BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF CIGARETTE BEETLE, LASIODERMA SERRICORNE FAB. INFESTING STORED FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL.)
Thesis
Submitted to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in the
Faculty of Agriculture (Entomology)
By
Krishna Rolania
2009
RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER
CERTIFICATE - I
Dated : ...... 2009
This is to certify that Ms. Krishna Rolania had successfully completed the preliminary examination held on ______as required under the regulation for Ph.D. degree.
(Ashok Sharma) Head
Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER
CERTIFICATE - II
Dated : ...... 2009
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. Infesting Stored Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)” submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Entomology embodies bonafide research work carried out by Ms. Krishna Rolania under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by advisory committee on ______.
(Ashok Sharma) (M.C. Bhargava) Head of the Department Major Advisor
(B.R. Chhipa) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER
CERTIFICATE - III Dated : ...... 2009
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. Infesting Stored Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)” submitted by Ms. Krishna Rolania to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Entomology, after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.
(M.C. Bhargava) (Ashok Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor
(A.C. Mathur) (K.N. Gupta) Advisor Advisor
(Ashok Sharma) (N.K. Sharma) Head of the Department Dean, PGS Nominee
(Ashok Kumar) External Examiner
Approved (G.L. KESHWA) Dean
Dean, Post Graduate Studies RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER
CERTIFICATE - IV
Dated :
…….2009
This is to certify that Ms. Krishna Rolania of the Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/ modifications in the thesis entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. Infesting Stored Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ______. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on ______are enclosed herewith for approval.
(M.C. Bhargava) Major Advisor
(Ashok Sharma) Head
Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology
(G.L. Keshwa) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Approved
Dean, Post Graduate Studies Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner CONTENTS
Chapter No. Particulars Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION ......
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......
4. RESULTS ......
5. DISCUSSION ......
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......
ABSTRCAT IN ENGLISH ......
ABSTRACT IN HINDI ......
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page No. Particulars No. 1. Details of plant oils used …..… 2. Details of powdered plant products used …..… 3. Developmental period, adult emergence and …..… oviposition period of L. serricorne in different fennel varieties 4. Incubation period, grain damage, weight loss and …..… growth index of L. serricorne in different fennel varieties
5. Physico-chemical characters of different fennel …..… varieties 6. Regression equation and correlation coefficient …..… among the different physico- chemical characters and infestation of fennel 7. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on developmental period of L. serricorne 8. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on adult emergence of L. serricorne
9. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on longevity of male adult of L. serricorne 10. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on longevity of female adult of L. serricorne 11. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on oviposition period of L. serricorne 12. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on incubation period of L. serricorne 13. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on grain damage by L. serricorne 14. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on weight loss by L. serricorne 15. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on growth index of L. serricorne Contd… Table Page No. Particulars No. 16. Effect of plant oils on total developmental period of …..… L. serricorne 17. Effect of plant oils on adult emergence of L. …..… serricorne 18. Effect of plant oils on longevity of male adult of …..… L. serricorne 19. Effect of plant oils on longevity of female adult of …..… L. serricorne 20. Effect of plant oils on grain damage by L. serricorne …..… 21. Effect of plant oils on weight loss by L. serricorne …..… 22. Effect of plant powders on total developmental period …..… of L. serricorne 23. Effect of plant powders on adult emergence of …..… L. serricorne 24. Effect of plant powders on longevity of male adult of …..… L. serricorne 25. Effect of plant powders on longevity of female adult …..… of L. serricorne 26. Effect of plant powders on grain damage by L. …..… serricorne 27. Effect of plant powders on weight loss by L. …..… serricorne 28. Effect of impregnation of cloths bags with plant oils …..… on the protection of seeds 29. Effect of impregnation of cloth bags with test …..… compounds on weight loss and adult emergence of L. serricorne 30. Effect of different storage containers on the …..… incidence of L. serricorne in stored grains of fennel 31. Effect of plant oils on the germination of fennel …..… seeds after zero day of treatments 32. Effect of plant oils on the germination of fennel …..… seeds after 120 days of treatments Contd…..
Table Page No. Particulars No. 33. Effect of plant powders on germination of fennel …..… seeds after zero day of treatment 34. Effect of plant powders on germination of fennel …..… seeds after 120 days of treatment
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page No. Particulars No. 1. Developmental period, adult emergence and …..… oviposition period of L. serricorne in different fennel varieties 2. Incubation period, grain damage, weight loss and …..… growth index of L. serricorne in different fennel varieties 3. Physico-chemical characters of different fennel …..… varieties 4. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on developmental period of L. serricorne 5. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on adult emergence of L. serricorne 6. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on longevity of male adult of L. serricorne 7. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on longevity of female adult of L. serricorne 8. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on ovipostion period of L. serricorne 9. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on incubation period of L. serricorne 10. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on grain damage by L. serricorne 11. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and …..… their interactions on weight loss by L. serricorne 12. Effect of plant oils on total developmental period …..… of L. serricorne Contd..
Figure Page No. Particulars No. 13. Effect of plant oils on adult emergence of …..… L. serricorne 14. Effect of plant oils on male adult longevity of …..… L. serricorne 15. Effect of plant oils on female adult longevity of …..… L. serricorne 16. Effect of plant oils on grain damage by L. …..… serricorne 17. Effect of plant oils on weight loss by L. serricorne …..… 18. Effect of plant powders on total developmental …..… period of L. serricorne 19. Effect of plant powders on adult emergence of …..… L. serricorne 20. Effect of plant powders on male adult longevity of …..… L. serricorne 21. Effect of plant powders on female adult longevity …..… of L. serricorne 22. Effect of plant powders on grain damage by …..… L. serricorne 23. Effect of plant powders on weight loss by …..… L. serricorne 24. Effect of different storage containers on the …..… incidence of L. serricorne in stored grains of fennel
LIST OF PLATES
Between Plate Particulars Page Nos. 1 Different developmental stages of L. serricorne …..…
Fab.
2 Healthy and L. serricorne infested grains of …..…
fennel
Acknowledgement
I take this privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. M.C. Bhargava, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur), for his valuable guidance, constant help, keen interest and ever inspiring encouragement during the period of course work, investigation and preparation of this comprehensive work.
With full regard and honour I wise to place my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to members of my advisory committee Dr. Ashok Sharma, Assoc. Prof. and Head (Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology), Dr. K.N. Gupta, Assoc. Prof. and Head (Department of statistics), Dr. A.C. Mathur, Asstt. Prof. (Department of Plant Pathology) and Dr. N.K. Sharma Assoc. Prof. and Dean PGS nominee (Department of Extension Education), whose incessant help, constant advices and engrossing guidance made this task turn to success.
I owe my sincere reverence to Dr. B.R. Chhipa, Dean, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for sublime encouragement and providing necessary facilities for conducting the present investigation.
My warm and sincere thanks to Dr. B.L. Jat, Dr. V.K. Agrawal, Dr. K.C. Kumawat, and Dr. M.C. Gupta, Asstt. Professors and other staff members of the Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology for their everwilling help and valuable suggestions received during the course of investigation. I would like to offer heartiest thanks to my seniors, colleagues, juniors and friends for their help, infusing love and joyful company throughout the study.
I take privilege to express my deep honour to my grandfather Late Sh. Ram Chandra Rolania and grandmother Smt. Lali Devi whose inspiration and blessings makes me more energetic at every step of my life for success.
My vocabulary falls short to express heartiest regards to my father Sh. Laxmi Narayan Rolania, mother Smt. Rameshvari Devi, chachaji Dr. R.G. Jat, chachiji Smt. Manni Devi, father in law Dr. B.L. Poonia, mother in law Smt. Shayar Devi and all my family members whose consistent encouragement and blessing are beyond my expression that brought me here up to dream without which it could not have been sketched.
The most cordial appreciation goes to my beloved husband Dr. Hemant Poonia whose love and encouragement have been always with me.
Last but not least I appreciate with thanks to help rendered to me duri ng the period to my study by all those whose name could not be mentioned here.
Place : Jobner Dated : …………
(Krishna Rolania) Bio-ecology and Management of Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. Infesting Stored Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Krishna Rolania * Dr. M.C.Bhargava** (Researcher) (Major Advisor)
Abstract
Investigations were carried out on „‟Bio-ecology and management of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. infesting stored fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)‟‟ during 2007-08 at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). Eight varieties of fennel were screened on the basis of biological parameters and physico-chemical characters against L. serricorne. GF-2 and UF-206 were found less susceptible, RF-101, HF-125 and local were moderately susceptible whereas, JF-376, HF-118 and UF-205 were among the highly susceptible.
The growth and development of L. serricorne was studied under stored conditions on different temperature (20, 25, 30 and 350C) and humidity (60, 70, 80 and 90%). The temperature and humidity have been shown to play a vital role in the growth and development of various stages of this pest. The development period and oviposition period decreased with the increase in temperature and humidity from 200C to 300C and 60 to 70 per cent R.H. The longevity and incubation period also decreased with the increase in temperature at 300C. The adult emergence, grain damage, loss in weight and growth index were maximum at 300C and 70 per cent R.H. and adult emergence was minimum at 350C and 90 per cent R.H while grain damage, loss in weight and growth index were minimum at 200C and 60 per cent R.H. On the basis of various parameters, it can be concluded that for development of this pest, the optimum condition were 30 + 2 0C temperature and 70 + 5 per cent R.H.
Six plant oils viz., neem, karanj, mustard, groundnut, lemongrass and citronella oils (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100g seeds) and one chemical, malathion (0.025, 0.050 and 0.075 per cent) were tested against L. serricorne on fennel seeds. The malathion at all concentrations was found to be most lethal, causing cent per cent mortality of adults. Neem, karanj and lemongrass oils at 1.0 ml/100g seeds were found effective in reducing adult emergence, longevity of adults, grain damage and weight loss and in prolonging developmental period.
* Ph. D. Student, Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. ** Thesis submitted to Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner for partial fulfillment of the requirement of Ph. D. Entomology degree under the supervision of Dr. M.C. Bhargava, Assoc. Professor, Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner.
The powders of different plant products viz., neem kernel, karanj kernel, neem leaf, eucalyptus leaf, datura leaf and mint leaf when admixed with fennel seeds @ 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/100g seeds proved to be causing adverse effect on development, adult emergence, longevity of adults, grain damage and weight loss by this insect.
Efficacy of impregnation of packing material on infestation of L. serricorne was evaluated for 12 months to know their effect on grain infestation, adult emergence and weight loss. The cloth bags treated with test compounds were found significantly superior in reducing the grain infestation, adult emergence and weight loss over control.
Effect of different storage receptacle on incidence of L. serricorne in stored fennel was studied under artificial and natural conditions. Significant differences were noticed in grain damage stored in different containers under artificial and natural conditions. Higher dry mass loss (7.12%) and damaged grains (30.99 %) were recorded in cloth bag stored grains. The number of adults emerged varied from 11.99 in metal bin to 14.49 in cloth bag. Under natural condition, low dry mass loss and damaged grains were observed in metal bin followed by polythene bag, urea bag and cloth bag.
No adverse effect of tested oils and powders were noted on the germination of seeds up to 120 days of treatment.
1. Introduction
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) commonly known as “saunf‟‟ belonging to the family apiaceae (umbelliferae) and is believed to be native of Southern Europe and Mediterranean region. It is widely cultivated through out the temperate and subtropical region in the world mainly in the countries like, Rumania, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, India, Japan, Argentina, Hungry, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and USA. In India, fennel is mainly grown in Gujrat and Rajasthan states and to some extent in U.P., Karnataka, A.P., Punjab, M.P., Bihar, Haryana and J. K. as a winter season crop covering a total area of about 0.40 lakh ha. with an annual production of 0.51 lakh tonnes during 2004-05 (Vashishtha, 2007). In Rajasthan, it occupies an area of 9095 ha with an annual production of 7629 tonnes during 2006-07 (Anonymous, 2007). It is mainly cultivated in the districts of Sirohi, Jodhpur, Tonk, Pali and to some extent in Bhartpur, Kota and Ajmer.
In India the domestic consumption of the important seed spices viz., cumin, coriander, ajowain, fennel, fenugreek etc. is quite high as they are routinely used for culinary and medicinal purposes. Apart from the domestic consumption, spices are being exported to various countries from India. We earn more than Rs 200 crores from the export of seed spices, annually. Losses of harvested produce may be quantitative or qualitative and these two losses may occur together or separately. About 17 to 25 per cent losses are caused by insects, moulds, rodents etc. to different spices during storage. These losses are caused by converting seed into powder form (Malhotra, 2007).
Among the various stored grain insect pests viz., drug store beetle (Stegobium paniceum Linn.), cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fab.), rust red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst), almond moth (Ephestia cautella Walk.), rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica Staint) and seed spices midge (Systole albipennis Walker), cigarette beetle, L. serricorne. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is the serious pest of several stored commodities. Beside its main host tobacco and cigarettes, it has also been recorded on turmeric, ginger, castor beans, wheat, coconut meal, pepper, cardamom, mustard, chilli, fennel, cumin and opium leaves (Ayyar,1934; Chatterjii,1963; Gahukar, 1975; Hussain and Khan, 1966; Samuel et al., 1984 and Sharma,2007).
It is well known fact that food constituents play a vital role in the survival and reproduction potential of the insects. The seed characters and physico-chemical characters of the variety also interfere the normal physiology or feeding of the insect, affects adversely the biology of the pest and these make a variety resistant to insect attack. Keeping this in view an attempt has been made to study the growth and development of this pest on some promising fennel varieties.
In order to develop economic and effective control measures for this pest, detailed and accurate knowledge of its bio-ecology is essential under variable macro-ecological conditions which lead to the possible prediction of population levels and study of various mortality factors regulating pest abundance. These aspects need more intensive investigations for example abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity and moisture percentage of stored products vis-à-vis pest interaction was one of the important aspects of the proposed work.
The stored fennel undergo qualitative and quantitative losses to varying degree, depending upon the storage structures/receptacles used and storage practices followed. Hence, the information about the storage conditions, practices and assessment of losses caused by L. serricorne in different storage container/receptacles was needed.
One of the eco-friendly and economic approaches, to keep the stored food grains free from insect attack, would be using the plant products as grain protectants. The growing awareness of environmental hazards due to synthetic insecticides have attracted attention towards pesticides of plant origin. The plants, having insecticidal and other activities gained attention in last few decades. Plant products are known to have many advantages, as they are safe to environment and consumer. Inability of the insect pest to develop resistance against them is added advantage. There are encouraging reports on the use of certain indigenous plant products as grain protectants and impregnation of packing materials for managing the insect population in stored products (Jotwani and Sircar, 1965; Jacob and Sheila, 1990; Hassan, 2001; Bhargava and Meena, 2002; Soonil et al.,2003; Maity, 2004 and Sharma, 2007). In case of L. serricorne, meagre information is available in literature regarding the efficacy of indigenous plant materials. Therefore, some plant oils and powders have been evaluated to find out their effectiveness against this pest under the present investigation.
In light of the above facts it is necessary and useful to conduct the proposed study “Bio-ecology and management of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. infesting stored fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)” with the following objectives in views :
i. To examine the varietal preference of fennel against Lasioderma serricorne Fab.
ii. To investigate the influence of temperature and humidity on growth and development of L. serricorne.
iii. To manage L. serricorne with plant products and physical components of environment.
2. Review of literature
The present investigation aims to find out the management techniques on the basis of bio-environmental factors against Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricious, 1972). In order to elucidate the situation with clarity pertinent work done so far on different aspects is being reviewed here as under.
The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab is a world wide pest of cured tobacco leaves and various dried food stuffs (Powell, 1931). Adults and larvae of this pest feed primarly outside of the grain though they may also chew the outer coat and devours the material inside (LeCato and Flaherty, 1973). 2.1 Varietal susceptibility
Growth and development Kurup and Parkhe (1961) studied the life cycle of L. serricorne on tobacco storage and reported that the total life cycle took about 41 to 58 days. The average number of eggs per female was 60. In cold storage the total life cycle took 218 days.
Sudhakar and Pandey (1982) studied the relative resistance and influence of wheat varieties on the rice weevil, S. oryzae. They reported that the none of the variety was found completely immune.
Padmavathamma and Rao (1989) recorded the stored spice of Carum copticum as a new host of Lasioderma serricorne in Andhra Pradesh, India causing severe damage. The egg, larval and pupal stages lasted 6-7, 32-34 and 9-10 days, respectively, on this newly recorded host, the total life cycle ranging from 47 to 51 days.
Vuayalakshmi et al. (1990) studied the relative susceptibility of 5 turmeric varieties to L. serricorne on the basis of adult emergence, developmental period, index of susceptibility and weight loss due to infestation under laboratory conditions. They reported that no variety was found to be completely resistant against this pest during storage. Variety Kasturi was found moderately resistant whereas Sugandham, Cuddapah, Duggirale and Tekurpeta were grouped under susceptible.
Sachan and Chandel (1991) investigated the relative susceptibility of 8 groundnut varieties to Lasioderma serricorne in the laboratory. They reported that the variety chitra, followed by ICGS-5 proved to be highly suitable for growth and development of the anobiid, and ICGS-11 was the least suitable while T-28, M-13, Kaushal, ICGS-1 and Chandra were moderately suitable for growth and development.
Sharma and Bhattacharya (1994) studied the susceptibility of some varieties of soybean to L. serricorne and reported that nutritional deficiency is responsible for poor growth and development of this insect on flours of test varieties.
Carvalho (1995) studied the food preference of L. serricorne on seven types of tobacco and results indicated that on tobaccos with higher contents of nicotine delayed the larval development, increased the rate of mortality and lowered the oviposition.
Gupta et al. (2000a) analysed 15 varieties of healthy maize to determine their differences in protein, starch and ash contents. Among them, REVT, IPTT-94 and D-841 providing highest percentage of protein (11.57, 11.36 and 11.25) and ash (1.999, 1.926 and 1.706) were found susceptible containing lowest percentage of starch i.e. 68.09, 68.24 and 68.38, respectively. The varieties, R-7, R-21 and R- 15 being least susceptible provided lowest percentage of protein (8.14, 8.16 and 8.10) and ash (1.366, 1.386 and 1.413) and highest percentage of starch i.e. 71.80, 71.85 and 70.04, respectively. The protein and ash content were found to be positively correlated and starch negatively correlated with the population and infestation. After 120 days of infestation, the protein content of each variety significantly increased and starch and ash content decreased due to infestation of S. oryzae.
