Green City Europe – for a Better Life in European Cities

ELCA Research Workshop Green City Europe – for a better life in European cities

www.green-city.eu ELCA Member Countries

NO SE

DK IE

NL PL BE DE LU CZ FR CH AT HU

PT ES

Partner countries/associations

Canada China Japan USA European Arboricultural Council Table of contents

1 ELCA...... 4-5 The President’s Message...... 4 Introduction...... 5

2 Green City europe...... 6-11 France The Green City in France – Cité Verte...... 7 Germany Die Grüne Stadt-Foundation in Germany...... 6 Hungary Green City Hungary – Zöld Város Magyarország...... 8 Italy Green City Italia...... 9 The Netherlands The Green City in the Netherlands...... 10 United Kingdom The UK Green Forum – communicating the benefits of plants and green space...... 11

3 Workshops...... 12-51 Professor Dr. Diedrich Bruns, ECLAS President Resilient urban development in Europe – without green?...... 13 Dr. Sandrine Manusset Plants, health, well-being and urban planning...... 15 Dott. Giovanni Sala Landscape architecture in Milan towards EXPO 2015...... 18 Dipl. Ing HTL Florian Brack An expert system for calculating the costs of open spaces over their entire lifecycle...... 20 Professor Dr. Lutz Katzschner Urban climate and urban green...... 22 Dr. Marcel Langner Measurement of particle deposition to urban vegetation...... 25 Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen Studies on urban ecology and urban ecosystems at the University of Helsinki, Finland...... 28 Professor Dr. Psychol. Kalevi Korpela Determinants and strength of restorative (stress-alleviating) experiences in favourite green, waterside and urban environments in Finland...... 30 Dr. Ulrika K. Stigsdotter Research ideas on how to plan and design natural environments based on evidence-based health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health benefits for all...... 33 M.Sc. Marco H.A. Hoffman Bio-diverse cities...... 38 Alfred E.G. Tonneijck and Tom Bade Modelling the benefits of urban forests for sustainable management...... 40 PhD Jolanda Maas and others Vitamin G: the importance of a green living environment for people’s health...... 44 Dipl.-Ing. Bernhard Scharf Research demand for healthier and safer cities...... 46 ELCA Research Workshop – summary and outlook...... 48 ELCA Research Workshop – participants...... 50

4 ELCA Member Countries/associations...... 52-59 ELCA Member Associations...... 52 ELCA Countries and Associated Members...... 50 ELCA Committees...... 58

Table of Contents Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 The President´s Message

ear readers, due to demographic changes, the climate Dchange, globalization and structural changes the cities of Europe are facing considerable changes. In this context we can see a development based on parallel processes of growth and decline. Regions and cities are growing above all in metropolitan areas. Rural regions as well as structurally weak regions are in decline. The increasing urbanisation provides the chance to combine sustainable urban development with sustainable planning of free areas in densely populated areas. A sustainable housing structure provides an essential contribution to the reduction of the environmental impact in cities. Avoiding high traffic emissions, providing areas of fresh air, reducing the sealing of land, maintaining and re- spectively creating water retainment areas as well as green areas – these are the urgently needed planning measures. We are not talking about aesthetic re- pairs but about the essential basis for future urban development.

The principle of sustainability of interior development before exterior development applies to the same extent to growing as well as to declining regions and must not only encompass structural and civil engineering, but also be applied to the development of green areas. This brings us to the topic of our workshop. For us the green city is the model of the future, creating urban structures with environments with life-quality. The sustainable green development of cities is a task to be continuously developed, which calls for integrated and regionally coordinated activities of all disciplines. The ELCA supports sustainable urban development, which is based upon available resources, climate protection and health targets. Therefore, we also commit ourselves to supporting better research provided with more financial means. European gardening and landscaping with its large variety of tasks depends on scientific results to provide sustainable solutions for better cities. It is important for us to further develop environmental research on construction and vegetation in regard to urban development to provide answers to the problems of the next decades: climate change and the interaction of biosphere and health, water management, biodiversity and the design of green areas. These are the important topics. Sustainable green urban development is a permanent task, which calls for the integrated and regionally coordinated cooperation of all disciplines. Interdisciplinary research activities on a European level are just as indispensable for sustainable urban development. It is necessary to ensure the cooperation of architects, urban planners, natural scientists, and representatives of the public health sector, those making political decisions and artists, who finally represent all European regions.

Our first workshop aims to start these activities, thus providing an important contribution towards sustainable urban development. The scientists from all over Europe have shaped this workshop with their contributions on Green and Health, Green and Particulate Matter, Green and Urban Climate as well Biodiversity in Cities.

In the Committee of the Regions many representatives of European institutions listened to the presentations to later report about them to the respective counselling committees.

Should the eighth EU Research Frame Plan, which is being discussed at present, consider our concerns we would very much appreciate the respective research institutions in Europe in future being granted the opportunity to further deepen the herein mentioned areas of research.

We wish you interesting new insights when reading the papers presented at this workshop.

Emmanuel Mony, President

4 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 1 ELCA Introduction

he European Landscape Contrac- lief of the health system, lower envi- search frame programme 2014-2020” Ttors Association may look back ronmental loads and environmental and to provide sufficient funds. The onto a long and successful job. During catastrophes (floods) and not at least ELCA is of the opinion that it is impor- this time the ELCA has developed into on less loss of plants due to better tant and decisive to get well founded a strong association of 74,000 compa- adapted vegetation. facts on the positive effects of green on nies and 330,000 staff members. the environment – including change of The ELCA does not only initiate re- climate – and on people’s health. Since its foundation the association search studies but also concentrates has been supporting the exchange of on the pragmatic support of the com- Apart from other industries the indus- young landscaping gardeners all over panies. In this connection the support try of gardening and landscaping also Europe. With almost 350 participa of European public relations, training depends on such research results. The ting companies from 22 countries, of and further education, supporting of experts for building with green can which 12 are outside Europe, this has young gardeners and the expert anal- by now provide important contribu- been a flagship project, which is an ex- ysis of European laws, especially with tions to a resources-conserving, en- ample for the integration of Europe. regard to the environment as well as vironmental friendly and competitive of the European rules and standards economy. These are just the areas the Topics like the reduction of bureau must be mentioned. European Union wants to promote cracy, the prevention of distortion of in the respective focus of its Europe competition due to European harmo- The ELCA regularly participates in 2020-concept. The important point nisation, standards and legal stand- so-called consultation-processes of will be to improve the chances of ap- ards or the clarification of problems the EU. Since the ELCA is of the opin- plication-oriented projects. in existing European laws and guide- ion that the purpose of such consul- lines have been in the foreground of tations – i.e. triggering a wide spread There are still research gaps concern- our lobby work. discussion with all those involved in ing the effects of plants and trees on the industry as well as determining the environment. The assumed con- In Europe the ELCA contributes possible measures of improving the nections must be researched more in making politics generally bet- efficiency of the domestic market – profoundly and proof must be pro- ter, more practicable and very often are reasonable measures of influenc- vided. This is just what working fields more understandable. In doing so ing of events. At present for example of the gardening and landscaping in- the association of the landscape gar- consultations concerning the topic of dustry depend on to be able to pro- deners in Europe sees itself as serv- “VAT” and “Public placing of orders” vide solutions. Therefore research ice provider. For this purpose the are being prepared. into environmental questions must landscape gardeners have designed be increased, e.g. to allow us to clear- a well-working network registering The green profession is no longer ly answer questions concerning the every positive feedback. afraid of competition. Just the op- change of climate, the interactions be- posite. The industry of gardening, tween biosphere and human health, On the European level the ELCA landscaping and building of sport concerning the maintaining of biodi- would like to get more support re- grounds supports more competi- versity as well as a of sustainable city garding the research into green en- tion and market economy. And we development and green design. vironmental topics. The effects of also want that this competition of ef- green areas on the well-being and ficiency is not being distorted. This There still is considerable demand the productivity of people are to be is just why the ELCA demands the for basic and application-oriented re- researched. On the one hand the re- same taxation of landscape garden- search to better understand the ben- sults of the research are to show di- ers and farmers or producing gar- efits of green as well as to evaluate rect effects on the economy, among dening companies. the mechanisms of plants and their them the gardening and landscaping efficiency potential in order to pro- industry. On the other hand findings The ELCA wants the European Union vide the responsible persons of pol- on indirect economical effects are to to increasingly plan for research activ- itics and economy with sound deci- be expected as well – e.g. on the re- ities all about green in its “8. EU-Re- sion guidance.

1 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 5 The Green City in France – Cité Verte

n France, Green City is called Cité chures, and the event “Les Assises Cité Verte is of course one of the part- IVerte. Cité Verte is a European citi- Européennes du Paysage”. In 2011, ners of the European green city con- zen approach that aims to make the 10th-12th October, in Strasbourg, the vention, ratified in 2009 by all the city, understood as a place to live, central theme will be “Landscape Green City European representa- a place to live better, where plants, creator of riches”. tives, with the partnership of ELCA. landscaping and nature in the city ensure benefits for citizens in terms of The members of Val’hor are the rep- For more information: quality of life, welfare, development resentative professional associations; www.lesassises.eu of the economic and social links, eco UNEP, for the landscape contractors, www.citeverte.com logical links and heritage links. Cité FFP for the landscape architects and www.valhor.com Verte meets society’s demand for a FNPHP for the growers. life set that is a combination of cultural choices and a future policy. With Cité Verte, landscape professionals work under a common and Val’hor, the French interprofession- neutral banner, hosting profession- nal association for horticulture and als and everyone who can support landscaping industries, is the stand- by reflexion on their experience, ard-bearer of Cité Verte. Since 2008, their research expertise. under the banner Cité Verte, Val’hor has been active in relation to this Promoted by professionals, Cité Verte particular approach and targeted lo- intends to raise awareness of the real cally elected representatives, materi- value of plants and landscaping: an alized through the think-tank “Le Cer- issue of general interest to future cle Cité Verte”, the contest “Les Vic- generations. toires du Paysage”, books and bro-

6 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 Green City Europe DIE GRÜNE STADT-Foundation in Germany

uring the past ten years the dis- The foundation DIE GRÜNE STADT The central aim of the foundation is Dcussions on green cities in Ger- incorporates to a large extent or- to support environmental protection many have become more and more ganizations operating in horticultur- and research, to increase the aware- serious. In most cases, however, peo- al sectors and landscaping in Germa- ness of citizens, politicians and deci- ple above all discussed the costs of ny. Close connections to the media sion-makers about the value of ur- green public space, its effect on cit- make sure that up-to-date informa- ban green and to maintain an inter- izens was – if at all – of minor im- tion is made available to the industry disciplinary debate on the quality of portance. Therefore, already in 2003 and beyond. Hanns-Jürgen Redeker, urban life. some regional organizations es- chairman of the Board (Kuratorium): tablished a national Green Forum “Due to our close cooperation with A group is more efficient and cred- to give the debate a new direction. the media, our website www.die- ible in political lobbying than indi- In 2009 this Forum was legally set gruene-stadt.de and our brochures vidual organisations, on national up as a foundation called Stiftung we are able to support the sector and international levels. Therefore DIE GRÜNE STADT. This foundation with all relevant information about the foundation works together with serves as an information desk for all the benefits of plants and green- ur similar groups in different Europe- relevant groups. The objective of its ban landscapes. We organize sym- an countries (www.thegreencity.eu) operation is to create a pool of knowl- posia, take part in negotiations with and with numerous city councils to edge and experience concerning ur- politicians and we inform the public exchange best practice cases of urban green. The foundation and its about the advantages of successful ban green space. members are convinced that plants, green urban space and various other public green space and nature con- green aspects e.g. air quality, noise For more information: sciousness must be part of an inte- reduction, climate, vandalism etc. Tel.: +49 211 6878300 grated plan for city development. The The core message is, that plants and [email protected] organizations that cooperate in the green cities are important keys to a www.die-gruene-stadt.de foundation are among others health healthier, happier, more productive professionals, building companies and more peaceful society.” and architects, real estate owners’ associations, industrial companies, consultants, associations, authorities, Agenda 21 work groups, municipalities and universities.

2 Green City Europe Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 7 Green City Hungary – Zöld Város Magyarország

fter joining the Green City Move- The 4 basic principals ical knowledge and work in practice. Ament in Milan 2010, a Green City It is available for all European Green Workgroup of MAKEOSZ (HULCA – towards green cities City organizations for checking, com- Hungarian Landscape Contractors were identified as: menting or test using. Together with Association) started to work in two the Dutch GC Toolkit coming out in 1. Cities have to be reconnected to directions: to set up the local Green this autumn it will be a comprehen- the ecosystem in order to enjoy City organization(s) and to work out sive, thought driving system. Year nature’s free services. the local GC principals. 2011 is the GC APS’s first – test – 2. Integrated approach – real green year with increasing numbers of test has to be part of all city plan- projects. The first Green City candi- ning activities from the very first The Green City organiza- date, Miskolc, the steel city – has de- thoughts. cided in a contract of interest that all tional structure is: 3. Interdisciplinarity – extended team of its city projects will have to pass 1. The Green City Council of Hunga- planning and execution. the Green City accreditation level. ry. Members of the GC Council are 4. Sustainability – Green must not be MAKEOSZ (HULCA), Landscape the overlooked part of the sustain- Communication activities are the Architect Arm of Chamber of Ar- ability triad (human-economy-en- core part of our local Green City chitects, MÖFÖSZ (City Head Gar- vironment) any longer - otherwise strategy. Besides the new website, deners Association), ZÉOSZ (Green the balance between the above we run Green City conferences, GC roof Association), Faculty of Land- three cannot be achieved. lectures on other conferences, work- scape Architecture of Corvinus Col- shops as well as high school and uni- lege, West Hungarian University. The Hungarian Green City organiza- versity lectures. We have been on TV As of 2011 June the Ministry of Re- tions have to act as catalysers, bring and radio several times and more gional Development (Environmen- the different players of the green or than a dozen articles have been tal Protection State Secretary) also green related sectors together in or- placed in gardening and architecture delegated a representative to the der to MAKE GREEN CHANGES HAP- related journals. GC Council. PEN NOW. For more information: 2. For Greener Cities Nonprofit Ltd. Based on numerous discussions the www.green-city.hu (Zöldebb Városokért Nonprofit Kft.) creation of a marketable accredita- was set up by the presidency of tion point system was decided and MAKEOSZ – in accordance with the implemented. The Green City Ac- wish of the GC Council – as the creditation Point System is based on official Green City representative the European Green City and partly and executive Organization of the the overseas knowledge base acts Country. as translating tool between theoret-

8 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 Green City Europe Green City Italia

reen City Italia was founded as Green City Italia: Ga non-profit association onth 19 June 2010. The President is Andreas recent actions Kipar, architect and landscape archi- “Green City” is a response to the cur- tect. He works in planning, landscap- rent social and political challenges: it ing and environmental requalification aims to inform the economy and pol- Green City Italia: of historical green areas, both in Italy icy, but also the citizens, about the and abroad. He is the official Italian many positive features we mentioned, future vision foreign correspondent for IBA Fürst in order to create a shared culture for 1. “Charta Milano” 2015: a manifes- Pückler Land 2010. more liveable and green cities. to for better nutrition and against world hunger*: an idea that will al- The co-president is Giovanni Sala, Starting from 2009, Green City Italia low the Expo event to leave a tan- agronomist; professionally he designed has developed the following measures: gible mark on the planet and directed the restoration and de- 1. Spreading awareness of the po- 2. Green City – Health City (a big sign of green public spaces, the envi- tential of urban green space to in- event in Milan for 2012): create sus- ronmental recovery of old quarries, crease the welfare of citizens, as tainable cities for human health dumps and dismissed areas. well as the economical managing and disease prevention: slow and of urban transformations; green mobility, good nutrition, food They both carried out teaching activ- “Working with nature”, quality, landscape for sports and ities in various universities and they Roma 2010-2012 well-being. are co-founders of the LAND group, “The signature of the Green Charta”, 3. Green infrastructure as the central dealing with Landscape, planning Milan, 06.06.2010 point of investigation and devel- and nature development. 2. Promoting research and projects for opment: Green City Italia will sup- the improvement of urban quality; port the European Commission in The Scientific Committee, as well as “Milan Green Rays”, for the Milan regard to these issues and goals. the operative structure of Green City Expo 2015 4. Towards Expo 2015: Feeding the Italia, is made up by persons com- 3. Uniting all those who are interest- planet, energy for life. A slow city ing from different disciplines and with ed in promoting ecological culture in fast times, Milan is taking advan- complementary expertise: architects in design, implementation and tage of the forthcoming Expo 2015 and landscaping architects, agrono- management; to transform its open spaces. Green mists, teachers, historians, physicians. “First European Green City Forum“, City Italia promotes the Green Rays Milan, 04.06.2010 strategy, providing new symbols 4. Connecting public administrations, for the city future and the greatest Green City Italia: philosophy organizations, professionals and sci- challenges for today’s cities. This Green City Italia implements and de- entists; strategy is the aim of the Europe- velops the objectives of the homon- 5. Promoting activities on environmen- an movement, the European Green ymous European associations and tal sustainability issues, such as: Cities Network (EGCN). foundations active in Europe; in par- cultural activities: forum, work- ticular it aims to improve the quali- shops, exhibitions, competitions; Scientific Committee ty of open spaces, as a potential to “Green Lectures”, Andreas Kipar, president, bring enrichment across business Triennale Milano, 30.06.2011 landscape architect and society. We call this approach editorial activities: publications and Giovanni Sala, co-president, “the Green City Initiative”: to consid- promotion of books, conference agronomist er the landscape structure from the proceedings, research, projects; Virginia Bombelli, environmental beginning of the planning process “Il Verde è benessere, l’azione ben- biologist and to put open space on an equal efica delle piante sulla nostra sa- Aldo Castellano, architect, footing with buildings and infra- lute” and “Alberi e piante, dan- professor at Politecnico of Milan structure. no respiro alle città”, published in Paolo Veronesi, oncologist, June 2010 president of Umberto Veronesi The Green City philosophy is based project activities: good design prac- foundation on the concept that plants can bring tices for sustainability; social, economic and environmental urban horticulture projects: For more information: benefits. And more plants and green “The vegetable garden of faith”, [email protected] space can make the difference. Milan 2011 [email protected] social activities: initiatives related www.greencity-italia.com to health and wellness.

2 Green City Europe Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 9 The Green City in the Netherlands – De Groene Stad

n the Netherlands, no less than concept internationally as an integrat- I65% of the population lives in ured vision for developing our residen- ban areas, and this trend will contin- tial, working and recreational envi- ue over the coming years. The rapid ronments in a socially and econom- auspices of The Green City as based increase of the urban population has ically responsible way. For its more on interviews, practical examples, meant an increase in building densi- sustainable policy of developing liv- recognitions and research findings. ty and, in turn, adverse consequenc- ing environments on an internation- Presented to launch the campaign es for urban public green space. In al level, The Green City concept is re- was Groen Loont (green pays), a response to this, Plant Publicity Hol- ceiving the support of the Ministry of book about the economic benefits land developed ‘The Green City’ in Economic Affairs, Agriculture and In- of green amenities. As a follow-up, 2002. The Green City is a concept that novation. In other words, this would four newsletters with the theme of demands a different approach to ur- mean using The Green City concept “residential, working and recreation- ban development. According to this to benefit Dutch economic interests: al environments and green space & concept, the design and reconstruc- in addition to the horticultural sector, well-being” are being published in tion of urban areas should involve this would also involve the construc- 2011. In addition, the Entente Florale all the relevant disciplines (architec- tion industry, architecture and land- Nederland conference to be held on ture, water management, civil engi- scape architecture, the health care 27th October will focus on the Green neering, landscape architecture, ur- sector, etc. in international activities. Amenities Pay! campaign. ban planning, construction industry, etc.) right from the start of the planning process if the ultimate design is Green Amenities Pay!: Competition for the Green to be successful. The Green City phi- a campaign advocating City Award calls attention losophy thus demands an integrated approach in which green space is an their economic benefits to an integrated approach essential component. Spending cuts are currently the fo- It is important that developers, organ- cus of policy plans at all levels of isations involved in construction and To realise this objective The Green the government in the Netherlands. urban planning professionals start City that evolved in the Netherlands And green amenities are not being realising that an approach that inte- led to various projects, the most spared. In order to show adminis- grates the parties directly involved striking and recent of which are de- trators, politicians, and policy as- with the built environment and the scribed here. sistants as well as private organi- parties involved in green space is sations, etc. that cuts made to pub- necessary for creating a liveable en- lic green space eventually do noth- vironment. The quality of life in ur- Promoting The Green City ing but cost money instead of saving ban areas is closely related to the ef- internationally means it, a number of parties dedicated to fective embedding of green spaces the importance of public green space within urban environments. As an in- promoting Dutch business and the ANWB (the Dutch tourist as- centive to this development, and to Plant Publicity Holland is going to sociation) have taken it upon them- draw attention to it, Plant Publicity team up with the Dutch Ministry of selves to draw public attention to Holland and VHG, (the Dutch associa- Economic Affairs, Agriculture and the fact that investing in green space tion representing the horticulture and Innovation; the International Asso- pays. Green space is not a cost item landscaping sector) have developed ciation of Horticultural Producers but a social and economic invest- a special Green City Award especially (AIPH); and the internationally known ment that will pay for itself. The ob- for this purpose in 2011. landscape architecture firm of Niek jective of this campaign is to quanti- Roozen bv to promote The Green City fy the value of green space under the For more information: Roel van Dijk [email protected] www.degroenestad.nl

10 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 Green City Europe The UK Green Forum – communicating the benefits of plants and green space

rban green infrastructure emerged International agreements Uthrough the last decade to become a significant part of the discus- The UK Green Forum has been a sig- sion around sustainability, liveabili- natory of three international agree- a further award for journalism that ty, development and regeneration in ments since 2009 – Strasbourg (2009), promotes the “real value” of plants the UK. The “Green City Philosophy”, Milan (2010) and Zurich (2011). Each of and gardening. which can be summed up as being these has set out statements asserting that plants and green space are not the critical importance of green space In planning with forum members a cost but bring value from a social, for successful, sustainable urban de- right now is a professional seminar economic and environmental point velopment and living. They represent which will explore such themes as of view, was being developed during important “landmarks” in the devel- the role of the social context on tree the decade. This culminated in 2009 opment of the initiative. Participation survival rates, including the ways in when a new group of organisations in international meetings and knowl- which communities can come to val- including university departments, edge transfer enables the UK to ben- ue and “own” their green spaces for green space charities, trade bodies efit from information and ideas that the benefit of all. A productive event and commercial organisations came emerge elsewhere. is expected later in 2011. We work ac- together under the banner of the UK tively with Forum members through Green Forum. the year to promote their own green National actions space-related events through our These organisations are now work- The Green City is an active part of newsletters, website and other net- ing together to promote the key mes- the UK Garden Centre Association’s works. We are preparing for a period sage of the Green City initiative – that support for retailers who wish to of intensive lobbying of politicians the case for green space can best be develop their green and communi- and decision-makers this autumn. made in an evidence-based way, inde- ty credentials through an exciting pendent of sectoral interests. There- award scheme. Competing for the For more information: fore improving the transfer of infor- “Green Community Award” gives re- Mark Long, mation within and between organisa- tailers the chance to show custom- Green City co-ordinator for the UK tions, fast-tracking the results of sci- ers their commitment to the local Tel.: +44 148 0860426 entific research into industry and po community and environment. Not [email protected] licy and working and learning in an only do they do this through their ac- www.thegreencity.co.uk international context are at the basis tions, but their communications are of what the Forum does. enhanced through the use of a logo scheme and an annual award. The Each organisation involved brings Forum works with professional gar- practical skills, networks and experi- den writers through a tie-up with the ence to projects and communications. UK Garden Media Guild to sponsor

2 Green City Europe Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 11 Invitation

ELCA Research Workshop

Current Research on the Importance of green and open spaces in European Towns

Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Committee of the Regions 5th Floor, Room JDE 51 Rue Belliard 99 - 101 1047 Brussels

The ELCA wants to create a platform for scientists from all of Europe with the first research workshop in the Committee of the Regions of the European Union.

Key research areas on the topics greenery and health, greenery and micro particle pollution, greenery and town climatology as well as biodiversity in Among these are for example the questions on climate change, the European towns will be presented, but research deficits will also be high interaction between the biosphere and human health, managing water lighted and proposals for new continued research ideas will be compiled. resources, the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable urban development and designing green areas. Research on the importance of greenery in towns aims to find contributions for solving the big challenges- We would be very pleased to welcome you. of our time in the environmental sector.

The landscape garden industry relies on scientific results in its fields of work to be able to offer solutions based on state- of-the-art science and technology. Emmanuel Mony President Therefore the environmental research Dr. Hermann J. Kurth on technical topics relating to con Chief Executive struction and vegetation must be ex- panded to be able to have answers - for the problematic areas of the next Please note: decades. Free entrance, advance notice of attendance is required. Please respond by May 5, 2011 with the enclose reply-fax or via e-mail: [email protected]. Simultaneous translation into French and German will be available.

Current Research on the Importance of Green in European Towns

Current Research on the Importance of Green in European Towns Programme Tuesday, May 24, 2011 Lunch Break Programme 12:45 pm Tuesday, May 24, 2011 1:45 pm Green and Town Development Welcome Coffee Integration of garden and landscape construction in 09:00 am administrative regulations and planning tools based on scientifical safe and sound knowledge of their positive 09:30 am Welcome Emmanuel Mony, ELCA President effects and value Moderation: Robert Schäfer, TOPOS Dipl.Ing. Bernhard Scharf, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, AT An expert system for calculating the costs of open spaces 09:45 am Introduction Resilient urban development in Europe - without green? over their entire life cycle Professor Dr. Diedrich Bruns, President of the European Council Dipl.-Ing. Florian Brack, of Landscape Architecture Schools (ECLAS) Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH

Sirpa Pietikäinen, MEP, EPP, Group of the European 10:00 am EU funded environmental research and outlook towards a 2:30 pm common strategic framework for research and innovation People’s Party (Christian Democrats) Arnoldas Milukas, European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, Directorate I - Environment 2:45 pm Coffee Break Green and Health 10:15 am Green and Climate Change 3:00 pm Modelling the benefits of urban forests for better management Green factor to maximise the potential of health benefits for all Alfred E.G. Tonneijck, Expertise Centre Triple E, Arnhem, NL Dr. Ulrika K. Stigsdotter, University of Copenhagen, DK Measurement of particle deposition to urban vegetation Vitamin G Dr. Marcel Langner, Humboldt University of Berlin, DE Dr. Jolanda Maas, National Institute for Public Health and Green cities and climate change the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, NL Professor Eduardo Croci, IEFE – Centre for Research Plants, health, well-Being and urban planning on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy, Dr. Sandrine Manusset, Market Research Institute Commercial University Luigi Bocconi, Milan, IT “Environment and Society”, Nevez, FR Urban climate and urban green Determinants and strengths of restorative Professor Dr. Lutz Katzschner, University of Kassel, DE (stress-alleviating) experiences in favourite green, waterside and urban environments in Finland Professor Dr. Kalevi Korpela, University of Tampere, FI 11:45 am Urban Green and Biodiversity Bio-diverse cities M.Sc. Marco H.A. Hoffman, 4:30 pm Summary, Future Perspective Wageningen University & Research Centre, NL Andreas Kipar, LAND Milano Srl, President Green City Italia Studies on urban ecology and urban ecosystems Emmanuel Mony, ELCA President at the University of Helsinki, Finland Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen, University of Helsinki, FI 5:00 pm Reception, 6th Floor, Atrium 6

12:30 pm Judith Merkies, MEP, S&D,Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats

12 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS ELCA Research WorkshopProfessor Dr. Diedrich, Bruns, Resilient Urban Development in ECLAS President BrusselsUniversity of Kassel,, Germany Departmentth of Architecture, Europe – without Green? MUrbanay Planning 24 and Landscape, 2011 Planning Tel. +49 561 8043559 E-Mail: [email protected] iverse and friendly green urban This model lives on today. Anybody Dopen spaces are desirable. This who played the game Monopoly open spaces by different cultural is reflected in high real estate knows well how the legen- groups, feeling of safety, degree of values adjacent to at- dary Park Place is a very vandalism and crime, etc. More ex- tractive open spaces. expensive proper- tensive studies report on determi- There is a hypothe- ty where rents and nants of restorative experiences in sis that green con- mortgage values favourite places (Korpela et al. 2008). tributes not only are among the to tangible but highest. Every- From different research we have also to intangi- body dealing in learned how much Urban Green may ble landscape real estate today contribute to Health Resilience. Per- services such is keenly aware sonal health is an important factor as benefiting hu- about the impor- in public health. There appears to man health and tance of location, be conflicting information regard- well-being. Indi- and, taking the ex- ing correlations between health and vidual studies re- ample of London, health-related quality of life indica- port on the benefits of England, finds the fin- tors on the one hand and the accessi- green to human health, est properties are located bility of green space and the amount both physically and mental- at green open spaces, such as of time people are able to spend in ly, on green open spaces affording Regents Park. To quote from a cur- contact with green areas on the oth- ventilation and thermal comfort in rent advertisement: er hand (Maas et al. 2008, Grahn urban heat islands, on retention of & Stigsdotter, storm water, on preventing air pol- Not all people are “Amazing location, nestled 2010, Stigsdot- lution, and on people using such ar- so fortunate and ter et al. 2010). eas for food and fuel/energy pro- wealthy enough amongst the famous nash Some epidemi- duction. Functions that are impor- to own property ological stud- tant for the quality of life, adapting next to an urban terraces of regents park… ies report find- to climate change and for emergency green space. …with magnificent views ings that appear management related to natural haz- Many live in to be support- ards such as floods, fires and earth- multi-storey- overlooking regents park. ing the view that quakes (WHO 2005). Thus, green buildings, some this property is in a truly…“ based on few open space would contribute to re- with balconies clear indicators silient societies. However, there is lit- as the only op- green space has tle proof that substantiates such hy- portunity to enjoy fresh air. How do beneficial health effects, thus raising pothesis and much research is need- people grow up in such locations? the possibility of trans-European ep- ed to better understand such com- To try and find out if and how peo- idemiological studies (Mitchell et al. plex relationships. ple spend time outdoors we have in- 2011). However, establishing a caus- terviewed, for example, teenagers al relationship is difficult, as the rela- Urban Green and Society who live in less privileged sections tionship is complex. Simplistic urban of cities. We find that such teenagers, interventions may therefore fail to Hippodamus (498 BC-408 BC) in- like people of all ages, very much en- address the underlying determinants cluded a so-called ‘Agora’ into the joy green open space. What we have of urban health that are not remedi- layout of Milet, his home town. also learned is that, among others, able by landscape redesign (Lee & This Agora probably had trees. these young people have Hate Plac- Mahes-waran 2010). To find evidence Hippodamus understood that ures and Favourite Places. They hate, for the physical and non-physical ban open spaces form city centres by and large, unsafe places lacking a health benefits of urban green spac- not only geographically but also minimum in social control (confirm- es, a number of parameters must be as the focal points of society. It is ing, again, what we remember from considered. These would include en- these places that lend a city identi- reading Jane Jacobs). Such findings vironmental factors such as the qual- ty. The Agora of Hippodamus’ time indicate how Urban Green might ity and accessibility of green spaces became a political and commer- contribute to Social Resilience. How- and how they affect its use for phys- cial space. Of all people who lived ever, these are mere spot checks and ical activity. User determinants, such in a Greek Polis, those who were offer no reliable proof of a real rela- as age, gender, ethnicity and the per- the most important ones lived the tionship between availability of Ur- ception of safety, are also important closest to the Agora. ban Green, the appreciation of green (Lee & Maheswaran 2010).

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 13 In every city, we find not only Hate making and of taking ownership in- green spaces: a review of the evidence. Places and Favourite Places, but also clude a great variety of people, such J Public Health (Oxf). September 10. Hot Places and Cool Places. In their as those who have lived at one place Lenzholzer, S., 2010. Designing dissertations Sandra Lenzenhöver and for all of their lives, and those who are atmospheres. Research and design Hendrik Laue have studied the mi- what we have learned to call migrants, for thermal comfort in Dutch urban croclimatic properties of urban open even young urban professionals, and squares. PhD thesis Wageningen space (Laue 2009, Lenzenhöver 2010). also those who initiate gentrification University, Wageningen. Urban Green has an important role of run down neighbourhoods. What Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Spreeu- in people’s well-being in such places we should want to know is how new wenberg, P., Groenewegen, P. P., and, as every one knows from person- and seemingly strange cultural mixes 2008. Physical activity as a possible al experience, people are searching might help enriching our professional mechanism behind the relationship for shade dur-ing summer days and work. We need to try and understand between green space and health: A for sunny spots during the winter. Ur- how urban open spaces are perceived multilevel analysis. www.biomed- ban Green offers both, and everything and what people would want to do in central.com/1471-2458/8/206 (Bi- in between. Beyond thermal com- these spaces. There is indeed much oMed Central Ltd.). fort, Climate Resilience with Green ex- still to be learned. Mitchell, R., Astell-Burt, T., Rich- tends as far as Hazard Management. ardson, E. A., 2011. A comparison Where, if not the urban open spaces, of green space indicators for epide- would we store water during flooding References miological research. J. Epidemiol. events? Where, in fact, would we place De Groot, R.-S.; Wilson, M.; Bou- Community Health February 4. collecting places during emergencies, mans, R. (2002): A typology for de- Mitchell, R., Popham, F., 2008. Ef- including earth quakes, if it were not scription, classification and valua- fect of exposure to natural environ- for the (mostly green) open spaces? tion of ecosystem functions, goods ment on health inequalities: an ob- Urban green also contributes to Eco and services. Environmental Eco- servational population study. Lancet logical Resilience in cities. Included nomics 41: pp 393-408. 372: 1655-60. are urban nature areas as well as well Fisher, B.; Turner, R.K., Morling, P. Stigsdotter, A.U.K. , Ekholm, O., used garden plots, such as allotment 2009: Defining and classifying eco- Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M., Jør- gardens, but certainly also nature de- system services for decision making. gensen, F.K. & Randrup, T.B. ,2010. ‘ velopment areas such as restored riv- Ecological Economics 68: 643-653. Health promoting outdoor environ- ers and streams. Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, A.U.K., ments: associations between green 2010, ‘ The relation between per- space, and health, health-related All of these points lead to my final ceived sensory dimensions of urban quality of life and stress based on a point: Identity Resilience and how Ur- green space and stress restoration ‘, Danish national representative sur- ban Green supports people’s sense of Landscape and Urban Planning , vol vey ‘, Scandinavian Journal of Public place. Green projects, such as nature 94, nr. 3-4, s. 264-275. Health , vol 38, nr. 4, s. 411-417. development projects in urban areas, Korpela, K.M., Ylén M., Tyrväin- Termorshuizen, J.; Opdam, are always located very near to where en, L., Silvennoinen, H., 2007. Deter- P., 2009. Landscape services as a local people live and work, where they minants of restorative experiences bridge between landscape ecology go shopping and where they spend in everyday favorite places. Health and sustainable development. Land- recreational times. People give val- Place. 2008 Dec;14(4):636-52. Epub scape Ecology. Doi: 10.1007/s10980- ue to these places and make them 2007 Oct 23. 008-9314-8. part of their lives. Planning and con- Laue, L., 2009. Gefühlte Land- WHO, World Health Organisation, structing new green areas are excit- schaftsarchitektur – Der Einfluß der 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well- ing events and people wish to be in- Planung auf das thermische Empfind- Being. Health Synthesis. A Report of cluded. This is the spirit of the Europe- en in mikroklimatischen Freiraumein- the Millennium Ecosystem Assess- an Landscape Convention: landscape heiten innerhalb städtischer Struk- ment. Core writing team: Corvalan, is what people make it, make it in ma- turen. Dissertation University Kassel. C., Hales, S., McMichael, A., Geneva. terial terms, and make it in their minds Lee, A.C.K. Lee, Maheswaran, R., and hearts. Modern forms of place 2010. The health benefits of urban

1 Forum was the Roman equivalent of the Agora 2 In 1811 the Prince (later King George IV) commissioned architect John Nash to create a master-plan for the area that is now the 166 hectare Regents Park. The park is lined with elegant white stucco terraces of houses. Originally the park was largely comprised of informal open grass-land until the early 1930s when gardens were formed within the park, including the garden for Queen Mary who died in 1936.

14 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS ELCA Research WorkshopDr Sandrine, Manusset, Plants, Health, Well-being and Environnement et Société BrusselsCabinet d’Ecologie, Humaine th 14, Botquelen Urban Planning May 24 , 201129 920 Nevez France Tel.: +33 9 62180815 GSM: +33 6 63779752 n 2010, we realized a study about green parks to implement sustaina- E-Mail: [email protected] the positive impacts of plants in ble urban planning into practice? I www.environnement-societe.fr the cities under the guidance of Plan- te et Cité that is a national platform To receive the integral study, for experiments and technical infor- Methodology please contact: Plante et Cité mation for green spaces and urban From a systemic perspective Plants, www.plante-et-cité.fr horticulture. The UNEP participated Health, Well-being and Urban Plan- Camille Jouglet in the following committee of this ning, this bibliographical analysis E-Mail: [email protected] study with the Union of the horticul- comprised of 30 publications select- Tel.: +33 2 41721147 ture (Val’hor), the University of An- ed by the committee of the study gers (AgroCampus) and the CRESGE from a first bibliographic background of the Catholic University of Lilles. of 104 publications. Germany 3

The study focuses on urban green The bibliographic background was England 9 spaces. The first aim of the current constituted in two parts, at first by Switzerland 2 study is to describe and to comment Plante et Cité. Secondly, I myself the impacts of green spaces from a completed it to balance the different France 20 systemic synthesis based on interna- disciplinary approaches that it repre- Holland 4 tional research in urban ecology, so- sented. I used the ScienceDirect da- ciology, psychology and geography tabase on the web. Finally, as the Ta- Sweden 4 in particular between 1980’s to now- ble1 shows us, there is an important Canada 5 adays. That permits to point out the difference in the number of scientific plurality of effects of the green parks. publications from country to country. United States 45 For the needs of the analysis, This could mean, as far as the China 2 the allergen effects of the question of plants in the plants were not evalu- cities, that it is a ques- Australia 1 ated. In total, more tion of strategy and Unknown 9 than 100 studies means of publica- had been con- tion much more TOTAL 104 sulted. Second- than a question ly, the results of national rel- Fig. 1 : Number of publications by country were applied as evance. urban planning recommenda- So, the synthe- have available today. I will expand tions. sis presents the on the data that appears on each pet- results of inter- al of the figure. There is some quan- Since 2000 years, national research tified data and also some qualified the development of over the past twen- data in correlation with the different sustainable urbanism ty years. We collected disciplines that are represented. principles has resulted in some research in urban a strong demand by urban resi ecology, in public health and Environmental impacts and public dents for green space for aesthetic from sociologists and psychologists. health enjoyment, recreation and environ- In monographies the spaces that are From an environmental point of mental preoccupations. Thirdly, we the most studied are green parks and view, through their growth process- identified the people, scientists and in other studies the density of green es the absorption capacity of plant no scientists, who continue to work on a city scale. leaves improves air quality and de- in this way. creases the level of atmospheric carbon and other “greenhouse” gases For the ELCA Research Workshop, Results (Nowak and al, 2005, 2007) we will present the partners of this The principal and original result of study. Secondly, we will expose the the study is the global and systemic The second result that was shown methodology and the results. In con- point of view on the positive impact by Mc Pherson is the decrease of lo- clusion, we will come back to the of the vegetation and of the green cal temperatures by a modelisation data and comment on the limits of parks in urban areas. of the tree shading (Mc Pherson and this study. What research perspec- al, 1988, 1999, 2002). I have to point tives are possible, as of today, to Now, I propose that you look more out that this research was conducted help us define the necessary level of precisely at the kind of data that we in California.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 15 Public health 21 scientific arguments E Etàt de santé global The second impact of green parks E Activité physique (marche ou vélo) for planning green pour les déplacements quotidiens in cities concerns residents’ health. parks in urban areas T Maladies circulatoires Several studies have found a correla- T Taux de mortalité chez les pop défavorisées tion between the proximity of parks E Inégalités sociales de santé to housing areas and childhood Santé obesity (Michel and Popham, 2008; physique E Lutte contre le réchauffement Weil, 2009). The same outcome of the E Etàt de bién-etre climatique Niveau de stress et d´anxiété T Santé T Pollution atmosphérique Dépression et suicides Ecologie effect of green spaces on health was T mentale T Températures locales Sécurité et convivialité confirmed for two categories of peo- E espaces E Education à la biodiversité ple: the elderly and the poor (Mitch- verts ell and Popham, 2008; Maas, 2009). Social Economie Bell (2008) has delved into surpris- E Dynamiques sociales E Valeur marchande des ing results about the correlation be- E Sentiment d´appartenance biens fonciers tween the density of green parks and socio-culturelle E Qualité du cadre de vie E Sentiment de sécurité E Attractive des territoires the practice of physical activity in ru- E Cohésion sociale ral and urban spaces: urban growth T Violences domestiques in rural areas can be a contributing factor for obesity, the residents be- Réalisé par S. Manusset, Environnement et Société, 2010 Cabine d‘étude en sociologie de l‘environnement – www.environnement-societe.fr ing dependent on their car in daily life to go to work, to school, to the supermarket and so on. The positive sociological impacts of It also shows the social and psycho- green parks could be due to the im- logical impacts of plants favoring the Sociological impacts pact of vegetation on the psycholog- arguments that green parks are ben- Three studies present the motiva- ical frame of mind of each individual. eficial to the environment as well tions to use green parks (Schipperijn as to the ecology concerning pub- and al, 2010; Stahle (2009), Seeland Psychological impacts and well-being lic health. What I mean to say is that and al, 2009) that I can resume with Many studies deal with the positive plants create a social place by hu- the following equation: green parks = impact of plants on people’s stress manizing urban spaces. How to con- nature = leisure i.e practicing a sport, and anxiety levels (Sheet and Man- ceive some urban planning integrat- meeting some friends or somebody zer, 1991; Sullivan and Kuo, 2001, ing sustainable development with- else, listening to birds singing and so Sterp de Vbries and al, 2003; Kuo and out placing human health and well- many other social activities. Taylor, 2004). being at the heart of them?

We can specify, with the works of It is the cognitive facet of human in- The implicit extrapolations of all sorts Kuo and Sullivan (1996, 1998, 2004), teraction with plants. of bibliographies need to be adjusted two American psychologists in Chi- to European urban areas. This study is cago, that the presence of just some The power of the physical environ- based on a lot of American research. trees may reduce domestic violence ment to influence agression has by faciliting social relations, creating been well-established. Over-crowd- We need a real interdisciplinary research a positive atmosphere to talk togeth- ing, high temperatures and noise programm to confirm these first results. er for example. It is often the first act have all been linked to aggression of a social relation. and violence via mental fatigue. Tests It is a challenge for the French research- for the proposed mechanism and for ers. This study has signaled the state of Results indicate that the presence of alternative mechanisms indicate that research in different European coun- trees and grass is proportionally re- attentional functioning is accelerated tries. In France, there is a lack of global lated to the use of outdoor spaces; with access to nature. approach crossing environmental, so- the amount of social activity that ciological and urban management per- takes place within them, and the pro- Some authors suggest the usage of spectives. The situation is different in portion of social to non-social activ- the therapeutic psychological im- comparaison to other European coun- ities they provide. Green places in- pact of plants in hospitals to accel- tries such as Great Britain, Germany fluence social contact among neigh- erate convalescence (Ulrich, 2002) or and Sweden, where the relationship bours and provide evidence that na- in the treatment of child hyperactiv- between Health and Urban Planning is ture plays an important role in creat- ity (Kuo and Sullivan, 2004), or just more often taken into consideration. I ing vital neighbourhood spaces. for the good development of chil- think about the work of Johanna Maas dren (Jutras, 2003). who is here with us today. Another study conducted in Zurich confirms the role of public green It is also a political challenge, because spaces for social inclusion of youths Conclusion and perspectives taking vegetation into consideration in from different cultures (Seeland and Our review confirms the positive im- its globality and its complexity is the al, 2009). pact of green spaces on public health, way to address the high expectations the increasing quality of the urban en- of urban dwellers across Europe. vironment and on well-being. Thank you for your attention.

16 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Bibliography Ordinances, Actualizing Microcli- ture, Pour une approche sociale mate,14 p, USA de la trame verte et bleure, 124 p, 1. Barbosa Olga, Jamie A. Tratalos, 12. McPherson Gregory 1990, Cool- Suède, thèse/Actes de conférence, Paul R. Armsworth, Richard G. Dav- ing urban heat islans with sustain- Com. perso ies, Richard A. Fuller, Pat Johnson, able lanscapes, 21 p, USA , Extrait 23. Sullivan William C., Frances E. Kuo, Kevin J. Gaston, 2007, Who benefits d’ouvrage Urbanization and terres- 1996, Do Trees Strengthen Urban from access to grenn space ? A case trial ecosystems Communities, Reduce Domestic study from Shieffield, UK, 8 p 13. McPherson Gregory, James Simp- Violence?, 4 p, USA, Forestry Re- 2. Bell Janice F., Jeffrey S. Wilson, Gil- son, 2001, Effects of California’s ur- port bert C. Liu, 2008, Neighborhood ban forests on energy use and po- 24. Sullivan William C., Frances E. Kuo Greenness and 2-Year Changes in tential savings from large-scale and Magdalena Bacaicoa, 1998, Body Mass Index of Children and tree planting, 35 p, USA, Californie Transforming inner-city lanscapes Youth, 7 p, USA 14. Mitchell R., Poham F., 2008, Effect tree, sense of safety and prefer- 3. Coley Rebekah Levine, Frances of exposure to natural environ- ence, Environment and Behaviour, E. Kuo, William C. Sullivan, 1997, ment on health inequalities: an ob- 32 p Where does community grow ? The servational population study, 19 p, 25. Sullivan William C ., Frances E. social context created by nature in GB, Université Glasgow Kuo, 2001, Agression and violence urban public housing, 30 p, Environ- 15. Nowak David J., 1993, Atmospher- in the inner city. Effects of environment and Behaviour/Université de ic carbon reduction by urban trees, ment via mental fatigue, Environ- Illinois Journal of Environmental management and Behaviour, 29 p, USA, / 4. Fuller Richard A., Katherine N. Ir- ment, 11 p, USA Université de Illinois vine, Patrick Devine-Wrigh, Philip H. 16. Nowak David J., Patrick J. McHale, 26. Sullivan William C. Frances E. Kuo, Warren and Kevin J. Gaston, 2007, Myriam Ibarra, Daniel Crane, Jack 2001, Environment and crime in Psychological benefits of green- C. Stevens and Chris J. Luley, 1998, the inner city. Does vegetation re- space increase with biodiversity, 5 Modeling the effects of urban veg- duce crime?, Environment and Be- p, Biology Letters etation on air pollution, 9 p, USA, haviour, 25 p, USA, / Université de 5. Grahm Patrik, Ulrika A Stigsdotter, Extrait d’ouvrage Air Pollution Illinois Ann-Margreth Berggren-Bärring, Modeling and its applications 27. Ulrich Roger S., 2002, Health Ben- 2004, A planning model for design- 17. Rubin Haya R., Gregory B. Diette, efits of Gardens in Hospitals, 10 p, ing sustainable and healthy cities. Noah Lechtzin, Edward Haponik USA, Communication pour confer- The importance of people’s need of and Aline Devrotes, 2003, Distrac- ence, Plants for People, USA Flo- recreational environments in an ur- tion therapy with nature sights and ride ban context, 8 p,Suède, Swedish sounds reduces pain during flexi- 28. Vries (DE) Sjerp, Robert A Ver- University of Agricultural Sciences ble brochoscopy, Baltimore USA, heij, Peter P Groenewegen, Pe- 6. Jutras Sylvie, 2003, Allez jouer dehors! 10 p, USA ter Spreeuwenberg, 2003, Natural Contributions de l’environnement ur- 18. Schipperijn Jasper, Olga Ekholm, environments - healthy environ- bain au développement et au bien- Ulrika K. Stigsdotter, Mette Toftag- ments? An exploratory analysis of être des enfants, 11 p, Canada, Société er, Peter Bentsen, Finn Kamper- the relationship between green- canadienne de Psychologie, Québec Jørgensen, Thomas B. Randrup, space and health, Environment 7. Kessel et al, 2009, Multidisciplinary 2010, Factors influencing the use of and Planning, 15 p, Hollande research in public health: A case green space: Results from a Dan- 29. Weil Marcos, 2009, Les chemins study of research on access to green ish national representative survey, pour piétons dans le paysage ge- space, Public Health, 7 p Landscape and urban planning nevois, 3 p, Suisse, Art. sc. dans La 8. Kuo et al, 2001, Coping with add. 19. Scott Klaus I., James R. Simpson E. Santé de l’Homme / INPES, www. The Surprising Connection to Green Gregory McPherson, 1999, Effects inpes.sante.fr Play Settings, Environment and Be- of tree cover on parking lot mi- haviour, Vol. 33 No. 1, January 2001 croclimate and vehicle emissions, 54-77 Journal of Arboriculture, 14 p 9. Kuo Frances E., Andrea Faber Taylor, 20. Seeland Klaus, Sabine Dübendor- 2004, A Potential Natural Treatment fer, Ralf Hansmann, 2009, Making for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity friends in Zurich’s urban forests Disorder: Evidence From a Nation- and parks:The role of public green al Study, American Journal of Pub- space for social inclusion of youths lic Health, 7 p, USA from different cultures, Forest Pol- 10. Maas Jolanda, 2008, Vitamin G: icy and Economics Swiss, 8 p, Su- Green environments – Healthy en- isse vironments, 254 p, Hollande, re- 21. Sheets Virgil L., Manzer Chris D., port NIVEL, Netherlands Institute 1991, Affect, cognition and urban for Health Services Research Hol- vegetation Some effects of adding lande trees along city streets, 20 p, Envi- 11. McPherson E. Gregory James R. ronment and Behaviour / Univer- Simpson Klaus I. Scott, 2002, Actu- sité de Illinois alizing Microclimate And Air Quali- 22. Ståhle Alexander, 2009, Réussir la ty Benefits With Parking Lot Shade ville dense en l’ouvrant sur la na-

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 17 ELCA Research WorkshopDott. Giovanni, Sala Landscape architecture in Milan Green City Italia BrusselsVia, Varese, 16, th 20121 Milano towards EXPO 2015 May 24Tel.:, +39 2011 02 80 69 11 26

round the world, people are Landscape architecture ing its green potential, opening up Amoving to cities at unprece- new and old liveable public spaces. dented levels, forcing a re-evalua- Landscape architecture is a disci- In 2003 we promoted together with tion of city design. Cities are look- pline equipped to untangle these ur- AIM (Metropolitan Interest Associa- ing for ways to refashion themselves ban challenges, based on issues of tion) a new strategy: GREEN RAYS. that are both subtler and more sub- ecology and on an organi- 8 Green Rays provides new stantive. At the same time, sustain- sation of large surfaces symbols that can define ability has become an urgent con- with many overlap- the urban landscape cern, and cities, beset by infrastruc- ping and compet- within the daily life tural and environmental challenges, ing systems. of Milan. Existing are responding with green initiatives green spaces to- that privilege landscapes. Finally, cit- Landscape be- gether with pub- ies are forced to consider the after- comes the lic space cre- lives of derelict sites, which are often agent through ate the greatest in advantageous spots – like water- which the city challenges for fronts, city centers or rail corridors. can be re-de- today’s cities. signed and re- The master plan Air pollution harms human health, planned. involves a whol- particularly in those already vulner- ly new strategic ap- able because of their age or existing Successful public proach to designing health problems. Evidence shows spaces are seen as an Milan’s system of open that air pollution at current levels in essential ingredient of mak- spaces. Until now, the city’s European cities is responsible for a ing successful cities, where there is dense development was interrupt- significant number of deaths, hospi- life and vitality. The qualities of indi- ed by green surfaces and public pla- tal admissions and exacerbation of vidual urban forests and other green zas only at a few locations. Project- symptoms. spaces make cities more competi- ed for development now is a network tive and attractive. These local, every- of foot and cycling paths that are ori- Exposure to air pollutants is large- day green spaces do play a very im- ented by a set of eight “green rays” ly beyond individual control and re- portant role, e.g. in terms of offering which will connect both previously quires action by public authorities at nearby recreation environments to existing as well as new open spac- national, regional and even interna- local residents. For green space city es. Beginning at the “Spanish Walls”, tional levels. Some 40 million people branding, it is crucial not only to fo- these rays will extend throughout in the 115 largest cities in the Eu- cus on external branding (cater- the entire metropolitan area, and will ropean Union (EU) are ex- ing to tourists and busi- join together to form a green belt 72 posed to air exceeding ness), but take internal km in length that runs around Mi- WHO (World Health branding serious- lan’s surroundings. The project con- Organisation) air ly as well. Brand- nects existing hidden, abandoned or quality guide- ing should com- simply isolated areas of the city’s life. line values for bine the work The Green Rays strategy has been at least one pol- of green space implemented in the new PGT (Piano lutant. Especial- professionals, di governo del territorio = Territori- ly in the north- planners, and al Governance Plan) recently adopt- ern region of It- p r o f e s s i o n a l ed by the Municipality of Milan, be- aly the air pol- marketeers. coming one of the main resourc- lution is heavily es in making Milan a more sustain- contaminated. Ac- Milan is the city, able city. The “Piano Verde” (“Green cording to WHO, life where I was born Plan”) could become the environ- expectancy in Milan is and grew up. There- mental strategy for the new PGT. The nine months shorter than fore it was my person- Raggi Verde intercepts the develop- somewhere else in Europe. al dream and the dream of my ment poles of the metropolitan area, partners to make Milan a permea- that as multipliers, reproduce them To manage these environmental ble city. A slow city in fast times, Mi- in the whole Milano region. The ter- problems different programmes lan is taking advantage of the forth- ritorial Green Rays are the engine were arranged at European level, coming Expo 2015 to rearrange its of the metropolitan city, a territorial for example: The Kyoto-Protocol, the open spaces. Usually perceived as identity without borders. Stragety “Europe 2020” or the Con- a city of much work and free-time, venant of Mayors. Lombardy’s main city is promot-

18 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS This strategy is the aim of the Eu- - identifying which innovative solu- The central aim of Expo 2015 is to ropean movement: the European tions in terms of policies, provision demonstrate that it is possible to Green Cities Network was started up of services and business activities guarantee, today, in this world, food in 1996 in connection to EU Thermie can encourage the development of safety, food security and sustaina- project European Green Cities – as a a Green City ble development for all mankind. forum for the dissemination of Sus- The Expo 2015 will focus attention tainable Urban Housing initiatives on the criticalities and opportunities and good examples etc. Part of the Expo 2015 Feeding the that the opening of developing coun- European network are Holland, Ger- tries can bring with it in material and many, France, Hungary, UK and Ita- planet, Energy for life other terms. It will try to take stock ly. Green City aims to improve the Expo 2015 intends to offer a chance of how far we have come and what quality of life in cities with more pub- for global communication and a gen- corrective action is still needed to lic and private green. The green has uine world food forum where sci- ensure we move toward growth and many positive effects – such as on entists, consumers, businesses, ex- not further under-development, par- the well-being of people on perts, citizens, the mass me- ticularly with regard to food. Expo social life and on the en- dia, researchers, politi- 2015 intends to take a close look at vironment. These pos- cians, international dig- biotechnology and make a balanced itive effects are re- nitaries and members and scientifically rigorous assess- flected in economic, of NGOs (Non Gov- ment, providing accurate and ob- ecological and so- ernment Organisa- jective information on the eventual cio-cultural values. tion) can come to- risks to food. The round tables of the The “Green City” gether to analyse, Expo are: tourist accommodation, is a response to the discuss, debate infrastructures, energy and environ- current social and and plan for the fu- ment, agribusiness, healthcare, cred- political challenges. ture. The Expo is a it and loans, arts and culture, non- The initiative aims to coherent choice for profit, young people. promote awareness of Milan, Italy and all Eu- the value of green in Eu- rope: a more effective and ropean cities. This will be done coherent development of sol- through the following measures: in- idarity to provide the basis needed form the economy and politics, but to encourage sustainable develop- also the public about the many posi- ment (Milan as a bridge between de- tive features of vegetation and green velopment and poverty). The Bidding spaces for the quality of life, the well- Committee has already outlined being, the enrichment of social ties, a series of initiatives that stimulate the economy and the pres- will increase aware- ervation of the environment. ness and conform- ity with the The Green City movement had par- themes. ticipated in the 7th Framework. A proposed project for the 7th Frame- work program was “Green Cities and climate change”. Some of the projects objectives are: - developing a methodology related to the evaluation of green perform- ances of cities, policy guidelines to realize the Green City and identify the most appropriate policy tools - analyzing whether and under which conditions a Green City has an improved adaptive capacity in respect to likely local impacts of climate change

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 19 ELCA Research WorkshopFlorian, Brack An expert system for calculating Dipl. Ing HTL, university lecturer BrusselsZurich, University of Appliedth Sciences Grüental the costs of open spaces over May 24 , 2011Switzerland Tel.: +41 58 9345926 their entire lifecycle E-Mail: [email protected]

n architecture, the costs that will er). Initial investment costs make up creasingly vital contribution to a so- Ibe generated by a building or fa- only about 15% of the total lifecy- cially and ecologically sustainable cility and its expected life expectan- cle costs of a facility1, and the much environment. cy are already clear at the planning higher amounts required for mainte- and installation stage. But what is nance over the coming decades are the situation with open spaces? estimated at the planning stage The research project Here maintenance is con- (Figure 1). All too often new Together with the business partners sidered only cursorily, facilities have had to be mentioned above, researchers at the and renewal and lifecy- removed or structural- ZHAW have sought ways to visualise cle not at all. Research ly adjusted because the lifecycle of a green area, together has shown that the lit- human and financial with the various elements it compris- erature also has little resources were not es (coverings, planted and seeded to offer. Considering available for the nec- areas, trees and shrubs, equipment, these facts, the Center essary maintenance. etc.), and to calculate the associat- for Green Area Manage- Alternatively, the over- ed maintenance costs. After about ment at the Zurich Uni- all appearance of the fa- two years of research and develop- versity of Applied Scienc- cility no longer fulfilled us- ment, the software GreenCycle® was es (ZHAW) in Wädenswil has de- ers’ expectations and needs, developed, enabling various calcula- veloped a software program to cal- due to a lack of resources to ensure tions for the lifecycle of a facility to culate lifecycle costs in collabora- this. be made (see Figure 2). tion with nateco, green management and the German Database Associa- In our era of holistic, proactive think- The project team was supported dur- tion GmbH (d.b.g.) as business part- ing, it is vital to transparently present ing the development period by an ners, and with financial support from the costs of caring for green spaces advisory panel of experts and repre the Commission for Technology and over a future period spanning sever- sentatives from cities, Swiss trade Innovation (CTI). The expert system al years, or, if possible, for their en- associations (BSLA, VSSG, VSS, Jar- supports the following areas: tire life cycle. This is the only way to din Suisse) and private companies. • Application of lifecycle considera- ensure that the financial impact of The software is currently being test- tions, as in current facility manage- the projects can be objectively eval- ed in pilot projects in various cities. ment practice, to outdoor spaces. uated at the planning phase. Further- • Optimisation of construction projects more, a holistic way of thinking in- with regard to economic, ecological cludes not only economic aspects; in Target groups and social sustainability. times of increasing urbanisation and GreenCycle® is a tool for planning • Calculation of lifecycle costs in the persistent climate change, both pub- and consulting firms, and for inves- context of open space design com- lic and private green spaces in urban tors in the private and public sectors. petitions and new project imple- areas can be expected to make an in- These include property management mentation. • Creation of maintenance cost docu- mentation and transparency for cus-

Costs Cost distribution tomers, users of green areas, politi- over the lifecycle cians and administrative offices. Costs • Planning of conservation measures in existing facilities and early assur- ance of financing. • Planning of renovation and renatur- ation measures at the best possible time. • Improvement of green space care Controllability in general. Time Initial situation Initial concept Design Implementation Use The construction of a green space is an intervention with implications for Figure 1: Cost allocation in life cycle2. As the lifecycle of a facility progresses, costs are increasingly the following 10 to 50 years (or long- difficult to control. The highest expenses are those for maintenance in the years after construction.

20 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Example park: comparison of variants

120000 Variant 1: demanding facility Variant 2: simple facility Year 100000 rancs

80000

60000

40000

20000 Annual costs in Swiss F 0

08 10 12 14 16 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 Year

Figure 2: Example of a model covering 30 years for a park built in 2008, consisting of different types of surface coverings, green areas, trees and shrubs, and elements of equipment. Variant 1 allows for intensive design and maintenance; Variant 2 is a simpler version requiring less care. The high costs in 2008 are due to the construction of the facility. In subsequent years partial renova- tions must be allowed for in both variants. companies, town planning offices green spaces. This offers the advan- ment and refinement of the software and cooperatives, as well as land- tage, especially in larger compa- for use in everyday situations, the scape architects and general plan- nies, that quality can be uniformly project partners have set up a com- ners. These all have an interest in a guaranteed and customers can be mon fund into which they pay a por- sustainable and secure long-term in- assured of this. tion of their revenue. To ensure that vestment. In addition, GreenCycle® • During a tendering procedure for all users can profit from the progress can be used by cities and communi- green space maintenance, the data made, regular updates of the Green- ties to assess and optimise the main- submitted by the bidders were re- Cycle® database are planned. tenance of green spaces. viewed and evaluated. The main focus was on the detection of obvious dumping prices, which were associat- Publications Applications ed with an excessive risk to the client. Brack, Florian; Buser, Hans; The project partners have now been Semmler, Ralf: GreenCycle – ein using GreenCycle® for over six months ® Instrument für die nachhaltige Be- in their consulting practice. The appli- GreenCycle is growing wirtschaftung von Grünräumen aus cations are already very diverse: There is considerable interest in der Schweiz. In: Neue Landschaft: • A landscape architect needed to GreenCycle®. The first programs have Fachzeitschrift für Garten-, Land- show the investor that a new project been sold and are in use. In Switzer- schafts-, Spiel- und Sportplatzbau. - would entail lower maintenance land, the Association of Swiss City Berlin-Hannover: Patzer Verlag, 5163 costs than the existing arrangement. Garden Departments (VSSG) has set 2/10, p. 45 ff. ISBN/ISSN: 0548-2836 By comparing current with future itself the goal of optimising the data Brack, Florian: Bewirtschaftung maintenance costs, a savings poten- from GreenCycle® for its own purpos- optimieren. In: Kommunalmagazin. tial of 20 percent was demonstrated. es as part of the project “Open Green - Rüschlikon: Docu Media Schweiz • The costs of green space mainte- Space Costs” In 2010 and 2011, the GmbH, 2, pp. 22 ff. nance in various municipalities were work of maintenance teams in many Brack, Florian: Was kosten Grün- reviewed using GreenCycle®. The green spaces throughout Switzerland räume? In: Werk, Bau und Wohnen: communities wanted to verify the is being surveyed in detail. This data Zeitschrift für Architektur und plausibility and efficiency of work will be used as the basis for a “VSSG Städtebau. - Zürich: Werk AG, 9, p. done. It was shown that the expens- data collection” in GreenCycle®. This 67 ff. es were generally justified. There should enable standards to be set for were also pointers on how priorities all cities, which can then be enforced in green space maintenance should collaboratively. Project implementation be selected in future and where renovation is unavoidable. It was crucial for the project team that period • GreenCycle® is already used in dif- the data models can be used flexibly September 2007 to December 2009 ferent communities and landscape in GreenCycle®, which allows the ba- Current: Follow-up project involving gardening companies to define sic data to be continually optimised. 7 Swiss cities and the Association of standards for the maintenance of To achieve this continual improve- Swiss City Gardening Departments

Sources 1 Zehrer, H., Sasse, E., 2005: Handbuch Facility Management. Landberg am Lech. 2 Niesel, A. (Hrsg.), 2006: Grünflächen-Pflegemanagement. Stuttgart.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 21 ELCA Research WorkshopProfessor Dr. Lutz ,Katzschner, Urban climate and University of Kassel, Germany BrusselsDepartment of Architecture,, Urban Planning andth Landscape Planning Urban Green May 24Environmental, 2011 Meteorology Tel. +49 561 8042796 E-Mail: [email protected] he Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect the global climate changes scenari- Tis one of the environmental is- os, with the respective downscaling sues which have been documented methods a shift in the heat load sit- First, these hard surfaces in built en- in many cities. In search of the var- uation especially in cities due to the vironments re-radiate solar energy in ious environmental solutions to mit- radiation and ventilation factors is the form of the long-wave radiation to igate the UHI effect, urban greenery observed. Mitigation factors are ur- surroundings. A lack of extensive veg- has been found to be an effective gently needed. etation further incurs the loss of natu- measure. This presentation will fo- ral cooling means which cools cus on the findings of a number of So one perspective in ur- surrounding air through research projects conducted world ban climate is the in- evapotranspiration. wide to study the effectiveness of ur- troduction of green Also, the UHI is ag- ban greenery to ameliorate the UHI and vegetation con- gravated by the lack effect. Specifically, the thermal bene- cepts to reduce heat of moisture sourc- fits of greenery in reducing the ambi- stress, but more es due to the large ent air temperature and cooling en- quantitative data fraction of these ergy consumptions at both macro are needed in order impervious surfac- and micro level will be highlighted. to justify the mea es in cities. The rain At macro level, the cooling effects of sures. Main effects water is discharged city parks and road side trees are are seen in green fa- quickly. Such increas- researched through extensive field cades, changing surfaces in temperature and in- measurements and computer sim- es and the linkage of green creases in long wave radia- ulations. At the micro level, field in cities. tion with the presence of air pol- measurements have been conduct- lutants can result in the accumulation ed to examine the shading effects of For any human-biometeorological of smog, damage the natural environ- trees on buildings and rooftop green- evaluation the heat balance of man ment and jeopardize human health. ery and their direct and indirect ther- has to be considered. Ventilation and It also costs consumers more money mal benefits were documented. The the short and long wave radiation because it takes more energy to cool presentation will also highlight the have the major effect but can also buildings. Green areas in cities are need for a policy to promote the im- be easily influenced and changed considered ecological measures for plementation of urban greenery. through vegetation. With rapid ur- concrete jungles since plants can cre- banization, there has been a tre- ate an ‘oasis effect’ and mitigate the Introduction mendous growth in population and urban warming at both macro and mi- buildings in cities. The high concen- cro level. As soon as a bare hard sur- The problem of the increased global tration of sealed surfaces triggered face is covered with plants, the heat- temperature is more intensive in ur- many environmental issues. The Ur- absorbing surface transfers from the ban structures. Heat load and heat ban Heat Island (UHI) effect and with artificial layer to the living one. Leaves stress situations have worsened. it the urban thermal aspect have can seize most of the incoming solar Heat waves have a severe affect in- worsened the conditions in densely radiation. For example, trees were ob- side the urban heat island. Figure 1 built cities. The primary root of UHI served to intercept 60% to 90% of the shows the time development while in is the rapid urbanization which re- radiation (Lesiuk 2000). Except for a figure 2 the areal distribution is seen. places natural landscapes with enor- very small portion transformed into Much is known about the urban heat mous hard surfaces such as building chemical energy through photosyn- island and its development. In all facades, roads, pavements in cities. thesis, most of the incident solar radia-

13 3 Tokyo 12 2

11 3°C

(°C) 1

World a T 10 0,6°C 0 9 Change of Temperature [°C] 8 -1 1869 1889 1909 1929 1949 1969 1989 2009 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Years Years

Figure 1: Air temperature increase and impact of cities

22 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Figure 2: Urban climate map (heat island) of Kassel in the present situation (left) and in a 2030 scenario (right)

tion can be transformed into the latent ow of the trees has an enormous ef- Urban Parks heat which converts water from liquid fect on sun radiation and would at the Although a single tree can already to gas resulting in a lower leaf tem- same time improve the thermal sit- moderate the climate well, its im- perature, lower surrounding air tem- uation. On the other hand the graph pacts are limited to microclimate. perature and higher humidity through shows that the usual way of calibrat- Large urban parks can extend the the process of evapo-transpiration. At ing urban clime by H/W factors or positive effects to the surrounding night, the energy of the outgoing net SVF is not sufficient. built environment. Within the radiation from a green surface is fed park, it can be seen that from the thermal heat flux and the la- Another aspect in urban most average temper- tent heat flux. Therefore, the temper- climate and greenery atures were relative- ature around the green area is lower is the human com- ly lower than those than that within the built environment. fort in open spac- measured in the es. In this respect residential blocks. research was car- From locations 1 Results in respect to urban ried out in a national to 4, the average program on climate temperatures range greenery change in cites with from 25.2 to 25.5°C. From figure 3 no clear relation can the influence on open On the other hand, be noticed between the urban fabric space planning and an there is an orderly el- and thermal comfort (PET index). But EU project RUROS. How to evation of average tem- if one looks at the microclimatic con- design open spaces in respect peratures for locations within ditions of open spaces the important to urban climate. In figure 5 the results the surrounding residential blocks. It influence of vegetation can be seen. from interviews combined with meas- shows that the park has cooling im- In figure 3 the daily course of short urements show the switch of cooling pact on the surroundings but it de- wave radiation fluxes during a sum- from very warm to warm. This could be pends very much on the distance. mer day is shown. The diffuse shad- achieved by vegetation shadow too. Road trees Trees planted at road sides are very Results: evaluation of the locations effective. The original purposes were

1.4 to provide shade for pedestrians and for aesthetics. However, the thermal Wiehre-Mitte Weingarten 1.3 Wiehre- effect of road trees on surroundings Konradstr. Im Grün (1) 1.2 Stühlinger Güterbahnhof cannot be ignored especially in an Rieselfeld environment with low-rise buildings 1.1 ÜD

Uniklinik- Im Grün (2) Neubau Solarviertel and mature trees. 1.0 Herdern

PET/PET 0.9 Uniklinik- Vauban Rooftop gardens Altbau y= 0.0026x + 1.0281 Plants strategically introduced into 0.8 R2 = 0.211 buildings can also benefit the -sur 0.7 rounding environment by reduc-

0.6 ing the ambient air temperature. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 The comparison of the external and site openess (%) the internal surface temperatures measured on the facades are impor- Figure 3: Relation between urban structures and thermal index PET tant. Generally, the surface tempera-

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 23 Freiburg, Herdern, 01-08-2007 1000

800 mobile, MP 4: E-W street canyon H/W = 0.45; SVF = 0.44 N oriented sidewalk )

-2 600 canopy portion: 0.15

400 stationary: EW street canyon K U (Wm H/W = 0.45; SVF = 0.14 S oriented sidewalk canopy portion: 0.68 200

0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 CET (hrs)

Figure 4: Effect of vegetation on radiation fluxes in cities

tures measured on the external walls Perspective Literature were lower than those on the exter- The urban heat island phenomena nal walls of The differences can be is not only for large or mega size cit- Chao, R.; Ng, E. Katzschner, L. around 1 to 2°C at night and around ies. The mitigation effect of green- 2010 Urban Climate Map Studies. A 4 to 8°C during the daytime. (Wong ery has a very high dimension in the review, International Journal of Cli- 2006) It could be concluded that by short and long wave radiation flux- matology, DOI: 10.1002/joc.2237 introducing greenery to the rooftop, es so that much can be done in ur- EU-RUROS 2004 Rediscovering the cooling energy consumption of ban planning. the Urban Realm and Open Spaces - a building can be reduced by about co-ordinated by CRES, Buildings De- 20%. Even if this effect is located to Two main issues are not yet well un- partment. http://alpha.cres.gr/ruros the roof garden itself and does not derstood: KLIMES 2009 Hitzestress im influence the Urban Canopy layer in - The quantification of thermal stress Stadtquartier - Identifizierung und total the positive effect is seen on the in open spaces, depending on the Mitigation, BMBF, Koordination Uni- microscale level. mesoscale conditions: percentage versität Freiburg of greenery together with SFV or Klimzug 2010 Klimaanpassung Vertical landscaping H/W dimensions and thermal com- Mitte, Modellregion Nordhessen, In order to explore the shading effort, development of a greenery fac- Universität Kassel fect of plants on facades, some pilot tor with calibration Katzschner, L. 2010 Urban Cli- measurements were carried out on - The downscaling process from IPCC mate in Dense Cities, in: Designing some low-rise buildings where trees scenarios to urban climate high-density cities, earthscan UK, are planted closely to the facades ed: E. Ng, p. 71 - 83 (Wong 2006). The combined strate- Therefore especially an EU project Lesiuk, St. 2000 Biotecture II: gic introduction of plants on the fa- could do research in the compari- Plant-building interaction. Retrieved cades saves energy and at the same son of urban climate in the different 09 September 2000 from the World time reduces the long wave radiation climate regions of Europe using the Wide Web: http://forests.org/ric/ and therefore lowers the heat stress same methodology and therefore good_wood/biotctll.htm conditions. get a quantifiable benchmark, which Wong, N.H. 2006 Proceedings of can be used in urban development PGBC Symposium 2006 Urban Cli- and open space planning processes. mate + Urban Greenery December 2006, Hong Kong

40,0 % 40,0 %

30,0 % 30,0 %

20,0 % 20,0 %

10,0 % 10,0 %

0,0 % 0,0 % very hot hot very warm warm okay very hot hot very warm warm okay perception of heat perception of heat

Figure 5: Thermal perception in the course of time (Kassel/Germany) and the spational distribution for human comfort planning

24 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS ELCA Research

WorkshopDr. Marcel, Langner Measurement of particle Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany BrusselsDepartment ,of Geography deposition to urban vegetation thTel.: +49 30 20936880 E-Mail:May [email protected] 24 , 2011

mbient airborne par- Air quality plans are re- itation; wet deposition encompass- Aticles can cause ad- quested in the case of es deposition processes in the pres- verse health effects on exceedances of the ence of precipitation. Dry deposition humans. According to limit values, ‘so that includes different mechanisms like dif- the WHO, exposure to the exceedance period fusion, interception, inertial forces and ambient particles de- can be kept as short as sedimentation. It depends on sever- creases life expectan- possible’. al parameters like particle size, mete- cy of every person in the orological conditions and properties WHO European Region Those air quality plans of- of the surface, on which the particle by an average of almost one ten focus on the reduction of is deposited. Deposition velocities are year, mostly due to increased risk of particle emission. Hence, they in- used to quantify dry deposition. The cardiovascular and respiratory dis- clude measures like the ban of high- deposition velocity is calculated as the eases, and lung cancer. Although the emission vehicles from the inner quotient of deposition flux and ambi- mechanisms, through which these parts of the city or the fitting of par- ent particle concentration. It is known adverse health effects are caused, are ticle filters to combustion plants and from semi-empirical physical models, only poorly understood, it is known diesel cars. Another strategy to de- that particle size has a major influence that health effects depend on various crease particle pollution may be an on deposition velocity (Fig. 1). For par- parameters, mainly on particle size increase of particle deposition to sur- ticles smaller than 0.1 µm, diffusion and chemical composition of parti- faces. Since vegetation is character- is dominating, particles larger than 1 cles. The particle size is an important ised by a large leaf area compared to µm are mainly deposited by sedimen- factor, since it determines how deep a the ground on which it grows, depo- tation, interception and inertial forces. particle can penetrate into the human sition velocities of particles to plant lung. Simply speaking, only particles canopies are mostly higher than Methods and research sites with diameters smaller than 10 µm deposition velocities to bare soils (PM10) can pass the larynx und reach or technical surfaces. Therefore, air Measurement approaches to deter- the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, quality plans of some cities include mine particle deposition requiring limit values for these particles were an increase of green spaces or road- homogeneous surfaces (like eddy- set by Directive 2008/50/EC on am- side trees as a possibility to reduce covariance techniques) are not appli- bient air quality and cleaner air for concentrations of ambient particles. cable in the case of vegetation can- Europe. The Directive contains long- However, only few measured data opies in urban areas, since they are term limit values for PM10 (40 µg.m- of deposition velocities are available very heterogeneous. Another prob- 3) and PM2.5 (25 µg.m-3) referring to for plants in an urban environment. lem arises from particle agglomer- annual means and a short-term lim- In urban areas, two main kinds of dep- ations on leaves, which make it dif- it value for PM10 with a 24-h-aver- osition have to be considered. Dry ficult to distinguish single particles age of 50 µg.m-3, not to be exceeded deposition comprises all deposition and hence hinder the determination more than 35 times a calendar year. processes in the absence of precip- of particle sizes (Fig. 2).

To obtain data of particle deposition to urban vegetation, two projects were conducted in Karlsruhe and Berlin, two cities in Germany. In the first project, particle flux through a single crown of an Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) was investigated during the vegetation period 2002 in Karlsruhe. Deposition velocities to a roadside Tilia cordata (Small-leaved Lime) in a street canyon in Karl- sruhe and a shrubbery with mainly Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) at an urban highway in Berlin were investigated within the second project from 2008 to 2009. In both projects, a Figure 1: Dry deposition velocity of particles to a Figure 2: Particle agglomeration on a leaf of comparable methodology was used vegetation canopy as a function of particle size and Acer platanoides, which was harvested on 21 including sampling of PM10-particles wind velocity. Calculation is based on the model of August 2002. Photo was taken with a scanning with low-volume samplers on quartz Slinn (1982) and on parameters from an Eucalyp- electron microscope (Langner 2006:35). fibre filters, collecting dry and wet tus forest (after Endlicher et al. 2011: 10, modified).

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 25 deposition in 3 000 ml glass beakers Estimation of particle deposi- cles, a tracer element had to be select- using wet-dry samplers and washing ed, which is present in PM10-particles, off particles from collected leaves tion velocities to urban trees but in negligible concentrations in par- with a brush. Concentrations of trace The aim of the second project was to de- ticles coarser than PM10. Therefore, elements were used to estimate the termine deposition velocities of PM10- measurements of trace element con- fraction of PM10 in the dust samples. particles on various urban surfaces, in- centrations in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP (to- cluding vegetation canopies. To sepa- tal suspended particles) were conduct- rate PM10-particles from larger parti- ed at an urban highway in Berlin. The Particle flux through a crown of a single roadside tree Li Al V Mn Fe Co Ni PM10/TSP 0,22 ± 0,31 0,44 ± 0,20 0,83 ± 0,13 0,70 ± 0,11 0,85 ± 0,12 0,58 ± 0,14 0,60 ± 0,31 The measurements at the roadside PM2.5/TSP 0 0,01 ± 0,03 0,40 ± 0,07 0,16 ± 0,02 0,18 ± 0,02 0,08 ± 0,06 0,20 ± 0,11 Acer platanoides in Karlsruhe revealed Cu Zn Rb Sr Sb Pb that dust deposit on leaves showed PM /TSP 0,96 ± 0,13 0,75 ± 0,21 0,58 ± 0,09 0,52 ± 0,12 1,02 ± 0,15 0,93 ± 0,07 strong gradients in a profile perpendic- 10 PM /TSP 0,23 ± 0,02 0,32 ± 0,11 0,17 ± 0,07 0,05 ± 0,06 0,26 ± 0,02 0,60 ± 0,25 ular to the road. Leaf deposit decreased 2.5 both with horizontal and vertical dis- Table 1: Average proportion of concentrations of several trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 within tance from the road (Fig. 3). The low- TSP (Endlicher et al. 2011:43) er total dust load in October is caused WNW ESE WNW ESE by the beginning leaf fall in Septem- 10 m 10 m ber. A comparison with simultaneous- ly measured airborne concentrations of different particle sizes revealed, that mainly coarse particles were deposited on leaves, which is in good agree- 5 m 5 m ment with the above mentioned size- dependent deposition velocities.

1 m 1 m However, compared with particle flux- Pavement Road Pavement Road

es beneath the tree crown, particle 29 May 2002 9 October 2002 deposit on leaves could be neglect- Total dust load: 267 g Total dust load: 39 g ed. Since the main goal of the project + Measuring points was to estimate the total particle flux 0 50 100% through the tree crown, further analy- Figure 3: Interpolated relative dust load on the leaves during the first and the last sampling in 2002 ses focused on particle deposition be- (Langner 2006:95, modified). neath the tree crown (Fig. 4). To calcu-

late additional deposition due to the 10 m 10 m tree crown, an interpolated grid based on four corner points, which were not influenced by the tree crown, was sub- tracted from an interpolated grid based on all measurement points. The differ- 5 m 5 m ence yielded the particle flux caused Road Road by the tree crown. An overall mass flux

of about 2 kg through the tree crown 1 m 1 m during a vegetation period was calculated. About 75% of this mass flux was 1 m 5 m 10 m 1 m 5 m 10 m caused by wet deposition. Dry deposition (foliation) Wet deposition (foliation) 10 m 10 m Based on element concentrations of Pb and V, the fraction of PM10-particles was estimated to account for 20% of the total mass, whereas the remaining 80% 5 m 5 m are thought to belong to particles larg- Road Road er than PM10 and biogenic material aris- ing from the tree itself. A calculation of emissions of vehicle-derived particles at 1 m 1 m the road section adjoining the tree yield- 1 m 5 m 10 m 1 m 5 m 10 m ed about 3.5 kg during the same peri- Dry deposition (after leaf fall) Wet deposition (after leaf fall) od. Since only a certain fraction of these Stem

particles belong to the airborne particles Position of wet-dry-sampler 0 50 100% flowing through the crown, it was estimated that less than 5% of these parti- Figure 4: Interpolated relative wet and dry deposition beneath the tree crown during foliation and cles were captured by the leaves. after leaf fall (Langner 2006:106, modified).

26 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Leafless period Leafiness period ) -1

Dry Sb deposition velocity (cm s 0.1 Benath tree On grassland Benath trees and shrubs On grassland

Karlsruhe Berlin 3 other sites in Berlin Street canyon Urban highway Waterside, roof top

Figure 5: Dry deposition velocities of Sb at two roadside sites with tall vege- Figure 6: Simulated particle distribution in a street canyon using four tation and three other sites in Berlin (Langner et al. 2011:XX, modified). scenarios described in the text. results showed that antimony (Sb) was terms of ambient mass concentrations particles (particle below 0.1 µm) by the most suitable trace element, since it of particles. This can be evaluated by urban vegetation should be more ef- fulfilled the requested condition (Tab. 1). the use of numerical dispersion mod- ficient compared to the capture of els. Therefore, such models have to be PM10-particles. Since these particles At a height of 2 m above ground, dep- used to simulate effects of additional are thought to have particular adverse osition velocities of 0.8 to 1.3 cm.s-1 vegetation structures in urban areas. effects on human health, a special re- at roadside sites and from 0.4 to 0.5 search focus should be put on the dep- cm.s-1 at the other sites were deter- Numerical simulations rely on meas- osition of ultrafine particles on plants. mined (Fig. 5). These differences can ured deposition velocities. Up to now, be explained by higher mass concen- only few data are available for vegeta- trations of coarse particles showing tion canopies in urban environments. Acknowledgements higher deposition velocities due to Therefore, the question has to be an- The first project was funded by the sedimentation at roadside sites. swered whether other species, especial- German Research Foundation (DFG), ly oaks, conifers and herbaceous plants, the second project was performed As in the first project, accumulated show similar deposition velocities like on behalf of the German Feder- particles on leaves during the vegeta- Acer platanoides and Tilia cordata. al Ministry of Transport, Building tion period could be neglected, since and Urban Affairs (BMVBS, FE-Nr. most of the particles were washed These models have also to consider 77.0485/2006/). Responsibility for the off. Deposition velocities to canopies the damping of dispersion caused by content rests solely with the authors. of tall vegetation were calculated us- dense tree covers in street canyons. Fig. ing differences in wet deposition flux- 6 shows the results of a numerical simu- es between sites beneath tall vegeta- lation of pollutant dispersion using Win- References tion and on grass. For the two differ- MISKAM (flow and dispersion mod- Endlicher, W., Langner, M., Dan- ent canopies almost identical deposi- el for the microscale prediction of flow nenmeier, S., Fiedler, A., Herrmann, tion velocities of 0.45 cm.s-1 at the Tilia and concentration fields) in an idealized I., Ohmer, T., Dalter, D. (2011): Ein- cordata and 0.51 cm.s-1 at the Acer street canyon, using four scenarios: fluss innerörtlicher Grünflächen und platanoides-shrubbery were obtained. • Inflow vertical to canyon, without trees Wasserflächen auf die PM10-Belas- This increases deposition velocities re- • Inflow vertical to canyon, with trees tung. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für markably, which were measured at the • Inflow parallel to canyon, without trees Straßenwesen, Heft V 202 ground beneath the canopies. • Inflow parallel to canyon, with trees Langner, M., Kull, M. & W.R. End- licher (2011): Determination of PM10 A vertical inflow induces a vortex in the deposition based on antimony flux to Opportunities and challenges canyon, leading to a shift of particles emit- selected urban surfaces. Environmen- ted on the road. Both the vertical and par- tal Pollution 159(8-9): 2028-2034 for further research allel inflow scenarios show an increase Langner, M. (2006): Exponierter Based on these results, several rec- in particle concentrations at certain sec- innerstädtischer Spitzahorn (Acer ommendations for further investiga- tions of the street canyon with dense tree platanoides) – eine effiziente Senke tions can be given. Roadside vege- cover. Hence, it is recommended that a für PM10? Karlsruher Schriften zur tation can capture particles and re- loosely arranged cover of tall vegetation Geographie und Geoökologie. Band duce re-suspension of particles. This in street canyons should be used to op- 21. Karlsruhe has been proven by increased deposi- timize air quality – but was does ‘loose- Slinn, W. G. N. (1982): Predictions tion velocities due to vegetation cano- ly arranged’ mean in quantitative terms? for particle deposition to vegetative pies. But deposition velocities do not Theoretical approaches (see Fig. 1) canopies. Atmospheric Environment tell us how air quality is improved in suggest that the capture of ultrafine 16(7):1785-1794 http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/air-quality/facts-and-figures

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 27 ELCA Research Studies on urban ecology and urban Workshop, BrusselsDr. Vesa, Yli-Pelkonen, ecosystems at the University of Department of Environmentalth Sciences, MayUniversity 24 of, Helsinki,2011 Finland Helsinki, Finland E-Mail: [email protected]

he University of Helsinki was es- and Urban Ecosystems ans, birds) and biodiver- Ttablished in Turku in 1640 and Research Group sity, ecosystem serv- it moved to Helsinki in 1828. Main (based in Lahti, 100 ices provided by ur- tasks of the University of Helsinki are km north from Hel- ban nature, eco- research, teaching and societal inter- sinki) (Fig. 1). logical-social sys- action. The University of Helsinki is tems interaction in bilingual (Finnish and Swedish), but The Urban Ecolo- urban areas, plan- nowadays tuition is also provided in gy Research Group, ning and manage- English to some extent. The univer- led by professor Jari ment of urban green sity has eleven faculties, 35,000 de- Niemelä, is one of infrastructure, and gree students, 30,000 continuing ed- the few groups in Fin- use of ecological in- ucation and Open University stu- land focusing on the re- formation in urban plan- dents, 8,160 employees, including search and teaching of ecolo- ning. Furthermore, the aim is 3,930 researchers and teachers. The gy in the urban setting. The research to provide information to end-users budget of the University of Helsin- group has 14 researchers from six (urban planners and decision-mak- ki in 2010 was 644 million Euros. The different countries at the moment ers, managers, citizens) and thus en- university operates on four campus- and numerous MSc students yearly. hance understanding of urban ecol- es in Helsinki and 17 other locations The Urban Ecology Research Group ogy to aid urban planning. The re- throughout Finland. addresses e.g. regeneration, tram- search projects run by the group pling, edge effect, decaying wood, are presented at the group’s web- The University of Helsinki has two ur- fragmentation, connectivity and hu- site http://www.helsinki.fi/urbane- ban ecology related research groups, man recreational experiences in the cologyresearch. Prof. Jari Niemelä both in the Faculty of Biological and research in urban ecosystems such has recently edited a major book on Environmental Sciences and more as urban forests, parks, semi-natu- the research field, titled Urban Ecol- precisely in the Department of Envi- ral grasslands and small water bod- ogy: Patterns, Processes, and Appli- ronmental Sciences of the faculty. The ies. Furthermore, they study the ef- cations (Niemelä et al. 2011), which research groups are Urban Ecology fects of urbanization on flora and was published by the Oxford Univer- Research Group (based in Helsinki) fauna (e.g. Carabid beetles, amphibi- sity Press (Fig. 2).

Figure 1. The Helsinki Metropolitan Area illustrating the urban areas of Figure 2. A new Urban Ecology book by Jari Niemelä et al (2011). Helsinki and Lahti.

28 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS One of the group’s large ongoing re- odiversity by examining assemblag- search projects Enhancing urban bi- es of Carabid beetles, birds and am- odiversity: habitat planning and stra- phibians. At this point of the study it tegic management of urban green is evident that golf courses harbour areas focuses on the role of certain a species rich Carabid beetle fauna key urban habitats (i.e. semi-natu- and are much richer in species than ral grasslands and decaying wood). forests. Communities are variable More specifically, the project ad- between the golf courses and are dresses the possibilities of enhanc- dominated by generalist and open ing biodiversity in urban areas habitat species. According to our through habitat creation and restora- studies even tiny fragments of vege- tion, i.e., how do urban habitats and tation within courses hold a fauna of especially newly created, open habi- beetles that represent the fauna that tats such as semi-natural grasslands, was present in the area before it was and the addition of dead and decay- converted to a golf course. The future A recent research initiative, in which ing wood, contribute to and comple- work could address the conservation both research groups presented here ment the biodiversity of urban areas. potential that golf courses could pro- are involved, is the Green Roofs in Ur- The study is being conducted in the vide to certain species groups. ban Areas, which is an interdisciplinary most urbanized part of Finland, the research project with several partners. cities of Helsinki and Vantaa. The research group has a strong fo- The project addresses if green roofs cus on studying ecosystem servic- can be rich in biodiversity, act as com- For instance, if urban grasslands are es in urban areas. Diverse urban na- pensating habitats (dry meadow) and managed as the heterogeneous mo- ture areas provide ecosystem servic- what determines the success of spe- saic of semi-natural grassland hab- es, which are essential for the well- cies on green roofs. Moreover, cer- itats, can this lead to the establish- being of urban residents (Niemelä et tain key ecosystem services related to ment of a meadow ecosystem with al. 2010). For instance, urban forests green roofs such as control of storm low nutrient levels and complex as- and meadows provide a wide range water flow from roofs, carbon seques- semblages of nectar feeding insects of regulating and cultural ecosystem tration potential, aesthetic, social and and their host plants? The other key services. Many of these services are health benefits, and cultivation poten- aspect of the project, dead and de- dependent on how these urban eco- tial in urban settings, will be addressed caying wood, is an important habitat systems are managed. in the project (http://www.luomus.fi/ feature enhancing biodiversity in for- english/botany/research/greenroofs/). ests. Numerous species are depend- The Urban Ecosystems Research ent on dead wood, and urban parks Group led by professor Heikki Setälä The members of both groups are and forests have the potential for pre- (http://www.helsinki.fi/urbanecosys- also actively involved in Urban Ecol- serving such species. Dead and de- tems/) and based in the City of Lahti, ogy related teaching, e.g. in the reg- caying wood in urban environments is the only research group in Finland ular courses and seminars and in can combat soil erosion, provide focusing on the research and teach- the Master’s Degree Programme in nursery stands for the regeneration ing specifically about urban ecosys- Multidisciplinary Studies on Urban of trees and provide certain ecosystem ecology. At the moment, the re- Environmental Issues (http://www. tem services, e.g. nutrient cycling. search group has six researchers helsinki.fi/urban/). and four MSc students. The research Other examples of the research group mainly focuses on urban eco- Contacts group’s work include studies on ur- system ecology and the various eco Prof. Jari Niemelä (jari.niemela@ ban remnant forest patches which system services carried out by the helsinki.fi), Prof. Heikki Setälä (heik- are highly fragmented with sharp urban green areas and urban soils – [email protected]), Dr. Vesa Yli- edges and are heavily used for rec- their decomposer food webs and the Pelkonen (vesa.yli-pelkonen@hel- reational purposes. Indigenous un- activities carried out by them. Soil- sinki.fi) derstorey vegetation responds neg- derived ecosystem services, i.e. the atively to effects of the edge up to processes by which the environment References 50 m into the forest patches and at produces resources that humans of- least up to 10 m from forest paths. ten take for granted, such as clean Niemelä J, Saarela S-R, Söder- Thick urban forest edges limit the ex- water and detoxification of harmful man T, Kopperoinen L, Yli-Pelkonen tent of the edge effect. This result is substances, lie at the core of sever- V, Väre S & Kotze DJ (2010) Using mirrored in the restorative effects of al research projects. Furthermore, the ecosystem services approach for these forests, e.g., thick urban for- studies on the urban hydrological cy- better planning and conservation of est edges provide greater restorative cle (stormwater as an indicator) and urban green spaces: a Finland case values to residents compared to thin urban vegetation affecting urban air study. Biodiversity and Conserva- forest edges. quality and carbon sequestration are tion 19(11): 3225-3243. The group also studies the biodiver- the recent and ongoing strong re- Niemelä J, Breuste JH, sity of golf courses. The objective in search focuses. Research questions Guntenspergen GR, McIntyre NE, this study is to identify the habitat of the group are mostly socio-eco- Elmqvist T & James P (2011) Urban components and management op- logical by nature, dealing with both Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and tions of golf courses that enhance bi- basic and applied sciences. Applications. Oxford University Press.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 29 ELCA Research WPresenter:orkshop Professor Kalevi, Korpela, Determinants and strength of Dr. Psychol., School of Social Sciences Brusselsand Humanities/Psychology,, University of Tampereth (UTA), Finland restorative (stress-alleviating) May 24 Tel:, +3582011 3 35516579 Fax: +358 3 35517345 experiences in favourite green, E-Mail: [email protected]

Co-authors: Prof. Liisa Tyrväinen, waterside and urban environments Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki Research Unit, Finland; in Finland Matti Ylén (UTA), Harri Silvennoinen, University of Eastern Finland Topic: Greenery and health Research was done during 2005-2006 his paper addresses the question fect of the environment per se. Fur- Tof the restorative (= stress-reduc- thermore, many earlier studies have ing) and well-being effects of different used students as participants and of real-life, everyday places in resi- types of real-life, favorite natural en there is a lack of knowledge about dential areas (in two Finnish cities). vironments. Experimental evidence other population and age groups. Consistent with our earlier research, shows that visiting or seeing natu- we used favorite place as a window ral environments – typically parks or Reflecting the early phase of research or unit of analysis (for other favorite woods – alleviates both attentional fa- in this field, there has been a predom- place studies, see e.g. Jorgensen et tigue and physiological and emotion- inance of experimental studies com- al., 2007; Korpela, 1992; Korpela and al stress more than built urban envi- paring the restorative and well-being Hartig, 1996; Korpela and Ylén, 2007, ronments (Hartig et al., 2003; effects of only two coarse set- 2009; Newell, 1997; Tyrväinen et al., Berman et al., 2008; Par- tings: natural and urban 2007). Thus, the places were selected sons et al., 1998). This (Velarde, Fry & Tveit, by the respondents themselves and alleviation involves 2007). Epidemiolog- were valued or important to them in renewal of direct- ical studies have their everyday life. Moreover, the re- ed attention related not the spondents were not sampled from a capacity, types but the student population but were between physiological overall percent- 15 and 75 years of age and were ob- changes from age of greenery tained as a random sample from the tension and within a certain Population Register Center. Our main stress toward area to health aim was thus to increase our under- relaxation, and o u t c o m e s , standing of the ways in which people positive mood such as morbid- make deliberate use of different types change. These pos- ity (Maas et al., of everyday environments for restor- itive changes in ac- 2009) and mortality ative experiences over extended pe- tivity are called restor- (Mitchell & Popham, riods of time. The present study an- ative outcomes and expe- 2008). About half of the alysed the associations between the riences. To date, there is only lit- 31 studies reviewed by Velarde use of favorite places, restorative ex- tle knowledge about which types of et al. (2007) have been conducted periences, and their determinants. environments or which kind of land- using images of landscapes, not in scape elements contribute most to real environments. Only seven stud- Method these restorative and well-being ef- ies (23%) have compared different fects. However, this kind of knowl- kinds of natural environments. The A simple random sample of 1273 edge would be important in under- main subcategories of natural envi- Finnish-speaking inhabitants, aged standing the effects of natural environments in these studies have been between 15 and 75 years, of two ronments and particularly in environ- green space, water environments, major cities in Finland (Helsinki and mental planning and construction. forest, golf course and high or low Tampere) completed a postal ques- openness of the scene. However, all tionnaire. A subsample of the an- Moreover, although the restorative these types have not been included in swers from inhabitants with a self- outcomes related to green space vs. any single study. Many of these stud- reported distance from home to a urban sites are quite well document- ies a) have used students as partici- favorite place of 15 km or less (n = ed, there is very little knowledge pants and b) have been experimen- 1089) was analysed. about the situational, personality, or tal studies where the researcher, not demographic factors associated with the respondents have chosen the en- Sixteen types of places (see results) restorative experiences in everyday vironments where the study was car- were evaluated according to their life and leisure. In this study, we also ried out. personal importance. The respond- investigated some of these determi- ents selected their favorite (most nants of the restorative experiences In sum, our study aimed to contrib- important) place from these sixteen in order to (statistically) control them ute to this field by comparing the re- settings. Restorative experiences in and thus more clearly find out the ef- storative experiences in five types a favorite place (‘What changes in

30 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS your experiences typically take place ban settings (mostly parks) even after ronment studies suggested that parks there?’) were measured with six statistically controlling for the nine provide stronger restorative experi- items summing up as a Restorative most effective situational and person- ences than built urban environments. Outcome Scale (ROS) (Korpela et al., ality determinants of restorative ex- The results do not support the possi- 2008). Three of the items reflected periences (Fig. 1). These determinants bility that people selecting favorite ur- relaxation and calmness (e.g. ‘I feel included “immediate” use of the fa- ban places and having less intensive calmer after being here’), one item vourite place (duration and frequen- restorative experiences simply do reflected attention restoration (‘my cy), personal background of nature not have the need for restoration in concentration and alertness clearly experiences (nature orientedness, na- these places, because this need was increase here’) and two items reflect- ture hobbies, childhood nature expe- controlled in our statistical analyses ed clearing one’s thoughts (e.g. ‘I can riences), and situational factors in life (daily hassles or worries about work forget everyday worries here’). To in- which were related to stress (hassles and money, uplifts generated by so- vestigate differences in restorative at work and with money, satisfaction cial relations and satisfaction with experiences between types of envi- with life) and to social relations (up- life). Thus, favorite city places – which ronments, an analysis of covariance lifts of social relations, visiting alone in this study and in any city may in- with the ROS as an outcome meas- vs. in company) (Korpela et al., 2008). clude at least some green elements ure, the type of favorite place (five such as plantings, city trees and flow- categories) as a fixed factor, adjust- The overall result when considering er-pots – may provide equally strong ed for nine determinants (covariates) urban vs. natural places in general restorative experiences as favorite was performed. concurs partly with earlier research parks in conditions where people se- on restorative environments (Ulrich lect from familiar places according to Results and discussion et al., 1991; Hartig et al., 2003; Velarde their own preferences and emotional et al., 2007). However, it contributes attachments. In consequence, future Factor analysis (principal axis fac- to the existing knowledge by widen- theoretical and applied developments toring, oblique Promax rotation) re- ing our view of the potentially health- should take note that the experimen- garding the importance of the six- enhancing types of natural areas. tally proven superior restorative- teen place items (see underneath) ness of natural places in comparison produced five main place factors/cat- The similarity in the strength of res- to urban places does not necessarily egories (Figure 1), which were toration between urban favorite plac- hold for all types of urban and natu- (1) extensively managed nature areas es (indoor and outdoor city areas ral places in everyday life. In particu- (including large forest areas, small- and places) and urban green spaces lar, the question of the sufficient de- scale wooded areas, scenery fields (mostly parks) was unexpected. The gree or amount of green elements for and meadows, small-scale natural earlier evidence from restorative envi- restorative effects in an otherwise ur- state areas such as river valleys,

wetlands, bushes and rocks), 6,0

(2) built-up green spaces (large green cal e Adjusted lots, green areas within housing Unadjusted 95% a

blocks, decorative plantations 5,5 and glorious flowers, traffic green

areas such as wind-breaks, green ve Outcome S

lanes and tree avenues, parks in- 5,0 cluding grass and plantations), (3) waterside environments (beaches and harbour areas), 4,5 (4) exercise and activity/hobby areas (playgrounds, recreation trails, 5.30 5.21 sports grounds, allotment gardens, 5.16 5.16 5.17 5.11 4,0 5.04 dog parks) and 4.97 4.84 4.72

(5) indoor and outdoor urban are- staurati Adjusted Means for Re 4.54 4.42 as (street areas and indoor places within the city center). This result 3,5 shows that the types of places in brackets tend to be equally important for our participants in every Unadjusted and 3,0 875 875 51 51 191 191 163 163 391 391 79 79 day contexts. Total Indoor and Built Waterside Extensively Exercise and outdoor urban green spaces environments managed nature activityhobby areas areas areas Restorative experiences in favorite exercise and activity outdoor are- Figure 1. Adjusted (nine covariates) and unadjusted means of restorative outcomes (ROS) by fa- as, waterside environments, and ex- vorite place type (confidence intervals of the mean are included). Numbers under the bars repre- tensively managed natural settings sent the frequency of mentioning the favorite place type (listwise deletion in ANCOVA). Published (mainly urban woodlands) were in Korpela, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2010). Favorite green, waterside and ur- somewhat stronger than in favorite ban environments, restorative experiences and perceived health in Finland. Health Promotion In- places in built urban (indoor and out- ternational, 25, 200-209. Downloaded from http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org at Tampere University door) settings or green spaces in ur- Library on May 20, 2010.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 31 ban environment, such as on a street, Korpela, K. & Ylén, M. (2007). Per- requires much further study. ceived health is associated with visiting natural favourite places in the vi- Concerning the question of the types cinity. Health & Place, 13, 138-151. of landscape elements contributing Korpela, K. & Ylén, M. (2009). most to the restorative effects, we Effectiveness of favorite-place note here a single study by Nordh et prescriptions - A field experiment. al. (2009) as an example of the pos- American Journal of Preventive sible ways for future research in this Medicine, 36, 435-438. area. This kind of research might pro- Korpela, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, vide landscape planners and construc- L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2010). tors further concrete results for appli- Favorite green, waterside and ur- cative purposes. Seventy-two small ban environments, restorative expe- ”pocket parks” (< 3000 m2) from cit- riences and perceived health in Fin- ies in Sweden, Norway and Denmark land. Health Promotion Internation- were investigated. Each park was rep- al, 25, 200-209. resented by a photo and its physical Korpela, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, characteristics were quantified as per- L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2008). Deter- centage of the scene. Landscape ele- minants of restorative experiences ments quantified were the size of the in everyday favourite places. Health park, hardscape, grass, lower ground & Place, 14, 636-652. vegetation, flowering plants, bushes, Maas J., Verheij R.A., de Vries S., trees and water/no water. The photos Spreeuwenberg P., Schellevis F.G., were assessed in terms of preference, Groenewegen P.P. (2009). Morbidity likelihood of restoration, and compo- is related to a green living environ- nents of restoration by a student sam- ment. Journal of Epidemiology and ple. The landscape elements most Community Health, 63, 967-973. predictive of the likelihood of resto- Mitchell, R. and Popham, F. ration were the percentage of ground (2008) Effect of exposure to natural surface covered by grass, the amount environment on health inequalities: of trees and bushes visible and appar- an observational study. The Lancet, ent park size. 372, 1655-1660. Nordh, H., Hartig, T., Hägerhäll, C. M., & Fry, G. (2009). Components References of small urban parks that predict the Berman, M. G., Jonides, J. & Ka- possibility for restoration. Urban For- plan, S. (2008). The cognitive bene- estry & Urban Greening, 8, 225-235. fits of interacting with nature. Psy- Parsons, R., Tassinary, L.G., Ul- chological Science, 19, 1207-1212. rich, R.S., Hebl, M.R., Grossman- Al- Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, exander, M., 1998. The view from the L. D., Davis, D. S., & Gärling, T. (2003). road: implications for stress recovery Tracking restoration in natural and and immunization. Journal of Envi- urban field settings. Journal of Envi- ronmental Psychology 18, 113-140. ronmental Psychology, 23, 109-123. Tyrväinen, L., Mäkinen, K., Schip- Jorgensen, A., Hitchmough, J., perijn, J., 2007. Tools for mapping Dunnett, N. (2007). Woodland as a set- social values of urban woodlands ting for housing – appreciation and and other green areas. Landscape fear and the contribution to residen- and Urban Planning 79, 5-19. tial satisfaction and place identity in Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losi- Warrington New Town, UK. Landscape to, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & and Urban Planning, 79, 273-287. Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery Korpela, K. M. (1992). Adoles- during exposure to natural and ur- cents’ favourite places and environ- ban environments. Journal of Envi- mental self-regulation. Journal of En- ronmental Psychology, 11, 201-230. vironmental Psychology, 12, 249-258. Velarde, M. D., Fry, G., & Tveit, M. Korpela, K.M., Hartig, T. (1996). (2007). Health effects of viewing Restorative qualities of favour- landscapes – landscape types in en- ite places. Journal of Environmental vironmental psychology. Urban For- Psychology 16, 221-233. estry & Urban Greening, 6, 199-212.

32 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS ELCA Research WorkshopPresenter: Dr. Ulrika K., Stigsdotter Research ideas on how to plan and Titles: Associated Professor, BrusselsLandscape, Architect Forest &th Landscape Denmark, design natural environments based on May 24 , Rolighedsvej2011 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C evidence-based health design and va- Denmark Tel.: +45 4011 0801 lidated guidelines in order to maximise E-Mail: [email protected] Co-author: Dr. Kjell Nilsson the potential health benefits for all Titles: Vice Director, Landscape Architect Forest & Landscape Denmark Rolighedsvej 23 he positive associations between - evidence-based health design/plan- DK-1958 Frederiksberg C visiting natural environments and ning T Denmark human health could be described as - health promotion and ill health im- Tel.: +45 2120 5153 a rediscovery. Once again health is an provement E-Mail: [email protected] important issue in city/landscape planning and garden design, but today we face new types of health problems Paper outline iological restoration. This is connect- that need new solutions and actions. Background ed to the fact that people live in an The positive associations between urbanised world. As a consequence Research proposes that nat- visiting natural environ- of the increasing number of peo- ural environments have ments and human health ple moving into cities and of urban positive effects on could be described as densification, which results in build- human health a rediscovery. Once ing and construction on urban green through: again health is spaces, the natural environments 1. encouraging an important is- available for physical activities, so- physical sue in garden cial contact, psychological and phys- activity design and in iological restoration are reduced. As 2. encouraging city/landscape a result, the WHO has identified the social con- planning, but lack of accessible urban green spac- tact today we face es for everyday recreation as a prob- 3. providing new types of lem for people’s health and well-be- psychological health problems ing, and they encourage local ad- and physiologi- that need new so- ministrators to increase the provi- cal restoration lutions and actions sion thereof. compared to before. The paradox is that every- Research deficits day life offers fewer opportunities New research proposes that nat- There is already sufficient evidence for these activities. This is connect- ural environments have positive im- to warrant an expectation that nat- ed to the increasing number of peo- pacts on human health in three main ural environments can act to help ple moving into cities and of urban ways: keeping us well (health promotion) densification, which reduces urban 1. Indirectly, through encouraging and as a supportive environment for green spaces. The WHO has identi- physical activity therapies used to help when we be- fied the lack of urban green spaces 2. Indirectly, through encouraging come sick. Policy makers, land man- for everyday recreation as a problem social contact agers and health professionals have to people’s health and well-being, 3. Directly, through providing psy- realised the potential in these rela- and encourages local administrators chological and physiological res- tionships. Many recent policy doc- to increase the provision thereof. toration uments from governments, health service providers and land mangers To realise the salutogenic potential Evidence also suggests that there highlight the potential for natural en- of natural environments, a detailed may be synergy between the three vironments to play a role in reduc- understanding of how to plan/design ways, for example, physical activi- ing the burden of poor health and and manage them is needed. Exist- ty in a natural environment having narrowing health inequality. How- ing detailed empirical evidence and greater psychological and physiolog- ever, more effective landscape de- depth of understanding on which to ical benefits than in a non-natural en- sign, planning, management and ac- base clear policy and planning guid- vironment, such as a gym. cess for all in society are needed to ance are insufficient. maximise the potential benefits and The paradox is though that today, in this requires a solid understanding Seven research ideas are presented, the 21st century, everyday life offers of ‘how’ natural environments and based on a research strategy with few opportunities for both physical health and wellbeing are, and could two foundations: activity and psychological and phys- be, connected.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 33 Nature & Human Health Research Strategy; UC, Forest & Landscape The landscape Best planners research professional evidence Theoretical foundation Methodologies skills Evidence Hypotheses Social relevance based health design Promotion of good health/Prevention of ill health Improvement of ill death

Urban Green Spaces Nature Areas Healing Gardens Hospital/Care settings Client attributes Parks Users Habilitate Workplaces Citizens Patients Palliative Schools/Kindergartens Employees Relatives Rehabilitate Residential areas Children Staff Acute care

Inclusive user perspective Gender Age Demography Socioeconomic Ethnicity etc.

Result/Product Better human health – public health perspective Better design, re-design and management of green spaces Demonstration & New courses – student/educational perspective

The Vice Director of Forest & Land- To realise the salutogenic (health cre- es, circumstances, values, needs and scape Denmark, Kjell Nilsson, initiat- ating) potential of natural environ- health status). ed and chaired the COST Action E39 ments, we need to have detailed un- ‘Forest, Trees and Human Health and derstanding of how to design, man- Two health perspectives Wellbeing’. The main objective was age and promote them, and of what Viewing natural environments from a to increase the knowledge about the to expect these environments to be salutogenic viewpoint positive health contribution that forests, trees and able to achieve. We lack detailed em- effects can be utilised both in a health natural places have, and might have, pirical evidence and depth of under- promotive and ill health preventive on the health and wellbeing of peo- standing on which to base clear poli- and ill health improvement (thera- ple in Europe. The final outcome of cy and planning guidance. peutic) context. Figure X illustrates the COST Action is the newly pub- these perspectives in research strate- lished, first comprehensive Europe- Research strategy proposal gy for the Nature & Human Health re- an textbook on the topic ‘Nature and We know today that there are three search group at Forest & Landscape human health’ . The book draws to- main ways via which health effects Denmark. The salutogenic effects gether work carried out over the might be generated but we don’t seem most profound on diseases and four years by more than 100 scien- know which, or which combination, disease pathways which are respon- tists from 25 countries working in of these is most likely to affect dif- sible for a large proportion of the bur- the fields of forestry, health, environ- ferent target groups, what type of den of poor health in the 21st centu- ment and social sciences, and cap- natural environment might produce ry Europe; poor mental health, cardi- tures the state of the art in terms of them, or how to configure and man- ovascular and respiratory disease. scientific understanding. The book age them to do so. More effective articulates the tremendous econom- landscape design, planning, man- List of new concrete research ideas ic and clinical significance of poor agement and access for all in society 1. Deficit: A remarkable large amount health in Europe, and highlights the are needed to maximise the poten- of ‘Nature & Health’ studies are vast potential of Europe’s natural en- tial benefits and this requires a solid cross-sectional, which are vul- vironment if we can learn how, and understanding of ‘how’ natural envi- nerable to confusion, and even a for whom, access brings health ben- ronments and health and wellbeing strong statistical association be- efits. The book presents a clear stand- are, and could be, connected. tween greater access to natural en- point: natural environments can play vironments and better health can- an important role in health promo- Evidence-Based Health Design/Plan not be taken as evidence of a caus- tion, prevention and the cure of sig- ning al relationship. nificant health problems, which may Our overall research strategy propos- result in that Europe’s natural envi- al has its foundation in what we call Research idea: Addressing the re- ronments take on a new value, par- evidence-based health design/plan- markable lack of longitudinal stud- ticularly those accessible to the 70% ning (EBHD). Thus, the EBHD process ies on health impacts of change of the population living in an urban calls for practitioners (landscape ar- in access/use to natural environ- area. It also follows that if these en- chitects/city planners) to make prac- ments is a significant priority for vironments (or access to them) are tice decisions based on an integra- this research area. This could be threatened or altered by exploita- tion of the best available research ev- done partly by using all ready exist- tion, poor city planning, poor land- idence and proven experience with ing register data and by using web scape design or bad management their practice expertise and with their based questionnaires. Also the their salutogenic potential may be knowledge of clients attributes (such quality of the nature area should be seriously harmed. as variation in perception, preferenc- taken into consideration.

34 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 2. Deficit: Municipalities ask for guide- Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. Grahn, P & Stigsdotter, U 2002. lines on how to plan urban parks in The relation between perceived sen- Parks and Nature in people’s every- order to enhance physical activity. sory dimensions of urban green day life: Green areas significance for Research idea: Larger study, in- space and stress restoration. Land- people’s health and well-being. Ur- cluding questionnaires, on site be- scape and Urban Planning, volume ban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol havioural studies, focus groups in- 94, issues 3-4, pp. 264-275. 2, no 1. terviews and workshops. Schipperijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK., 3. Research idea: How to plan health Randrup, TB., Troelsen, J. 2010. In- Peer reviewed book chapters promotion urban green spaces for fluences on the use of urban green Stigsdotter,UK., Palsdottir, AM., all – especially targeting weaker space – a case study in Odense, Den- Burls, A., Chermaz, A., Ferrini, F., groups such as: children, teenagers, mark. Urban Forestry & Urban Green- Grahn. P. (In press) Nature-Based different ethnicity, girls/women. ing, volume 9, issue 1, pp. 25-32. Therapeutic Interventions. In: Nils- 4. Deficit: Many guidelines on how to Corazon, S.S., Stigsdotter, UK., son, K. & Sangster, M. (eds.) For- design therapy gardens for differ- Claudi, A.G., Kjell Nilsson. 2010. De- ests, Trees and Human Health. Chap- ent patient groups exist, but how velopment of a Nature-Based Thera- ter 11. Pp. x-x. reliable are they? py Concept for Stress Patients at the Grahn, P., Tenngart Ivarsson, C, Research idea: Realiability studies Danish Healing Forest Garden Naca- Stigsdotter, UK., Bengtsson, I-L. of therapy gardens constructed on dia. Journal of Therapeutic Horticul- 2010. Using affordances as a health- transparent design guidelines ture, volume 20, pp. 34-51. promoting tool in a therapeutic gar- Cases: The Healing Forest Garden Corazon, S.S, Stigsdotter, U.K., den. In Ward Thompson, C., Aspi- Nacadia, University of Copenha- Ekholm, O., Pedersen, P.V., Scopelli- nal, P., Bell, S. (eds.) Innovative ap- gen, and The rehabilitation garden ti, M., Giuliani, M.V. In press. Activi- proaches to researching landscape at Alnarp, Swedish University of ties to alleviate stress and the asso- and health. Chapter 5, pp. 116-154. Agricultural sciences. ciation with leisure time activities, Routledge, London. 5. Deficit: Many results from therapy socioeconomic status and general gardens rely on narratives health. Journal of applied biobehav- Popular scientific publications Research idea: Provide a validated ioral research. Volume X, pp. x-x. Lamm, B., Stigsdotter, UK., Hare, tool box for evaluating the effect of Schipperijn, J., Ekholm, O., Stigs- R., Bentsen, P., Randrup, TB. 2010. horticultural therapy as well as for dotter, UK., Toftager, M., Bentsen, P., Udeskole og Læringsmiljø – Em- the design of therapy gardens Kamper-Jørgensen, F., Randrup, TB. piriske perspektiver. (Outdoor edu- 6. Research question: Investigating 2010. Factors influencing the use of cation and learning environments both urban parks and therapy gar- green space: Results from a Dan- – empirical perspectives) In: Kural, dens etc. costs money – but could ish national representative survey. R., Jensen, BB., Kirkeby, IM (eds.) money be saved by improved Landscape and Urban Planning, vol- Aprops – Arkitekur, Pædagogik og health? ume 95, issue 3, pp. 130-137. Sundhed (Apropos- Architecture, Research idea: Cost benefit and Toftager, M., Ekholm. O., Schip- Pedogogy and Health). Chapter 3, cost utility analyses should be in- perjin, J., Stigsdotter, UK., Bentsen, pp. 36- 43. Kunstakademiets arkitekt- corporated in the above men- P., Grønbæk, M., Randrup, TB., Kam- skoles forlag, København. (in Dan- tioned research ideas. per-Jørgensen, F. In press. Distance ish) 7. Research question: New roles for to green space and physical activi- Hare, R., Bruun, K., Regnars- old green spaces? ty: a Danish national representative son, I., Bentsen, P., Sundahl, M., Research idea: Could older ur- survey. Journal of Physical Activity Stigsdotter, UK. Mygind, E. 2010. ban green spaces be transformed/ & Health. Læringsmiljø nærmiljø (Learning redesigned in order to get new Stigsdotter, U. 2005. Landscape environment nearby environment) roles as health supportive? Could architecture and health. Evidence- Skov & Landkab, Frederiksberv C. churchyards be redesigned in or- based health-promoting design and (in Danish) der to support the grief process? planning. Dept. of Landscape Plan- Schipperijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK. ning, Alnarp, SLU. Acta Universita- 2010. Lok folk ud i byens grønne om- List of own publication on tis agriculturae Sueciae vol. 2005:55. råder.(Attract people out into the ur- (Doctoral diss.) ban green spaces) Grønt Miljø. Nr 5/ the topic Greenery and Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2003. Juni. (in Danish) Health Experiencing a Garden: A Healing Corazon, SS. & Stigsdotter, UK. Garden for People Suffering from 2009. Naturens puls- Om terapi ha- Peer reviewed papers Burnout Diseases. Journal of Thera- ver og naturbaseret terapi. (The Stigsdotter, UK., Ekholm, O., Schip- peutic Horticulture Vol 14. pulse of nature – on therapy and na- perijn, J., Toftager, M., Kamper-Jør- Grahn, P & Stigsdotter, U. 2003. ture-based therapy) Angst Avsien, gensen, F., Randrup, TB. 2010. Health Landscape Planning and Stress. Ur- nr. 26. pp. 8-9. (in Danish) promoting outdoor environments – ban Forestry & Urban Greening Vol Stigsdotter, UK. & Randrup, BT. Associations between green space, 2, pp 1-18. Urban & Fischer Verlag, 2008. Konceptmodel Terapihaven and health, health-related quality of Jena. Nacadia. En model for terapihaver life and stress based on a Danish na- Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2002. og haveterapi for stressramte i Dan- tional representative survey. Scandi- What Makes a Garden a Healing mark. (A Konceptuel Model for ther- navian Journal of Public Health, vol- Garden? Journal of Therapeutic Hor- apeutic gardens and horticultur- ume 38, issue 4, pp. 411-417. ticulture Vol 13, pp 60-69 al therapy for people suffering from

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 35 stress) Skov & Landskab, Køben- Lindholst, AC., Stigsdotter, UK. 1st to 3rd, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. havns Universitet, København. (in 2010. An experience based method Pp. 74. (Book of abstracts) Danish) for green-space planning at small Stigsdotter, UK, Schipperijn, J., Randrup, BT. & Stigsdotter, UK. scales: A conceptual development Randrup, TB. Measuring the experi- 2008. Mere sundhed med grønne and critical assessment. In: Finde- enced quality of urban green space områder. (Green spaces genrerate is, G., Arnberger, A., Eder, R., Schus- – method development. In: Sarlöv better health) Vækst, 1, 2008 pp. 12- ter, K (eds.) The 13th European Fo- Herlin, I. (ed.) 20th Conference of 14. (in Dnaish) rum on Urban Forestry “Urban Peo- European Schools of Landscape Randrup, BT., Schipperijn, J. ple Meet urban Forests”, May 25-29 Architecture. New Landscapes Ipsen Hansen, B. Søndergaard 2010, Tulln an der Donau, Austria. new lives. New Challenges in Land- Jensen, F. & Stigsdotter, UK. 2008. pp. 32. (Peer-reviewed abstract in scape Planning, Design and Man- Natur og sundhed. Sammenhæng conference proceedings) agement. mellem grønne områders udtryk og Lindholst, C., Schipperijn, J., September 11-14 2008, Alnarp brug set i forhold til befolkningens Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. The green- Sweden . pp. 21. (Book of Abstracts) sundhed. (Nature and Health) Park- space experience asa tool for plan- Schipperijn, J,. Stigsdotter, U.K., og Landskabsserien, 40/2008. (In ning at small scales. In Goossen, Randrup, T.B. What do Danish users Danish) (Rapport) M., Elnads, B. and Marwijk, R (eds.). want from their urban green space? Stigsdotter, UK. & Randrup, BT. Recreation, tourism and nature in In: Sarlöv Herlin, I. (ed.) 20th 2007. Sundhed og Landskabsarkitek- a changing world. The Fifth Inter- Conference of European Schools of tur. (Health and Landscape Architec- national Conference on Monitoring Landscape Architecture. New Land- ture) Landskab Landscape. 2007, 88, and Mangement of Visitor Flows in scapes pp. 152-155. (In Danish) (Fagblad) Recreational and Protected Areas, new lives. New Challenges in Stigsdotter, U. 2005. SLU Alnarp, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 30 Landscape Planning, Design and Institutionen för Landskapsplaner- May-3 June. Pp. 89. (Peer-reviewed Management. September 11-14 ing/SLU Alnarp, The Department of abstract in conference proceedings) 2008, Alnarp Sweden. pp. 19. (Book Landscape Planning In: Paulsson, J Stigsdotter, UK., Toftager, M. of Abstracts) (ed.) Universal Design Education/ Schipperijn, J., Ekholm, O., Kam- Grahn, P., Tenngart, C., Stigsdot- Design för alla utbildning. Pp. 158- per Jørgensen, F. 2009. Relation- ter, UK. 2007. Horticultural therapy. 174. (In Swedish and English) ships between distance to and use State of the art and future research Stigsdotter, U. 2003. Utemiljöns of green space, physical activity and needs and priorities. Cyprus COST E betydelse för hälsa och välbefin- health-related quality of life – Re- 39, pp. 1-7. Parker og Urbane Land- nande, (The importance of outdooe sults from a Danish national repre- skaber, Frederiksberg. (Conference environmnets om human health and sentative survey. In: Ecology and Proceedings) well-being) pp 265-282, in Stålbom G Forests for Public Health, Tellnes, G., Grahn, P., Stigsdotter U., Berg- & Johansson B (eds), Människan in- Furuberg, M. (eds.). Pp. 8. (Book of gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. Eight expe- omhus: Perspektiv på vår tids inneliv, Abstracts) riences qualities in urban open spac- Formas, Stockholm. (In Swedish) Stigsdotter, UK., Netterstrøm, es. In: Werquin et al (eds.) Green Stigsdotter, U. 2000. Solberga- B. 2009. Natur og sundhed – hel- structure and urban planning. COST parken - en park för hälsa och välbe- bredelse. In: Koch, NE. (ed.) Skov & Action C11 Final report. COST Office, finnande, (Solbergaparken – a park Landskabskonferencen 2009. Tema: Luxemburg. Pp 240-248. (Confer- designed for improving health and Nya roller for natur, skov og landsk- ence Proceedings) well-being) Gröna Fakta/Utemiljö ab i velfærdssamfundet. pp. 21-22. Grahn, P., Stigsdotter, U., Berg- 1/2000. (In Swedish) (Book of abstracts) gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A Planning Stigsdotter, U. 1999. Rekrea- Stigsdotter, UK, Ekholm, O., Tool for Designing Sustainable and tionsmiljöer och hälsa, (Recreation- Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M, Kamper- Healthy Cities. The Importance of al areas and health) in Andersson & Jørgensen, F., Randrup TB. 2009. The Experienced Characteristics in Ur- Mårtensson (eds.) Miljömedicinskt relation between green space and ban Green Open Spaces for People’s samarbete i Skåne - Verksamhetsp- human health – Results from a Dan- Health and Well-Being. In: De Vres, lan november 1999. (In Swedish) ish national representative survey. J. (ed.) Quality and significance of Stigsdotter, U. 1999. Kloster- In: Hunziker, M., Bauer, N., (eds.) green urban space. Arnhem/Velp trädgården - ett paradis på jor- Health and Recreation in Forest 2005.04.14 -2005.04.15, Van Hall La- den, (The monstry garden – a para- and Landscape, April 1st to 3rd, Bir- renstein Univ Velp.pp. 29-38. (Con- dise on earth) Svensk rehabilitering, mensdorf, Switzerland. Pp. 67. (Book ference proceedings) 3/1999. (In Swedish) of abstracts) Stigsdotter, U. 2005. Urban green Toftager, M., Ekholm, O. Schip- spaces: Promoting health through Conference proceedings and Peer perijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK., Bentsen, city planning. Inspiring Global En- reviewed abstracts in conference P., Grønbæk, M., Randrup, TB., Kam- vironmental Standards and Ethi- proceedings per-Jørgensen, F. 2009. In: Hunzik- cal Practices. The National Associ- Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. On the re- er, M., Bauer, N., (eds.) Relation be- ation of Environmental Profession- lation between green space and hu- tween distance to green space and als’, NAEP, 30th Annual Conference, man health. I: Dåsnes, M. (ed.) Nor- level of physical activity - Results 16-19 April 2005, Alexandra, Virginia, disk Park-og friluftskongress, Oslo, from a Danish national representa- USA. (Conference proceedings) 2-4 June 2010, pp. 4. (Abstract in tive survey. In: Health and Recrea- Grahn, P., K Stigsdotter U., Berg- conference proceedings) tion in Forest and Landscape, April gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A Planning

36 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Tool for Designing Sustainable and Allocation to one of the topics Healthy Cities. The Importance of Greenery and health. Experienced Characteristics in Ur- ban Green Open Spaces for Peo- (All publications are within the topic ple’s Health and Well-Being. In J. De of greenery and human health) Vres (ed) Quality and significance of green urban space. Arnhem/Velp Short declaration on when the re 2005.04.14 -2005.04.15, Van Hall La- search was done renstein Univ Velp.pp. 29-38. (Con- Most of the research is ongoing. The ference proceedings) international and multidisciplinary Grahn, P., K Stigsdotter U., Berg- ‘Nature & Health Research Team’ at gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A plan- Forest & Landscape Denmark, Uni- ning model for designing sustaina- versity of Copenhagen was estab- ble and healthy cities. Inspiring Glo- lished in 2006. A wide range of re- bal Environmental Standards and search questions on interactions be- Ethical Practices. The National Asso- tween man, human health and the ciation of Environmental Profession- environment are being studied. The als’, NAEP, 30th Annual Conference, research has two main perspectives: 16-19 April 2005, Alexandra, Virginia, 1. The health promotive perspective USA. (Conference proceedings) 2. The ill health/therapeutic perspec- Stigsdotter, U . 2004. A Garden at tive your Workplace May Reduce Stress, pp 147-157 in Dilani A (ed) Design & From a health promotive perspective Health III - Health Promotion through the importance of supportive and re- Environmental Design, Internation- storative nature environments are al Academy for Design and Health, being studied. These relate to work- Stockholm. (Conference proceedings) places, schools, playgrounds, pock- Stigsdotter, U A. & Grahn, P. et parks located in the dense city as 2004. A Garden at your doorstep well as other natural environments. may reduce stress - Private gardens Focus from a ill health/therapeutic as restorative environments in the perspective is on healing landscapes city. Proceedings Open Space - Peo- at acute care hospitals, healing gar- ple Space, Scotland A OPEN Space dens at refuge centres for battered Research Centre, Edinburgh College women and children, and therapeu- of Art The International Play Associa- tic gardens for stress patients. tion, Forestry Commission, Scottish National Heritage Open Space: Peo- The research outcome is to provide ple Space Conference Edinburgh. evidence for defining guidance for (Conference proceedings) policy makers, city planners, land- Stigsdotter, U. 2003. Health Pro- scape architects, and therapists trans- motion through Accessibility to Gar- lating the gained knowledge into dens. Design and Health, 3rd World practice. Congress and Exhibition, Montreal 25-29 June 2003. Palais des Con- The study of the Eight Sensory Per- grès. Design & Health, Book of Ab- cieved Dimensions is an ongoing re- stracts, p. 18. search project in collaboration with Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2003. the Swedish University of Agricultur- The healing garden at Alnarp campus al Sciences. – Description and interpretation. De- sign and Health, 3rd World Congress The ‘Susy Green’ study based on a and Exhibition, Montreal 25-29 June Danish national representative sur- 2003. Palais des Congrès. Design & vey was done 2008-2010. Health, Book of Abstracts, p. 43. Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, U. 2003. Publications published until 2005 Natur og Sundhed. I Christensen, were mostly part of a PhD project. (Nature and Health) C.J. (red). Skov & Landskabskonferencen 2003. Cent- er for Skov, Landskab og Planlægn- ing. 2003, sid 100-105. (In Danish)

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 37 ELCA Research WorkshopMSc. M. (Marco) H.A., Hoffman, Bio-diverse cities Wageningen UR, BrusselsApplied Plant, Research P.O. thBox 85, 2160 AB Lisse, The Netherlands he year 2010 has been pro- May 24 , 2011 Tel.: +31 252 462121 claimed the year of biodiversity Dutch Brochure T E-Mail: [email protected] by the United Nations. The main rea- To encourage greener and more bio- son for this was to raise the aware- diverse cities Applied Plant Research ness of the importance of biodiver- (PPO), together with Plant Publicity they provide shelter for certain an- sity. More and more species of our Holland (PPH), issued a (Dutch) bro- imals. Large scale planting of mo- flora and fauna worldwide are under chure: “Biodiversiteit in tuin en nocultures is not recommended. threat or disappearing, mainly due to plantsoen” (“Biodiversity in Interesting plantings are: advanced urbanization, industrializa- gardens and parks”). The prairie-plantings, mixed tion and large scale agricultural prac- brochure gives exam- borders, (mixed) tices. ples to green space hedges, banks and managers, land- ponds, green walls Especially urbanization is not just a scapers and policy and green roofs threat, it also offers new possibili- makers as informa- and underneath ties. Rich and varied greenery in the tion and inspiration. plantings of trees. city is not only appreciated by citi- The brochure pro- 3. Individual choice zens, but it can also significantly con- vides background in- of species and culti- tribute to the increase of biodiversi- formation on biodi- vars: By choosing cer- ty. Urban greenery offers a home versity in the city, and tain plant species, bees, and a food source to many kinds of there are useful tables of butterflies, birds, etc. will insects, birds and other animals. An plant species that attract bees, be attracted. Some insects additional positive effect is, that it butterflies or birds. The brochure also need specific host plants to survive. brings nature closer to the people. provides tips about certain types of a. Species attracting bees: Acer spp., The creation of high quality greenery plantings and examples of creative in- Malus spp., Tilia spp., Calluna vul- in the city in combination with good itiatives of municipalities to stimulate garis, Cephalanthus sp., Hedera he- management and the right species biodiversity. The data are based on lix Arborescent Group, Salix spp., choice of trees, shrubs and perenni- years of experience in many research Symphoricarpos spp., Aster agera- als is essential. projects on applications of green in toides, Geranium macrorhizum, etc. the city and on a literature review. b. Species attracting butterflies: Bud- dleja davidii, Rubus fruticosus, History of research Agastache spp., Anchusa spp., In the past, Applied Plant Research Centranthus ruber, Echinacea pur- has done research on several aspects purea, Sedum spectabile, Verbena of biodiversity in gardens and cities. bonariensis, etc. We worked on different topics on the c. Species attracting birds: Amelanch- level of plant communities, e.g.: ier spp., Aronia spp., Berberis spp., • use of perennials and shrubs un- Cornus alba & sanguinea, Lon- derneath trees icera spp., Sambucus spp., Sorb- • combinations of perennials and us spp., etc. bulbs for long-lasting plantings • use of low-maintenance perennials in cities Native versus alien species • ecological banks along canals The discussion about the use of na- • regional plantings tive or alien species shares many as- • natural enemies of pests in nursery pects with the issue of biodiversity. crops Dutch brochure on biodiversity Many ecologists promote the use of • use of plants on green roofs and native species, because they are bet- green walls. Factors that affect ter adapted to the local circumstances. But there are two difficulties: At species level we have done research biodiversity on: Biodiversity is influenced by many fac- • the functionality of alien species tors. The most important factors in ur- compared to native species ban green are: • the value of new (street) trees for 1. Plant diversity: The larger the vari- our cities ety of species and cultivars used, • the attractiveness of certain plant the more biodiversity it creates. species for butterflies, bumblebees 2. Types of plantings: Some types and bees of planting can stimulate bio- • many variety trials diversity, because they usually include a variety of plants or

38 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 1. Habitat of the city: in (front)gardens. This is 11. Attention for monumental trees, The growing con- to the benefit of the en- by setting out walking/bike routes ditions for plants tire neighbourhood along them. inside cities are and city. quite different 2. Sponsoring of from the condi- tree-gardens. Typi- European approach tions in the coun- cally, these are the The (Dutch) brochure on biodiversity tryside. The tem- spaces under the is very successful; there is a large de- perature is higher street trees at the mand and users are very enthusiastic. and because of all front doors of citizens. Until now we have mainly focused on the pavements the soil 3. Organisation of con- the Dutch situation. But the subject is is much drier. Therefore tests for citizens: who has fit for an international approach too, many alien species or prove- the most beautiful garden, the because it is relevant for the whole of nances are better adapted to the tree with the x-factor, or the most in- Europe. Environmental care is a typi- city-climate. novative green idea. cal European item, that doesn’t stop 2. Climate change: Our climate is 4. Sometimes municipalities stimu- at the borders and different European changing very fast. Adaptation by ev- late initiatives of citizens to revive countries can learn from each other’s olution will go too slowly. More and old monastery gardens or city gar- expertise and experience. more certain alien species or prove- dens in decline. nances will be better adapted to the 5. Lectures or excursions on specified An important factor to deal with, are new climate than the native ones. topics or areas can open the eyes the effects of climate change in the Most of the high quality greenery in of citizens (e.g. a tree tour through near future. This needs new research cities already consists of alien spe- the city or a lecture about butter- based on specific circumstances for cies and/or cultivars. This makes it flies). different countries and cities. possible for landscapers and archi- 6. Volunteer clubs can play The following three items tects to create high quality green de- an important role, for for new European Re- signs with a high ornamental value, example the cutting search are suggested: surprising creations, healthy plants of willows, putting 1. What plant species and a good integration with the ar- up owl nest box- can be used and chitecture of buildings. Alien species es, performing which plantings and cultivars can have a positive in- butterfly counts, and plant combi- fluence on biodiversity. But there are etc. nations (plant com- some exceptions. Sterile and double 7. Several cities munities) are most flowered cultivars are less attractive with canals, such successful for in- to many animals, because they have as Amsterdam and creasing biodiversity less food (pollen, nectar and/or ber- Leiden, have intro- in urban areas? ries). In natural areas native plants duced floating islets 2. What is the effect of cli- have precedence because they rep- (‘floatlands’) with various mate change on biodiversity resent the national green heritage. water and bank plants. Water birds and how can we counteract this by Some alien species can be harmful and other animals can use them to adapting the greenery in the city? because of their invasive character. rest, feed and nest. 3. How can we involve citizens most 8. Some municipalities have turned effectively with the biodiversity their city into an arboretum. It is in their city and what matters are Creative initiatives a friendly competition to plant as most important for them? Many municipalities make an extra ef- many tree or shrub species in the fort to promote biodiversity or bring city as possible. Publications it closer to the citizens. This is to the 9. Picking gardens have proven to be benefit of a city or village, because bi- a very successful initiative of ag- Hoffman, M.H.A. (2010): Met flora odiversity creates a healthy environ- ricultural entrepreneurs. Set-aside meer fauna de stad in trekken – Tuin ment where people like to live and land is sown or planted with a mix- en Landschap 26, p. 25-29 where tourists like to visit. In the Neth- ture of flowers. Residents can pick Hoffman, M.H.A. (2010): Biodi- erlands already several creative initia- their own bouquet for a small fee. versiteit in tuin en plantsoen - Bro- tives have been conceived and execut- 10. Many municipalities provide grants chure edited by Plant Publiciteit Hol- ed. Below are some examples: for certain plantings, for example land, 19 p. (Download: PDF: http:// 1. Some municipalities provide a pack- for planting green roofs, wall gar- edepot.wur.nl/154296) age of plants or a tree for free for use dens, regional species, etc.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 39 ELCA Research WAlfredorkshop E.G. Tonneijck* and, Tom Bade, Modelling the benefits of urban Expertise Centre Triple E, Brussels,Oude Kraan 8 th 6811 LJ Arnhem forests for sustainable management May 24 , The2011 Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)26 3701481 Fax: +31 (0)26 3701482 E-Mail: [email protected] rban forests are beneficial to soci- urban forests rather than the aesthet- *Corresponding author. Uety both in environmental and in ic values thereof. Whereas aesthetic economic terms. With respect to their and beautification assumed top prior- management, it is important to sus- ity until the last part of the past scapes) - with which we are cur- tain the net benefits rather than the century, environmental and rently able to quantify the aesthetic values. The crosslinking of socioeconomic aspects environmental benefits costs and associated benefits is es- have now become on a tree-per-tree ba- sential to achieve sustainability in ur- greater concerns. Ur- sis, for both the ca- ban forestry. With a newly developed ban forests provide pacity of trees to re- model, we have quantified the envi- the city with large move PM10 from ronmental and economic benefits for values which of- the air, and their ca- both the capacity of an individual tree ten exceed the lev- pacity to reduce the to remove PM10 from the air, and the el of investments Urban Heat Island- potential capacity to reduce the Urban with respect to for- effect. Other ben- Heat Island-effect (UHI). Urban trees est management. efits such as avoid- have clear potential in mitigating air ing water runoff and ef- pollution and UHI. Since crown projec- However, when it comes fects on house prices will tion area appeared to be an important to investments, the econom- be incorporated in the near tree characteristic, research is needed ic benefits of urban forests are gen- future. The model also captures the to determine the current tree coverage erally overlooked, and there proper values and payment for these bene- in our cities and to calibrate existing care is neglected. It is clear that the fits. Our paper presents the first re- crown diameter models to local con- costs associated with the planting sults of the BETULA model with re- ditions. For quantification of the over- and maintenance of green space, are spect to PM10 removal and the urban all economic benefits, it is necessary much higher in urban than in rural heat island effect. to develop model applications within areas. But so are the benefits. With a GIS environment and to obtain more respect to the management of ur- data on the returns of investments of ban forests however, the municipal- The removal of PM10 by green measures. Besides, urban soils ity generally commits the large in- must be managed well for optimal vestments but does not receive the urban trees performance of the trees. returns. Deposition The general process by which PM10 In our view, the crosslinking of costs is removed from the atmosphere, is Introduction and associated benefits is essential called deposition. This deposition can There is a vast amount of scientific to achieve the sustainability in urban occur by precipitation as wet deposi- data indicating that urban forests are forestry. Thus, it’s not just a matter of tion and by dry deposition. Dry dep- beneficial to society both in environ- evaluating the benefits, it’s a matter osition to leaf surfaces is governed mental and in economic terms, and of financing these benefits and of the by the nature and concentration of promote the well-being of citizens creation of a market (payment). So the air pollutant, turbulent trans- (e.g. Konijnendijk et al., 2005). Thus, far, the economy has failed to pro- port processes and leaf character- urban forests enhance the attractive- vide authorities with the right tools. istics (Hanson and Lindberg, 1991). ness of cities and improve the biodi- The Triple E FEDS-model (Financial Because trees have a larger surface versity, reduce the level of air pollu- Economic Decision Support Model) area than other land cover types and tion, alleviate the intensity of the ur- however provides solutions for these also promote vertical transport by ban heat island, help to control rain- needs. Policy makers, green profes- enhancing turbulence, they provide fall runoff and flooding, reduce hu- sionals and urban planners need good opportunities for the capture man stress levels and improve the quantitative data to integrate the of PM10 particles (McDonald et al., health of citizens. Urban green space multiple benefits of urban forests in 2007). Different tree species have dif- furthermore increases home values proper design, planting and mainte- ferent properties which will affect the and is an important factor for compa- nance. To achieve new (financial) ar- capture efficiency (Freer-Smith et al., nies to consider when searching for rangements, information about the 2004; Hewitt, 2003). an appropriate location for the estab- economic benefits also is necessary lishment of their activities. to get insight into the stakeholders Our model calculates the yearly dry who benefit from urban green space. deposition of PM10 (g y-1) to a can- With respect to the sustainability in Taking all these aspects into account, opy of an individual tree (see Ap- the urban forestry sector, Ferrini and Triple E has developed a first version pendix for a short description of the Fini (2011) emphasized the impor- of a computer model called BETU- methodology). Data is available for tance of sustaining the net benefits of LA (Benefits of Trees in Urban Land- circa 100 different tree species. The

40 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 1400 500

1200

) 400 2 1000

300 800

600 200 (g/yr) PM 10 400

Crown projection (m 100 200

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Stemdiameter (DBH, cm) Stemdiameter (DBH, cm)

Pinussylvestris Fagussylvatica Pinussylvestris Fagussylvatica

Figure 1. Calculated removal of PM10 (g/yr) by a coniferous (Pinus sylves- Figure 2. Modeled crown projection area of a coniferous (Pinus sylvestris) and a deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) tree species in relation to stem di- tris) and a deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) tree species in relation to stem ameter. diameter. crown diameter of a tree was calcu- leaves during the winter. Howev- These additional measures amount lated using species-specific crown er, our study showed that the year- to € 1,05 billion each year and are ex- diameter models, using tree diam- ly removal of PM10 by an individu- pected to result in an extra reduction eter at breast height (DBH) as input al beech tree was about similar to of the PM10 emission of 2.6 kiloton. (Condes and Sterba, 2005; Hasenau- that of Scots pine for stem diame- By applying the same methodology er, 1997; Kalliovirta and Tokola, 2005; ters equalling or exceeding 30 cen- of shadow pricing, it can be calculat- Peper et al., 2001; Purves et al., 2007). timeters. Compared to Scots pine, ed that the removal of one kilogram If species-specific crown diameter the higher crown projection area in of PM10 at an hot spot represents an models were lacking, genus-specific beech in response to the increase of economic benefit of € 40.0. crown diameter models were used. stem diameter might well have com- If no crown diameter models were pensated for the reduced removal Apparently, the economic benefit as available, the average dry deposition capacity during the winter. a result of the removal of PM10 in- values reported by McPherson et al. creased with an increase of the stem (1994) were used. Results of a field Economic benefits of pm10 removal diameter for both tree species. The test with 60 individual trees showed The monetary value of the removed better the performance of the tree, that the measured values of crown PM10 is estimated based on the an- this is the greater the stem diameter, projection amounted to circa 80% of nual costs to reduce PM10 concen- the greater is the economic benefit. the modeled ones. Our calculations trations in the Netherlands. With re- have been corrected for this differ- spect to the improvement of the gen- Spatial planning based on calcula ence between observed and mod- eral air quality throughout the Neth- tions of source-sink relations eled values of crown projection area. erlands, our central government has Scientific literature has shown that decided to spend € 210 million each the removal capacity of an urban for- Model results showed that the re- year to reduce the emission of PM10 est hardly reduced the average con- moval of PM10 by an individual tree with 9.8 kilotons. Using the method centration of PM10 in cities (Nowak increased with increasing stem di- of shadow pricing, this means that et al., 2006) unless the percentage of ameter (Figure 1). A mature tree with one kilo of PM10 that is removed by tree coverage is increased substan- a stem diameter of one meter was urban trees, represents a value of tially (McDonald et al., 2007). How- calculated to remove approximately € 21.4. ever, the quantitative data about 11 times (beech) and 8 times (Scots the air pollution removal capacity of pine) more PM10 than a correspond- However, additional policy meas- trees are especially important since ing tree with a stem diameter of 20 ures must be taken for the so-called these data can be used to calculate centimeters. At the lower stem diam- hot spots where PM10 frequently source-sink relationships, thereby eters (≤ 30 cm), Scots pine appeared exceeds the air quality standards. improving the procedures of spa- to be slightly more efficient in cap- turing PM10 than beech. Our results clearly indicated that it is important DBH (cm) Pinus sylvestris Fagus sylvatica for urban trees to become mature. Background site Hot spot Background site Hot spot

Conifers had been found to be more 20 3.4 6.4 2.7 5.0 effective in removing PM10 from the 50 9.9 18.4 10.2 19.1 atmosphere than deciduous trees (e.g. Freer-Smith et al., 2005). Co- 100 27.9 52.2 28.2 52.8 niferous trees have a more complex leaf structure compared to de- Table 1. Yearly economic benefit (€) of PM10 removal by individual trees of two different species ciduous ones and do not lose their growing at a background location or at an hot spot, in relation to stem diameter (DBH).

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 41 tial planning. For instance, the emis- This type of information can be used References sion of PM10 by cars (0,067 g per car to select the right tree species if the Condes, S. and Sterba, H., 2005. kilometer) is expressed in units of trees are planted to reduce air tem- Derivation of compatible crown weight as is the case for the removal peratures. Of course, the trees can width equations for some important capacity of trees. Thus, the removal only perform their ‘job’ properly if tree species of Spain. Forest Ecolo- capacity of a mature beech tree with sufficient water is available. This is gy and Management 217, 203-218. a stem diameter of one meter equals especially important since the fre- Ferrini, F. and Fini, A., 2011. Sus- the amount of PM10 that is emitted quency of dry and hot summers is tainable management techniques for by a personal car over a distance of expected to increase due to global trees in the urban areas. Journal of circa 20,000 kilometers. climate change. Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences 1, winter 2011, 1-20. Trees and the Urban Heat Conclusions and Freer-Smith, P.H., Beckett, K.P. and Taylor, G. (2005), Deposition ve- Island effect (UHI) research needs locities to Sorbus aria, Acer camp- Air temperature is often higher in cit- Urban forests have great potential estre, Populus deltoides x tricocarpa ies than in the countryside. This phe- in removing PM10 from the air and ‘Beaupré’, Pinus nigra and X Cupres- nomenon is known as the Urban Heat in mitigating UHI. Green manage- socyparis leylandii for coarse, fine Island effect. As is shown in a recent ment must be directed towards the and ultra-fine particles in the urban Dutch study, urban forests appeared increase of the percentage of tree environment. Environmental Pollu- to alleviate the intensity of the urban coverage rather than of the total tion 133, 157-167. heat island (Klok et al., 2010). Due to number of trees. Visual tree assess- Freer-Smith, P.H., El-Khatib, A.A. the transpiration of water, the tem- ments should incorporate the meas- and Taylor, G., 2004. Capture of par- perature under the canopy of a tree urement of crown projection area in ticulate pollution by trees: a compar- might well be 15 degrees Celsius the future and additional research is ison of species typical of semi-arid lower than at some meters distance. needed to determine the current tree areas (Ficus Nitida and Eucalyptus We performed a first attempt to get coverage in our cities. Globulus) with European and North some insight into the cooling poten- American species. Water, Air and All residents benefit from the posi- Soil Pollution 155, 173-187. DBH (cm) Pinus Fagus tive effects of urban forests with re- Hanson, P.J. and Lindberg, S.E. sylvestris sylvatica spect to the PM10 pollution remov- (1991), Dry deposition of reactive ni- 60 111 291 al and the reduction of air tempera- trogen compounds: A review of leaf, tures, and share responsibility to en- canopy and non-foliar measure- 80 171 444 hance the quality of the urban envi- ments. Atmospheric Environment 100 244 617 ronment. Current knowledge should 25A, 1615-1634. be made available in applicable ways Hasenauer, H., 1997. Dimension- Table 2. Estimates of the potential cooling ca- to stimulate residents to green their al relationships of open-grown trees pacity (106 kJ) of mature trees of two different private gardens. in Austria. Forest Ecology and Man- species in relation to stem diameter (DBH). agement 96 (1997) 197-206. When it comes to the real economy, Hewitt, N., 2003. Trees are city tial of individual trees. we need scientific data to quantify cleaners. Sylva/Tree News, 1-2. A mature tree needs 400 to 800 li the positive effects of urban forests Joye, T., Ramaekers, J., Herp, P. ters of water per meter square of on e.g. property value and to deter- V., Wael, J. D., Geerts, P. and Schau crown projection area per growing mine the beneficiaries. For quantifi- vliege, M, 2008. Technisch Vademecum season depending on site character- cation of these benefits, it is neces- Bomen, Agentschap voor Natuur en istics (Joye et al., 2008). An individ- sary to develop model applications Bos, Brussel., 2008. ual tree uses about 95% of this wa- within a GIS environment and to ob- Kalliovirta, J. and Tokola, T., 2005. ter for transpiration. For our calcu- tain more data on the returns of in- Functions for estimating stem diam- lations, the amount of transpiration vestments in green measures. eter and tree age using tree height, was set at 570 liters of water (95% of crown width and existing stand da- 600 liters) per meter square of crown For optimal performance, urban tabase information. Silva Fennica projection area irrespective of the trees need to grow old and should 39(2), 227-248. tree species. For one kilogram (liter) grow on well managed soils. Green Klok, L., Ten Broeke, H., Van of water to evaporate, 2,257 kJ of en- professionals have claimed a more Harmelen, H., Verhagen, H., Kok, H. ergy is required (evaporative heat). than a 50 % increase of perform- and Zwart, S., 2010. Ruimtelijke ver- The more water evaporated by the ance of trees at poor soils after ap- deling en mogelijke oorzaken van tree, the greater the required evapo- plication of mycorrhiza, compared to het hitte-eiland effect. Report TNO- rative heat and the greater the poten- untreated ones. Mycorrhizal applica- 034-UT-2010-01229_RPT-ML. TNO, tial cooling capacity of the tree. Our tions warrant further research to de- Utrecht,The Netherlands. results indicated that a mature beech termine if these treatments are prof- KNMI, 2008. http://www.knmi.nl/ tree had a greater potential cooling itable to the city as a whole. kd /normalen 1971-2000/ capacity than Scots pine (Table 2) because of its greater crown projection area (see Figure 2).

42 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Konijnendijk,C. C., Nilsson, Ran- Appendix drup, T. B. and Schipperijn, J. (Eds), Calculation of pm10 removal 2005. Urban Forests and Trees. A The yearly dry deposition (g y-1) of Reference Book. Springer. Berlin, PM10 to the canopy of a tree has Heidelberg, New York. been calculated with the following McDonald A.G., Bealey, W.J., equation according to Nowak (1994): Fowlera, D., Dragositsa, U., Skibaa, U., Smitha, R.I., Donovanb, R.G., Brettc, H.E., Hewittd, C.N. and Ne- DEP = C x CP x (Vd on-leaf x Ton-leaf + Vd off-leaf x Toff-leaf) mitza, E., 2007 Quantifying the effect Where: of urban tree planting on concen- DEP = yearly dry deposition of PM10 to the tree canopy (g y-1) trations and depositions of PM10 in C = Concentration (µg m-3) of PM10 two UK conurbations. Atmospheric Environment 41: 8455-8467. CP = Crown projection (m2), the total area under the tree crown McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Vd = Deposition velocity (m s-1) in the on- or off-leaf season Rowntree, R.A. (Eds.), 1994. Chica- T = Time (seconds) of the on- or off-leaf season go’s Urban forest Ecosystem: Re- sults of the Chicago Urban forest Climate Project. USDA Forest Serv- The deposition velocity is depend- ice, Northeastern Forest Experimen- ent on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of tal Station, Radnor, PA. a tree, so different values have been MNP, 2007. Cijfers achter kaarten. set for deciduous trees and coni- http://www.mnp.nl/nl/themasites/ fers in the on- and off-leaf season. gcn/kaartenjpeg /pm10_2006.html The LAI of deciduous trees was set Nowak, D.J., 1994. Air pollution to 6 during on-leaf season, with Vd= removal by Chicago’s urban forest. 0.0050 m s-1. During off-leaf season In: McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., the LAI was set to 1.7 with Vd= 0.0014 Rowntree, R.A. (Eds.), Chicago’s Ur- m s-1. The LAI of conifers was set to 9 ban forest Ecosystem: Results of for both the on- and off-leaf season, the Chicago Urban forest Climate with a Vd = 0.0080 m s-1. These val- Project. USDA Forest Service, North- ues are assumed to be constant and eastern Forest experimental Station, are based on a 50-percent resuspen- Radnor, PA, pp. 63-81. sion rate of particles back to the at- Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Ste- mosphere (Zinke, 1967). vens, J.C., 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in The on-leaf season in the Nether- the United States. Urban Forestry lands starts in May and ends in Oc- and Urban Greening 4:115-123 tober. This leaves November through Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G. and April as the off-leaf season. During Mori, S.M., 2001 Equations for pre- precipitation, dry deposition of PM10 dicting diameter, height, crown is set to zero. The average amount of width and leaf area of San Joaquin hours of precipitation was obtained valley street trees. Journal of Arbori- from the Royal Netherlands Meteo culture 27(6), 306-317. rological Institute (KNMI, 2008). By Purves D.W., Lichstein J.W. and subtracting the total precipitation Pacala S.W., 2007. Crown Plasticity time from the total time in a season, and Competition for Canopy Space: the effective time per season is cal- A New Spatially Implicit Model Pa- culated in which dry deposition takes rameterized for 250 North American place. Tree Species. PLoS ONE 2(9): e870. doi:10.1371 /journal.pone.0000870. The average annual concentration Zinke, P.J., 1967. Forest intercep- of PM10 (µg m-3) was obtained from tion studies in the United States. In: the Netherlands Environmental As- Sopper, W.E. and Lull, H.W. (Eds.), sessment Agency (MNP, 2007) and Forest Hydrology. Pergamon Press, was set at 28 µg m-3 for our calcu- Oxford, pp. 137-161. lations.

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 43 ELCA Research WorkshopJolanda Maas,, PhD¹, Vitamin G: the importance of a Robert A. Verheij, PhD², BrusselsSjerp de, Vries, PhD³, