Declining Decent Work and Emerging Struggles
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Pakistan: Urbanization, Sustainability, & Poverty
Pakistan: Urbanization, Sustainability, & Poverty Matt Wareing & Kristofer Shei Jessica Cavas, Megan Theiss, Zareen Van Winkle, Tai Zuckerman P a g e | 1 Tables of Contents Urbanization: Introduction 2 Causes: Labor & Unemployment 3 Afghan Refugees 4 Effects: Sanitation, Pollution, and Resources 6 Public Sector Issues 8 Limitations to Addressing Urbanization 9 Poverty: Introduction and Macroeconomics 11 Causes: Forced Migration 15 Influence/Disparity of Power (Income Gap, Feudalism, and Corruption) 16 Communal Concerns (Water, Education, Government Instability) 19 Limitations to Addressing Poverty 21 Recommendations: Preventative Refugee Policy 21 Water Resource Policy 22 Unilateral Program on Religious Tolerance 22 Works Cited 24 P a g e | 2 Urban Setting Pakistan has the sixth largest population in the world with 174 million people and an annual population growth rate of roughly 2% as of 2010, a sharp contrast to their post- independence population of 36 million. The UN projects that come 2050 Pakistan will have a population in upwards of 300 million. Although Pakistan's current population may be just over half of the US, their land mass is only about twice the size of California. Feeding, clothing, housing, and maintaining the quality of life for this dense population is one of Pakistan's greatest challenges. A particularly troublesome challenge has been the uneven distribution. Pakistan's uneven distribution is exemplified by the high density cities of Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad to the east and the sparse plains of Baluchistan as seen below. P a g e | 3 Karachi ranks as the world's largest city, even over Shanghai, with a population of 15.5 million and a metro-area population of 18 million. -
Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan
Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan Riaz Hussain Qureshi Muhammad Ashraf Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad 2019 Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ٓ ّ َّ َ ْ َ ّ ط َ َ َ ّ ْ ّ ْ َ وﺟ ﻌ ﻠﻨﺎ ِ� اﻟ ﻤآ ٍِ ُ َ ٍ ﺣ اََ ﯾ ِﻣﻨﻮ ن ِ (Al Quran) “And we made every living thing from water. So will they not accept faith?” Pakistan Academy of Sciences Islamabad 2019 i Citation: FOREWORD Qureshi, R.H. and M. Ashraf (2019), Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan. Pakistan One of the prime objectives of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS) is to prepare policy Academy of Sciences (PAS), Islamabad, Pakistan, pp. 41. documents and provide advice to the Government of Pakistan on matters of national importance. This manuscript, Water Security Issues of Agriculture in Pakistan, jointly compiled by Professor Dr. Riaz Hussain Qureshi and Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, is one of a series of documents prepared by the PAS under this objective. Pakistan, like the rest of the world, is confronted by several serious threats, such as climate change, energy crisis, food security, natural hazards, and water shortage. The latter, quite obviously, is of the highest concern for sustainable agriculture (which consumes over 90% of the surface water), domestic- and industrial use. Much of the surface water in Pakistan is also contaminated and hazardous to health. Dr. Qureshi and Dr. Ashraf deserve special thanks and appreciation for compiling this document which deals with the supply of water for sustainable agriculture and food security of our unfortunately rapidly growing population. -
Situation Analysis of Children in Pakistan | September, 2017 Foreword
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Photographs: UNICEF Pakistan Designed by Human Design Studios CONTENTS Acknowledgements 8 Foreword 9 Acronyms 10 Map of Pakistan 12 Executive Summary 13 1. Introduction 20 1.1 SitAn Approach and Methodology 21 2. Context 30 2.1 Pakistan’s National and International Commitments 33 2.2 Governance and Policy Framework 34 2.3 Public Financing: Child-Specific Investments 38 2.4 Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan 44 3. All Children Survive and Thrive 50 3.1 Nutritional Status 52 3.2 Maternal, Neonatal and Child Survival 63 3.3 Child Immunization 68 3.4 Key Conclusions and Considerations 72 4. All Children Learning 78 4.1 Out-of-School Children 81 4.2 Children in School 86 4.3 Children’s Learning Outcomes 94 4.4 Key Conclusions and Considerations 99 CONTENTS 5. All Children Protected from Violence and Exploitation 104 5.1 Birth Registration 108 5.2 Protection from Violence and Exploitation 110 5.3 Key Conclusions and Considerations 118 6. All Children Live in a Safe and Clean Environment 124 6.1 Safely Managed Water 126 6.2 Sanitation Services 129 6.3 Key Conclusions and Considerations 135 7. Cross-cutting Priorities for Children in Pakistan 140 7.1 Gender Equality 140 7.2 Equity 146 7.3 Other Cross Cutting Issues 147 7.4 Key Conclusions and Considerations 152 8. Conclusion and the Way Forward 158 Glossary 164 References 167 Annexes 179 List of Tables Table 1: Pakistan’s key demographic indicators 31 Table 2: Public sector health and education expenditure (provincial and federal) (PKR billion) 40 Table -