Singh and Prasad (2001) studied the development of L. serricorne on ten mustard/rapeseed varieties under laboratory conditions and reported that maximum development was observed on YS.Pb-24 (63.33 per cent) followed B.nigra (dwarf) by 43.33 per cent) and TMM-52 (33.33 per cent). Minimum development was found in Pusa bold and T. 6342 (6.66 per cent). In preferred food mean development period was low and growth index was high.
Rao et al. (2002) studied the feeding response of cigarette, L. serricorne on different types and cultivars of tobacco and indicated that the oriental tobacco and flue cured Virginia tobacco were highly susceptible to the beetle, whereas the other types viz. cheroot, chewing, Kentucky fire cured and Burley tobacco were least preferred by the pest. Among the different types, oriental tobacco gave the highest values for adults emergence (83.33%), growth index (4.12), quick developmental period (20.23) and highest quality of food (1.78g) consumed by the number of grubs to become adults.
Gunasekaran et al. (2003) reported that significant reduction in protein, fat and ash content of all the products (coriander powder, sambar powder and turmeric rhizomes) was noted whereas moisture content increased in coriander and sambar powders after 3 and 6 months of infestation.
Lakshmi and Sudhakar (2003) tested different turmeric cultivars viz., Sugandham, Kasturi, Duggirala and Tekurpet (both bulbs and fingers) against L. serricorne to determine the role of biochemical parameters on adult emergence, development period, index of susceptibility and weight loss due to infestation. They reported that cultivar Kasturi showed moderate resistance while Sugandham, Cuddapah, Duggirale and Tekurpet were found susceptible to pest attack. Simple correlations worked out between the development of test insect and chemical parameters showed that ash, silica and potassium had significant negative correlation with adult emergence, index of susceptibility and weight loss while positive and significant with developmental period. The curcumin and protein content of the cultivars had negative correlation with the developmental period whereas the other factors showed a significant positive correlation with the chemical factors.
Rao et al. (2003) studied the biology of cigarette beetle, L. serricorne on pieces of folded tobacco and reported that females preferred to lay eggs on mid rib furrow of cured tobacco leaves. The ratio of males to females was worked out to be 1:1.18. The first instar larva was the most vulnerable stage for natural mortality. The duration of life cycle depended on ambient temperature and humidity conditions with an average of 55.9 days. 2.2 Influence of temperature and humidity on growth and
development
As early as in 1922, in Australia, Winterbuttom used high temperature to disinfest wheat grain infested with Sitophilus oryzae. He observed that infested wheat seeds when heated at a temperature range of 60-66 0C for 3 minutes gave complete control against S. oryzae.
Higher humidity (75% RH) and highest moisture content of food have been found significantly congenial for insect activity (Ramzan and Chahal, 1985).
Hagstrum and Milliken (1988) studied the development period of 9 species of stored product coleoptera in relation to temperature, moisture and diet and stated that at most temperatures, the order of relative influence of these factors on development was temperature > moisture > diet. However, moisture and diet influenced larval development more than temperature near the optimal temperature for development of each species.
Tu (1989) reported that tobacco leaves with adults of the L. serricorne treated for 3 minutes in a continuous conditioner at 50 oC, caused cent per cent mortality. If eggs were treated at 65 oC for 3 minutes, hatching was <2 per cent after 10 days. When used at 72-80 0C and 5-6 bar, the continuous conditioner caused 100 per cent mortality of adults and eggs of the anobiid.
Allotey and Unanaowo (1993) studied the biology of L. srricorne on selected food media under tropical conditions and observed that the length of the reproduction cycle of the pest under ambient laboratory condition (temperature ranges 28.0 to 32ºC and 72.5 to 80.5 per cent relative humidity) depended on the type and state of various cereal grains viz., cowpea, groundnut and dried root crops. Fecundity was highest with sorghum and lowest with rice as food source. Female lived longer than male.
Jha and Yadav (1994) reported that mixture of wheat flour and fennel powder (8:2) allowed 60 per cent development of L. serricorne at 30 0C and 55 per cent relative humidity.
Haque et al. (1996) studied the extent of grain damage, germination and viability caused by S. oryzae, infestation at different grain moisture and temperature levels under laboratory conditions. They reported that the grain damage was higher at 37 0C (0.873- 1.963%) followed by 30 0C (1.083-1.393%) and room temperature 17- 35 0C (0.219-1.09%) at any of the four moisture levels (10, 12, 14 and 16%) tested. The results also indicated that 30 0C and room temperature with high moisture level of 14 and 16% were conducive to rice weevil damage.
Jha and Yadav (1996) studied the developmental response of 28 spices to L. serricorne and Stegobium paniceum and reported that out of 7 powdered spices, 5 allowed development of L. serricorne, while 4 spices allowed development of S. paniceum. Higher RH of 60 per cent was less suitable to L. serricorne than 50 per cent RH, but it was the reverse in the case of S. paniceum.
Zhang and Wang (1996) carried out an ecological study on a laboratory population of cigarette bettle, L. serricorne under the treatment combination of six levels of temperature (20.3 0C, 23.9 0C, 27.7 0C, 32.2 0C, 33.7 0C, 35.9 0C) and three levels of relative humidity (51.3%-55.0%, 75.5%-76.0%, 83.8%-85.0%). They reported that the optimum temperature and relative humidity were 300C-340C and 70-85 per cent respectively for the growth and development of this pest and the temperature higher than 36 0C and relative humidity less than 51% had an adverse influence on its survival.
Alder et al. (2002) observed that high temperature above 45 0C was lethal to stored product arthropods and lethal exposure times decrease with increasing temperature. The results indicated that L. serricorne could be controlled at 45 0C with 40 hours but not R. dominica. At 50 0C, the longest exposure time tested (60 min) proved far too short, complete control may be achieved in the range of 3-4 hours. Pupae and late larval stages were more heat tolerant in both species compared to adults eggs and young larvae.
Rao and Babu (2004) studied the influence of certain ecological factors on biology of cigarette beetle, L. serricorne and reported that the optimum constant conditions for growth and development of the host were 30 0C and 75 per cent RH. The temperature <10 0C and >40 0C and the RH< 45 and >90 per cent proved fatal to all the developmental stages. The adult longevity in both sexes of L.serricorne when feed on artificial diet (wheat flour + dried yeast at 2:1 ratio) was observed to be maximum under ambient conditions.
Jakhar et al. (2006) studied the growth and development of T. granarium on different temperature (200, 250, 300, 350 and 40 0C and humidity (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 per cent relative humidity) levels. They reported that temperature and moisture were the two most important component to play a significant role in the growth and development of various stages of this pest. The larval and pupal periods, total developmental period and longevity of adults decreased with the increase in temperature, being shortest at 40 0C. The adult emergence was maximum at 35 0C under 60 per cent relative humidity. The maximum growth index of test insect was 1.99 at 35 0C under 60 per cent relative humidity. On the basis of various parameters, it can be concluded that for development of this pest, the optimum conditions were 35 0C temperature and under 60 per cent relative humidity 2.3 Management with Plant product and physical component of the environment Agarwal et al. (1981) studied the storage losses in turmeric by L. serricorne and reported that the moisture content decreased from 12.5 per cent to 9.8 per cent in control (without insect) while it decreased from 12.5 to 12.0 per cent in infested rhizome after 7 months of storage and the average population of insect recorded was 292 adults. The total loss in weight was 8.85 per cent after 7 months of storage in the infested turmeric.
Ali et al. (1983) tested the efficacy of different oils viz., coconut, mustard, neem, rape, mahua and palm at 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100 g seeds green gram against Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. All oil treatments at 0.5 ml/100 g seeds were found less effective in comparison to 1.0 ml/100 g against all stages of the pest. Neem, cocoanut, mustard, palms, and sesamum inflicted 100 per cent egg mortality at 1.0 ml/100 g seeds.
Verma et al. (1983) found that the oils and cakes of neem, castor linseed and mustard reduced the fecundity, hatching and adult emergence of Sitotroga cerealla (oliver). No adverse effect of any protectant was observed on the germination. Naik and Dumbre (1984) studied the effect of a few non edible oils viz., neem, karanj, castor and undi and edible oils, viz., groundnut, safflower, coconut, mustard and niger in stored cowpea against C. maculatus. The non-edible and edible oils mixed with cowpea seed at the rate of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent, prevented the adult emergence and increased the development period from egg to adult. They found that neem and karanj oil at 1.0 per cent level provided complete inhibition of adult emergence and reduction in fecundity as compared to untreated seed.
Rajashekaran and Kumaraswami (1985) observed that sorghum grain treated with karanj extract at 0.4 per cent v/v or with neem extract at 1.0 per cent v/v gave complete protection from Sitophillus oryzae (L.) while green gram treated with karanj and neem extract at 0.6 per cent v/v and 0.8 per cent w/w, respectively, gave significant protection from C. chinensis.
Sharma et al. (1989) tested the effectivenss of neem kernel powder against S. oryzae and R. dominica and reported that only 64.0 per cent mortality of Sitophilus oryzae could be obtained at the lowest dose of 0.5 g neem kernel powder / 100 g grains and more than 70 per cent mortality of R. dominica obtained at this dose. However, the highest dose tested i.e. 3 g/100 g grains, caused 100 per cent mortality in both the test insects after 1 month of the treatment. There was no fresh emergence of the pest from the treated grains upto 3 months after the treatment.
Trivedi (1987) assessed the effectiveness of neem, groundnut, sesamum and linseed oil cakes and cattle dung ash as carriers from pyrethrin dust against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) and reported that after one month, pyrethrin with sesamum and groundnut oil cakes was the most effective (88%, mortality) against R. dominica followed by neem oil cakes (70%), cattle dung ash (63%) and linseed oil cake (47%). Bloszyk et.al. (1990) used six natural compound of plant origin for impregnating 3 kinds of packaging materials for foodstuffs to protect them from invasion by R. dominica and found that rotenone and helenalin were the best for protecting from perforation by R. dominica.
Singh and Mall (1991) studied the comparative efficacy of oil and cakes of castor, neem, linseed and powder of Ipomea carnea, M. azadirach as grain protectant against S. oryzae infesting stored wheat under laboratory conditions and obtained significantly less number of beetle in grain treated with neem oil (7.66) followed by I. Carnea, M. azadirach and neem cake being 14.33, 16.06 and 17.33, respectively. They also reported minimum grain damage and weight loss in neem oil treated grains.
Khaire et al. (1992) determined the efficacy of ten vegetable oils viz., sunflower, castor, safflower, mustard, palm, groundnut, sesamum, neem, karanj and maize at the rate of 5, 7.5 and 10.0 ml/kg of grain (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 v/w concentrations) as grain protectants of pigeonpea against C. chinensis. It was found that no adult emergence occurred up to 66 days with castor oil at the 0.75 and 1.0 per cent level and minimum grain loss was noted with castor, mustard and groundnut oils at the 1.0 per cent level up to 100 days after treatment. There was no adverse effect of the various oils on seed germination.
Prakash et al. (1993) evaluated 20 plant products against S. oryzae, only 7 products significantly reduced adult populations and weight loss of grain. Neem seed oil was the most effective, followed by Piper nigrum seed powder, leaves of Vitex negundo, leaves of Andrographis paniculata, dried mandarin fruit peel, rhizome powder of turmeric and seed powder of Cassia fistula, respectively.
Ambadkar and Khan (1994) screened 51 common plant species (29 families) for repellent /deterrent action against L. serricorne and reported that 11 plant species as potent repellents, of which 6 species (5 families) were found to exhibit almost 100 % repellent /diterrent action in both the fresh and dried leaves. Five other species (in 5 families) showed 100 per cent repellency with fresh leaves but only 80 per cent with dried leaves. Cecsalpinia pulcherrima and Lantana camera L. showed significant attractant qualities with fresh as well as dried leaves. Only Datura metel had a narcotic effect on L. serricorne.
Saxena and Singh (1994) reported that the grain protectants tested against R. dominica, were adversely affect the fecundity, incubation, hatching percentage, larval and pupal period, adult emergence and longevity over untreated check.
Sharma (1995) tested five growth disrupting compounds viz., undi extract, malodorous neem extract, neem oil, karanj extract and vetiver oil against, C. chinensis. He found that undi extract @ 1.0 ml/100g seeds was found to be most effective causing 93.53 per cent mortality of adults. Neem oil @ 1.0 ml/100 g seed was the most effective in inhibiting the oviposition and reduction egg viability and adult emergence in F1 generation.
Khan and Thakare (1997) reported that the adult emergence was significantly reduced when larvae of Corcyra cephalonica. were exposed to grain treated with karanj, neem and castor oils (0.5 and 0.1%). Larval period was also significantly enhanced when fed on grains treated with neem seed powder (1.0%), neem oil (0.5%) and karanj oil (0.5%).
Rajapakse and Senanayake (1997) evaluated the effect of seven different plant oils at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 per cent w/w concentrations /100 g of pigeonpea seed on oviposition of C. chinensis and reported that all the oils significantly affected oviposition at all 3 concentrations tested at one day after treatment. All the oils tested did not appear to affect seed germination significantly. Ramamurthy and Venugopal (1997) reported that the gunny bags impregnated with malathion at 0.1, endosulfan at 0.04 and neem oil at 3 per cent concentration were effective in avoiding the S. cerealella damage. Neem seed kernel extract 5 and 3 per cent and neem oil 2 per cent were also effective in avoiding S. cerealella damage.
Jha and Yadav (1998) assessed the olfactory response of different powdered spices in host choice chamber against L. serricorne and reported that the highest attraction value of 41.6 per cent against L. serricorne was observed on residual powder of fennel extracted with petroleum ether followed by fennel grit (34.1 per cent) and fennel powder. The remaining spices had the attraction values ranging from 1.7 to 19.8 per cent.
Singh et al. (1999) reported that the neem dust admixed with wheat seeds at 0.125 parts/100 parts wheat seeds (w/w) inhibited the growth and development of the first instar larvae of L. serricorne.
Gupta et al. (2000b) evaluated the effect of castor, mustard, linseed, soybean, coconut, groundnut and sesamum oils @ 1 ml and 3 ml per kg maize seed on weight loss and grain damage done by Sitophilus oryzae. The mustard and linseed oil at both the concentrations were significantly superior in comparison to other oils. After 120 days, it was observed that all the oils afforded protection.
Hassan (2001) tested three plant oils viz. sesame, sunflower and castor at 5, 10 and 15 ml/ kg seeds against, T. granarium and S. granarium to determine the effect on the oviposition, hatchability, eclosion and population of both these stored products pests. He found that all the three oils at different concentrations significantly reduced oviposition, egg hatchability and adult eclosion of T. granarium. The oil at different concentrations had no significant effect on the germination of wheat and sorghum seeds. Joseph et al. (2001) studied the extent of damage caused by L. serricorne on stored ginger, turmeric and pepper. They reported that the insect caused very low damage on the stored products during the first month of storage. Damage significantly increased at the end of the second month. A gradual increase in weight loss was observed in these products from the third month onwards.
Bhargava and Meena (2002) used six vegetable oils viz., castor, mustard, groundnut, sesamum, coconut and safflower at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100 g seeds against C. chinensis and found that all the oils caused significant mortality after 3 days of treatment. The castor oil (1.0 ml/100 g seed) was most effective causing 80.7 per cent mortality of the adults. At 1.0 ml/100 g seeds, castor oil caused maximum reduction in egg viability (61.7%) followed by mustard oil (56.7%).
Uttam et al. (2002) evaluated the comparative efficacy of different indigenous oils viz., soybean, linseed, sunflower, castor, sesamum, toria (T9), mustard, karad, taramira and safflower oils as grain protectant @ 1 ml and 3 ml per kg seed of barley against S. oryzae. Among them karad, toria (T9) and taramira oils showed their effectiveness with both the dosages reducing the adult emergence and weight loss of the grain. Results regarding mortality percentage of adults indicated that karad, toria, taramira, mustard and sesamum oils provided best performance after 5 days of their application at both the doses as compared to other oils and control.
Chander (2003) noted significantly higher dry mass loss (8.53%) and damaged grains (32.43%) due to R. dominica when stored in mud pot in artificial condition while under natural condition, low dry mass loss and damaged grains were recorded in urea bag followed by gunny bag, polythene bag, mud pot and cloth bag.
Meena and Bhargava (2003) studied the effect of different storage containers as the incidence of Corcyra cephalonica in stored kernels of groundnut revealed significant differences in damage on kernels stored in different containers under artificial and natural condition. Significantly higher dry mass loss (5.29%) and damage kernels (29.24%) were noticed in mud pot kernels. Under natural conditions, in low dry mass and damaged kernels were noticed in gunny bag followed by urea bag, cloth bag and polythene bag.
Soonil et al. (2003) evaluated some aromatic plant extract and essential oil against L. serricorne. They reported insecticidal activity of Cinnamomum cassia Cleavors (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees.) bark, Illicium verum Hook fruit and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. fruit as well as cinnamon (C. cassia) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) oils applied at 3.5 mg/cm2 in a filter paper diffusion method. Over 90 per cent mortality at 3 days after treatment was achieved with an extract of Acorus calamus Linn. var. angustatus rhizome, cinnamon, horseradish and mustard oils at 07 mg/cm2 were highly toxic to the adult beetles after one day of treatment.
Maity (2004) studied the effect of botanicals viz., leaf powder of beal, Lantana, tulsi, Begunia and neem, leaf ash of banana and oils of coconut, mustard and palmolein in protecting stored species against cigarette beetle, L. serricorne and reported that weight losses from 30.0 to 35.0 per cent was observed in untreated spices like turmeric, coriander, black pepper and fennel after 3 months of storage. Law population of the beetle (15.66 to 17.33) were recorded in turmeric and followed by coconut oil treatment (20.66 to 22.33 beetles). Similarly, less number of adults i.e. 16.66 to 19.33 was observed to emerge from black pepper and fennel seeds treated with coconut oil which was followed by banana leaf ash treatment (18.33 to 20.66 beetles). However, control of the pest was also observed to be satisfactory in the rest of the botanicals tested.
