DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Sector

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Sector A Report to the Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank For the Country Assistance Program Evaluation for Pakistan Evaluation of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Sector by Raymond Greer Syed A. Husaini Jagirdar July 2006 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit — Pakistan rupee/s (PRe/PRs) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (date) (date) (date) PRe1.00 = $ $ $ $1.00 = PRs PRs PRs Note: The exchange rate of the Pakistan rupee is determined under a system of a managed float. ABBREVIATIONS ADB — Asian Development Bank ADF — Asian Development Fund ANR — agriculture and natural resources CSP — country strategy and program EIRR — economic internal rate of return GDP — gross domestic product ha — hectare IPM — integrated pest management IA — Implementing Agency IP — Inspection Panel OFWM — on farm water management JBIC — Japan Bank for International Cooperation MINFAL — Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Livestock MTDF — Medium Term Development Framework NDP — National Drainage Program NGO — nongovernment organization OCR — ordinary capital resources O&M — operation and maintenance OED — Operations Evaluation Department PIDA — Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authority PCR — project completion report PPAR — project performance audit report RDP — rural area development project RDF — rural development fund PRM — Pakistan Resident Mission SAPE — sector assistance program evaluation TA — technical assistance WAPDA — Water and Power Development Authority NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Scope and Objectives of the Evaluation 1 B. Evaluation Methodology 1 C. Report Content 2 II. BACKGROUND 2 A. Introduction 2 B. Land and Land Ownership 3 C. Agriculture and Related Public Sector Institutions 5 D. Legal and Regulatory Framework 6 E. Growth and Productivity Trends 7 F. Water Resources 11 G. Issues 14 III. STRATEGIES AND POLICIES 15 A. Government Strategies and Policies 15 B. ADB’s Country Strategies for the Sector 17 C. Assessment of ANR Strategies in Country Strategies 19 IV. DESCRIPTION OF ADB’S OPERATIONS 21 A. Public Sector Loans 21 B. Technical Assistance and Other Non-Lending Activities 24 C. The Influence of Strategy in Program Decisions 28 V. ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF ADB’S OPERATIONS 29 A. Corporate Sector Performance Rating 29 B. Rural Development Subsector Performance Assessment 30 C. Water Resources/Infrastructure Performance Assessment 37 D. Other Agriculture and Natural Resources Projects 51 E. Policy and Program Support 61 F. Overall Program Assessment 64 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 74 A. Conclusions and Lessons Identified 74 B. Corruption in Pakistan 78 C. Gender 80 D. Effectiveness of Project Preparatory Technical Assistance 80 E. Recommendations 81 ii APPENDIXES 1. Framework for Strategy Quality Assessment 86 2. Agriculture and Natural Resources Sector Strategies in ADB Country Strategies 91 3. List of Loans and Technical Assistance, 1985–2005 95 This report is a working paper for the Country Assistance Program Evaluation for Pakistan. OED Working Papers are an informal series to present the findings of work in progress in evaluation. They are circulated to encourage discussion and elicit comment. The views expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank, or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the author(s) or the Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, prepared for the Operations Evaluation Department (OED) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), presents the findings of an evaluation of ADB’s operations in the agriculture and natural resources (ANR) sector in Pakistan for 1985–2005. The evaluation aims to provide an independent assessment of ADB’s assistance to the sector, its impact on the sector’s development, and on a wider scale, its impact on the country’s economic development and poverty alleviation program. It also seeks to identify lessons and areas where the Government, ADB, private sector, and other stakeholders and funding agencies can work together more effectively to promote the development of the sector and achieve the overarching goal of poverty reduction. This work will contribute to the Pakistan Country Assistance Program Evaluation, which will in due course support the formulation of a new Pakistan Country Strategy and Program (CSP) to be approved in 2006. ADB’s operations over the last 20 years (1985–2005) have been evaluated. For this purpose, the ANR sector has been divided into three categories: (i) rural development, (ii) water resources, and (iii) “other,” which includes agribusiness, forestry, conservation, livestock, and other activities. During this period, ADB has funded 43 loan projects with a total value of $2.723 billion and 77 technical assistance (TAs) valued at $52 million. Historically, agriculture has absorbed around 30% of ADB’s assistance to Pakistan, but in the last decade this has reduced as assistance to other sectors has increased, especially the social sectors. ADB’s strategies for development in Pakistan, as stated in ADB’s various operational strategy documents produced roughly every 5 years, were aligned with the Government’s strategies in their five-year development plans. However, the frequent changes of government administration