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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/148229 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-05 and may be subject to change. THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL, DIAGNOSTICAI, AND THERAPEUTICAL ASPECTS M.J. HEINEMAN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL, DIAGNOSTICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL ASPECTS PROMOTOR PROF DR R ROLLAND THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL, DIAGNOSTICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL ASPECTS PROEFSCHRIFT ICR VLRKRIIbING VAN Dì С.RAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE GENEFSKUNDE AAN DE кАТНОІІНКЬ UMVERSIIHI IF NIJMEGEN OP GF/AG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF DR I H G I GlbbBERb VOI GENS BESLUIT \ΛΝ НЕТ COI LFGL \AN DI ( ANEN IN HET OPFNHAAR 11· VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 17 DECEMIH R I9S: DFS NAMIDDAGS TE 2 UUR PRFCIFS DOOR MAAS JAN HEINEMAN OEBORFN TF VFl Ρ (GFI DFRI AND) DRlk ΓΛΜΜΙΝΟΑ B\ ARMIfcM To the women who volunteered as subjects for this study, and to the many couples suffering from infertility who inspired me to undertake this investigation. WOORD VOORAF Het in dit proefschrift beschreven onderzoek vond plaats op de Poli­ kliniek voor Gynaecologische Endocrinologie en Infertiliteit (hoofd: Prof. Dr. R. Rolland) van het Instituut voor Obstetric en Gynaecologie (hoofden: Prof. Dr. Т.К. A.B. Eskes en Prof. Dr. J.L. Mastboom) van het Sint Radboudziekenhuis, Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen. Het was voor mij een unieke ervaring te ondervinden welke enorme mogelijkheden er binnen de Medische Faculteit en in het bijzonder bin­ nen het Instituut voor Obstetric en Gynaecologie bestaan tot het ver­ richten van wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Velen hebben direct of indirect bijgedragen aan het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift. Ik wil hen allen hartelijk danken voor de motiverende belangstelling en de geboden hulp. Speciaal wil ik noemen: — de vrouwen die zo bereidwillig hebben deelgenomen aan het onder­ zoek en met name hen, die belangeloos en enthousiast, de controle­ groep vormden; — Prof. Dr. R. Rolland onder wiens inspirerende supervisie het onder­ zoek werd verricht; — de medewerksters van de Polikliniek voor Gynaecologische Endo­ crinologie en Infertiliteit; dankzij hun hulp werden de vele bloed­ monsters adequaat verzameld; — de staf van het Laboratorium van het Instituut voor Obstetric en Gynaecologie (hoofd: Drs. P.W.C. Houx) en de staf van de Afde­ ling voor Experimentele en Chemische Endocrinologie (hoofd: Prof. Dr. Th.J. Benraad) die alle hormoonbepalingen hebben verricht. In het bijzonder noem ik Dr. C.M.G. Thomas voor het vertrouwen dat hij in dit onderzoek had en de hulp die hij bood bij het schrijven van Hoofdstuk 2; — Drs W H Doesburg en de heer W A J G Lemmens van de Mathematisch-Statistische Adviesdfdelmg (hoofd Drs Ph van Eiteren), die de statistische bewerking van de onderzoeksgegevens hebben verzorgd en bij wie altijd een zeer stimulerende betrokken­ heid met dit project bestond, — de staf van de Medische Bibliotheek (hoofd E de Graaf f), voor de hulp bij het verzamelen van de literatuurgegevens, — de staf van de Medische Tekenkamer (hoofd W Ρ J Maas), in het bijzonder de heer H M Berns, en de staf van de Fotografische Dienst (hoofd A Th A Reynen), voor het verzorgen van de illus­ traties, — Dr J L H Evers en Dr HM Vemer, voor hun kritische kantteke­ ningen en waardevolle adviezen, — mevrouw L Rust en mevrouw AAM Witsenburg-Oostermeyer, voor het corrigeren van de Engelse tekst, — Dr Ir H de Boer, voor zijn taalkundige opmerkingen bi) de Neder­ landse samenvatting Met name wil ik hem ook bedanken voor zijn deskundige hulp bij het persklaar maken van het manuscript, — mevrouw MME Klessens, die mij het gebruik van de tekstverwer­ ker leerde en het typen van de appendix voor haar rekening nam, — de Subfaculteit der Geneeskunde, die mij in de gelegenheid stelde in het kader van „bevordering onderzoek arts-assistenten" tijdens een studiestage de gegevens van dit onderzoek uit te werken, — Schering Nederland В V en het "Wim Dds"-fonds, die dankzij aan­ zienlijke financiële steun de uitvoering van het proefschrift m deze vorm mogelijk maakten, — de medische staf van het Instituut voor Obstetric en Gynaecologie, in het bijzonder Drs J M J Dony die bij voortduring van een grote betrokkenheid bij mijn praktische opleiding tot vrouwenarts blijk gaf Mijn ouders wil ik bedanken voor hun met aflatende steun en interesse waar het mijn vorming en ontwikkeling betreft Joos, Kirsten en David vormen het thuisfront waar ik trots op ben © Copyright 1982 M J Hemcman All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanical, including photocopy. without written permission from the author CONTENTS pjgc INTRODUCTION 15 1. SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE π 1.1 THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE 17 1.1.1 Introduction 17 1.1.2 Cyclic Release of Reproductive Hormones 17 1.1.3 Feedback Mechanisms 18 1.1.4 Follicular Maturation 20 1.1.5 Androgen Production 21 1.2 THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME . 24 1.2.1 Introduction ... 24 1.2.2 Historical Background 24 1.2.3 Morphological findings 26 1.2.4 Clinical findings 28 1.2.4.1 General Aspects 28 1.2.4.2 Hirsutism 30 1.2.4.2.1 Definition 30 1.2.4.2.2 Hirsutism and Steroidogenesis . 30 1.2.4.3 Obesity 31 1.2.4.3.1 Definition 31 1.2.4.3.2 Obesity and Steroidogenesis 32 1.2.5 Laboratory Findings 32 1.2.5.1 Androgens 32 1.2.5.2 Estrogens . 35 1.2.5.3 Gonadotrophins 36 1.2.6 Pathophysiology ... 38 1.2.7 Etiology and Pathogenesis 40 1.2.8 Therapy . 41 1.2.8.1 Introduction 41 1.2.8.2 Clomiphenc . 41 1.2.8.3 Gonadotrophins 42 1.2.8.4 Wedge Resection 43 1.2.8.5 Adrenal Suppression 44 1.2.8.6 Ovarian Suppression 45 1.2.9 Concluding Remarks 45 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 47 2 1 INTRODUCTION 47 2 2 SUBJECTS 48 2 2 1 Selection Criteria of the PCO-group 48 2 2 2 Selection Criteria of the Control Group 48 2 3 TEST SCHEDULE 48 2 4 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY PROCEDURES 49 2 4 1 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 49 2 4 2 Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) 50 2 4 3 Prolactin (PRL) 50 2 4 4 Estrone (E,) 51 2 45 Estradiol-17ß (E2) 52 2 4 6 Progesterone (P) 52 2 4 7 17a-OH-Progesterone (17-OH-P) 53 2 4 8 Testosterone (T) 53 2 4 9 Androstenedione (A) 53 2 4 10 Cortisol (F) 54 2 4 11 Thyroxine (T4) 54 2 4 12 Units 54 3. CLINICAL AND BASAL ENDO­ CRINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PCO-GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP 57 3 1 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS 57 3 1 1 Introduction 57 3 1 2 Signs of Chronic Anovulation 58 3 1 3 Signs of Androgen Excess 60 3 1 4 Signs of Increased Anabolism 61 32 BASAL ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 63 32 1 Introduction 63 322 Materials and Methods 63 322 1 Subjects 63 3 22 2 Sampling Procedure 63 3223 Statistical Analysis 64 323 Results 64 324 Discussion 67 4. THE DEXAMETHASONÉ SUPPRESSION TEST 71 4 1 INTRODUCTION 71 4 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 71 4 2 1 Subjects 71 4 2 2 Sampling Procedure 72 4 2 3 Statistical Analysis 73 4 3 RESULTS 74 4 3 1 Cortisol 74 4 3 2 Estrone 75 4 3 3 Estradiol 76 4 3 4 Androstenedione 77 4 3 5 Testosterone 78 4 4 DISCUSSION 79 5. THE LH-RH TEST 87 5 1 INTRODUCTION 87 5 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 87 5 2 1 Subjects 87 5 2 2 Sampling Procedure 88 5 2 3 Statistical Analysis 88 5 3 RESULTS 90 5 3 1 Introduction 90 5 3 2 LH 90 5 3 3 FSH 92 5 3 4 Cortisol 92 5 3 5 Estrone 93 5 3 6 Estradiol 94 5 3 7 Androstenedione 95 5 3 8 Testosterone 96 5 3 9 Progesterone 97 5 4 DISCUSSION 97 6 THE ACTH TEST юз 6 1 INTRODUCTION 103 6 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 104 6.2.1 Subjects .... 104 6.2.2 Sampling Procedure 104 6.2.3 Statistical Analysis 105 6.3 RESULTS 106 6.3.1 Introduction 106 6.3.2 Cortisol 106 6.3.3 Progesterone 108 6.3.4 17a-OH-Progesterone 109 6.3.5 Androstenedione 111 6.3.6 Testosterone 112 6.3.7 Estradiol . 113 6.3.8 Estrone 114 6.4 DISCUSSION 115 7. OVARIAN SUPPRESSION 121 7.1 INTRODUCTION 121 7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 123 7.2.1 Subjects 123 7.2.2 Sampling Procedure 123 7.2.3 Statistical Analysis 123 7.3 RESULTS 124 7.3.1 Introduction 124 7.3.2 LH 124 7.3.3 FSH . 124 7.3.4 LH/FSH ratio 126 7.3.5 Estrone 126 7.3.6 Estradiol ... 127 7.3.7 Androstenedione 129 7.3.8 Testosterone 130 7.3.9 Cortisol 132 7.4 DISCUSSION 132 8. FOLLICULAR MATURATION AFTER OVARIAN SUPPRESSION 137 8.1 INTRODUCTION 137 8.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 137 8.2.1 Subjects 137 8.2.2 Sampling Procedure 138 8.2.3 Statistical Analysis 138 8.3 RESULTS 140 8.3.1 Introduction 140 8.3.2 LH 140 8.3.3 FSH . 140 8.3.4 LH/FSH ratio 140 8.3.5 Estrone 141 8.3.6 Estradiol . 142 8.3.7 Androstenedione 143 8.3.8 Testosterone 144 8.4 DISCUSSION 145 9.
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