Sharma (2007) tested five plant products viz., neem seed kernel extract, karanj seed extract, mustard oil, eucalyptus oil and castor oil (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100g seeds) and one chemical, malathion (0.025, 0.050 and 0.075 per cent) were tested against L. serricorne on cumin seeds. He reported that the percentage of adult mortality after 1, 2 and 3 days of treatment increased with increase in dose/concentration level of each seed protectants. All the seed protectants caused significant mortality in introduced adult after 3 days of treatment. The malathion at all concentrations was found to be most lethal, causing cent per cent mortality of adults. Among the different plant products, neem seed kernel extract was found effective in reducing fecundity, adult emergence and weight loss while karanj seed extract was effective in reducing egg viability as compared to other seed protectants.No adverse effect of seed protectants was observed on the germination of seeds up to 120 days of treatment.
3. Materials and Methods
The present study „‟Bio-ecology and management of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. infesting stored fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)‟‟ was conducted under laboratory conditions in the Department of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner from February, 2007 to May, 2008. The details of the experimental treatments, materials used, techniques followed and criteria adopted for treatment evaluation during the course of present investigation are described in following text.
Experimental site and climatic conditions The investigations were carried out at Jobner campus of Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner which is situated at 750 28‟ East longitude, 260 05‟ North latitude and at an altitude of 427 meters above mean sea level. It falls under agro-climatic zone III A, the “Semi- arid Eastern Plain Zone” of Rajasthan.
The climate of this area is typically semi-arid, characterized by extremes of temperature both in summer and winter with low rainfall and moderate humidity. Maximum temperature in summer reaches as high as 45 0C and minimum temperature in winter some times falls down bellow 0 0C. The average annual rainfall of locality varies from 400-500 mm occurring mostly from the last week of June to September. The weather conditions during the present investigations were, however, normal.
Maintenance of insect culture A mass culture of test insect, L. serricorne was maintained on mixture of wheat flour and turmeric powder (4:1) at 30+1ºC and 70 per cent relative humidity to get a regular supply of different developmental stages of test insect for experiments. The food was sterilized at 60ºC for 8 hours in order to make them free from infestation.
The adults were released on rearing media kept in wide cylindrical jars (30 x 20 cm) and covered with musli n cloth tightened with rubber band. For initial culture, 20 pairs of L. serricorne were released in jar. The sexes were determined at pupal stage by closely observing the genitalia at the caudal end. Genital papillae of female pupa were long, stout and divergent, while in case of male, genital papillae were short, globular and not projecting. After a lapse of 45 days, first generation was completed and then there were overlapping generations in the culture media. The freshly emerged adults were collected in small glass vials for further experimentation (Plate 1 & 2).
Experimental details and design 3.1 Varietal susceptibility
Different varieties/genotypes of fennel (UF-205, UF-206, JF- 376, HF-118, HF-125, GF-2 RF-101 and local) were obtained from AICRP on Seed Spices, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. The growth and development of L. serricorne on these varieties/genotypes were studied.
Growth and development
For determining the relative susceptibility of the different varieties, only sound and healthy seeds were selected after mechanical separation. The seeds were sterilized in oven at 60 + 5 0C for 8 hours to avoid any hidden infestations. Prior to the experiment, the seeds of each variety were conditioned at least for a week in an incubator maintaining 30 + 2 0C and 70 + 5 relative humidity in which the tests were carried out. The moisture content of the seeds was determined by moisture meter. All the varieties were inoculated simultaneously and there were three replications for each variety. The experiment was conducted at 30 + 2 0C temperature and 70 + 5 per cent relative humidity. The following observations were recorded. (i) Developmental period (eggs to adults)
(ii) Adult emergence
(iii) Ovipositional response
(iv) Incubation period
(v) Grain damage
(vi) Weight loss
(vii) Growth index
For the study of ovipositional response, 5 pairs of freshly emerged adults were introduced in glass vials (15 x 5 cm) separately on each variety for oviposition. The total number of eggs laid by the female were counted daily till 15 days after release. For incubation period, a random sample of twenty freshly eggs laid were taken in small speciman tubes. The dates of eggs laying and hatching were also recorded to find out the incubation period in each variety. Twenty newly emerged larvae were released in specimen tube containing 20g sample of each variety and the number of seeds in each sample were counted. The specimen tubes were covered with muslin cloths. From the day fresh emergence started, the dates and number of adults emerged were noted twice (morning and evening) daily to work out the total developmental period (egg to adult) and per cent adult emergence on the basis of larvae placed in each specimen tube. Growth index was calculated by dividing percentage of adult emergence by total developmental period in days. The damaged grains and weight loss were recorded after 90 days of the released of eggs. For this purpose, the sample of seeds was spread upon a white sheet and damaged seeds were counted. The percentages of damaged seeds were calculated. The loss in weight was obtained after removing all insect stages and frass. It was worked out by subtracting the final weight from the initial weight and converted into percentage. The marpho-biochemical characters of different fennel varieties
3.1.1 Size of grains
Grain size was determined by water displacement method wherein known volume of water was taken in a measuring cylinder (10 ml capacity) and then 100 grains were introduced. The increase in volume gave volume of 100 grains. The process was repeated thrice to get a mean volume of 100 grains which was used as an index of grain size of a variety.
3.1.2 Moisture content
The moisture content of grains in different varieties was determined with the help of digital moisture meter (macro scientific works, Delhi).
3.1.3 Protein content
Protein content in fennel seed was estimated vide method of A.O.A.C. (1980) as follows:
Protein content (%) = N content (%) in seeds x 6.25
Nitrogen was estimated by digesting the samples with sulphuric acid using hydrogen peroxide to remove black colour. Estimation of nitrogen was done by colorimetric method using Nessler‟s reagent to develop colour (Snell and Snell, 1949). The results so obtained were expressed as per cent nitrogen concentration.
3.1.4 Volatile oil content (%) Volatile oil content in bulk seed of different varieties was estimated by essential oil distillation assembly i.e. Clevenger apparatus (A.O.A.C., 1970), as described below. One hundred gram seed sample was weighed and ground finely with electric grinder. The seed powder was transferred in assembly flask (1 litre). 540 ml water was added to fill the flask up to half of its capacity and placed on heating mantle. Heating was done for 5-6 hours continuously. The volatile oil is collected in the graduated site arm of the assembly. Two consecutive readings were taken at 30 minutes interval until there was no change in oil content. The volume of volatile oil obtained in terms of mililiter per hundred gram seed sample directly reveals percent oil content in the seeds. 3.1.5 Crude fibre content (%)
Crude fibre content in bulk seed of different varieties was estimated by method of crude fibre determination (A.O.A.C., 1970) in fat free material, as described below:
6-7 gram ground seed sample was weighed in conical flask, 10 ml petroleum ether was added, well shaked and warned up to the temperature 52 0C, cooled and left for 12 hours. Then solvent, petroleum ether, was removed and sample was dried in an oven at 70- 80 0C for 4-5 hours. It was then cooled at room Temperature and weighed. This process made the seed material fat free.
Then, 5 gram fat free sample were weighed and placed in 500 ml graduated beakers. Boiled the samples with 200ml of H2SO4 (1.25% w/v) for 30 minutes. Frequently, water was added to keep the volume at 200 ml mark. After cooling the content was filtered through muslin cloth and washed with distilled water until washings were free of acids. The residue was again boiled with 200 ml of NaOH (1.25% w/v) for 30 minutes. It was then cooled, filtered and washed in similar manner but final washing was done with alcohol: ether (1:1) mix. Now residue was transferred to pre-weighed ashing dish (silica crucible) (W1 g) and dried out the residue in an oven at 100 0C for 10-12 hours and weighed
(W2 g).
The residue was ignited for 30 minutes at 600+15 0C in muffle furnace, cooled in desicator and reweighed (W3 g).
Weight of residue (g) – weight of ash (g) Crude fibre content (%) = x 100 Weight of sample taken (g)
Where, weight of residue = W2-W1 and weight of ash = W3-W1 3.1.6 Total soluble sugars content (%)
Total soluble sugar content in bulk seed of different varieties was also determined by colorimetric method of Dubois et al. (1951) using anthrone reagent, as described below:
200 mg ground seed sample was weighed and 10 ml of 80% alcohol was added to it in a boiling tube. It was then hydrolyzed by keeping it in boiling water bath for 2-5 minutes. After cooling it at room temperature, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was collected and the volume was noted in each tube and then stored in refrigerator at 2-5 0C. A sample of 0.1 ml aliquots was taken for sugar analysis. The standard curve was prepared by taking different aliquots viz. 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 ml from the working standard (100 ug/ml glucose).
The volume in each tube was made up to 1.0 ml including the sample tube by adding distilled water. Then 4.0 ml freshly prepared anthrone reagent (dissolved 200 mg anthrone in 100 ml concentrate
H2SO4) was added in each tube and kept in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes. After cooling the tube, the absorbance in each tube was recorded at 630 nm with the help of spectronic 20.
A standard curve was prepared by plotting concentrations of the working standards on the X-axis versus absorbance on the Y-axis. By using this standard curve, the sugar content in unknown sample was determined.
Sugar value from graph (mg) total volume of extract (ml) Total soluble = X X 100 sugar content (%) Aliquot sample used (0.1 ml) weight of sample (mg)
3.2 Influence of temperature and humidity on growth and development
Developmental studies of L. serricorne were undertaken in the laboratory at four different temperatures and humidity levels on fennel seeds (local variety) in order to observe their effects on developmental period, adult emergence, longevity of adults, oviposition period, incubation period, grain damage, weight loss of grain and growth index. The temperature levels of 20 + 10, 25 + 10, 30 + 10 and 35 + 1 0C and by using digital environmental chamber. Experimental Procedure
Freshly laid eggs were obtained from adults reared at temperature of 30 + 2 0C and 70 + 5 per cent relative humidity and on hatching, newly hatched larvae were transferred to specimen tubes containing 20g fennel seeds. Prior to the addition of larvae, the grains were conditioned at least for a week in an incubator maintaining 30 + 2 0C and 70 + 5 per cent relative humidity to raise their initial moisture content. The specimen jars were covered with pieces of muslin cloth and kept in digital environmental chamber at each combination of temperature and relative humidity. There were three replications in each case. The observations on developmental period (egg to adult stage) including, incubation larval and pupal periods of test insects were recorded. The per cent adult emerged was worked out on the basis of number of larvae placed in the jar and number of adult emerged. The longevity of male and female adults were determined by recording the dates of their emergence and the dates of natural death. For the study of oviposition period, five pairs of freshly emerged beetles were released in glass vials for egg laying. The total number of eggs laid by the female were counted daily and oviposition periods were recorded. Growth index was calculated by dividing percentage of adult emergence by total developmental period in days. The damaged seeds and weight loss were recorded after 90 days of the released of larvae. For this purpose, the sample of seeds was spread upon a white sheet and damaged seeds were counted. The percentage of damaged seeds was calculated. The loss in weight was obtained after removing all insects stages and frass. It was worked out by subtracting the final weight from the initial weight and then converted into percentages.
3.3 To manage L. serricorne with plant products and physical component of environment
3.3.1 Management using plant oils The bio-efficacy of different plant oils was evaluated against L. serricorne. The details of different plant oils used in the experiment are given in table 1.
Treatments and their concentrations/doses Stock solution of different plant oils was prepared in acetone (GR grade). Ten ml solution of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 per cent concentration of test oils were mixed with 100 g seeds in such way to get a uniform coating which would give the doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100 g seeds. Aliquot of malathion was diluted to 0.025, 0.05 and 0.075 per cent solution for treating the seeds. Control seeds were treated with acetone only. There were three replications for each treatment.
Effect of treated seeds on L. serricorne
Ten pairs of newly emerged adults were released in jar containing treated seeds with different plant oils for taking the observations on developmental period, adult emergence, adult longevity, abnormalities if any, grain damage and weight loss. The duration of total life cycle (development period) was work out by recording the dates of egg laying and dates of adult emergence on treated food with different doses of test oils. The per cent ad ult emergence was recorded after completion of life cycle. The longevity of adults was determined by recording the dates of their emergence and the dates of their natural death. The weight loss and grain damage were also determined. The loss in weight was recorded after the end of experiment. Before weighing all insect stages and frass were removed. It was worked out by subtracting the final weight from the initial weight and converted into per cent weight loss. The per cent grain damage was calculated by counting the damaged and undamaged seeds. Table 1. Details of plant oils used
S.No. Common name Conc./ doses Botanical Name (ml/ 100g of seeds) 1 Neem oil Azadirachta indica A. Juss 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 2 Karanj oil Pongamia glabra Vent. „‟ 3 Mustard oil Brassica juncea L. ” 4 Groundnut oil Arachis hypogaea L. „‟ 5 Lemongrass oil Cymbopogan flexuosus L. ” 6 Citronella oil Cymbopogan winterianus ”
3.3.2 Management using plant powders
The fine powders of different plant products (Table 2) were prepared by drying them in shade and then grinding in electric grinder. The powders were sieved through 60 mesh sieve and mixed with seeds @ 1.0, 3 and 5.0 g/100 g seeds. For mixing the powder with seeds, 50 g seeds were placed in jars and desired doses of powder were added to each jar. The powders were mixed thoroughly with seeds by shaking the jars. Samples of 20g seed from each treatment were transferred to specimen jars. A control (untreated) was also kept simultaneously. The treatments were replicated three times. Ten pairs of newly emerged adults were released in treated food. The further experimental procedure and observations recorded were the same as described under the heading; management with plant oil (3.3.1).
Table 2. Details of powdered plant products used S.No. Dose (parts Common name Botanical Name per 100 parts of seeds w/w) 1 Neem Kernal powder Azadirachta indica A. Juss 1.0, 3.0, 5.0
2 Karanj kernel powder Pongamia glabra Vent.
3 Neem leaf powder Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ” 4 Eucalyptus leaf powder Eucalyptus hybrida L. Herit
5 Datura leaf powder Datura alba Nees ”
6 Podina leaf powder Mentha arvensis L. ”
3.3.3 Impregnation of packing material
In order to identify suitable plant products for impregnation of packing materials (cloth bags) for safe storage, packing materials were impregnated with selected plant products for control of test insect. The fennel seeds were sterilized at 60 0C for 6 hours to remove the infestation, if any. The cloth bags of 25x20 cm were impregnated separately with different concentrations of plant oils (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 ml) and malathion (0.025, 0.050 and 0.075 per cent). The treated bags were dried in shade for 24 hours and packed with 100g of sterilized grain and kept in a room for 12 months for natural infestation. There were three replications in each treatment.
Samples were taken from the treated bags at monthly intervals and damaged ones in each replication were counted and per cent grain damage calculated. These observations were continued for 12 months. The loss in weight was recorded after 12 months. Before weighing all insect stages and frass were removed. It was worked out by subtracting the final weight from the initial weight and converted into percentages. The number of adults emerged in impregnated cloth bags were recorded after 12 months.
3.3.4 Effect of different storage receptacle on L. serricorne
Different storage receptacles commonly used at village level, used for
storing the grains included polythene bag (200 guage), urea bag, cloth bag,
and metal drum. The experiment was carried out under both artificial and
natural conditions in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Fennel seeds containing twenty eggs were allowed for
development on weighed and counted grains kept in different storage
containers under artificial conditions. The grains were also kept without
the inoculation of eggs under natural condition. Observations on adult
emergence were recorded until all eggs became adults, while per cent dry
mass loss and damage grains were obtained after 90 days of inoculation of
eggs in each treatment. The per cent dry mass loss was worked out by
count and weight method (Dick, 1987).
(U‟Nd) – (D Nu) Dry mass loss (%) =------x 100 U (Nd + Nu) Where, Nu = Number of undamaged grains, Nd = Number of damaged grains, U = Dry mass of undamaged grains and D = Dry mass of damaged grains. 3.3.5 Effect of plant products on the germination of fennel seeds In order to find out the effect of plant products on seed germination, different oils and powders were mixed with fresh and healthy fennel seeds. The observations on germination were observed just after the treatment and 120 days of treatment. All the treatments and control were replicated three times. The germination tests were carried out according to International Rules of Seeds Testing (Anonymous, 1976). For assessing the germination of treated and of untreated seeds, a lot of 100 seeds were drown from each replication and soaked in water for 24 hours and placed in petri dishes over a wet filter paper. These petri dishes were kept at a temperature of 20 + 20C and the numbers of germinated seeds were counted upto one week and the percentages of germination were calculated.
Number of seeds germinated Germination per cent = ------x 100 Number of seeds kept for germination
Statistical analyses
The data obtained on various characters/parameters were subjected to
analyses of variance technique applicable for completely randomized
design. The level of significance used in ‘F’ test was p= 0.05 wherever, F
calculated was significant, critical difference values were calculated for
treatment comparisons. The values obtained in percentage were
transformed into angular values and subjected to analyses.
4. Results
4.1 Varietal preference of fennel against L. serricorne
4.1.1 Growth and development of L. serricorne on different fennel varieties
Developmental period (Table 3 & Fig 1)
The average developmental period of L. serricorne varied significantly on different fennel varieties. The minimum developmental period was observed on JF-376 (46.3 days), which was at par with HF- 118 (46.9 day) and UF-205 (48.6 days). The longest developmental period was recorded on GF-2 (64.2 days) followed by UF-206 (59.5 days), RF-101 (56.6 days), HF-125 (54.0 days) and local (53.4 days).
Adult emergence (Table 3 & Fig 1)
The emergence of adult was significantly affected in fennel varieties tested. The minimum percentage of adult emergence was recorded on the variety GF-2 (45.49%) followed by UF-206 (49.78%), HF-125 (53.13%), RF-101 (56.46%) and local (66.50%). The maximum percentage of adult emergence was observed on the variety JF-376 (79.21%), which was at par with HF-118 (78.33%).