over the period, and a lack of resources to achieve the planned outcomes meant that the achievement has been less than envisaged in the targets. ADB’s support to the sector has focused on supporting modernization, development of a market-led economy, and transition to farmer management of irrigation. Generally speaking, the pace of change envisaged has not been matched by Government’s speed, although good progress has been made. The effectiveness of ADB’s plans for the ANR sector as derived from the strategy plans was assessed against a set of 20 criteria using OED’s methodology. As shown in the table below, the ranking was low to moderate. It is evident that there has not been a lot of depth to the analysis and evaluation underpinning the program. Strategy has not been a powerful determinant of the formulation of the program, which has been more influenced by past actions and government’s future policy and funding plans. Rating Criteria Low Moderate High Analytical Rigor Balance Continuity Credibility Critical Mass Demonstrated Learning Efficiency Flexibility Impact/Results Innovation Needs-Based iv Rating Criteria Low Moderate High Partnerships Playing to ADB’s Strengths Political Awareness Responsive to Emerging Opportunities Results management Selectivity/Focus Sustainability Synergy Value-for-Money Overall, the performance of ADB’s operations in the ANR sector is rated as “successful” but bordering on “partly successful.” According to the evaluation of past and present projects, 51% are successful, 44% partly successful, and 5% unsuccessful. The performance of each of the three categories used by this evaluation was assessed based on performance ratings for project completion reports (PCRs) and project performance audit reports (PPARs) that were available and the evaluation team’s own evaluations. For the rural development group of projects, the majority were rated as partly successful. The main constraints were inefficient implementation caused by delays in startup, a lack of long term sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions developed, and lower economic performance. For the water resources group of projects, the conclusion is that overall performance has been successful, but there are serious issues concerning the commitment to the reform process and transition to farmer management of irrigation and drainage that will impact on sustainability and the durability of irrigation and drainage systems in the future. The “other” group of projects had a mixed performance, with projects for livestock and rural credit being rated as unsuccessful, while others were evaluated as having been successful or partly successful. Support for to this group by ADB has not been as consistent or coherent as for the other two categories (rural development and water resources). There has been a lack of continuity in maintaining support to the various subsectors on an ongoing basis. For all subsectors there is a need for greater integration between stakeholders to develop synergy and more sectoral analysis to underpin the rationale between strategies. The ANR sector is the productive sector of the economy and deserves ADB’s continuing support. Future funding and support should follow a roadmap developed from a coordinated strategic analysis and assistance plan closely linked to reforms and focused on subsectors where there is a commitment to the reform process, especially in the water resources and irrigation subsector. Overall the recommendations to ADB are: (i) Focus on fewer subsectors/areas and maintain a consistent commitment to provide support and policy dialogue over a longer planning horizon (i.e., 10 years), subject to performance reviews and Government requirements. (ii) Projects should be modeled on provincially-based projects and recognize that future projects have to accommodate the devolution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Declining Decent Work and Emerging Struggles
    Labour Rights in Pakistan Declining Decent Work and Emerging Struggles A Report July 2010 Pakistan Institute of Labour Education & Research 2 Labour Rights in Pakistan Advisor Karamat Ali Editor Zeenat Hisam Section One Contributers Zeenat Hisam Shujauddin Qureshi Noriko Hara Section Two Contributers Dr. Ali Ercelawn and Karamat Ali Dr. Shahida Wizarat Bisharat Ali Noriko Hara Zeenia Shaukat Zeenat Hisam Cover Design and Layout K.B. Abro First published July 2010 ISBN 978-969-9153-08-2 Published by Pakistan Institute of Labour Education & Research PILER Centre ST-001, Sector X, Sub-Sector V Gulshan-e-Maymar, Karachi-75340, Pakistan Tel: (92-21) 6351145-7 Fax: (92-21) 6350354 Email: [email protected] 3 Labour Rights in Pakistan Contents Foreword Section One 1. Introduction National Context War on Terror Political Turmoil and the Change of Government Faltering Economy, Rising Poverty 2. Legislation, Policies and Tri-partite Consultations: The Gaps and the Widening Chasm IRA 2008 The Workers' Perspective: Labour Charter 2008 Stakeholdrs' Efforts for Alternative Industrial Relations Law Tri-partite Labour Conference 2010 Services Tribunal (Amendment) Bill 2010 Labour Policy 2010 3. Status of Labour Rights and Workers' Struggles in Selected Sectors Manufacturing: Textile Industry (Garments and Power Looms Sectors) Manufacturing: Hand stitched Footballs Agriculture Fisheries 4. Women in Employment Section Two Special Articles 1. Enabling Equitable Access to Land & Fisheries (Dr. Ercelawn & Karamat Ali) 2. Food security (Dr. Shahida Wizarat) 3. Migrant Workers in Karachi (Noriko Hara) 4. Social Protection (Zeenia Shaukat) 5. IRA 2010: Route to Change (Zeenia Shaukat) 6. Minimum Wages and Collective Bargaining: Emerging Initiatives in the Informal Sector (Zeenat Hisam) 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan
    Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan Riaz Hussain Qureshi Muhammad Ashraf Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad 2019 Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ٓ ّ َّ َ ْ َ ّ ط َ َ َ ّ ْ ّ ْ َ وﺟ ﻌ ﻠﻨﺎ ِ� اﻟ ﻤآ ٍِ ُ َ ٍ ﺣ اََ ﯾ ِﻣﻨﻮ ن ِ (Al Quran) “And we made every living thing from water. So will they not accept faith?” Pakistan Academy of Sciences Islamabad 2019 i Citation: FOREWORD Qureshi, R.H. and M. Ashraf (2019), Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan. Pakistan One of the prime objectives of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS) is to prepare policy Academy of Sciences (PAS), Islamabad, Pakistan, pp. 41. documents and provide advice to the Government of Pakistan on matters of national importance. This manuscript, Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan, jointly compiled by Professor Dr. Riaz Hussain Qureshi and Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, is one of a series of documents prepared by the PAS under this objective. Pakistan, like the rest of the world, is confronted by several serious threats, such as climate change, energy crisis, food security, natural hazards, and water shortage. The latter, quite obviously, is of the highest concern for sustainable agriculture (which consumes over 90% of the surface water), domestic- and industrial use. Much of the surface water in Pakistan is also contaminated and hazardous to health. Dr. Qureshi and Dr. Ashraf deserve special thanks and appreciation for compiling this document which deals with the supply of water for sustainable agriculture and food security of our unfortunately rapidly growing population.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistanexperiencedunprecedented World
    AUGUST 2016 COUNTRY FACT SHEET ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE POLICY TRENDS Socio-economic context and role of agriculture Pakistan is a lower middle-income country located in South security.² This flooding had a substantial impact on the pace Asia. With an estimated population exceeding 195.4 million of real gross domestic product (GDP). Despite impressive and people,¹ Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the continuously growing amounts of agricultural production, the world. Most of the population (118 million) reside in rural country is struggling with significant levels of food insecurity areas. In July 2010, Pakistan experienced unprecedented and undernourishment, poverty, and gender inequalities, Pakistan flooding nationally that affected approximately 20 million which have all been exacerbated by natural disasters. In fact, people, damaging or destroying more than 1.9 million homes, Pakistan has not achieved any of the Millennium Development displacing about 7.5 million people, and deteriorating food Goals; in 2014–2016, the proportion of undernourished Selected indicators 2007 2011 2015 GDP (current billion US$) * 152.4 213.7 251.6 GDP per capita (current US$) * 953.8 1 230 1 560 (2016) Agricultural value added (% of GDP) * 21 26 19.8 Agricultural value added (annual % growth) * (average 2007-2014) 2.4 (2015) -0.19 Total population (thousand) 160.9 180.71 195.4 (2016) Rural population (% of total) 66.2 63.8 60.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC Employment in agriculture (percent of total employment)* 44 45 42.3 Human Development Index ** (2015)
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Salt, Drought, Heat and Frost Stresses on Morpho- Biochemical and Physiological Properties of Brassica Species: an Updated Review
    Journal of Rural Development and Agriculture (2017) 2(1): 1-10 REVIEW PAPER Impact of salt, drought, heat and frost stresses on morpho- biochemical and physiological properties of Brassica species: An updated review Sohail Ahmad Jan1, 2*, Nazma Bibi3, Zabta Khan Shinwari1, 4, Malik Ashiq Rabbani2, Sana Ullah5, Abdul Qadir5 and Nadar Khan2 ABSTRACT Abiotic stresses seriously impact crop productivity and agro-morphological and biochemical properties of all Brassica species. It also decreases the yield of many important Brassica species by disturbing their normal growth and development. In this review, we have highlighted the latest reports about the impact of different abiotic stresses on different growth stages and other morpho-physiological processes of important Brassica species such as canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus), indian mustard (Brassica juncea), Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. Several researchers reported that abiotic stresses affect the important morpho-biochemical processes such as shoot and root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, proline and relative water contents, chlorophyll amount, antioxidant enzymes activity of important Brassica species. These stresses also disturb normal oxidative processes that lead to cell injury. The genetic modification approaches for the development of transgenic plants against these environmental extremes have been described. The present study will be useful to identify the best abiotic stress tolerant Brassica genotypes for further genetic engineering program and crop improvement programs.
    [Show full text]
  • An Economic Analysis of Fisheries and Molluscan Fisheries Nexus in Pakistan 1950-2014
    Mohsin et al., The J. Anim. Plant Sci. 29(5):2019 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISHERIES AND MOLLUSCAN FISHERIES NEXUS IN PAKISTAN 1950-2014 M. Mohsin1, Y. T. Mu*2, A. Mehak2, A. M. Memon2, M. Noman2, T. R. Pavase3 1 College of Economics and Management, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi 332005, China, 2College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China and 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This is the first attempt to analyze Pakistani fisheries sector, in general, and molluscan fisheries sector, particularly, and their markets for the period 1947-2014 on an economic basis. This investigation includes landing as well as trade figures in terms of imports and exports. Since the independence, Pakistan’s economy has gone through many fluctuations due to indigenous and exotic shocks. These perturbations include the separation of East Pakistan in 1971, exponential population growth, nuclear testing in 1998 and political instability. In addition to these factors, fisheries sector also faced several distresses of its own such as onset of small-scale artisanal fisheries, lack of technologies, meager institutional development and lack of awareness among fishing communities. These factors have led to the collapse of fisheries sector. Consequently, overall fisheries in general and molluscan fisheries sector particularly experienced tremendous changes. It is noteworthy that the trade in terms of exports of fish and molluscs (including their products) were recorded maximum in 2013 (238,757 t) and 1999 (9,440 t), respectively. Overall fish landings steadily increased from 21,540 t (1950) to a peak of 612,444 t (1999) and declined afterward.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Development Update for 2017
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PAKISTAN DEVELOPMENT UPDATE Growth: A Shared Responsibility May 2017 Preface The objective of this report is to update the Government of Pakistan, think-tanks and researchers, the general public and the World Bank’s senior management on the state of the Pakistan economy, outlook, structural reforms and development challenges. The report begins with a chapter on economic developments, with sections on growth, fiscal policy, the external sector and monetary developments. The second chapter provides an outlook and describes upcoming challenges, including structural reform needs and progress in social indicators. Th e final chapter identifies several topical issues for detailed analysis, including sect ions on provincial revenue mobilization, need to impart skills to youth bulge, challenges in agriculture sector in the country and on reducing poverty and enhancing shared prosperity. This update was prepared by the Macroeconomic and Fiscal Management Global Practice under the guidance of Patchamuthu Illangovan (Country Director) and Manuela Francisco (Practice Manager, GMF06). Analyses were contributed by: Enrique Blanco Armas (Lead Economist, GMF06), Muhammad Waheed (Senior Economist, GMF06), Adnan Ashraf Ghumman (Economist, GMF06), Mehwish Ashraf (Economist, GMF06), Mohammad Saqib (Senior Energy Specialist, GEE06), Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh (Financial Sector Specialist, GFM06), Quanita Ali Khan (Education Specialist, GED06), Amna Sahar (Consultant), Mohsina Atiq (Consultant) and Amelia Johnston (Consultant). Peter Milne (Consultant) provided useful editorial support. Mohammad Aslam Malik (SACPK) provided helpful administrative support. The team is appreciative of the contributions from the authors of the special sections. Special section on “Mobilizing Revenues for Development of Punjab” is contributed by Irum Touqeer (Public Sector Specialist, GGO18) and Muhammad Waheed (Senior Economist, GMF06).
    [Show full text]
  • INCLUSIVE WEALTH of PAKISTAN: the Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration Report Director: Pushpam Kumar, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi
    INCLUSIVE WEALTH OF PAKISTAN: The Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration Report Director: Pushpam Kumar, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Authors: Shunsuke Managi, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Moinul Islam, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Bingqi Zhang, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Amelia Holmes, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Muhammad Khurshid, former DG, South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme Reviewers: Jamil Ahmad, United Nations Environment Programme, New York Barney Dickson, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Andrea Hinwood, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Paulo Augusto Lourenço Dias Nunes, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome Susan Mutebi-Richards, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Unai Pascual, Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) , Spain Doreen Robinson, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Ashbindu Singh, Environmental Pulse Institute, Washington, D.C. Francesco Tubiello, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome Data collection and support by Aysha Rabia, B.S. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Northampton, UK. Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Design: Viola Kup, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi © 2021 United Nations Environment Programme Inclusive Wealth of Pakistan: The Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration ISBN No: 978-92-807-3866-7 Job No: DEP/2364/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.
    [Show full text]
  • China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
    U A Z T m B PEACEWA RKS u E JI Bulunkouxiang Dushanbe[ K [ D K IS ar IS TA TURKMENISTAN ya T N A N Tashkurgan CHINA Khunjerab - - ( ) Ind Gilgit us Sazin R. Raikot aikot l Kabul 1 tro Mansehra 972 Line of Con Herat PeshawarPeshawar Haripur Havelian ( ) Burhan IslamabadIslamabad Rawalpindi AFGHANISTAN ( Gujrat ) Dera Ismail Khan Lahore Kandahar Faisalabad Zhob Qila Saifullah Quetta Multan Dera Ghazi INDIA Khan PAKISTAN . Bahawalpur New Delhi s R du Dera In Surab Allahyar Basima Shahadadkot Shikarpur Existing highway IRAN Nag Rango Khuzdar THESukkur CHINA-PAKISTANOngoing highway project Priority highway project Panjgur ECONOMIC CORRIDORShort-term project Medium and long-term project BARRIERS ANDOther highway IMPACT Hyderabad Gwadar Sonmiani International boundary Bay . R Karachi s Provincial boundary u d n Arif Rafiq I e nal status of Jammu and Kashmir has not been agreed upon Arabian by India and Pakistan. Boundaries Sea and names shown on this map do 0 150 Miles not imply ocial endorsement or 0 200 Kilometers acceptance on the part of the United States Institute of Peace. , ABOUT THE REPORT This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, socio- political, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and Future Agenda
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 2 (Summer 1998) pp. 167—187 The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and Future Agenda JOSEPH G. NAGY and M. A. QUDDUS Alarming food supply and demand deficits are projected to the year 2020 and beyond for Pakistan, based on its current low investment/low growth agricultural sector. Evidence suggests that agricultural productivity growth and increases in production may not keep pace with past growth rates. Part of the problem is an underfunded and poorly managed agricultural research system that can not hope to contribute significantly to increasing agricultural productivity now or in the future. The World Bank-assisted Agricultural Research II Project (ARP-II) was initiated to partially overcome some of the funding problems and provide institutional development in the areas of organisation, planning, and management of the research system at both the federal and provincial levels. A National Master Agricultural Research Plan (NMARP) was one of the principal goals of the ARP-II as part of improving research planning and management. The objective of this paper is to review the reasons why the Pakistan agricultural research system needs to be revitalised, review the status and problems of the present agricultural research system, and outline a future agenda for Pakistan’s agricultural research system based on the plan developed for the NMARP. 1. INTRODUCTION At present, Pakistan’s agricultural research system is funded, organised and managed at a level where only maintenance research is being achieved with little prospect for a meaningful future increase in crop yields and livestock production through research.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Agriculture Sector