Pakistanexperiencedunprecedented World
AUGUST 2016 COUNTRY FACT SHEET ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE POLICY TRENDS Socio-economic context and role of agriculture Pakistan is a lower middle-income country located in South security.² This flooding had a substantial impact on the pace Asia. With an estimated population exceeding 195.4 million of real gross domestic product (GDP). Despite impressive and people,¹ Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the continuously growing amounts of agricultural production, the world. Most of the population (118 million) reside in rural country is struggling with significant levels of food insecurity areas. In July 2010, Pakistan experienced unprecedented and undernourishment, poverty, and gender inequalities, Pakistan flooding nationally that affected approximately 20 million which have all been exacerbated by natural disasters. In fact, people, damaging or destroying more than 1.9 million homes, Pakistan has not achieved any of the Millennium Development displacing about 7.5 million people, and deteriorating food Goals; in 2014–2016, the proportion of undernourished Selected indicators 2007 2011 2015 GDP (current billion US$) * 152.4 213.7 251.6 GDP per capita (current US$) * 953.8 1 230 1 560 (2016) Agricultural value added (% of GDP) * 21 26 19.8 Agricultural value added (annual % growth) * (average 2007-2014) 2.4 (2015) -0.19 Total population (thousand) 160.9 180.71 195.4 (2016) Rural population (% of total) 66.2 63.8 60.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC Employment in agriculture (percent of total employment)* 44 45 42.3 Human Development Index ** (2015) -
Pakistan : Employment, Output and Productivity
ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT Discussion Paper 33 PAKISTAN: Employment, Output and Productivity Nomaan Majid International Labour Office Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2000 ISBN 92-2-111977-7 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights or reproduction, or translation, application should be made to the ILO Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court road, London W1P 9HE (Fax:+44 171 436 3986), in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 (Fax:+ 1 508 750 4470), or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. -
TPR Pakistan
INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION INTERNATIONALLY-RECOGNISED CORE LABOUR STANDARDS IN PAKISTAN REPORT FOR THE WTO GENERAL COUNCIL REVIEW OF TRADE POLICIES OF PAKISTAN (Geneva, 16 and 18 January 2008) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pakistan has ratified the eight core ILO labour conventions. However, all the core labour standards are violated massively and flagrantly. Pakistan has ratified both the core ILO conventions protecting trade union rights. However, the rights enshrined in both conventions are violated on a regular basis. Much legislation has been enacted that withdraws workers’ freedom of association and there is insufficient protection against anti-union discrimination. Several classes of workers are excluded from protection by the provisions of national labour law and several classes of employment are inappropriately defined as essential services, thereby depriving those workers of the right to collective bargaining or to strike. Workers in export processing zones (EPZ's), teachers and health workers, and workers at enterprises such as Pakistan International Airlines, Open Railways, and Karachi Shipyards cannot form trade unions, bargain collectively or strike. Pakistan has equally ratified both the core ILO Conventions on discrimination. However, discrimination against women is a serious problem. Harassment at the workplace is a widespread activity against which there is no national law in force. Pakistan has ratified the ILO’s two core conventions on child labour. However, child labour is a very serious problem in the country and more measures need to be taken urgently to combat it through allocating more resources to provide universal free education and social protection combined with labour inspection. Child labour inspectors lack resources and corruption impedes their work. -
Impact of Salt, Drought, Heat and Frost Stresses on Morpho- Biochemical and Physiological Properties of Brassica Species: an Updated Review