Oviposition response (Table 3 & Fig 1)
The maximum number of eggs was deposited on JF-376 (41.2), which was at par with HF-118 (40.3) and significantly differed from the rest of the varieties. It was followed by UF-205 (38.0), local (36.0), HF-125 (32.4), RF-101 (28.5) and UF-206 (25.3). However, no significant difference was recorded between UF-205 and local. Minimum number of eggs was laid by the beetles on GF-2 (24.3), at par with UF-206 (25.3). Incubation period (Table 4 & Fig 2) The incubation period varied from 5.2 to 8.5 days in different fennel varieties being minimum on JF-376 (5.2 days) and maximum on GF-2 (8.5 days). However, no significant difference was observed between GF-2, UF-206, RF-101, HF-125, local and UF-205 and between HF-125, local, UF-205, HF-118 and JF-376.
Grain damage (Table 4 & Fig 2)
A highly significantly difference was observed between different fennel varieties in term of per cent damaged grains due to the infestation of L. serricorne. The per cent damaged grains ranged from 22.00 to 65.05 in different fennel varieties. GF-2 (22.00%) was the least damaged variety, which was at par with UF-206 (26.02%), RF- 101 (30.15%) and HF-125 (36.16%) while JF-376 (65.05%) was the most damaged variety, at par with HF-118 (63.65%) and UF-205 (57.12%).
Weight loss (Table 4 & Fig 2)
The difference in per cent weight loss among different fennel varieties was highly significant. Lowest net weight loss (2.30%) was observed in GF-2 which differ significantly from rest of the varieties. The highest net weight loss of 16.0 per cent was observed in JF-376, at par with GF-118 (15.43%).
Growth index (Table 4 & Fig 2)
The growth index ranged from 0.71 to 1.71 in different varieties, being minimum in GF-2 (0.71) followed by UF-206 (0.84), HF-125 (0.98) and RF-101 (1.00). The maximum growth index was recorded in JF-376 (1.71) followed by HF-118 (1.67).
4.1.2 Physico-chemical characteristics of fennel varieties To determine the various physico-chemical characters related with different fennel varieties for susceptibility to L serricorne, the following physico-chemical characters viz., volatile oil, sugar, crude fibre, protein, size of grains and moisture content of fennel seeds were studied and the results have been presented in table 5 and fig 3.
Volatile oil
The volatile oil in different fennel varieties ranged from 1.83 to 2.20 per cent. The lowest volatile oil was found in JF-376 (1.83%) followed by HF-118 (1.87%), UF-205 (1.90%), local (1.93%), HF-125 (2.03%), RF-101 (2.13%), UF-206 (2.17%) and GF-2 (2.20%). However, no statistical differences exist among the treatments.
Sugar
It is clear from the table 5 and fig 3 that the sugar content of different varieties varied from 0.82 to 1.35, however, no significant difference was observed among these varieties.
Crude fibre
The data regarding the per cent crude fibre of the seeds were showed in table 5 and fig 3 and the varietal means revealed variation from 15.16 per cent in JF-376 to 19.67 per cent in GF-2. All the varieties of fennel showed their difference in an ascending order: JF- 376 (15.16%), HF-118 (15.17%), UF-205 (16.32%), local (16.54%), HF-125 (17.02%), RF-101 (18.00%), UF-206 (18.27%) and GF-2 (19.67%). However, no significant difference was observed between the treatments of JF-376, HF-118, UF-205 and local; UF-205, local, HF-125 and RF-101; local, RF-125, RF-101 and UF-206 and RF-101, UF-206 and GF-2.
Protein It is clear from the table 5 and fig 3 that the protein content of different fennel varieties was increased due to infestation of L. serricorne. The highest percentage of protein was observed in the variety JF-376 (9.00%), which was at par with UF-205 (8.00%) and local (7.75%) followed by HF-125 (6.25%). The lowest protein content was found in GF-2 (5.00%), which was at par with UF-206 (5.25%), HF-118 (5.50%) and RF-101 (5.90%).
Size of grain
Table 5 and fig 3 revealed that the length and width of the grains in different fennel varieties ranged from 0.62 to 0.72 cm. and 0.18 to 0.22 cm, respectively. However, no significant difference was existed among the varieties.
Moisture
Moisture percentage in different fennel varieties ranged from 3.16 to 6.60, being maximum in JF-376 (6.60%), at par with UF-205 (5.56%) and local (5.33%). The lowest moisture content was observed in GF-2 (3.16%), which was at par with UF-206 (3.45%), RF-101 (3.96%) and HF-125 (4.33%).
4.1.3 Correlation studies on physico-chemical characters of fennel varieties
The various physico-chemical characters of fennel grains were correlated with the infestation of L. serricorne to know the relationship between the physico-chemical characters and growth index, damaged grains and weight loss. The correlation and their regression equations are given in table 6.
The volatile oil significantly negative correlation with growth index, grain damage and weight loss. Thus, it is clear that the increased in volatile oil decreased the level of infestation and vice- versa. The correlation of sugar, protein and moisture contents of the seeds was observed to be significantly positive with the infestation of L. serricorne. Thus, the population and infestation of the pest increased with the increase in sugar, protein and moisture contents. 4.2 Influence of temperature and humidity on growth and development of Lasioderma serricorne
Developmental period (Table 7 & Fig. 4)
The data on developmental period at four constant temperatures in combination with four levels of relative humidity revealed that the length of the developmental period (egg to adult emergence) was affected by temperature and humidity. The complete development was found to be maximum (65.95 days) when the insects were reared at 20 0C and minimum duration (46.55 days) was observed at 30 0C. At 25 0C and 35 0C complete development took 64.55 days and 52.30 days, respectively. However, significant difference was existed among these treatments.
The effect of relative humidity revealed that the beetle took minimum 53.33 days for completing their development at 70 per cent relative humidity, which differed significantly from rest of the treatments. The development period was 56.83 days at 80 per cent relative humidity, at par with 60 per cent (57.63 days). The test insect took maximum time 61.58 days in completing their development at 90 per cent relative humidity.
Regarding the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity, the minimum developmental period (42.2 days) was recorded at 300C and 70 per cent relative humidity. The maximum developmental period (69.0 days) was observed at 20 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity.
Adult emergence (Table 8 & Fig. 5) The maximum adult emergence (83.07%) was found when insects were reared at 30 0C which differed significantly from the rest of treatments, followed by 78.65 per cent at 25 0C. The minimum adult emergence (47.40%) was recorded at 35 0C followed by 51.40 per cent at 20 0C.
The most favourable humidity level for adult emergence was found 70 per cent, at which maximum adult emergence (75.54%) occurred, which was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. It was followed by 70.11, 60.37 and 54.52 per cent adult emergence at 80, 90 and 60 per cent relative humidity, respectively. However, significant difference was observed among these treatments.
The combined effect of temperature and relative humidity showed that the combination of 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity was found best which resulted in 92.90 per cent adult emergence, whereas, the combination of 35 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity resulted only 40.10 per cent adult emergence.
Longevity of male adult (Table 9 and Fig. 6)
The observations recorded on the effect of different temperature on the longevity of adult showed that the longevity found to be maximum 21.85 days at 20 0C and the minimum (13.00 days) at 30 0C.
The adult survived upto 19.98 days at 90 per cent relative humidity followed by 17.35, 16.95 and 15.48 days in 60, 80 and 70 per cent relative humidity, respectively.
The combined effect of both the factors revealed that the maximum adult longevity (23.6 days) was recorded at 20 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity and minimum longevity of 10.9 days was recorded at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity.
Longevity of female adult (Table 10 & Fig. 7) The longevity of female adult was found to be maximum 22.80 days at 20 0C followed by 19.75 days at 25 0C. The minimum longevity of female beetle (14.00 days) was observed when insects were reared at 30 0C, followed by 16.82 days at 35 0C.
The data obtained on the effect of relative humidity revealed that the adult female lived upto 20.97 days in 90 per cent relative humidity followed by 18.00, 17.95 and 16.45 days in 60, 80 and 70 per cent relative humidity, respectively.
The interaction of temperature and relative humidity on longevity of female beetle showed that the longevity was maximum 24.2 days at 20 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity and minimum 11.9 days at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity.
Oviposition period (Table 11 & Fig. 8)
The maximum oviposition period (15.10 days) was observed when the insects were reared at 20 0C. It was followed by 14.65, 13.53 and 12.05 days at 25 0C, 35 0C and 30 0C, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed between 20 0C and 25 0C, and 25 0C and 35 0C.
The most favourable humidity levels for oviposition period was found 80 per cent, at which shortest oviposition period (12.63 days), at par with 13.55 days in 70 per cent relative humidity. The average oviposition period at 60 and 90 per cent relative humidity were 14.85 and 14.30 days, respectively.
Regarding the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on the oviposition period, the longest duration (16.70 days) was recorded at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity, while the minimum duration (10.30 days) at 30 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity.
Incubation period (Table 12 & Fig. 9) The results obtained on the incubation period was found to be maximum (7.37days) at 200C and minimum (5.46 days) at 30 0C. The incubation period at 250C and 350C were 6.35 and 6.15 days, respectively.
The most favourable relative humidity level for incubation period was found 70 per cent at which shortest incubation period (5.38 days), at par with 5.90 days in 80 per cent relative humidity. The average incubation period at 60 and 90 per cent relative humidity were 7.28 and 6.77days, respectively.
Regarding the combined effect of different temperature and relative humidity on the incubation period, the longest duration (8.02 days) was recorded at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity, while the minimum duration (4.77 days) at 35 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity.
Grain damage (Table 13 & Fig. 10)
The data presented on grain damage at different levels of temperature indicated that the maximum grain damage was 63.50 per cent at 30 0C which was statistically significant from the rest of the treatments. It was followed by 25 0C (58.60%). The minimum grain damage (39.30%) was recorded at 20 0C followed by 35 0C (44.30%).
Regarding humidity levels, the maximum grain damage (55.60%) was observed in 70 per cent relative humidity, which differed significantly with the damage occurred in other relative humidity levels. The minimum grain damage (46.80%) was recorded in 60 per cent relative humidity, followed by 49.75 and 53.55 per cent in 90 and 80 per cent relative humidity, respectively.
The combined effect of both factors revealed that the maximum grain damage (67.20%) was observed at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity, followed by 66.00 per cent grain damage at 30 0C and 80 per cent relative humidity. The minimum grain damage (37.70%) was found at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity.
Weight loss (Table 14 & Fig. 11)
The data recorded on the effect of temperature indicated that the maximum weight loss (17.72%) was observed at 30 0C, followed by 15.70 per cent at 25 0C. Minimum weight loss 9.26 per cent at 20 0C, at par with 35 0C having 9.74 per cent weight loss.
The results obtained on the effect of relative humidity clearly indicated that the maximum weight loss (14.45%) was recorded in 70 per cent relative humidity followed by 13.78 and 13.35 per cent in 80 and 90 per cent relative humidity, respectively. The minimum weight loss 10.84 per cent was found at 60 per cent relative humidity.
Regarding the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on weight loss, the maximum loss (20.00%) was occurred at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity while minimum (8.85%) at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity.
Growth index (Table 15)
The highest mean growth index (1.79) was recorded at 30 0C, followed by 1.23, 0.91 and 0.79 at 25, 35 and 20 0C temperature, respectively. The maximum growth index (1.47) was observed when insect reared at 70 per cent relative humidity. The mean growth index at 80, 90 and 60 per cent relative humidity were 1.25, 1.01 and 0.99, respectively.
The combined effect of both the factors showed that the growth index was maximum 2.20 at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity and minimum (0.60) at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity.
4.3 Management of L. serricorne using plant products 4.3.1 Management using plant oils
Effect on developmental period (Table 16 & Fig. 12)
The significant difference existed between the doses of plant oils in increasing the developmental period of test insect in comparison to control. The developmental period of test insect got progressively increased with the increase in dose level of each treatment.
Comparing the results obtained in different oils, the neem oil was found to be most effective in increasing the developmental period (74.12 days) and significantly superior to rest of the treatments. It was followed by karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oil with 71.52, 63.34, 55.00, 49.22 and 48.62 days, respectively.
As in case of malathion no adults was survived so that the remaining observations were not recorded.
Effect on adult emergence (Table 17 & Fig. 13)
It is apparent from the data that all the doses of plant oils tested were found to be significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over control. The per cent adult emergence gradually decreased with the increase in doses of all the treatments. In neem oil, the adult emergence was 32.66 per cent at the initial dose level (0.1 ml/ 100 g seeds), which decreased to 19.02 per cent at highest dose level (0.5 ml / 100 g seeds), whereas, in control it was 70.15 per cent. Similar trend of reduction in adult emergence was also recorded in other treatments. Regarding different oils, the neem oil was found to be most effective in reducing the adult emergence (25.63%) which differ significantly to rest of the treatments. It was followed by karanj oil (28.30%), lemongrass oil (32.99%), mustard oil (36.07%), citronella oil (47.45%) and groundnut oil (50.69%).
Effect on longevity of male adults (Table 18 & Fig. 14) All the doses of plant oils tested were found significantly better in reducing the longevity of male beetles over control. The longevity of male beetle emerged from grains treated with neem oil was 14.0 days at the initial dose level, which decreased to the 11.1 days in the highest dose level, while it was 38.2 days in the control. Similar trend was recorded in other oils in reducing the survival of male beetles. In case of plant oils, the neem oil was found to be most effective in the reducing the longevity of male beetle (12.6 days), which differ significantly to rest of the treatments. It was followed by karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oils with 15.7, 18.1, 21.2, 23.4 and 25.4 days, respectively.
Effect on longevity of female adult (Table 19 and Fig. 15)
The significant difference existed between the doses of plant oils in reducing the longevity of female beetles. The mean longevity of the female beetle at different dose levels ranged from 18.5 to 22.3 days. The longevity gradually decreased with the increase in dose level of the test compounds. The longevity of female beetle was 15.0 days at the initial dose level of 0.1 ml/ 100 g seeds treated with neem oil, which decrease to 12.0 days at the highest dose level of 0.5 ml/ 100 g seeds, whereas in control, it was 39.70 days. Similar trend of reduction in longevity of female beetle with the increase in dose levels was observed in other treatments.
While assessing the results of different oils, the neem oil was found significantly most effective in reducing the longevity of female beetles (13.4 days) followed by karanj oil (16.7 days), lemongrass oil (18.7 days), mustard oil (21.9 days), citronella oil (24.2 days) and groundnut oil (26.5 days).
Effect on grain damage (Table 20 & Fig. 16) The per cent damaged grains in different treatments were significantly less than the per cent damaged grains in untreated check, however, different treatments exhibited different level of efficacy in terms of per cent grain damaged. The grain damage of treated grains progressively decreased with the increase in dose level of each treatment. The grain damage at different dose levels ranged from 14.88 to 23.32 per cent.
The grain damage recorded in grains treated with neem, karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oils at the highest dose level of each treatment were 5.10, 10.10, 13.30, 19.20, 20.70 and 20.90 per cent, respectively, as compared to 40.50 per cent grain damage in the control.
Regarding different plant oils, the mean per cent grain damage ranged from 12.10 to 24.76. Significantly less number of damaged grains were found in grains treated with neem oil as compared to other treatments. It was followed by karanj, lemongrass and mustard oils with 15.80, 17.80 and 22.23 per cent grain damage, respectively. The maximum grain damage was found in ground oil (24.76%), at par with citronella oil (23.60%).
Effect on weight loss (Table 21 & Fig. 17)
All the doses were found significantly better in reducing the weight loss over control. The mean weight loss at different dose levels ranged from 4.65 to 9.16 per cent. The per cent weight loss gradually decreased with the increase in dose levels of each treatment. In neem oil, the net weight loss was 5.63 per cent at the initial dose level (0.1 ml/ 100 g seeds) which decreased to 2.60 per cent at the highest dose level of 0.5 ml/ 100 g seeds. Similar trend was also found in other plant oils.
Comparing the results obtained in different oils, the mean per cent loss varied from 4.00 to 9.88 per cent. The minimum weight loss (4.00%) was recorded in neem oil, at par with karanj oil (4.56%). It was followed by lemongrass oil (6.99%), mustard oil (7.72%), citronella oil (8.16%) and groundnut oil (9.88%).
4.3.2 Management using plant powders
Total developmental period
All the dose levels were found significantly superior in increasing the total developmental period over control (Table 22 and Fig. 18). The total developmental period in all the treatments increased with the increase in dose level. The mean total developmental period varied from 58.03 to 61.75 days in different dose levels. While comparing the results obtained in different treatments, the mean total developmental period varied from 46.56 to 69.17 days, being maximum in neem kernel powder (69.17 days) which was at par with karanj kernel powder (68.89 days). Datura leaf powder and neem leaf powder proved to be next effective treatments which gave only 64.89 and 60.14 days developmental period, respectively. The minimum total developmental period was observed on seeds treated with eucalyptus leaf powder (46.56 days) which was significant over rest of the treatments.
Effect on adult emergence
All the doses of test compounds were found statistically significant in reducing the adult emergence over control. The per cent adult emergence decreased with the increase in doses of all the treatments (Table 23 and Fig. 19) In neem kernel powder the adult emergence was 33.23 per cent at lowest dose level (1.0 g/ 100 g seeds) which decreased to 20.35 per cent at highest dose level (5.0 g/ 100 g seeds), whereas, in control it was 71.08 per cent. Similar trend of adult emergence was recorded in other treatments. The mean per cent adult emergence from neem kernel powder treatment was 26.75 per cent followed by karanj kernel powder (30.13%), datura leaf powder (36.35%), neem leaf powder (39.85%), mint leaf powder (48.99%) and eucalyptus leaf powder (52.89%). Comparing the results obtained in different test compound, the neem kernel powder was found significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over rest of the treatments.
Effect on longevity of male adults
The data revealed from the table 24 & Fig. 20 that all the doses treatments were significantly superior in reducing the longevity of male beetles in comparison to the control. The longevity of male beetle emerged from seeds treated with different doses of treatments varied from 18.50 to 22.93 days, as against 38.00 days in control. Assessing the results of different plant powders, the neem kernel powder was found to be most effective in the reducing the longevity of male beetle (13.08 days), which differ significantly to the remaining treatments. It was followed by karanj kernel powder (17.07 days), datura leaf powder (19.47 days), neem leaf powder (22.06 days) and mint leaf powder (25.16 days). The maximum longevity of beetle was recorded from seeds admixed with eucalyptus leaf powder (27.42 days).
Effect on longevity of female adult
The data presented in table 25 and fig. 21 that all the doses of different plant powders were significantly better in reducing the longevity of female beetle over control. The minimum longevity of female beetle in neem kernel powder was 13.10 days at the highest dose level, whereas, in control it was 38.94 days. Similar trand was recorded in other treatments in reducing the longevity of female beetle. The average longevity of female beetles at all the dose levels of the treatments varied from 19.31 to 23.08 days. Comparing the results obtained in different plant powders, the longevity of female beetle ranged from 14.41 to 27.21 days, being minimum in seeds treated with neem kernel powder and maximum in eucalyptus leaf powder.
Effect on grain damage The results indicated in table 26 and fig. 22 that the per cent of damage seeds in all the doses of different treatments were significantly less than the per cent of damaged seeds in untreated check. In neem kernel powder, the seed damage was 17.12 per cent at the initial dose level (1.0 g/ 100 g seeds), which reduced to 9.95 per cent at highest dose of 5.0g/ 100 g seeds. Similar trend was recorded in other treatments in reducing the grain damage. The mean grain damage at different dose levels ranged from 16.38 to 24.00 per cent. While assessing the results obtained in different plant powders, the average grain damage ranged from 14.06 to 25.15 per cent. The minimum grain damage was recorded in neem kernel powder (14.06%) which was significantly better as compared to other treatments. The next effective treatments were karanj kernel powder and datura leaf powder having 16.79 and 18.89 per cent grain damage, respectively. The maximum grain damage (25.15%) was observed in eucalyptus leaf powder followed by mint leaf powder (23.73%) and neem leaf powder (23.61%).
Effect on weight loss
The data presented in table 27 and fig. 23 revealed that the mean per cent weight loss at different dose levels ranged from 4.77 to 9.27 per cent, as against 16.69 per cent in control. Considering the results observed in different treatments, the minimum per cent weight loss (4.11%) was recorded in neem kernel powder, at par with karanj kernel powder (4.67%). It was followed by datura leaf powder (7.11%), which was at par with neem leaf powder (7.79%) and mint leaf powder (8.29%). The maximum per cent weight loss was recorded in eucalyptus leaf powder (10.03%) which was statistically significant over control (16.69%).
4.3.3 Efficacy of impregnation of packing material on infestation of L. serricorne The sterilized fennel seeds were stored in cloth bags (25 x20cm) treated with different concentrations of test compounds. These treated bags were kept in a room for 12 months where there was infestation. The following observations were recorded.
Effect on grain damage
The results indicated in table 28 show that no infestation was recorded in seeds stored in cloth bags treated with test compounds and in control upto three months of storage. After four months of storage, the grain damage was recorded only in control (3.10%). However, no grain damage was recorded in any of the treatments. After five months of storage, the grain damage was recorded only in mustard oil (1.0 and 3.0%), citronella oil and groundnut oil (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%) while in rest of the treatments no grain damage was recorded. All the treatments, where infestation was recorded, were found significantly superior in reducing the per cent grain damage over control.
After six months of storage, no grain damage was recorded in malathion while in the rest of treatments the per cent grain damage was significantly lower as compared to control. The grain damage ranged from 0.29 to 2.35 per cent in different treatments, whereas in control it was 4.70 per cent.
After seven months of storage, all the treatments were found significantly superior in reducing the grain damage over control. However, no infestation was recorded in highest concentration of malathion (0.075%). The maximum grain damage of 3.0 per cent was observed in groundnut oil at 1.0 per cent concentration, at par with citronella oil at 1.0 per cent concentration. The minimum grain damage (0.40%) was recorded in neem oil at 5.0 per cent concentration, which was at par with highest concentration of karanj oil, lemongrass oil, mustard oil and citronella oil. The grain damage was observed in all the treatments after 8 months of storage. All the treatments, where infestation was recorded were significantly superior in reducing the per cent grain damage over control. The minimum and maximum damage were 0.90 and 4.45 per cent observed in malathion at 0.075 per cent and groundnut oil at 1.0 per cent, respectively whereas in control it was 10.83 per cent.
A similar trend was observed after 9, 10 and 11 months of storage. The grain infestation observed in different treatments after 12 months of storage was between the range of 2.10 to 16.23 per cent and these results were significantly superior over control. The minimum grain damage was recorded in malathion at 0.075 per cent (2.10%) followed by neem oil (2.25%), karanj oil (2.45%), lemongrass oil (2.95%), citronella oil (3.0%) and mustard oil (3.23%) at 5.0 per cent concentration. The maximum grain damage of 16.23 per cent was recorded in the treatment of groundnut oil at 1.0 per cent.
Effect on adult emergence
The number of adult emerged after 12 months of storage in cloth bags treated with different test compounds were recorded. The data thus obtained are presented in table 29 clearly indicated that the number of adult emerged gradually decreased with the increase in concentration of each oil. The cloth bags treated with test compounds were found significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over control. The mean adult emerged in different treatments of cloth bags ranged from 0.33 to 11.33, while in control it was 17.67. The minimum number of adult emerged in malathion at 0.075 per cent after 12 months of storage (0.33) which was at par with malathion at 0.050 per cent (1.33) and neem oil at 5 per cent (1.67) followed by karanj oil (2.0), lemongrass oil (2.33), mustard oil (2.66), citronella oil (3.67) and groundnut oil (4.67) at the highest concentration of 5.0 per cent.
Effect on weight loss The per cent weight loss in impregnated cloth bags with test compounds was recorded after 12 months of storage. The data obtained are presented in table 29 showed that per cent weight loss gradually decreased with the increase in concentrations of each test compound. All concentrations of all plant oils/insecticide were found significant in reducing the per cent weight loss over control. The minimum weight loss was observed in malathion at 0.075 per cent (0.15%) which was at par with malathion at 0.050 (0.25%) per cent and neem oil at 5 per cent (0.32%).
4.3.4 Effect of different storage containers on the incidence of Lasioderma serricorne in stored fennel seeds
The investigation which was aims to findings out an effective and economical storage container /receptacle was mainly confined to the usages of different types of containers which could profitably be employed by the villagers. All types of containers that are commonly available viz., polythene bag, metal bin, urea bag and cloth bag were used in this study.
The effect of different storage containers on the infestation of L. serricorne in stored fennel was investigated both under artificial and natural conditions. The data presented in table 30 and fig. 24 revealed that the significant difference were noticed in seed damage stored in different containers under artificial and natural conditions. Under artificial condition, maximum dry mass loss (7.12%) was recorded in cloth bag that was not significantly differed with urea bag (6.60%) and polythene bag (6.20%) but differed significantly from metal bin (5.00%). The maximum seed damage (30.99%) was also recorded in cloth bag, which was significant to rest of the treatments viz. urea bag (26.79%), polythene bag (25.10%) and metal bin (24.00%). The number of adults emerged varied from 11.99 to 14.49 in different storage containers. The minimum adult emerged in metal bin (11.99), at par with polythene bag (13.25) and urea bag (13.98) but differed significantly with cloth bag (14.49).
Under natural condition, minimum dry loss (0.27%) and damaged seeds (1.12%) were observed in metal bin followed by polythene bag (0.35% and 1.18%), urea bag (0.46% and 1.50%), and cloth bag (0.48% and 1.58%). However, the damage was negligible in all containers.
4.3.5 Effect of plant products on the germination of fennel seeds
The germination of the fennel seeds at 0 and 120 days after treatment with different concentrations/ doses of test compounds used as protectant was observed, showed no significant effect on the germination. The germination percentage in different treatments ranged from 57.52 to 59.06 per cent in plant oils and 57.32 to 59.25 per cent in plant powders at zero day interval (Table 31 & 33). The germination percentage slightly decreased with the increases in dose levels of all test compounds, however, no significant differences were observed among themselves.
After 120 days of treatment, the germination ranged from 53.53 to 55.74 per cent in different plant oils and 56.84 to 58.41 per cent in different plant powders of treatment of fennel seeds (Table 32 & 34). However, no statistical differences existed among the treatments.
On the basis of above observations, it can safely be said that all the test compounds used as protectants had no adverse effects on the germination of fennel seeds upto 120 days of treatments.
5. Discussion
5.1 Varietal Preference of Fennel Against L. Serricorne
5.1.1 Growth and development of L. serricorne on different fennel varieties
The growth and development of the insect and degree of infestation greatly influence by the type of food. The studies on varietal susceptibility have immense practical value. Considering the importance of Lasioderma serricorne, the present studies were, therefore, carried out with a view to study the growth, development and degree of infestation of this pest on different fennel varieties with an idea to select the less susceptible varieties, although some preliminary work on this aspect has been done by some workers are discussed here.
The developmental period of L. serricorne was greatly influenced by different fennel varieties. The developmental period of beetles varied from 46.3 to 64.2 days, being shortest on JF-376 and longest on GF-2. The work on relative susceptibility of fennel varieties to L. serricorne is not available, however, the same type of work on other commodities have been discussed. The present observations corroborate with that of Vuayalakshmi et al. (1990) who reported that the developmental period of L. serricorne was greatly influenced by different turmeric varieties. Similarly, Sachan and Chandel (1991) reported significant variation in developmental period of L. serricorne on different groundnut varieties. Sharma and Bhattacharya (1994) also found that the developmental period of this pest was ranged from 49.00 to 53.00 days on different soybean varieties. The variation in the development period amongst test varieties may be due to difference in physico-chemical nature of the varieties might be nutritionally inadequate for the development of insect. These results are in conformity with the earlier finding of Padmavathamma and Rao (1989).
Behaviour of different varieties towards successful emergence of adults differed significantly. The maximum percentage of adult emergence was recorded on the variety JF-376 (79.21%), which was at par with HF-118 (78.33%), while minimum in GF-2 (45.49%). Emergence of beetles in the rest of varieties ranged from 49.78 to 68.92 per cent. The work on adult emergence on different fennel varieties is not available, however Vuayalakshmi et al. (1990); Sharma and Bhattacharya (1994) and Singh and Prasad (2001) also found variation in adult emergence of this pest on different turmeric, soybean and mustard varieties, respectively.
The respective fennel varieties showed significant variation in egg laying capacity of L. serricorne. The maximum number of eggs were deposited on the fennel variety JF-376 (41.2), which was at par with HF-118 (40.3) showing suitable for oviposition followed by UF-205 (38.0), local (36.0), HF-125 (32.4), RF-101 (28.5) and UF-206 (25.3). The GF-2 (24.3), being unfavorable for oviposition. The variation in fecundity due to the softness/hardness of the varieties. No work is available on the egg laying capacity of L. serricorne on different fennel varieties and varieties of other commodity, however Sudhakar and Pandey (1982) reported significant variation in egg laying capacity of Sitophilus oryzae on different wheat varieties. Gupta et al. (2000a) and Uttam et al. (2004) observed similar variation in fecundity of S. oryzae on maize and barley varieties, respectively.
The incubation period of L. serricorne varied from 5.2 to 8.5 days in different fennel varieties being minimum on JF-376 (5.2 days) and maximum on GF-2 (8.5 days). The remaining varieties were found having intermediately position. Results of the present study in respect of incubation period are close conformity with the findings of Kurup and Parkhe (1961) who reported that incubation period of L. serricorne on tobacco leaves of different varieties ranged from 5 to 8 days.
The percentage of damaged grains and loss in weight of different fennel varieties due to infestation of the beetle ranged from 22.00 to 65.05 and 2.30 to 16.00, respectively, being maximum damaged grains and weight loss in JF-376 and minimum in GF-2. Not much work is available on the grain damage and weight loss in different fennel varieties due to infestation of L. serricorne, however, Vuayalakshmi et al. (1990) found that the weight loss in different turmeric varieties due to infestation of L. serricorne varied from 0.68 to 3.42 per cent, support the present findings.
The growth index of L. serricorne varied from 0.77 to 1.71 in different fennel varieties, being minimum in GF-2 (0.71) while maximum in JF-376 (1.71). Jha and Yadav (1994) reported that preferred varieties produced higher growth index, while less preferred varieties shows lesser growth index, support the present findings.
5.1.2 Physico-chemical characteristics of fennel varieties
The data regarding the important physico-chemical characteristics of the seed samples were known to play a major role in the resistance/susceptibility. The volatile oil in different fennel varieties ranged from 1.83 to 2.20, being minimum in JF-376 while maximum in GF-2. Thus, it was clear from these results that the fennel varieties having less volatile oil, were much susceptible in comparison to other varieties, having higher volatile oil. Similar to the present finding, Singh and Prasad (2001) also observed that the mustard varieties associated with high oil content was most susceptible to L. serricorne
Sugar content of different fennel varieties varied from 0.82 to 1.35, however, no significant difference was observed among these varieties. The work on this aspect is not available, however, the present results could not be compared. Thus, it was clear from these results that the fennel varieties having higher sugar content are more susceptible as compared to the varieties having lower sugar content.
The variations in per cent crude fibre content of the different fennel varieties from 15.16 per cent in JF-376 to 19.67 per cent in GF- 2. The remaining varieties were found having intermediately position. Similarly Vuayalakshmi et al. (1990) and Singh and Prasad (2001) also reported that the mustard varieties associated with lower fibre content are most susceptible to L. serricorne
The highest percentage of protein was observed in the variety JF-376 (9.00%) while lowest percentage in GF-2 (5.00%). In remaining varieties the protein content was ranged from 5.25 to 8.00 per cent. Form the observation, it was obvious that increase in protein percentage was maximum in susceptible varieties of fennel due to infestation of L. serricorne and vice-versa. Lakshmi and Sudhakar (2003) reported that the adult emergence, index of susceptibility and weight loss due to L. serricorne increased with increase in protein content of turmeric cultivars, support the present findings. The results obtained by Sudhakar and Pandey (1981) were also in support the present study, who found the increase of protein in damage wheat grains due to infestation of S. oryzae. Similarly, Rao and Sharma (2003) reported that susceptible varieties had more protein content.
The length and width of the grains in different fennel varieties ranged from 0.62 to 0.72 cm. and 0.18 to 0.22 cm, respectively. However, no significant difference was existed among the varieties.
Moisture percentage in different varieties of fennel varied from 3.16 to 6.60, being maximum in JF-376 (6.60%) and minimum in GF-2 (3.16%). It was found that the higher per cent of moisture induces higher infestation of seeds, while lower moisture represented least infestation. The work on this aspect is not available, however, Singh et al. (1991) found that the grains of different barley varieties containing maximum moisture, were highly susceptible for the attack of S. oryzae. Gupta (1999) and Uttam et al. (2004) are also of the opinion that the varieties with higher moisture content are most susceptible in comparison to the lower moisture content in different varieties of maize and barley, respectively and their views are in accordance with present findings.
5.1.3 Correlation studies on physico-chemical characters of fennel varieties
The various physico-chemical characters of fennel grains were correlated with the infestation of L. serricorne to know the relationship between the physico-chemical characters (volatile oil, sugar, protein and moisture) and growth index, grain damaged and loss in weight. The relationship of volatile oil with growth index, grain damage and loss in weight was found to be significant having negative correlation. Thus it is determined that the increase in volatile oil decreased the infestation of this pest and vice-versa.
The relation of sugar, protein and moisture contents of grain was found to be significant having positive correlation with growth index, grain damage and loss in weight. Overall performance of the varieties which are having higher sugar, protein and moisture contents have shown maximum growth index, grain damage and loss in weight. In the present study, the relationship of protein content was found to be significant having positive correlation. Victoria et al. (1987) reported a highly significant positive correlation between protein content and loss in weight of grains due to cigarette beetle, supports the present finding. Similarly Laxmi and Sudhakar (2003) also reported that the adult emergence, index of susceptibility and weight loss increased with increase in protein content of turmeric cultivar. The present results are not in conformity with that of Ram and Singh (1996) who reported that protein content was negatively correlated with weevil susceptibility but was non- significant. This may be due to some other factors associated with protein contents, which ultimately affect the susceptibility of grains.
Sudhakar (1980) observed that the correlation of moisture content with fecundity and F1 progeny of S. oryzae on wheat grains was significant and positive, which is in accordance with the present results. Similarly, Uttam (1992) also observed that the correlation of moisture content was highly significant and positive with the fecundity,
F1 progeny and index of susceptibility, which showed that the barley varieties, having higher moisture content, were observed to be highly infested with S. oryzae and vice-versa.
5.2 Influence of temperature and humidity on growth and development of L. serricorne
In present investigations, the developmental period was affected by temperature and humidity. The complete development was found to be maximum (65.95 days) at 20 0C, while minimum (46.55 days) at 30 0C. The data obtained on the effect of relative humidity revealed that the beetle took minimum time (53.33 days) under 70 per cent relative humidity for completing their development. The minimum duration (42.2 days) was recorded at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity, while maximum (69.0 days) at 20 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity. These findings are in agreement with the results obtained by Allotey and Unanaowo (1993); Jha and Yadav (1996); Zhang and Wang (1996) and Rao and Babu (2004) who reported that the optimum temperature and relative humidity for optimum growth and development of L. serricorne were 30 0C and 70-75 per cent, respectively.
The maximum adult emergence (83.07%) was recorded when insects were reared at 30 0C followed by 78.65, 51.40 and 47.40 per cent at 25 0C, 20 0C and 35 0C, respectively. The most favourable humidity level for adult emergence was found 70 per cent, at which maximum adult emergence (75.54%) occurred. The results on interaction of temperature and humidity revealed that the combination of 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity resulted in maximum adult emergence, whereas, it was minimum at 35 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity. Powell (1931) states that a constant temperature of 40 0C is fatal to L. serricorne in every stage and that the optimum temperature and humidity for development were 320C and 75 per cent, respectively, support the present findings. Similarly, Schwartz and Burkholder (1991) reported that the development of Sitophilus granarius was slowest at 15 0C and fastest at 30 0C.
The length of survival period of both sexes depends entirely upon temperature and humidity if adequate food is available. The survival period of male and female beetle was the longest 20 oC and 90 per cent relative humidity and shortest at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity. No work on the effect of temperature and relative humidity on longevity of adult of L. serricorne is available, however, Rao and Babu (2004) reported that the adult longevity in both sexes of L. serricorne was found to be macimum of 23.7 days for male and 29.3 days for female at 20 oC. Similarly, Simwat and Chahal (1981); Nawrot (1981) and Chander (2003) reported that the adult life span of T. castaneum, C. cautella and R. dominica, respectively, decreased consistently with the rise in temperature.
The maximum oviposition period (15.10 days) was observed when the insects were reared at 20 0C. The most favourable humidity level for oviposition period was found 80 per cent. Regarding the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on the oviposition period, the longest duration (16.70 days) was recorded at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity, while the minimum duration (10.30 days) at 30 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity. Rao and Babu (2004) reported that the oviposition period was maximum at 20 0C followed by 30 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity, support the present findings. Similarly Simwat and Chahal (1970) and Chander (2003) found that the oviposition period of T. castaneum and R. dominica, respectively was influenced by temperature.
The results obtained on the incubation period was found to be maximum (7.37days) at 20 0C and minimum (5.46 days) at 30 0C. The most favourable humidity level for incubation period was found 70 per cent. Regarding the combined effect of different temperature and relative humidity on the incubation period, the longest duration (8.02 days) was recorded at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity, while minimum (4.77 days) at 35 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity. Allotey and Unanaowo (1993) reported that 80.3 per cent egg hatchability was found at 28-32 0C and 72.5-80.5 per cent relative humidity within an incubation period of 5 to 8 days. Rao and Babu (2004) also observed that incubation period of L. serricorne was maximum at 20 0C and minimum at 30 0C. All above findings of different workers confirm the results.
More loss in weight and higher grain infestation occurred when the grains were incubated at the optimum temperature and humidity for the insect. During the present study, the grain infestation and loss in weight increased with the increasing in temperature and relative humidity from 20 0 to 30 0C and 60 to 70 per cent relative humidity, respectively, but thereafter, it decreased at 35 0C and 90 per cent relative humidity. The higher grain damage (67.20%) and loss in weight (20.00%) were observed at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity while lower at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity. The work on the effect of temperature and relative humidity on grain damage and weight loss is not available, however, the same type of work on other insect pests have been discussed. Khokhar and Gupta (1974) who reported maximum grain infestation due to R. dominica at optimum temperature. Similarly, Haque et al. (1996) reported that 30 0C and room temperature with high moisture level were conducive to rice weevil damage.
The highest growth index (1.79) was observed at 30 0C followed by 1.23, 0.91 and 0.79 at 25, 35 and 20 0C temperature, respectively. On the other hand, maximum growth index was observed at 70 per cent relative humidity. The combined effect of both the factors showed that the growth index was maximum at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity and minimum at 20 0C and 60 per cent relative humidity. On the basis of these results it may be said that temperature and humidity played a significant role in the activity of the test insect. 5.3 Management of L. Serricorne using plant products
Different plants were known to possess some insecticidal properties and as such they have been used in protecting the grains against the damage of number of stored grain pests in different parts of the country according to local availability of such materials. In recent years, several plants products (leaf, kernel powder, seed extracts and seed oils) have been identified which can be used as safe and renewable sources of insecticides (Teotia and Tiwari, 1971; Sighamony et al., 1986; Ambadkar and khan, 1994; Gupta et al., 2000b; Bhargava and Meena, 2002; Uttam et al., 2002 and Maity, 2004; Meena and Bhargava, 2005).
5.3.1 Management using plant oils
All the dose levels were found significantly superior in increasing the developmental period over control. The developmental period increased with the increase in dose level of each treatment. The mean developmental period in different treatments varied from 48.62 to 74.12 days, while in control it was 44.00 days. The neem oil was found to be most effective in increasing the developmental period which was followed by karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oil. Not much work on the effect of plant oils on the development of L. serricorne is available, however, it was correlated with the other insects. Hassan (2001) reported that seed treatment with different plant oils/extracts normally delayed the development of S. granarius. Similarly, Naik and Dumbre (1984), Singh et al. (1994) and Bhargava and Meena (2002) in Callosobruchus sp., Saxena and Singh (1994), Singh et al. (1996) and Chander (2003) in R. dominica and Odeyemi (1991) and Jakhar (2004) in T. granarium have also observed to prolong the developmental period by treatment with different plant products. This increase in the developmental period is certainly due to antifeedant action of plant oils, that is why larva fed slowly on treated grains and consequently developmental period was prolonged. The antifeedant response of plant products was also reported against C. chinensis (Girish and Jain, 1974) and R. dominica (Ambika Devi and Mohandas, 1982 and Tiwari, 1994).
It is apparent from the data that all the doses of plant oils tested were found to be significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over control. The per cent adult emergence gradually decreased with the increase in doses of all the treatments. Regarding different oils, the neem oil was found to be most effective in reducing the adult emergence followed by karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oils. The present findings are conformity with Maity (2004) who found significant reduction in adult emergence of L. serricorne by coconut oil, mustard oil and palmolein oil at dosage of 5 ml/kg seeds. Similarly, Sharma (2007) reported significant reduction in adult emergence of L. serricorne when cumin seeds were treated with neem seed extract, karanj seed extract mustard oil, eucalyptus oil and castor oil. The reduction in adult emergence by plant oil/extract have also been reported in S. oryzae (Prakash et al., 1993), R. dominica (Singh et al., 1996), C. chinensis (Khaire et al., 1993 and Bhargava and Meena, 2002), support the present findings. The reduction in adult emergence with different plant oils may be due to fact that oils influence early development or larval eclosion in addition to adult survival. Hewlett (1947) suggested that mortality caused by oils was due to interference with respiration.
The significant difference existed between the doses of plant oils in reducing the longevity of beetles of both sexes. The longevity gradually decreased with the increase in dose level of the test compounds. The maximum reduction in longevity of adults was observed in neem oil treatment followed by karanj, lemongrass, mustard, citronella and groundnut oils. No work on the effect of plant oils on the longevity of L. serricorne is available, however, the same type of work on other insect pests have been discussed. Saxena and Singh (1994) found significant reduction in longevity of adults of R. dominica with plant products, support the present findings. Similarly, reduction in longevity of adults has also been reported by the treatment of different plant extracts/oils in R. dominica (Yadav, 2001), T. granarium and S. granarius (Hassan, 2001) and C. chinensis (Bhargava and Meena, 2002), support the present findings.
All the plant oils used as grain protectants to the cigarette beetle, found to be significantly more superior in reducing the grain damage and loss in weight in comparison to control. The efficacy of all plant oils was observed after the end of experiment and grain damage and loss in weight ranged from 12.10 to 24.76 and 4.00 to 9.88 per cent, respectively. Maximum reduction in grain damage and weight loss was recorded in neem oil treatment which was followed by karanj oil, lemongrass oil, mustard oil, citronella oil and groundnut oil. Maity (2004) reported significant reduction in weight loss by L. serricorne with mustard oil treatments on turmeric, coriander, fennel and black pepper, support the present findings. Similarly, Sharma (2007) also found significant reduction in weight loss by L. serricorne with neem and karanj seed extracts, mustard, caster and eucalyptus oils. Not much work is available on the effect of other plant oils on grain damage and weight loss caused by L. serricorne, however, Saxena and Singh (1994) found significant reduction in weight loss by R. dominica with castor cake and mustard oil treatments, which support the present findings. The present findings are also supported with the results of Kumari et al. (1990), who suggested that different vegetable oils were effective in reducing the grain damage by C. chinensis. Thus it may be concluded that the tested plant oils were safer in minimizing the infestation of L. serricorne quite successfully in terms of reduction of grain damage and loss in grain weight.
5.3.2 Management using plant powders
In the present studies, all the doses of different plant powders were significantly superior in increasing the total developmental period over control. The developmental period in all the treatments increased with the increase in dose level. The mean developmental period varied from 46.56 to 69.17 days in different treatments. The neem kernel powder treatment showed superiority over all other treatments to enhance the developmental period of the pest (69.17 days) followed by karanj kernel powder (68.89 days). The datura leaf powder to be next effective treatment followed by neem leaf, mint leaf and eucalyptus leaf powders. No work on the effect of plant powders on the developmental period of L. serricorne is available, however, same type of work on other insect have been discussed. Saxena and Singh (1994) reported that the duration of incubation, larval and pupal periods of R. dominica prolonged when larvae fed on grains treated with neem kernel and dharek kernel powders, support the present findings. The increase in the developmental period is certainly due to antifeedant effect of plant products (Girish and Jain, 1974 and Pandey et al. 1985).
The per cent adult emergence decreased with the increase in dose level of the test compounds. The minimum percentage of adult emergence was recorded from fennel seeds admixed with neem kernel powder followed by karanj kernel, datura leaf, neem leaf, mint leaf and eucalyptus leaf powders. These findings are slightly supported with results of Maity (2004) who reported significant reduction in adult emergence in spices admixed with neem leaf powder. The present findings are also in accordance with results of Sharma et al. (1989) who reported significant reduction in adult emergence in wheat grains admixed with neem kernel powder @ 3.0 g/100g grains. Similarly, Singh and Mall (1991) found that dharek leaf powder was found effective in reducing the emergence of S. oryzae.
Regarding the longevity of male and female beetles, it was gradually decreased with the increase in dose level of each treatment. While assessing the results of different plant powders, it was found that the neem kernel powder was the most effective in reducing the longevity of both sexes. Not much work is available on the effect of plant powders on the longevity of adults, however, Saxena and Singh (1994) observed that neem and dharek kernels and neem cake were effective treatments to reduce the longevity of beetles of R. dominica, support the present findings. Similarly, Khan and Thakare (1997) and Jain and Kumar (2001) also found significant effect of neem kernel and leaf powders on the longevity of adults of C. cephalonica.
While comparing the data on the effectiveness of various plant powders against L. serricorne, it was observed that neem kernel, karanj kernel and datura leaf powders exhibited effective control of this pest thereby reducing the grain damage and weight loss appreciably. Powders of neem leaf and mint leaf were moderately effective but eucalyptus leaf powder was less effective in reducing the grain damage and weight loss. Not much work is available so it was correlated with the other pests. Chander (2003) found significant reduction in grain damage and weight loss by R. dominica with karanj kernel, dharak leaf, and datura leaf powder treatments, support the present findings. On the basis of adult emergence, damage and loss in weight of fe nnel seeds obtained due to treatment of various plants powders, it can be inferred that application of neem kernel, karanj kernel, datura leaf and neem leaf powders proved to be more effective in reducing the loss by L. serricorne, while eucalyptus and mint leaf powders were less effective. Therefore, it may be concluded that plant powders being reasonable in cost and most effective can safely be used against L. serricorne.
5.3.3 Efficacy of impregnation of packing material on infestation of L. serricorne
Several methods have been suggested from time to time to safe guard the grains from insect damage. One such method is treating or impregnation of bags with insecticides to prevent the entry of insects inside the bags. This method had been shown to confer good protection of the seeds by earlier workers (Joshi and Kaul, 1965; Girish et al., 1970; Kuppuswamy and Subramaniam, 1976; Ramzan et al., 1987 & 1989; Ambika Devi et al., 1988; Meena, 2002 and Naga et al., 2007). The results obtained during the present investigations on the efficacy of impregnation of packing materials with different test compounds have been discussed here.
The data observed during the present studies revealed that malathion at 0.075 per cent concentration level was found to be best treatment for impregnation of cloth bags with minimum grain damage was recorded. Among plant oils, the neem oil observed most effective to protect the grains from infestation. The next effective treatment was karanj oil followed by lemongrass, citronella and mustard oils at 5.0 per cent. The maximum damage was recorded in bags impregnated with ground nut oil at 1.0 per cent concentration level. Ramamurthy and Venugopal (1997) reported that gunny bags impregnated with malathion at 0.1, endosulfan at 0.04 and neem oil at 3 per cent concentration were effective in avoiding the S. cerealella damage.
The number of adult emerged after 12 months of storage in cloth bags treated with test compounds were found significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over control. The minimum number of adult emerged in malathion at 0.075 per cent (0.33) which was at par with malathion at 0.05 per cent and neem oil at 5 per cent followed by karanj oil, lemongrass oil, mustard oil (2.66), citronella oil and groundnut oil at the highest concentration of 5.0 per cent. Not much work on this aspect is available, however, Ramamurthy and Venugopal (1997) reported that impregnation of gunny bag with neem oil was found effective in the management of S. cerealella. Similarly, Yadav (2001) reported that gunny and cloth bag impregnated with vegetable oils were effective in avoiding the infestation of R. diminica.
The weight loss in different treatments ranged from 0.15 to 2.33 per cent. The minimum per cent weight loss was recorded in the bags impregnated with malathion at 0.075 per cent concentration, while maximum damage occurred in groundnut oil treated bags at 1.0 per cent concentration level. All the concentrations of each treatment were found significantly superior in reducing weight loss over control. The work on the efficacy of impregnated bags on weight loss by L. serricorne is not available, however, Bloszyk et al. (1990) observed that impregnation of packing materials with natural compounds of plant origin to protect feedstuff from invasion of R. diminica. Similarly, Ramamurthy and Venugopal (1997) noted that gunny bags impregnated with neem oil at 3.0 per cent was effective in avoiding the S. cerealella damage. The present findings also get support from the observations of Yadav (2001) and Naga et al. (2007) who reported that the impregnation of gunny and cloth bags with plant oils/toxicants resulted in significant reduction in weight loss due to R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively.
5.3.4 Effect of different storage containers on the incidence of L. serricorne in stored fennel seeds
The role of different storage containers on the incidence of L. serricorne in stored fennel was studied both under artificial and natural conditions. Significant differences were observed in seed damage stored in different storage containers under artificial and natural conditions. Under artificial condition, higher dry mass loss and damaged seeds were observed in seeds stored in cloth bag. However, minimum dry mass loss and damaged seeds were noticed in seeds stored in metal bin which was followed by polythene bag and urea bag. The number of adults emerged varied from 11.99 in metal bin to 14.49 in cloth bag. Under natural condition, low dry mass loss and damage seeds were observed in metal bin followed by polythene bag, urea bag and cloth bag. However, the damage was negligible in all containers. Not much work is done on the effect of different storage containers on the incidence of L. serricorne, however, Chander and Bhargava (2005) reported that the maximum grain damage and weight loss due to R. dominica was recorded in grains stored in mud pot, followed by cloth bag, urea bag, polythene bag and gunny bag , support the present findings. Similarly, Naga et al. (2007) also reported less damage due to T. castaneum when wheat flour stored in metal bins which support the present findings. This study conclude that less damage in terms of per cent dry mass loss and damaged grains and low adult emergence were recorded in metal bin, which was followed by polythene bag, urea bag and cloth bag and these containers can be used for storing the fennel seeds.
5.3.5 Effect of plant products on the germination of fennel seeds
Studies on germination of fennel seeds at 0 and 120 days after treatment with different concentrations/doses of plant products used as protectant, revealed that plant products did not hamper seed viability. No significant variation in germination was recorded which varied from 53.53 to 59.25 per cent in different treatments. Similar results were also reported by Jotwani and Sircar (1965), Verma et al. (1983), Gupta et al. (1992), Saxena and Singh (1994), Hassan (2001), Bhargava and Meena (2002) and Chander (2003) when they mixed the different seed protectants viz., neem oil, castor oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, eucalyptus oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil, neem leaf and kernel powder, karanj kernel powder and eucalyptus leaf powder with wheat, maize, paddy, sorghum and pulses. The present findings are in accordance with the investigation of above workers.
6. Summary and conclusion
Investigations on “Bio-ecology and management of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. infesting stored fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)‟‟ were conducted at Jobner from February, 2007 to May, 2008, on the following parameters. Varietal susceptibility Eight varieties of fennel viz., UF-205, UF-206, JF-376, HF-118, HF-125, GF-2 RF-101 and local were tested against L. serricorne in relation to ovipositional response, incubation period, developmental period, adult emergence, growth index, per cent grain damage and weight loss and physico-chemical characters.
None of the fennel variety was found resistant to the test insect, however, on the basis of different parameters, comparatively GF-2 and UF-206 were found less susceptible while RF-101, HF-125 and local were moderately susceptible, whereas, JF- 376, HF-118 and UF-205 were among the most susceptible varieties. Influence of temperature and humidity on growth and development The longest developmental period was found to be 69.0 days under a combination of 20 0C and 90 per cent R.H., while shortest development period of 42.2 days at 30 0C and 70 per cent relative humidity. The temperature and humidity play a vital role in development of the rice weevil.
A combination of 30 0C and 70 per cent R.H. resulted in maximum adult emergence (92.90 %), whereas it was minimum (40.10 %) at 35 0C under 90 per cent R.H. The length of life of male and female adults was found to be highest (21.8 and 22.8 days, respectively) at 20 0C and lowest (13.0 and 14.0 days, respectively) at 30 0C. The combined effect of both the factors, the length of survival period of both sexes was maximum (23.6 and 24.2 days) at 20 0C and 90 per cent R.H. while minimum (10.9 and 11.9 days) at 30 0C and 70 per cent R.H.
The duration of oviposition period depends on the temperature and relative humidity it was longest (16.70 days) at 20 0C and 60 per cent R.H. while, shortest (10.30) at 30 0C and 90 per cent R.H.
The higher grain damage (67.20 %) and loss in weight (17.72 %) were observed at 30 0C and 70 per cent R.H. while lower (37.70 % & 8.85 %) at 20 0C and 60 per cent R.H.
The effect of both the factors, the growth index was maximum at 30 0C and 70 per cent R.H. whereas it was minimum at 20 0C and 60 per cent R.H.
Management of L. serricorne using plant products
Management using plant oils All the dose levels were found significantly superior in increasing the developmental period over control. The mean developmental period in different treatments varied from 48.62 to 74.12 days, while in control it was 44.00 days.
