The Fire Triangle LESSON #2: the FIRE TRIANGLE
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Fire Extinguisher Booklet
NY Fire Consultants, Inc. NY Fire Safety Institute 481 Eighth Avenue, Suite 618 New York, NY 10001 (212) 239 9051 (212) 239 9052 fax Fire Extinguisher Training The Fire Triangle In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to understand some characteristics of fire. Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire: 1. Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, 2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, 3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and 4. The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire. Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire "tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is: take any of these four things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more elements of the fire triangle/tetrahedron. Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate Not all fires are the same, and they are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you can, in fact, make matters worse. It is therefore very important to understand the four different fire classifications. Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics Solid combustible materials that are not metals. (Class A fires generally leave an Ash.) Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire. -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
Gas Ranges Power
Gas Ranges power. This is one of the very few brands that allow you to use the oven without electricity. There are 12 different battery spark models and 12 different thermocouple system models avail- able (including 5 Pro-Series models). Available colors are white, biscuit or black. They are Peerless-Premier Gas Ranges shipped freight prepaid from the factory in 906-001 Please Select Model from Below Illinois. Freight charges are $150 to a business Peerless now offers two specific types of gas address or $200 to a home address. ranges specifically for off-grid or otherwise alter- The best part is that Peerless ranges have an native energy homes. The “T” models have a excellent reputation for very high quality. They TJK-240OP fully electronic 110V ignition system which come with a lifetime warranty on top burners allows both the top burners and the oven to be lit and have many standard quality features: with a match if the power is off. The “B” models l Recessed Porcelain Cooktop utilizes 8 “AA” batteries for spark ignition. l Universal Valves (easily convert to LP gas) Neither type utilizes a glow bar which requires a l Push-to-Turn, Blade Type, Burner Knobs lot of electrical energy to l Keep Warm 150o Thermostat operate. For the “T” mod- l Permanent Markings On Control Panel Inlay els, if your inverter is l A Full 25” Oven in 30” & 36” Ranges “on”, just turn on the l Oven Indicator Light on 30” l oven or top burner and it Lift-Off oven Door TMK-240OP lights automatically, using l Closed Door Variable Broil very little power. -
Session 611 Fire Behavior Ppt Instructor Notes
The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 1 Recruit Firefighter Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 Slide 2 © Darin Echelberger/ShutterStock, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Fire Behavior Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 3 Some have said that fires in modern furnished Fires Are Not Unpredictable! homes are unpredictable • A thorough knowledge of fire behavior will help you predict fireground events Nothing is unpredictable, firefighters just need to know what clues to look for Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 4 Connecticut Fire Academy Recruit Program CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 of 26 Revision: 011414 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 5 A basic understanding of how fire burns will give a Chemistry firefighter the ability to choose the best means of • Understanding the • Fire behavior is one of chemistry of fire will the largest extinguishment make you more considerations when effective choosing tactics Fire behavior and building construction are the basis for all of our actions on the fire ground Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 6 What is Fire? • A rapid chemical reaction that produces heat and light Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 7 Types of Reactions Exothermic Endothermic • Gives off heat • Absorbs heat Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 8 Non-flaming -
Prescribed Fire: the Fuels Component
FORESTRY Prescribed Fire: The Fuels Component ► In this second of a four-part series, you will learn the importance of the fuel component in prescribed fire. A common science experiment in grade school is to light a candle, place a glass jar over the candle, and watch the flame go out as the oxygen is consumed. This demonstrates the fire triangle of heat, oxygen, and fuel (figure 1). A prescribed fire is a working example of the principles of the fire triangle. In conducting a prescribed fire, you are either working to move a fire across the land or working to extinguish a fire. In either case, good fire lines are critical for containing the fire within a specific area (figure 2). Fire lines remove the fuel side of the fire triangle. Without the fuel, there is no heat and the fire goes out. Figure 1. The three components needed for a fire to occur are oxygen, heat, and fuel. These make up what is called the fire triangle. Remove one of the Fuel Components sides from this triangle and a fire cannot occur or will be extinguished. The way a fire burns depends on a number of Fuel Volume characteristics of the fuel. An often forgotten component The volume of fuel in the area affects the behavior of is the predominant species of the fuel. Not all grasses the fire and the amount of smoke it produces. Large burn the same; neither do all hardwood leaves or even volumes of fuel pose a significant risk for creating a pine needles. -
Making Yer Own Electric Matches
I S S U E 4 8 N E W S L E T T E R Making Yer Own Electric Matches wrap the nichrome wire around the strips and then apply stain- By Harry Gilliam (Skylighter, Inc.) less steel soldering flux to one side and solder using the flank Editor's Note: I got this article from a e-zine of Skylighter of the soldering iron tip. I would then flip the strip over and do (with their permission, of course). They sell chemicals to make [solder] the other side. This was followed by a flux-neutraliz- fireworks and other pyrotechnics. This article is useful to rock- ing bath of sodium bicarbonate in water. The ignitor chips can eteers, because igniting rocket motors is always an issue. A then be cut with a pair of scissors from the strip. All of the reliable electric match is essential; particularly if you are fly- strips have a routed edge so that the finished product will have ing clustered motors in a design. If you decide to make your the nichrome spanning an unsoldered step on the tip of the own; please remember that working with chemicals can be chip (for better contact with the pyro comp). There are 2 vari- hazardous to your health. I recommend calling the folks at eties of foundation board: approximately 200 pieces of a flex- Skylighter for tips and other safety precautions. Also, you may ible board that is no longer available, and the rest using the need a LEUP permit to buy certain chemicals. conventional woven glass laminate material. -
2. Making Fires Burn Or Go out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle
2. Making Fires Burn or Go Out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle Lesson Overview: In this activity, students describe and organize what they already know Subjects: Science, Mathematics, Writing, about fire so it fits into the conceptual model of Speaking and Listening, Health and the Fire Triangle. They examine the geometric Safety stability of a triangle and how that property Duration: one half-hour session applies to fire. Group size: Whole class. Students work in groups of 2-3. Lesson Goal: Increase students’ understanding of Setting: Indoors how fires burn and why they go out. Vocabulary: Fire Triangle, fuel, heat, ignition, oxygen, model Objectives: • Students can construct a triangle out of toothpicks and gumdrops, and can label its legs with the three components of the Fire Triangle. • Students can demonstrate that removing one side of the triangle makes it collapse. • Students can identify the component(s) of the Fire Triangle that are removed in various scenarios, and explain how this makes the fire go out. Standards: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th CCSS Writing 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 10 2,7, 9, 10 2,7, 9, 10 Speaking/Listening 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, Language 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, Math MP.5 MP.5, MP.5 MP.5 MP.4, MP.5 Matter and Its PS1.A, NGSS Interactions PS1.B PS1.B From Molecules to Organisms: Structure/Processes LS1.C Engineering Design ETS1.B ETS1.B EEEGL Strand 1 A, B, C, E, F, G A, B, C, E, F, G Teacher Background: This activity explores the chemistry of combustion as described by a conceptual model called the Fire Triangle. -
Whoosh Bottle
Whoosh Bottle Introduction SCIENTIFIC Wow your students with a whoosh! Students will love to see the blue alcohol flame shoot out the mouth of the bottle and watch the dancing flames pulsate in the jug as more air is drawn in. Concepts • Exothermic reactions • Activation energy • Combustion Background Low-boiling alcohols vaporize readily, and when alcohol is placed in a 5-gallon, small-mouthed jug, it forms a volatile mixture with the air. A simple match held by the mouth of the jug provides the activation energy needed for the combustion of the alcohol/air mixture. Only a small amount of alcohol is used and it quickly vaporizes to a heavier-than-air vapor. The alcohol vapor and air are all that remain in the bottle. Alcohol molecules in the vapor phase are farther apart than in the liquid phase and present far more surface area for reaction; therefore the combustion reaction that occurs is very fast. Since the burning is so rapid and occurs in the confined space of a 5-gallon jug with a small neck, the sound produced is very interesting, sounding like a “whoosh.” The equation for the combustion reaction of isopropyl alcohol is as follows, where 1 mole of isopropyl alcohol combines with 4.5 moles of oxygen to produce 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 4 moles of water: 9 (CH3)2CHOH(g) + ⁄2O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) ∆H = –1886.6 kJ/mol Materials Isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH, 20–30 mL Graduated cylinder, 25-mL Whoosh bottle, plastic jug, 5-gallon Match or wood splint taped to meter stick Fire blanket (highly recommended) Safety shield (highly recommended) Funnel, small Safety Precautions Please read all safety precautions before proceeding with this demonstration. -
FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood Sammy Sadaka Introduction Many options of secure, wood combustion Ph.D., P.E. stoves, freplaces, furnaces and boilers Associate Professor Wood heating was the predominant are available in the market. EPA certifed freplaces, furnaces and wood stoves with Extension Engineer means for heating in homes and businesses for several decades until the advent of no visible smoke and 90 percent less iron radiators, forced air furnaces and pollution are among alternatives. Addi- John W. Magugu, Ph.D. improved stoves. More recently, a census tionally, wood fuel users should adhere Professional Assistant by Energy Information Administration, to sustainable wood management and EIA, has placed fuelwood users in the environmental sustainability frameworks. USA at 2.5 million as of 2012. Burning wood has been more common Despite the widespread use of cen- among rural families compared to families tral heating systems, many Arkansans within urban jurisdictions. Burning wood still have freplaces in their homes, with has been further incentivized by more many others actively using wood heating extended utility (power) outages caused systems. A considerable number of by wind, ice and snowstorms. Furthermore, Arkansans tend to depend on wood fuel liquefed petroleum gas, their alternative as a primary source of heating due to fuel, has seen price increases over recent high-energy costs, the existence of high- years. effciency heating apparatuses and Numerous consumers continue to have extended power outages in rural areas. questions related to the use of frewood. An Apart from the usual open freplaces, important question is what type of wood more effcient wood stoves, freplace can be burned for frewood? How to store inserts and furnaces have emerged. -
WOOD FUEL from HEDGES How to Manage and Crop Hedges in South-West England for Fuel Contents
WOOD FUEL FROM HEDGES How to manage and crop hedges in south-west England for fuel Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 What types of hedges are suitable for fuel? ....................................................................... 3 Figure 1: The expected yields of different types of hedge of average width when managed for fuel .......................................................................................... 3 The management of hedges to produce biomass for energy............................................ 4 Planting new hedges for fuel .............................................................................................. 5 Legal considerations........................................................................................................... 6 Crop type - logs or chips? .................................................................................................. 7 Table 1. Labour time and processing costs for different hedge harvesting methods. ............................................................................................... 8 Table 2. Factors to consider when choosing whether to produce woodchips or logs. ................................................................................................. 8 Branch loggers................................................................................................................... -
Annual Report 2020 Report Annual
Annual Report 2020 Clickable PDF A world without cigarettes can be a reality LONGSTANDING COMMITMENT, A CLEAR DIRECTION Since 2014, Swedish Match has communicated its vision of a world without cigarettes. The road that led us to that vision began decades ago as we responded to consumer trends with the launch of snus in pouch format in 1973, thus reinvigorating the snus category. We took a further step down the road when we divested the cigarette business in 1999. This journey has continued more recently through our focus on smokefree alternatives in new formats, new categories and in new geographies. Swedish Match continues to adapt and raise the benchmark, in quality, performance, and consumer satisfaction for its smokefree products. MILESTONES 1973 1999 2000 THE POUCH DIVESTS GOTHIATEK® The first portion snus product, CIGARETTE QUALITY in an easy to use pouch format, was launched in Sweden. OPERATIONS STANDARD FOR SNUS Swedish Match took the bold move to divest its cigarette business. The Swedish Match’s quality standard for the sale reinforced our longstanding commitment to harm reduction, and Company’s snus products is based on was an important step toward concentrating on growing categories, decades of research and development. in line with consumer trends. Swedish Match devoted resources Produced according to this standard and product development into other areas, such as snus and other the high quality of our snus products is cigarette alternatives. ensured, with extremely low levels of undesired compounds, and resulting in a dramatically reduced health risk versus smoking. 2014 2016 2019 A WORLD WITHOUT ZYN NICOTINE POUCHES GAINS MRTP STATUS IN THE US CIGARETTES A FOOTHOLD IN THE US Swedish Match became the first tobacco company to be granted Modified Risk Swedish Match has a clear and In 2016, when Swedish Match began expanding Tobacco Product (MRTP) designations focused vision. -
Campfire Safety These Pictures Show How to Make a Safe Campfire, but They Are All out of Order
KOG Ranger Activity 7 PAGE 1 CAmpfIRE SAFETY These pictures show how to make a safe campfire, but they are all out of order. Can you number them 1-10 in the correct order? Steps For a Safe Campfire use these steps to help you put the pictures in the correct order. 1. Call Before You Go! Call the local fire district to see if campfires are allowed where you are going. 2. Bring a shovel or rake and a bucket of water to keep handy in case some fire escapes. 3. Choose a place that is away from dry logs, steep slopes, dry grass, leaves, bushes or overhanging branches. Drown, Stir, 4. Clear all leaves and forest floor litter away, down to the bare earth, for at least 5 feet on all sides of the fire. Drown . Be sure 5. Dig a shallow pit in the center of the cleared area and surround it with rocks. that your campfire is DEAD OUT! 6. Keep extra wood, paper, your tent, and any other items that can burn away from the fire. 7. After you light the fire, throw the hot match into the fire – not onto the ground. 8. Never leave a campfire burning when no one is there to watch it! Even a small breeze could cause the fire to spread. 9. When you are done, put the fire out completely. Start by drowning the fire with water. 10. Then stir the fire with a shovel and drown it with more water, continuing until the fire is out – DEAD OUT! KEEP OREGON GREEN ASSOCIATION PO BOX 12365, SALEM, OR 97309-0365 503.945.7498 KOG Ranger Activity 7 CAmpfIRE SAFETY PAGE 2 What’s wrong with this campfire? Can you find six things that could make this campfire end in a wildfire? 1.