLE-POD SENNA SEED Botanical name: Cassia tora Chinese name: jue ming zi (决明子) / Sanskrit name: prapunnada Pharmacopoeial name: Cassiae semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) skin diseases; b) disorders due to ulcers; c) taeniasis (tapeworms); d) hemiplegia (paralysis); e) constipation; f) abdominal lump; g) helminthiasis (worm infestation); h) eczema; i) Medicinal itching; j) asthma; k) cough. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) inflammation of the eye with pain; b) photophobia (eye discomfort in bright light) and lacrimation (abnormal secretion of tears); c) headache; d) dizziness; e) blurred vision; f) constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 5.00 CNY / kg $0.718473 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (Origin: imported)

ZEDOARY RHIZOME Botanical name(s): Curcuma zedoaria; C. phaeocaulis, C. kwangsiensis, C. aromatica (syn. C. wenyujin); Chinese name: e zhu (莪术) / Sanskrit name: karcura Pharmacopoeial name: Curcumae rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) piles; b) hiccup; c) fever; d) cough; e) helminthiasis / worm infestation; f) skin diseases; g) asthma; h) Medicinal abdominal lump; i) splenic disease; j) goiter. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) mass in the abdomen; b) amenorrhea due to blood stasis; c) distension and pain due to stagnation of undigested food; d) carcinoma of cervix at early stage. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 13.00 CNY / kg $1.86803 / kg 17.12.2016 Sichuan (Guangxi origin)

Price Sources China: Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and http://www.zyccst.com/ Egypt: Private companies India: Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPD) Mandi Price List, prepared by Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Stakeholders (FEDMAPS): http://nmpb.nic.in/ National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx Private companies Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA: Private companies

7. Selected Events

January 25-27, 2017 The 2nd International Conference on Herbal and Traditional Medicine (HTM2017)

Topics include quality of crude drugs & herbal medicines, biotechnology for production of secondary metabolites, discovery of natural products. There will be a pre-symposium session on 24 January on the topic “Standardization of Crude Drugs and Herbal Medicines”.

Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand http://www.htm2017.com/

February 12-14, 2017 International Spice Conference 2017

Organized by the All India Spices Exporters Forum (AISEF), the conference aims to find solutions for volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous challenges including an urgent need to ensure sustainable spice cultivation and improved livelihood of farmers. Some sessions will provide crop reports for turmeric rhizome, coriander fruit, garlic bulb, and other herbs and spices. An optional Spice Tour occurs 15 Feb. covering tropical spices of Kerala.

Kovalam, Kerala, Republic of India http://www.internationalspiceconference.com/

February 16-17, 2017 19th International Conference on Medicinal Plants & Natural Products (ICMPNP 2017)

Topics will include medicinal plants identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, and biodiversity conservation; sustainable practices in research, resource management and production, and essential oil production and use.

London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland http://www.waset.org/conference/2017/02/london/ICMPNP

February 21-22, 2017 27th Bernburger Winterseminar für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen

Two-day German language scientific seminar on topics including agricultural methods and practices for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as post-harvest processing, quality control, new research and trade-related issues.

Bernburg, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.saluplanta.de/

March 9-12, 2017 Engredea 2017 — co-located with Natural Products Expo West

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of botanical and other natural ingredients, packaging, technologies, equipment, and services.

Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California, United States of America http://www.engredea.com/

March 22-24, 2017 Health Ingredients South East Asia – co-located with CPhi South East Asia

Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of natural ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages.

Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia http://www.figlobal.com/hisoutheastasia/

March 29-30, 2017 MAP EXPO – The Global Marketplace for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of medicinal and aromatic plants, essential oils, fatty oil, gums, resins, botanical active ingredients, plant-based drugs, teas and tinctures.

Beusegebouw Eindhoven, Kingdom of the Netherlands. http://www.nbi-international.com/exhibitions/

April 13-18, 2017 3rd Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-3)

Conference themes include: Agricultural Practices of MAPs, Biodiversity, Botany & Ethnobotany & Ethnopharmacology, Conservation, Management and Sustainable Uses of MAPs & NWFPs. Herbal & Traditional Medicines, Industrial Processing Technologies of MAPs, Legislations on MAPs & NWFPs, Marketing of MAPs and Products, Non- Governmental & Non-Profit Organizations (NGO & NPO) on MAPs, Standardization and Quality of MAP Products.

Girne (Kyrenia), Republic of Cyprus http://www.mesmap.org/

May 9-11, 2017 Vitafoods Europe 2017 - The global nutraceutical event

Exhibitor profile includes producers and suppliers of botanical raw materials and extracts for use in dietary supplement, functional food, nutraceutical and medicinal products.

Palexpo, Geneva, Swiss Confederation http://www.vitafoods.eu.com/

June 20-22, 2017 Health Ingredients China

Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of natural ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages.

SNIEC, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.figlobal.com/asia-china/

July 12-14, 2017 The Future of American Ginseng and Appalachian Forest Botanicals Symposium

Topics include ecology, biology, & genetic diversity of species; Conservation status of species; Trade & market drivers; Role of local or traditional knowledge in sustainable harvest practices; Conservation issues & challenges; Cultivation, harvesting & handling; Resource capacity & demand, multiple & contrasting stakeholders; Wildcrafting, sustainable harvest guidelines, and the herbal industry; Multi-stakeholder sustainable sourcing economic development initiatives in Appalachia; Policy initiatives & management strategies.

Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America https://www.unitedplantsavers.org/the-future-of-ginseng-and-forest-botanicals

August 2017 (exact dates to be determined) HERBAL ASIA 2017: The 10th International Trade Show & Conference for Herbal, Green & Natural Trade Show and Market Place

Exhibitors will include growers and suppliers of botanical raw materials, traders, finished herbal product manufacturers, herbal product retailers, industry associations and relevant governmental agencies.

MATRADE Exhibition & Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.herbalasia.biz/

September 3-7, 2017 65th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA)

Basel, Swiss Confederation http://www.ga-online.org/events

September 26-30, 2017 Supply Side West

One of largest trade shows with 1,400 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts.

Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://west.supplysideshow.com/

August 12-18, 2018 XXX. International Horticultural Congress (IHC2018) symposiums on: . ‘Advances in Production and Processing of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants' . ‘Culinary Herbs and Edible Fungi’

Istanbul, Republic of Turkey http://www.ihc2018.org/en

May 1-5, 2019 6th World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human and Animal Welfare (WOCMAP VI)

Antalya, Republic of Turkey http://www.wocmap2019.org/

8. Herb Profile: Shatavari Root

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is a native medicinal plant of South Asian and South- eastern Asian biodiversity and also occurs in some parts of Oceania (Australia). It is both wild collected and cultivated in Republic of India where it is widely used in the Indian systems of Medicine (Ayurveda and Unani).

Nomenclature: Pharmacopoeial names: Asparagi Racemosus Radix; Satavari root (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) and Satawar tuberous root (Unani Pharmacopoeia of India). Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagaceae) Common names: Assamese: Satmull Bangla / Bengali: Satamuli, Satmuli, Shatamuli, Sotomuli Bhutanese: ngyishing English: Shatavari Gujarati: Satavari Hindi: Satavar, Satamul Kannada: Ashadi poeru, Halavu Bau, Narayani, Makkala Kumaoni: Kairuwa Malayalam: Satavari Kizhangu Marathi: Shatavari Nepali: Kurilo, Satawari Punjabi: Satavar Sanskrit: Satavari, Narayani, Vari, Abhiru, Atirasi Sinhala: Haathavariya, Hataawariya, Hathawariya, Saathamul, Hathamul Tamil: Chattavari, Kilavari, Shimai-Shadvari, Nilichedi Kishangu, Thanner vitan kilanzhu Telugu: Sima-Shatawari (Dry Root), Pippipichara, Pilliteegalu (Fresh Root) Thai: Raksamsip Trade names: Satawar, Shatavar, Shatavari Urdu: Satawari

Origin, Natural Distribution:

Asparagus racemosus is native to and grows wild in 7 of the 15 defined climatic zones of Republic of India from sea level up to about 4,600 ft. a.s.l.; Zone 1 West Himalaya Region (Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh), Zone 4 Middle Gangetic Plains Region (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh), Zone 5 Upper Gangetic Plains Region (Uttar Pradesh, Delhi), Zone 7 Eastern Plateau and Hill Region (Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh), Zone 8 Central Plateau and Hill Region (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan), Zone 9 Western Plateau and Hill Region (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh), and Zone 14 Western Dry Region (Rajasthan). Outside of India, shatavari also occurs in parts of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (e.g. in districts of Trincomalee, Puttalam, Jaffna, Mihintale, and Bintenne), Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (from about 650 to 7,200 ft. a.s.l.), People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Kingdom of Bhutan, southern part of Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet), Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Malaysia, and parts of Australia (the north to north-eastern coastal areas of Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland).

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) hyperacidity; b) piles; c) diarrhoea; d) abdominal lump; e) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease); f) diarrhoea with blood; g) bleeding disorder; h) disorders of blood i) gout; j) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); k) inflammation; l) duodenal ulcer; m) urinary disorders; n) hoarseness of voice; o) night blindness; p) puerperal disease; q) vitiation of breast milk; r) insufficient lactation.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) diarrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) excessive nocturnal emission; d) leucorrhoea; e) premature ejaculation; f) dysentery.