The per cent adults emergence decreased with the increase in dose level of each treatment. The neem oil was found to be most effective and groundnut oil was least effective in reducing the adult emergence from treated grains.
The longevity gradually decreased with the increase in dose level of the test compounds. The maximum reduction in longevity of adults was observed in neem oil while minimum in groundnut oil.
The per cent grain damage and loss in weight were observed from 12.10 to 24.76 and 4.50 to 9.88 per cent, respectively, in different treatments, being minimum in neem oil and maximum in groundnut oil.
Management using plant powders All the doses of different plant powders were significantly superior in increasing the developmental period. The neem kernel powder treatment showed superiority over all other treatments to enhance the developmental period of the insect (69.17 days).
The mean per cent adult emergence in different treatments ranged from 26.75 to 52.89, being minimum in neem kernel powder and maximum in eucalyptus leaf powder treatment.
The longevity of beetles of both sexes gradually decreased with the increase in dose levels of all the treatment. The neem kernel powder was the most effective in reducing the longevity of both the sexes.
The effect of some plant materials, as powder, found to be significantly more superior in reducing the grain damage and loss in weight in comparison to untreated check. The damage and loss in weight by the insect was minimum (14.06 and 4.11 %) in the seeds treated with neem kernel powder.
Efficacy of impregnation of packing material on infestation of L. serricorne
The grain infestation observed in different treatments after 12 months of storage was between the range of 2.10 to 16.23 per cent and these results were significantly superior over control. The number of adult emerged gradually decreased with the increase in concentration of each oil. The cloth bags treated with test compounds were found significantly superior in reducing the adult emergence over control.
The per cent weight loss gradually decreased with the increase in concentrations of all plant oils/insecticide. All treatments were found significant in reducing the per cent weight loss over control.
Effect of different storage receptacle on L. serricorne
Significant differences were obtained in grain damage stored in different containers under artificial and natural conditions. Higher dry mass loss (7.12%) and damaged grains (30.99 %) were recorded in cloth bag stored grains under artificial condition. The number of adults emerged varied from 11.99 in metal bin to 14.49 in cloth bag. Under natural condition, low dry mass loss and damaged grains were observed in metal bin followed by polythene, urea and cloth bags.
Effect of plant products on germination No adverse effect of tested plant products was observed on the germination of fennel seeds upto 120 days of treatment.
Conclusion • None of the fennel variety was found resistant to the test insect, however, on the basis of different parameters, comparatively GF-2 and UF-206 were found less susceptible; RF-101, HF-125 and local were moderately susceptible, whereas, JF-376, HF- 118 and UF-205 were among the most susceptible varieties.
• For growth and development of L. serricorne the optimum temperature was 30oC and 70% R.H. • Among different plant oils neem oil was found to be most effective to increase the developmental period and reduce the adult emergence, longevity of adults, grain damage and weight loss.
• Among different plant powders neem kernel powder was found most effective followed by karanj kernel, datura leaf, neem leaf, mint leaf and eucalyptus leaf, powders.
• Impregnation of packing material with different treatments was found to be significantly superior over control to reduce the infestation of L. serricorne.
• Under both the conditions : artificial and natural, low dry mass loss and damaged grains were observed in metal bin followed by polythene, urea and cloth bags.
• No adverse effect of tested plant products was observed on the germination of fennel seeds upto 120 days of treatment.
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Table 7. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on developmental period of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Developmental period (days)* humidity 0 (%) Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 68.2 67.2 45.3 49.8 57.63
2 70 62.7 59.7 42.2 48.7 53.33
3 80 63.9 63.0 48.4 52.0 56.83
4 90 69.0 68.3 50.3 58.7 61.58
Mean 65.95 64.55 46.55 52.30
SEm+ CD at CV%
5%
Temperature 0.46 1.32
Relative humidity 0.46 1.32 2.77
Temperature x Relative 0.22 2.64 humidity * Mean of three replications
Table 8. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on adult emergence of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Per cent adult emergence* humidity 0 (%) Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 Mean
1 60 41.00 63.00 70.00 44.10 54.52 (39.81) (52.54) (56.79) (41.61)** (47.69)
2 70 63.30 87.40 92.90 58.50 75.54 (52.72) (69.23) (74.63) (49.90) (61.62)
3 80 58.10 84.30 91.20 46.90 70.11 (49.66) (66.67) (72.77) (42.71) (57.95)
4 90 43.20 79.90 78.20 40.10 60.37 (41.09) (63.38) (62.18) (39.29) (51.48)
Mean 51.40 78.65 83.07 47.40 (45.82) (62.95) (66.59) (43.38)
SEm+ CD at 5% CV%
Temperature 0.31 0.88 Relative humidity 0.31 0.88 1.94 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.61 1.76 * Mean of three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 11. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on oviposition period of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Oviposition period (days)* humidity (%) Temperature (0C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 16.70 15.20 14.01 13.50 14.85
2 70 16.00 14.30 11.60 12.30 13.55
3 80 11.50 13.10 12.30 13.63 12.63
4 90 16.20 16.00 10.30 14.70 14.30
Mean 15.10 14.65 12.05 13.53
SEm+ CD at 5% CV% Temperature 0.40 1.16 Relative humidity 0.40 1.16 10.07 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.80 2.32 * Mean of three replications
Table 9. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on longevity of male adult of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Longevity of male adult (days)* humidity (%) Temperature (0C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 22.0 18.9 13.7 14.8 17.35
2 70 20.1 17.2 10.9 13.7 15.48
3 80 21.7 18.0 12.4 15.7 16.95
4 90 23.6 21.3 15.0 20.0 19.98
Mean 21.85 18.85 13.00 16.05
SEm+ CD at 5% CV% Temperature 0.40 1.14 Relative humidity 0.40 1.14 7.87 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.79 2.28 * Mean of three replications
Table 10. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on longevity of female adult of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative humidity (%) Longevity of female adult (days)* Temperature (0C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 23.1 19.0 14.1 15.8 18.00
2 70 21.1 18.5 11.9 14.3 16.45
3 80 22.8 19.3 13.7 16.0 17.95
4 90 24.2 22.2 16.3 21.2 20.97
Mean 22.80 19.75 14.00 16.82
SEm+ CD at 5% CV% Temperature 0.43 1.24 Relative humidity 0.43 1.24 8.16 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.86 2.49 * Mean of three replications
Table 12. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on incubation period of L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Incubation period (days)* humidity 0 (%) Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 8.02 7.63 6.02 7.45 7.28
2 70 6.82 4.99 4.94 4.77 5.38
3 80 7.00 5.79 5.03 5.78 5.90
4 90 7.64 6.99 5.85 6.60 6.77
Mean 7.37 6.35 5.46 6.15
SEm+ CD at CV%
5%
Temperature 0.30 0.86 Relative humidity 0.30 0.86 16.42 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.60 1.73 * Mean of three replications
Table 13. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on grain damage by L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Per cent grain damage* humidity 0 (%) Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 Mean
1 60 37.70 50.50 58.70 41.30 46.80 (37.29) (45.29) (50.01) (39.99) ** (43.14)
2 70 41.20 65.00 67.20 49.00 55.60 (39.93) (53.73) (55.06) (44.43) (48.29)
3 80 40.10 63.90 66.00 44.20 53.55 (39.29) (53.07) (54.33) (41.67) (47.09)
4 90 39.20 55.00 62.10 42.70 49.75 (38.76) (47.91) (52.00) (40.80) (44.87)
Mean 39.30 58.60 63.50 44.30 (38.82) (50.00) (52.85) (41.72)
SEm+ CD at 5% CV% Temperature 0.48 1.37 Relative humidity 0.48 1.37 3.60 Temperature x Relative humidity 0.95 2.75 * Mean of three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 14. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on weight loss by L. serricorne
S.No. Relative Per cent weight loss* humidity Temperature (0C) (%) 20 25 30 35 Mean
1 60 8.85 11.20 14.00 9.31 10.84 (17.25) (19.54) (21.96) (17.75)** (19.12)
2 70 9.95 17.75 20.00 10.10 14.45 (18.38) (24.91) (26.56) (18.51) (22.09)
3 80 9.25 17.00 18.98 9.89 13.78 (17.98) (24.34) (25.82) (18.31) (21.54)
4 90 8.99 16.85 17.90 9.66 13.35 (17.44) (24.22) (25.01) (18.07) (21.19)
Mean 9.26 15.70 17.72 9.74 (17.69) (23.25) (24.84) (18.16)
SEm+ CD at CV% 5% Temperature 0.32 0.93 Relative humidity 0.32 0.93 5.33 Temperature x Relative 0.65 1.86 humidity * Mean of three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 15. Influence of temperature and humidity levels and their interactions on growth index of L. serricorne*
S.No. Relative Growth index ** humidity (%) 0 Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 Mean 1 60 0.60 0.94 1.55 0.88 0.99
2 70 1.01 1.46 2.20 1.20 1.47
3 80 0.91 1.34 1.88 0.88 1.25
4 90 0.63 1.17 1.55 0.68 1.01
Mean 0.79 1.23 1.79 0.91
* Mean of three replications ** The growth index was calculated by dividing the average percentage of adult emergence by total development period
Table 22. Effect of plant powders on total developmental period of L. serricorne
Dose Total developmental period(days)* (part per Plant powders 100 parts Ne em Karanj Neem Eucalyptus Datura Mint Mean of seeds kernel kernel leaf leaf leaf leaf w/w) powder powder powder powder powder powder 1.0 67.32 67.98 57.13 44.25 63.33 47.15 58.03
3.0 69.15 68.12 60.87 46.74 64.90 59.50 59.88
5.0 71.04 70.57 62.42 48.69 66.44 51.34 61.75
Mean 69.17 68.89 60.14 46.56 64.89 49.33
Control 43.49 S.Em+ CD at C.V. % 5% Treatment 0.19 0.55 Dose 0.13 0.39 0.96 Treatment x 0.33 0.95 Dose
Data based on three replications
Table 23. Effect of plant powders on adult emergence of L. serricorne
Dose Adult emergence (%)* (part Plant powders per Neem Karanj Neem leaf Eucalyptus Datura leaf Mint leaf Mean 100 kernel kernel powder leaf powder powder powder parts powder powder of seeds w/w) 1.0 33.23(35.20) 36.73(37.30) 44.09(41.55) 59.76(50.63) 41.13(39.89) 51.79(46.03) 44.44(41.77)**
3.0 26.67(31.09) 28.29(32.13) 40.21(39.35) 53.21(46.84) 36.25(37.02) 49.37(44.64) 39.0(38.51)
5.0 20.35(26.81) 25.37(30.24) 35.34(36.47) 45.70(42.53) 31.67(34.25) 45.81(42.60) 34.04(35.48)
Mean 26.75(31.04) 30.13(33.23) 39.85(39.13) 52.89(46.67) 36.35(37.05) 48.99(44.42)
Control 71.08(57.90) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.13 0.37 Dose 0.9 0.26 1.01 Treatment x 0.23 0.65 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 24. Effect of plant powders on longevity of male adult of L. serricorne
Dose (part per 100 parts of seeds Longevity of male adult (days)* w/w) Plant powders Neem Karanj Neem Eucalyptus Datura Mint Mean kernel kernel leaf leaf leaf leaf powder powder powder powder powder powder 1.0 15.30 19.95 23.87 29.23 20.0 27.23 22.93
3.0 13.77 17.01 21.98 27.03 19.16 25.25 20.70
5.0 10.17 14.25 20.33 26.00 17.25 23.00 18.50
Mean 13.08 17.07 22.06 27.42 19.47 25.16
Control 38.00 S.Em+ CD at C.V. % 5% Treatment 0.47 1.35 Dose 0.33 0.95 6.81 Treatment 0.81 2.34 x Dose Data based on three replications Table 25. Effect of plant powders on longevity of female adult of L. serricorne
Dose (part Longevity of female adult (days)* per 100 Plant powders parts Neem Karanj Neem leaf Eucalyptu Datura Mint leaf Mean of kernel kernel powder s leaf leaf powder seeds powder powder powder powder w/w) 1.0 16.00 20.23 24.27 29.01 22.00 26.97 23.08
3.0 14.13 17.33 22.32 26.63 19.66 25.03 20.85
5.0 13.10 15.00 21.30 25.99 17.23 23.24 19.31
Mean 14.41 17.52 22.63 27.21 19.63 25.08
Contr 38.94 ol S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatmen 0.52 1.49 t Dose 0.37 1.06 7.41 Treatmen 0.90 2.59 t x Dose * Data based on three replications
Table 26. Effect of plant powders on grain damage by L. serricorne
Dose (par Grain damage (%)* t per 100 Plant powders part Ne em Karanj Neem leaf Eucalyptus Datura leaf Mint leaf Mean s of kernel kernel powder leaf powder powder powder see powder powder ds w/w) 1.0 17.12(24.44) 20.85(27.15) 25.39(30.25) 29.12(32.65) 23.52(28.10) 28.00(31.94) 24.00(29.24)**
3.0 15.12(22.88) 18.25(25.29) 23.87(29.23) 25.00(29.99) 18.52(25.76) 23.16(28.76) 20.72(26.98)
5.0 9.95(18.42) 11.27(19.60) 21.57(27.66) 21.33(27.50) 14.23(22.14) 20.03(26.58) 16.38(22.93)
Mean 14.06(20.48) 16.79(24.02) 23.61(29.05) 25.15(30.05) 18.89(25.63) 23.73(29.09)
Control 41.05(39.84) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.36 1.04 Dose 0.26 0.73 4.10 Treatment x 0.63 1.79 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 27. Effect of plant powders on weight loss by L. serricorne
Dose (part per 100 Weight loss (%)* parts of seeds Plant powders w/w) Neem Karanj Neem Eucalypt Datura Mint leaf Mean kernel kernel leaf us leaf leaf powder powder powder powder powder powder 1.0 5.73(13.74) 6.20(14.3 11.03(19. 13.20(21. 8.11(16. 11.35(19. 9.27(17.4
2) 39) 27) 54) 68) 9)**
3.0 3.88(11.23) 4.48(12.1 5.57(15.9 9.45(17.8 8.05(16. 8.33(16.7 6.96(15.0
8) 3) 9) 44) 4) 7)
5.0 2.72(9.43) 3.33(10.3 4.77(12.5 7.44(15.7 5.17(13. 5.19(13.1 4.77(12.3
6) 4) 9) 10) 1) 9)
Mean 4.11(11.47) 4.67(12.2 7.79(15.9 10.03(18. 7.11(15. 8.29(16.5
9) 5) 31) 36) 1)
Control 16.69(24.12) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.52 1.50 Dose 0.37 1.06 10.47 Treatment x 0.91 2.60 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 16. Effect of plant oils on total developmental period of L. serricorne
Dose Total developmental period (days)* (ml/100g Plant oils seeds) Karanj Mustard Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean Neem oil oil oil oil oil oil 0.1 70.02 69.33 51.57 46.76 60.0 47.21 57.48
0.5 74.13 71.0 53.69 48.50 63.72 49.33 60.06
1.0 78.23 74.25 59.74 50.60 66.32 51.13 63.38
Mean 74.12 71.52 55.0 48.62 63.34 49.22
Control 44.0 S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.72 2.07 Dose 0.51 1.46 3.59 Treatment x 1.25 3.58 Dose * Data based on three replications
Table 17. Effect of plant oils on adult emergence of L. serricorne
Dose Adult emergence (%)* (ml/100g Plant oils seeds) Neem oil Karanj oil Mustard oil Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean oil oil oil 0.1 32.66(34.85) 35.02(36.28) 42.29(40.56) 57.67(49.41) 39.95(39.20) 50.00(45.00) 42.93(40.88)**
0.5 25.23(30.15) 27.17(31.41) 34.97(36.24) 51.23(45.71) 32.26(34.60) 47.92(43.81) 36.46(36.99)
1.0 19.02(25.84) 22.73(28.46) 30.96(33.81) 43.17(41.07) 26.78(31.16) 44.45(41.81) 31.19(33.69)
Mean 25.63(30.42) 28.30(32.14) 36.07(36.91) 50.69(45.40) 32.99(35.06) 47.45(43.54) Control 70.15 (56.88) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.38 1.08 Dose 0.27 0.76 3.03 Treatment x 0.65 1.87 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 18. Effect of plant oils on longevity of male adult of L. serricorne
Dose (ml/100g Longevity of male adult (days)* seeds) Plant oils Karanj Mustard Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean Neem oil oil oil oil oil oil 0.1 14.0 18.1 22.8 27.0 20.9 25.7 21.4
0.5 12.7 15.3 20.9 25.2 17.8 23.3 19.2
1.0 11.1 13.7 19.9 24.0 15.6 21.2 17.6
Mean 12.6 15.7 21.2 25.4 18.1 23.4
Control 38.2 S.Em+ CD at C.V. % 5% Treatment 0.65 1.86 Dose 0.46 1.31 10.00 Treatment x 1.12 3.21 Dose * Data based on three replications
Table 19. Effect of plant oils on longevity of female adult of L. serricorne
Dose (ml/100g Longevity of female adult (days)* seeds) Plant oils Karanj Mustard Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean Neem oil oil oil oil oil oil 0.1 15.0 19.3 23.6 28.2 21.6 26.1 22.3
0.5 13.2 16.2 21.5 26.2 18.2 24.0 19.9
1.0 12.0 14.6 20.6 25.1 16.3 22.5 18.5
Mean 13.4 16.7 21.9 26.5 18.7 24.2
Control 39.70 S.Em+ CD at C.V. % 5% Treatment 0.55 1.57 Dose 0.39 1.11 8.12 Treatment x 0.95 2.72 Dose * Data based on three replications
Table 20. Effect of plant oils on grain damage by L. serricorne
Dose (ml/100g Grain damage (%)* seeds) Plant oils Neem oil Karanj oil Mustard oil Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean oil oil oil
0.1 16.90 20.10(26.63) 24.50(29.64) 28.90(32.51) 22.30(28.14) 27.20(31.43) 23.32(28.77)**
(24.26)
0.5 17.20(24.49) 23.00(28.65) 24.50(29.66) 17.8024.94) 22.90(28.58) 19.95(26.42)
14.30(22.20)
1.0 5.10(13.05) 10.10(21.28) 19.20(25.98) 20.90(27.20) 13.30(21.37) 20.70(27.06) 14.88(22.64)
Mean 12.10(19.82) 15.80(24.13) 22.23(28.13) 24.76(29.84) 17.80(24.81) 23.60(29.06)
Control 40.50(39.52) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.56 1.61 Dose 0.40 1.14 6.47 Treatment x 0.97 2.78 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 21. Effect of plant oils on weight loss by L. serricorne
Dose (ml/100g Weight loss (%)* seeds) Plant oils Karanj oil Mustard oil Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Mean Neem oil oil oil oil 0.1 5.63(13.69) 6.09(14.18) 10.99(19.32) 13.00(21.12) 8.00(16.40) 11.23(19.59) 9.16(17.62)**
0.5 3.78(11.15) 4.36(11.97) 7.52(15.88) 9.33(17.78) 7.95(16.35) 8.19(16.60) 6.86(15.18)
1.0 2.60(9.21) 3.23(10.25) 4.65(12.42) 7.32(15.67) 5.02(12.88) 5.06(14.02) 4.65(12.41)
Mean 4.00(11.35) 4.56(12.13) 7.72(16.13) 9.88(18.19) 6.99(15.21) 8.16(16.60)
Control 16.00(23.58) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 0.53 1.53 Dose 0.38 1.08 11.27 Treatment x 0.92 2.64 Dose * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 31. Effect of plant oils on the germination of fennel seeds after zero day of treatments Dose Per cent germination* /Conc. Plant oils Neem oil Karanj oil Mustard oil Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Malathion Mean oil oil oil C1 59.45(50.45)** 59.20(50.30) 59.75(50.62) 60.0(50.77) 57.98(49.59) 58.52(49.91) 59.44(50.44) 59.19(50.30)
C2 59.10(50.24) 58.0(49.60) 57.99(49.60) 58.86(50.10) 57.67(49.41) 57.03(49.04) 59.0(50.19) 58.52(49.74)
C3 57.65(49.40) 57.37(49.24) 57.03(49.04) 58.32(49.79) 57.35(49.23) 57.0(49.02) 58.03(49.62) 57.53(49.33)
Mean 58.72(50.03) 58.19(49.72) 58.25(49.75) 59.06(50.22) 57.67(49.41) 57.52(49.32) 58.82(50.08)
Control 61.45(51.59) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 1.18 Dose 1.12 NS 1.08 Treatment x 1.31 Dose * Data based on 300 seeds (three replications of 100 each) ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages NS = Non-significant
C1 C2 C3
For plant oil (ml/100 g seeds) 0.1 0.5 1.0 For chemicals (%) 0.025 0.050 0.075
Table 32. Effect of plant oils on the germination of fennel seeds after 120 days of treatments Dose /Conc. Per cent germination* Plant oils Neem oil Karanj oil Mustard oil Groundnut Lemongrass Citronella Malathion Mean oil oil oil C1 56.0(48.45)** 55.95(48.42) 56.01(48.45) 55.90(48.39) 54.0(47.29) 53.87(47.22) 54.0(47.29) 55.10(47.93)
C2 55.92(48.40) 54.75(47.73) 55.95(48.42) 55.0(47.87) 53.90(47.24) 53.79(47.17) 53.90(47.24) 54.74(47.72)
C3 55.0(47.87) 54.33(47.48) 55.25(48.01) 54.20(47.41) 53.76(47.16) 53.30(46.89) 53.0(46.72) 54.12(74.36)
Mean 55.64(48.24) 55.01(47.88) 55.74(48.29) 55.03(47.89) 53.89(47.23) 53.65(47.10) 53.53(47.08)
Control 58.25(49.78) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 1.16 Dose 1.11 NS 1.04 Treatment x 1.29 Dose * Data based on 300 seeds (three replications of 100 each) ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages NS = Non-significant
C1 C2 C3
For plant oil (ml/100 g seeds) 0.1 0.5 1.0 For chemicals (%) 0.025 0.050 0.075
Table : 33 Effect of plant powders on germination of fennel seeds after zero day of treatment
Dose Per cent germination* (part Plant powders per Ne em kernel Karanj kernel Neem leaf Eucalyptus leaf Datura leaf Mint leaf Mean 100 powder powder powder powder powder powder parts of seeds w/w) 1.0 59.98(50.76)** 60.00(50.77) 59.25(50.33) 60.03(50.79) 58.35(49.81) 59.33(50.38) 59.49(50.47)
3.0 59.03(50.20) 59.33(50.43) 57.90(49.55) 59.00(50.09) 57.15(49.11) 58.20(49.72) 58.43(49.85)
5.0 57.95(49.58) 58.42(49.85) 57.22(49.15) 58.20(49.72) 56.45(48.71) 56.45(48.71) 57.45(49.28)
Mean 58.98(50.18) 59.25(50.35) 58.12(49.68) 59.07(50.20) 57.32(49.21) 57.99(49.60)
Contro 61.33(51.53) l S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 1.44 Dose 1.31 NS 2.63 Treatment x 1.76 Dose * Data based on 300 seeds (three replications of 100 each) ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages NS = Non-significant
Table: 34 Effect of plant powders on germination of fennel seeds after
120 days of treatment
Dose Per cent germination* (part per Plant powders 100 parts Neem kernel Karanj kernel Neem leaf Eucalyptus leaf Datura leaf Mint leaf Mean of seeds powder powder powder powder powder powder w/w) 1.0 57.95(49.58)** 58.67(49.99) 58.00(49.60) 59.30(50.36) 58.05(49.63) 59.00(50.19) 58.49(49.89)
3.0 57.00(49.02) 58.02(56.28) 57.03(48.93) 58.68(49.10) 56.47(48.72) 57.92(49.56) 57.52(50.42)
5.0 55.65(48.24) 56.95(48.10) 56.00(48.45) 57.25(49.17) 56.00(48.45) 56.13(48.52) 56.33(48.64)
Mean 56.87(48.95) 57.88(51.76) 57.01(48.99) 58.41(49.84) 56.84(48.93) 57.68(49.42)
Control 58.00(49.60) S.Em+ CD at 5% C.V. % Treatment 1.21 Dose 1.11 NS 5.51 Treatment x 1.58 Dose * Data based on 300 seeds (three replications of 100 each) ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages NS = Non-significant
Table 5. Physico-chemical characters of different fennel varieties*
Varieties Volatile Sugar Crude Protein Size of grain Moisture oil (%) (%) fibre (%) (cm) (%) (%) Length Width
1.90 1.02 16.32 8.00 0.66 0.18 5.56 UF-205 (7.86) (5.74) (23.82) (16.42) (13.61)**
2.17 1.03 18.27 5.25 0.68 0.18 3.45 UF-206 (8.45) (5.74) (25.30) (13.23) (10.67)
1.83 1.35 15.16 9.00 0.62 0.20 6.60 JF-376 (7.73) (6.58) (22.90) (17.45) (14.87)
HF-118 1.87 1.26 15.17 5.50 0.64 0.20 5.00 (7.83) (6.40) (22.91) (13.56) (12.90)
HF-125 2.03 0.94 17.02 6.25 0.68 0.22 4.33 (8.15) (5.46) (24.36) (14.46) (11.98)
GF-2 2.20 0.82 19.67 5.00 0.66 0.18 3.16 (8.51) (5.17) (26.32) (12.91) (10.21)
RF-101 2.13 1.02 18.00 5.90 0.72 0.20 3.96 (8.36) (5.73) (25.10) (14.04) (11.45)
Local 1.93 1.06 16.54 7.75 0.64 0.18 5.33 (7.89) (5.85) (23.99) (16.14) (13.33) SEm+ 0.61 0.66 0.47 0.50 0.20 0.09 0.60 CD at NS NS 1.40 1.51 NS NS 1.79 5% CV% 12.98 19.56 3.32 5.75 52.89 80.12 8.35 * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages NS = Non-significant
Table 3. Developmental period, adult emergence and oviposition response of L. serricorne on different fennel varieties*
Varieties Developmental Adult Oviposition period emergence response (days) (%) (eggs/female)
UF-205 48.6 68.92 38.0 (56.12)**
UF-206 59.5 49.78 25.3 (44.87)
JF-376 46.3 79.21 41.2 (62.88)
HF-118 46.9 78.33 40.3 (62.27)
HF-125 54.0 53.13 32.4 (46.79)
GF-2 64.2 45.49 24.3 (42.41)
RF-101 56.6 56.46 28.5 (48.71)
Local 53.4 66.50 36.0 (54.64) SEm+ 0.84 0.50 0.72 CD at 5% 2.50 1.49 2.16 CV % 2.69 1.74 3.76 * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 4. Incubation period, grain damage, weight loss and growth index of L. serricorne in different fennel varieties *
Varieties Incubation Grain damage Weight loss Growth period (days) (%) (%) index
UF-205 6.3 57.12 12.15 1.42 (49.09)** (20.38)
UF-206 8.0 26.02 6.42 0.84 (30.66) (14.66)
JF-376 5.2 65.05 16.00 1.71 (53.76) (23.57)
HF-118 5.8 63.65 15.43 1.67 (63.94) (23.07)
HF-125 7.2 36.16 10.90 0.98 (36.96) (19.24)
GF-2 8.5 22.00 2.30 0.71 (27.96) (8.56)
RF-101 7.9 30.15 9.35 1.0 (33.30) (17.78)
Local 6.8 40.95 11.85 1.25 (39.79) (20.13) SEm+ 0.71 3.92 0.86 CD at 5% 2.14 11.74 2.59 CV % 17.77 16.18 8.11 * Data based on three replications ** Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 6. Regression equation and correlation coefficient among the different physico- chemical characters and infestation of fennel
Regression equations X Variable Y Variable r
Growth index -0.873** Y= 9.002- 0.022X Volatile oil
Damaged grains -0.893** Y= 9.141- 0.057X
Loss in weight -0.855** Y= 8.628- 0.489X
Growth index 0.832* Y= 4.552+ 0.031X Sugar
Damaged grains 0.823* Y= 4.405+0.078X
Loss in weight 0.677 Y= 5.209+0.576X
Protien Growth index 0.907** Y= 9.888+0.127X
Damaged grains 0.897** Y= 9.276+0.321X
Loss in weight 0.835** Y= 12.268+2.702X
Moisture Growth index 0.810* Y= 7.881+0.101X
Damaged grains 0.819* Y= 7.288+0.263X
Loss in weight 0.721* Y= 9.862+2.088X
r= Correlation coefficient ; * Significant at 5 percent ; ** Significant at 1 percent
Table 30. Effect of different storage containers on the incidence of L. serricorne in stored grains of fennel
Treatment Under natural Under artificial condition conditions Dry Damaged Adult Dry Damaged mass grains (%) emerged mass grain (%) loss (%) (No./25) loss (%)
Polythene 6.20 25.10 13.25 0.35 1.18 bag (14.39) (30.06) (4.13) (6.22)*
Metal bin 5.00 24.00 11.99 0.27 1.12 (12.89) (29.33) (4.05) (6.05)
Urea bag 6.60 26.79 13.98 0.46 1.50 (14.87) (31.17) (4.15) (7.01)
Cloth bag 7.12 30.99 14.49 0.48 1.58 (15.43) (33.83) (4.24) (7.20) SEm+ 0.72 0.41 0.69 0.11 0.38 CD at 5% 2.34 1.33 2.25 0.37 1.24 CV% 8.62 2.28 8.89 4.70 9.93 * Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages
Table 29. Effect of impregnation of cloth bags with test compounds on weight loss and adult emergence of L. serricorne
S.No. Treatments No. of adult emerged Weight loss (%) after after 12 months 12 months storage in storage in cloth bag cloth bag 1. Neem oil 1 % 4.33 0.60(4.64)* 3 % 2.76 0.43(4.27) 5 % 1.67 0.32(3.15) 2. Karanj oil 1 % 5.00 0.90(5.41) 3 % 3.00 0.65(4.78) 5 % 2.00 0.43(4.27) 3. Mustard oil 1 % 7.00 1.47(6.91) 3 % 4.00 0.78(5.08) 5 % 2.66 0.54(4.39) 4. Groundnut oil 1 % 11.33 2.33(8.76) 3 % 6.66 1.07(5.83) 5 % 4.67 0.85(5.37) 5. Lemongrass oil 1 % 5.66 1.12(6.02) 3 % 3.00 0.75(5.11) 5 % 2.33 0.45(4.37) 6. Citronella oil 1 % 9.33 2.00(8.09) 3 % 5.00 1.03(5.74) 5 % 3.67 0.72(5.11) 7. Malathion 0.025 3.00 0.33(4.26) 0.050 1.33 0.25(2.85) 0.075 0.33 0.15(2.18) 8. Control 17.67 3.95(11.45) SEm+ 0.49 0.50 C.D. at 5% 1.39 1.43 CV (%) 17.09 15.67 * Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages.
Table 28 : Effect of impregnation of cloths bags with plant oils on the protection of seeds
S. Grain damage (%) after N Treatm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 o. ents mo mont mont mo mont mont mont mont mont mont mont mont nth hs hs nth hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Neem oil 1 % - - - - - 0.90 1.40 2.10 3.36 3.13 4.50 4.90 (5.41 (6.76 (8.32 (10.5 (10.1 (12.2 (12.7 )* ) ) 5) 8) 4) 8) 3 % - - - - - 0.58 0.98 1.90 2.03 2.25 2.40 3.00 (4.67 (5.60 (7.90 (8.17 (8.61 (8.90 (9.96 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 % - - - - - 0.29 0.40 1.0 1.90 1.99 2.0 2.25 (3.14 (4.26 (5.71 (7.88 (8.08 (8.12 (8.61 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2. Karanj oil 1 % - - - - - 0.95 1.45 2.45 3.75 3.49 4.53 4.95 (5.53 (6.03 (8.97 (11.1 (10.7 (12.2 (12.8 ) ) ) 5) 6) 8) 5) 3 % - - - - - 0.60 1.02 1.15 2.03 2.65 2.99 2.70 (4.60 (6.61 (6.14 (8.17 (8.35 (9.94 (9.45 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 % - - - - - 0.32 0.46 0.99 1.13 1.75 1.95 2.45 (4.13 (5.32 (5.63 (6.07 (7.59 (8.01 (8.99 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3. Mustard oil 1 % - - - - 1.09 1.75 2.37 3.90 5.95 8.75 10.6 11.5 (5.95 (7.57 (8.84 (11.3 (14.1 (17.2 5 0 ) ) ) 8) 1) 0) (19.0 (19.8 5) 2) 3 % - - - - 0.60 1.07 1.50 2.0 2.58 3.69 4.97 5.15 (4.60 (5.87 (7.75 (8.11 (9.23 (11.0 (12.8 (13.1 ) ) ) ) ) 6) 7) 1) 5 % - - - - 0.00 0.66 0.95 1.25 1.92 2.25 2.93 3.23 (0.00 (4.81 (5.53 (6.35 (7.93 (8.62 (9.85 (10.3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4) Contd…
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 4 Groundnut . oil 1 % - - - - 1.55 2. 3.0 4.45 6.95 8.40 12.85 16.23 (7.12) 35 (9.96) (12.17) (15.28) (16.84) (21.01) (23.76 (8. ) 80 ) 3 % - - - - 1.09 1. 2.03 2.60 3.23 4.32 6.33 8.20 (5.95) 85 (8.17) (9.27) (10.34) (11.99) (14.57) (16.64 (7. ) 79 ) 5 % - - - - 0.50 1. 1.89 2.0 2.21 2.74 3.80 4.38 (4.37) 57 (7.87) (8.11) (8.52) (9.51) (11.23) (12.07 (7. ) 20 ) 5 Lemongras . s oil 1 % - - - - - 1. 2.40 3.65 4.80 6.0 8.90 10.20 55 (8.90) (10.99) (12.64) (14.18) (17.35) (18.62 (7. ) 10 ) 3 % - - - - - 0. 1.20 1.90 2.37 3.68 4.01 4.95 80 (6.24) (7.89) (11.04) (11.05) (11.53) (12.84 (7. ) 69 ) 5 % - - - - - 0. 0.85 1.23 1.85 2.40 2.67 2.95 53 (5.28) (6.32) (7.78) (8.90) (9.39) (9.87) (4. 38 ) 6 Citronella . oil 1 % - - - - 1.40 1. 2.48 3.90 5.12 7.35 10.11 11.75 (6.77) 82 (9.05) (11.38) (13.07) (15.73) (18.54) (20.05 (7. ) 73 ) 3 % - - - - 0.98 1. 1.68 2.0 2.45 3.75 4.25 5.0 (5.60) 02 (7.42) (8.12) (8.99) (11.16) (11.89) (12.92 (5. ) 70 ) 5 % - - - - 0.20 0. 0.98 1.33 2.01 2.72 2.88 3.0 (2.56) 64 (5.62) (6.59) (8.11) (9.48) (9.75) (9.96) (4. 77 ) 7 Malathion . 0.025 ------0.75 1.56 2.50 2.75 3.0 3.15 (5.09) (7.15) (9.08) (9.54) (9.96) (10.21 ) 0.050 ------0.68 1.15 2.30 2.12 2.25 2.30 (4.78) (6.12) (8.72) (8.35) (8.61) (8.72) 0.075 ------0.00 0.90 1.50 1.92 2.0 2.10 (0.00) (5.41) (7.02) (7.95) (8.10) (8.32) Contd…
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8. Control - - - 3.10 3.85 4.70 7.25 10.83 12.37 15.37 18.92 22.32 (10.14) (11.30) (12.51) (15.62) (19.21) (20.59) (23.08) (25.78) (28.19) SEm+ 0.29 0.44 0.51 0.43 0.69 0.31 0.32 0.32 C.D. at 0.83 1.26 1.46 1.23 1.97 0.89 0.93 0.91 5% CV (%) 10.20 12.68 12.60 8.80 11.71 4.77 4.43 4.07 (-) No grain damage was recorded * Percentages transformed to angles; outside values are its back transformation to percentages.