Journal of Rural Development and Agriculture (2017) 2(1): 1-10 REVIEW PAPER Impact of salt, drought, heat and frost stresses on morpho- biochemical and physiological properties of Brassica species: An updated review Sohail Ahmad Jan1, 2*, Nazma Bibi3, Zabta Khan Shinwari1, 4, Malik Ashiq Rabbani2, Sana Ullah5, Abdul Qadir5 and Nadar Khan2 ABSTRACT Abiotic stresses seriously impact crop productivity and agro-morphological and biochemical properties of all Brassica species. It also decreases the yield of many important Brassica species by disturbing their normal growth and development. In this review, we have highlighted the latest reports about the impact of different abiotic stresses on different growth stages and other morpho-physiological processes of important Brassica species such as canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus), indian mustard (Brassica juncea), Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. Several researchers reported that abiotic stresses affect the important morpho-biochemical processes such as shoot and root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, proline and relative water contents, chlorophyll amount, antioxidant enzymes activity of important Brassica species. These stresses also disturb normal oxidative processes that lead to cell injury. The genetic modification approaches for the development of transgenic plants against these environmental extremes have been described. The present study will be useful to identify the best abiotic stress tolerant Brassica genotypes for further genetic engineering program and crop improvement programs. -
Eradicating Child Labour in Pakistan Nilofar Vazir Aga Khan University
eCommons@AKU Institute for Educational Development, Karachi Institute for Educational Development September 2010 Eradicating child labour in Pakistan Nilofar Vazir Aga Khan University Yasmeen Mehboob Meghani Aga Khan University Follow this and additional works at: http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdck Part of the Labor and Employment Law Commons, Other Education Commons, Other Educational Administration and Supervision Commons, and the Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Recommended Citation Vazir, N., & Meghani, Y. M. (2010, September). Eradicating child labour in Pakistan. Nurture, (9), 22. Eradicating Child Labour in Pakistan No child below the age of fourteen shall be engaged in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment." and, "All forms of forced labor and traffic in human beings are prohibited. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1973) Child Labour is a serious and important global issue and to eradicate the presence of child labour from our society: is very common in Latin America, Africa and Asia. According to some reports, in several Asian countries one ² Create mass awareness among parents about the tenth of the labour force consists of children. According detrimental effects of child labour; If circumstances to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) the mandate children to work, it is important to advocate daily income of 65.5% people of Pakistan is below 2 U.S. that they are employed in safer vocations; dollars a day. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB) ² Encourage sustainable employment/vocation options Report, 47 million people in Pakistan are leading lives for those who need to generate income to support below the line of poverty, whereas the Social Policy a family; Development Centre (SDPC) Karachi has stated in one of its reports that the percentage of people living in poverty ² Assist domestic helpers in making their ends meet in Pakistan was 33% during 1999 that increased in 38% by offering clothes, food, and medicines; within two years. -
An Economic Analysis of Fisheries and Molluscan Fisheries Nexus in Pakistan 1950-2014
Mohsin et al., The J. Anim. Plant Sci. 29(5):2019 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISHERIES AND MOLLUSCAN FISHERIES NEXUS IN PAKISTAN 1950-2014 M. Mohsin1, Y. T. Mu*2, A. Mehak2, A. M. Memon2, M. Noman2, T. R. Pavase3 1 College of Economics and Management, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi 332005, China, 2College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China and 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This is the first attempt to analyze Pakistani fisheries sector, in general, and molluscan fisheries sector, particularly, and their markets for the period 1947-2014 on an economic basis. This investigation includes landing as well as trade figures in terms of imports and exports. Since the independence, Pakistan’s economy has gone through many fluctuations due to indigenous and exotic shocks. These perturbations include the separation of East Pakistan in 1971, exponential population growth, nuclear testing in 1998 and political instability. In addition to these factors, fisheries sector also faced several distresses of its own such as onset of small-scale artisanal fisheries, lack of technologies, meager institutional development and lack of awareness among fishing communities. These factors have led to the collapse of fisheries sector. Consequently, overall fisheries in general and molluscan fisheries sector particularly experienced tremendous changes. It is noteworthy that the trade in terms of exports of fish and molluscs (including their products) were recorded maximum in 2013 (238,757 t) and 1999 (9,440 t), respectively. Overall fish landings steadily increased from 21,540 t (1950) to a peak of 612,444 t (1999) and declined afterward. -
Pakistan Development Update for 2017