Production and Trade:

The commercial supply of shatavari is predominantly wild collected in India and Nepal but row crop cultivation is increasing in India, Nepal, as well as in Bangladesh. Sustainable wild collection is done manually, for example using a pick mattock, to clear away soil around the vine stem, enough to harvest only some of the tuberous roots that occur in a cluster below each stem, leaving the majority in the ground so as to facilitate regeneration for future harvests. For cultivation, detailed harvest and post-harvest practices are provided by Government of India’s National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) in their ‘Agro-techniques of selected medicinal plants’, available online: http://www.fdcm.nic.in/PDF/Agro- techniques%20of%20selected%20medicinal%20plants%20Vol%20-%20I%20Part%20- %20I.pdf

According to the NMPB, the annual domestic market demand is greater than 900 MT.

Quality Standards:

For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the intended use including monographs available in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol IV 2004),1 Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP),2 and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol VI 2009).3 Table 1 provides a summary of the quality standards established for SHARAVARI (dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus) in the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP).

Table 1. Summary of quality standards for SHATAVARI (IP VI, 2010) Standard Specification Dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Fam.: Definition Asparagaceae) Colour: dirty white with yellow hard central core Characters Taste: starchy and slightly bitter followed by sweet taste Content Not less than (NLT) 0.1 per cent of shatavarin IV Ethanol-soluble extractives NLT 15.0 per cent Water-soluble extractives NLT 20.0 percent Macroscopic evaluation; Identification tests Microscopic examination; Thin layer chromatography. Foreign organic matter Not more than (NMT) 2.0 per cent Loss on drying NMT 15.0 per cent Total ash NMT 15.0 per cent Acid-insoluble ash NMT 3.0 per cent

1 Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee. Satavari (root). In: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. IV. New Delhi, India: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 2004. 2 Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Seventh Edition, 2014. 3 Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. Satawar (tuberous root). In: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. VI. New Delhi, India: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 2009.

9. Company Profile: IOFPCL

Organization name: Indian Organic Farmers Producer Company Limited (IOFPCL) Related organizations: Organic India Private Limited (trading organisation) Address: M.M. Villa, Thottumugham P.O,, Aluva, Kerala, 683105, Republic of India Email: [email protected] Telephone: +91 0484 2620659 Website: http://www.iofpcl.com/Home/ Selected MAPs produced by IOFPCL with Fair Trade and Organic Certifications

Andrographis herb [Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees] Ashwagandha root [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] Bacopa whole plant [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.] Bael tree leaf [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa] Black pepper fruit [Piper nigrum L.] Boerhavia root or whole plant [Boerhavia diffusa L.] Ginger rhizome [Zingiber officinale Roscoe] Gotu kola herb [Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.] Great bougainvillea leaf [Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.] Horseradish tree leaf [Moringa oleifera Lam.] Indian tinospora stem [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers] Ivy gourd whole plant [Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt] Long pepper fruit [Piper longum L.] Shatavari root tuber [Asparagus racemosus Willd.] Turmeric rhizome [Curcuma longa L.]

CERTIFICATIONS Inspection and Certification Organisations:

Fair Trade: FLO-CERT GmbH - FLO ID 6001 Organic: INDOCERT – File No.: KL/P/1026 (Processing) / File No.: KL/T/1001 (Trade)

OTHER INFORMATION NRAA (2009); “Perspectives and Problems of Primary Producers Companies - Case study of Indian Organic Farmers Producer Company Limited, Kochi, Kerala”; National Rainfed Area Authority, New Delhi, India: http://nraa.gov.in/pdf/ProducerCompanyCaseStudyOfIOFPCLKerala.pdf

10. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

AFRICA o Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Production (ASNAPP) o Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (FAPAM) o Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM-Réunion) o Association Tunisienne des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM) o Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) o Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA) o Phytotrade Africa o Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Near East and North Africa (AARENINA) ASIA o Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) o Association for Promotion of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (APMAC) o Medicinal Plants and Herbal Products Business Promotion Council (MPHPBPC) o Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of India (CHAMF) o International Trade Union of Genuine Regional Materia Medica (TUGRMM) o Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) o Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India (MAPAI) o National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) o Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA) o Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health Products Merchant Association EUROPE o Association Française des professionnels de la Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC) o Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece) o Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) o British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) o European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM) o Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante Officinali (FIPPO) o International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) o Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal Committee) o Tea & Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE)

o Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen (SALUPLANTA e.V.) NORTH AMERICA o American Botanical Council (ABC) o American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) o Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM-Guadeloupe) o Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health Products Coalition (CHSNC) SOUTH AMERICA o Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN)