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Subpixel-Filterung Für Eine Autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D- Darstellung Hoher Qualität

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Subpixel-Filterung Für Eine Autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D- Darstellung Hoher Qualität Subpixel-Filterung für eine autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D- Darstellung hoher Qualität Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr.-Ing. der Universität Kassel Fachbereich Elektrotechnik/Informatik Fachrichtung Informatik vorgelegt von Dipl.-Inf. Dirk Müller Kassel im November 2005 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09. Februar 2006 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Siegbert Hentschke Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Wloka Dirk Müller: 2 „Subpixel-Filterung für eine autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D-Darstellung hoher Qualität“ Für Dorota 3 Dirk Müller: 4 „Subpixel-Filterung für eine autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D-Darstellung hoher Qualität“ Danksagung Die Vorbereitung und Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit wurde mir durch meinen Doktorvater Herrn Prof. Hentschke und die ständige Unterstützung und Aufmunterung durch meine Eltern ermöglicht. Außerdem möchte ich die stets gute Zusammenarbeit mit meinen Kollegen der Fachgruppe Digitaltechnik an der Universität Kassel erwähnen. Allen genannten Personen gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank. 5 Dirk Müller: 6 „Subpixel-Filterung für eine autostereoskopische Multiperspektiven-3-D-Darstellung hoher Qualität“ Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung................................................................................................... 11 2 S tand der Technik: 3- D -Display-Technologie und Autostereoskopie..15 2.1 Überblick................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 M otivation von 3- D -Displays................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Die dritte Dimension....................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Kommunikation als Informationsaustausch.................................................... 16 2.2.3 Kommunikation in 3-D.................................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Die Geschichte der Stereoskopie bis zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts..........17 2.3 H ierarchische Klassifikation von 3- D -Displays................................................... 19 2.3.1 Stereoskope und Head-mounted-Displays (HMDs)........................................ 20 Stereoskope............................................................................................... 20 Head-mounted-Displays............................................................................. 22 2.3.2 Brillensysteme................................................................................................ 22 Das Anaglyphen-Verfahren........................................................................ 23 Systeme mit polarisiertem Licht.................................................................. 23 Chromostereoskopie.................................................................................. 24 Shutter-Brillen (aktiv).................................................................................. 25 2.3.3 Autostereoskopische Displays........................................................................ 26 Barrieremasken.......................................................................................... 27 Linsenrasterscheiben................................................................................. 27 Integral Photography (IP)............................................................................ 29 Tracking-Systeme....................................................................................... 30 2.3.4 Ech te 3- D -Displays......................................................................................... 30 Volumetrische Systeme.............................................................................. 31 Holographie................................................................................................ 32 Oszillierende Spiegel.................................................................................. 33 2.3.5 Weitere Möglichkeiten und Kombinationen der Ansätze................................ 34 Das KMQ-Verfahren................................................................................... 34 Ein autostereoskopisches LCD mit selektiver Hintergrundbeleuchtung..... 34 Ein autostereoskopischer Shutter-Monitor..................................................35 Ein Retina-Display mit einer oszillierenden Spiegelmembran.................... 35 Ein autostereoskopischer Monitor mit Mikrospiegeln................................. 35 Nutzung des Pulfrich-Effekts...................................................................... 36 Stereogramme............................................................................................ 36 Dual-View-Displays..................................................................................... 37 Zylindrische und Alkoven-Displays............................................................. 37 Ei n 2- Mo nitor-System mit Strahlteiler und Polfilter..................................... 38 2.4 Zusammenfassung................................................................................................ 38 2.4.1 Zeitstrahl: 3-D-Displays in zwei Jahrhunderten.............................................. 39 2.4.2 Tabellarischer Vergleich der beschriebenen Methoden................................. 40 3 Psychovisuell-medizinische Betrachtungen.......................................... 43 7 Dirk Müller: 3.1 Einführung.............................................................................................................. 43 3.2 Anatomie und Physiologie des menschlichen Sehapparates............................43 3.2.1 Einordnung in die Sinnesorgane..................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Das Augenpaar............................................................................................... 44 3.2.3 Gesichts- und Blickfeld................................................................................... 44 3.2.4 Aufbau des Auges.......................................................................................... 45 3.2.5 Der visuelle Signalweg durch die Sehbahn.................................................... 47 3.2.6 Das örtliche Auflösungsvermögen.................................................................. 47 3.2.7 Helligkeits-, Kontrast- und Farbwahrnehmung................................................50 Helligkeitswahrnehmung: Adaptation......................................................... 50 Der Pulfrich-Effekt...................................................................................... 52 Kontrastwahrnehmung............................................................................... 53 Farbwahrnehmung...................................................................................... 53 3.2.8 Das temporale Auflösungsvermögen.............................................................. 55 3.3 Faktoren des räumlichen Eindrucks: Depth-Cues.............................................. 56 3.3.1 Physiologische Faktoren des räumlichen Eindrucks...................................... 57 Die monokulare Akkomodation................................................................... 57 Die binokulare Konvergenz......................................................................... 58 Die Beziehung zwischen Akkomodation und Konvergenz..........................58 3.3.2 Psychologische Faktoren des räumlichen Eindrucks..................................... 59 Monokular-statische psychologische Faktoren........................................... 59 Die Mondtäuschung.................................................................................... 62 Monokular-dynamische psychologische Faktoren...................................... 64 Stereopsie als binokular-statischer psychologischer Faktor....................... 65 Dynamische Stereopsie.............................................................................. 72 3.3.3 Zusammenfassung......................................................................................... 72 3.4 Gesundheitliche Risiken und Grenzen der Verfahren........................................ 73 3.4.1 Schielen.......................................................................................................... 74 3.4.2 Bildtrennung.................................................................................................... 74 3.4.3 Flimmerfreiheit................................................................................................ 74 3.4.4 Symmetrie der Augenbelastung..................................................................... 74 3.4.5 Der Akkomodations-Konvergenz-Konflikt....................................................... 75 3.5 Sp ezielle Aspekte der Helligkeits- und Farbwahrnehm ung des menschlichen visuellen Systems.................................................................................................. 75 3.6 Zusammenfassung: Wichtige Eigenschaften des menschlichen visuellen Systems in Zahlen.................................................................................................. 75 4 Technologisch-theoretische Fundamente.............................................. 77 4.1 Die TFT-Technologie.............................................................................................. 77 4.1.1 Einordnung und Geschichte........................................................................... 77 4.1.2 Funktionsprinzip.............................................................................................. 77 4.1.3
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