    2 Economic Growth, Saving and Investment 2.1 Real GDP Growth The global economic outlook was extremely uncertain at the start of FY09.1 The US based sub-prime mortgage crisis that had significantly manifested itself in FY07, had already morphed into an international financial crisis by FY08, causing a significant weakening of the global economy year (see Figure 2.1). Moreover, there were clearly continuing downside risks for the year Figure 2.1: Real GDP Growth World Developing Asia ahead, as the impacts of the financial crisis Japan & NIEs Pakistan unfolded. These risks emanated from 12 expectations of: (a) a substantial tightening of liquidity in the debt and credit markets as 8 financial institutions became increasingly risk averse; (b) a global contraction in demand, as 4 the downstream impact of the slowdown in 0 major economies took hold; and (c) the percent possibility of increasing protectionism in the -4 global economy. The one important silver lining, for countries that were net importers, -8 was the hope of a significant weakness in 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 international commodity prices. Source: World Economic Outlook (IMF) While the commodity prices initially continued to increase despite the weakening global economy, the outlook changed dramatically as the second-round of US financial crisis hit the global economy September 2008 onwards, causing immense uncertainty in US financial sector. As a response, banks’ lending standards were tightened further, risk premiums jumped higher and global equity prices fell sharply. Thus the global economy plunged into a deeper crisis and the world economy (especially advanced economies) entered the deepest and longest recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s .2 The scale of the demand contraction quickly dispelled earlier hopes of some observers that the spillover of global economic crisis on Asian economies would be relatively muted on the back of robust macroeconomic conditions, sound banking system and lower exposure of these economies to US securities.
    [Show full text]
  • Agriculture in Pakistan and Its Impact on Economy―A Review
    International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.103 (2017), pp.47-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijast.2017.103.05 Agriculture in Pakistan and its Impact on Economy―A Review Anam Azam1* and Muhammad Shafique2 1Beijing Language and Culture University, China 2Construction Environment Engineering, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology Campus, University of Science and Technology, Korea 1*[email protected], [email protected], Abstract Agriculture is considered the backbone of any economy and it is also the most important sector of Pakistan’s economy. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Pakistan’s agriculture and its impact on economy. This study also highlights the agricultural challenges and its possible solutions. Time-series data is used in this paper and data is collected from different articles, websites and reports. The agriculture sectors i.e. major and minor crops, fruits, livestock, fisheries and forestry are studied in this research paper. There is some agriculture problems i.e.; limited water, poor management, natural calamities and others which have negative impact on Pakistan’s economy. The findings shows that due to agriculture problems there is fluctuations in Pakistan’s economic growth (GDP) thus, Pakistan’s economic growth is going to slowdown. Total factor of production is also going to slow down due to these instabilities. Keywords: Agriculture, Economy, Major Crops, Fruits, Livestock 1. Introduction Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economies of least developing countries (LDC) like Pakistan. Agriculture is a fundamental part of Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan’s agricultural contribution to Gross Domestic Product GDP is 21% with an annual growth of 2.7% [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing the Performance of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan Dr Rummana Zaheer
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2013ǁ PP.01-10 Analyzing the Performance of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan Dr Rummana Zaheer Assistant Professor Department of Economics, University of Karachi (Pakistan) ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the most important sector of Pakistan’s economy. Considering its importance, this report aims to examine the growth of the Agriculture sector in Pakistan from the 1950 to 2010, the challenges it faces and its possible solutions. The divisions of the sector which are major and minor crops (from 1980-2010), livestock, fisheries and forestry (from 2005-2010) are also examined. Also to access the total agricultural productivity, TFP from 1970 to 2010 is studied. Findings suggest that the growth of the Agriculture sector has fluctuated over the span of Sixty years, with its best performances in the 1960’s and 1980’s. Pakistan’s agriculture sector has slowed down significantly in the recent year. Compared to its regional competitors Pakistan has the lowest growth and factor productivity rate. Problems such as water scarcity, lack of agricultural technology, natural calamities and many others have caused the agriculture sector to have a fluctuating progress and recently a slow growth. Addressing these problems can facilitate the growth of the Agriculture sector. I. INTRODUCTION The Agriculture Sector of Pakistan consists of Major crops which include rice, cotton, wheat, sugarcane and maize; Minor crops such as masoor, mung, mash, potato, onion and chilies; Livestock; Fishery and Forestry. Two main crop seasons exist in Pakistan namely the Kharif, the sowing season which begins in April-June and harvested during October while the Rabi Season begins in October-December and harvested in April-May.
    [Show full text]