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PAKISTAN DEVELOPMENT UPDATE Growth: A Shared Responsibility May 2017 Preface The objective of this report is to update the Government of Pakistan, think-tanks and researchers, the general public and the World Bank’s senior management on the state of the Pakistan economy, outlook, structural reforms and development challenges. The report begins with a chapter on economic developments, with sections on growth, fiscal policy, the external sector and monetary developments. The second chapter provides an outlook and describes upcoming challenges, including structural reform needs and progress in social indicators. Th e final chapter identifies several topical issues for detailed analysis, including sect ions on provincial revenue mobilization, need to impart skills to youth bulge, challenges in agriculture sector in the country and on reducing poverty and enhancing shared prosperity. This update was prepared by the Macroeconomic and Fiscal Management Global Practice under the guidance of Patchamuthu Illangovan (Country Director) and Manuela Francisco (Practice Manager, GMF06). Analyses were contributed by: Enrique Blanco Armas (Lead Economist, GMF06), Muhammad Waheed (Senior Economist, GMF06), Adnan Ashraf Ghumman (Economist, GMF06), Mehwish Ashraf (Economist, GMF06), Mohammad Saqib (Senior Energy Specialist, GEE06), Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh (Financial Sector Specialist, GFM06), Quanita Ali Khan (Education Specialist, GED06), Amna Sahar (Consultant), Mohsina Atiq (Consultant) and Amelia Johnston (Consultant). Peter Milne (Consultant) provided useful editorial support. Mohammad Aslam Malik (SACPK) provided helpful administrative support. The team is appreciative of the contributions from the authors of the special sections. Special section on “Mobilizing Revenues for Development of Punjab” is contributed by Irum Touqeer (Public Sector Specialist, GGO18) and Muhammad Waheed (Senior Economist, GMF06). -
INCLUSIVE WEALTH of PAKISTAN: the Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration Report Director: Pushpam Kumar, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi
INCLUSIVE WEALTH OF PAKISTAN: The Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration Report Director: Pushpam Kumar, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Authors: Shunsuke Managi, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Moinul Islam, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Bingqi Zhang, Urban Institute at Kyushu University Amelia Holmes, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Muhammad Khurshid, former DG, South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme Reviewers: Jamil Ahmad, United Nations Environment Programme, New York Barney Dickson, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Andrea Hinwood, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Paulo Augusto Lourenço Dias Nunes, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome Susan Mutebi-Richards, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Unai Pascual, Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) , Spain Doreen Robinson, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Ashbindu Singh, Environmental Pulse Institute, Washington, D.C. Francesco Tubiello, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome Data collection and support by Aysha Rabia, B.S. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Northampton, UK. Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Design: Viola Kup, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi © 2021 United Nations Environment Programme Inclusive Wealth of Pakistan: The Case for Investing in Natural Capital and Restoration ISBN No: 978-92-807-3866-7 Job No: DEP/2364/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. -
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
U A Z T m B PEACEWA RKS u E JI Bulunkouxiang Dushanbe[ K [ D K IS ar IS TA TURKMENISTAN ya T N A N Tashkurgan CHINA Khunjerab - - ( ) Ind Gilgit us Sazin R. Raikot aikot l Kabul 1 tro Mansehra 972 Line of Con Herat PeshawarPeshawar Haripur Havelian ( ) Burhan IslamabadIslamabad Rawalpindi AFGHANISTAN ( Gujrat ) Dera Ismail Khan Lahore Kandahar Faisalabad Zhob Qila Saifullah Quetta Multan Dera Ghazi INDIA Khan PAKISTAN . Bahawalpur New Delhi s R du Dera In Surab Allahyar Basima Shahadadkot Shikarpur Existing highway IRAN Nag Rango Khuzdar THESukkur CHINA-PAKISTANOngoing highway project Priority highway project Panjgur ECONOMIC CORRIDORShort-term project Medium and long-term project BARRIERS ANDOther highway IMPACT Hyderabad Gwadar Sonmiani International boundary Bay . R Karachi s Provincial boundary u d n Arif Rafiq I e nal status of Jammu and Kashmir has not been agreed upon Arabian by India and Pakistan. Boundaries Sea and names shown on this map do 0 150 Miles not imply ocial endorsement or 0 200 Kilometers acceptance on the part of the United States Institute of Peace. , ABOUT THE REPORT This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, socio- political, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia.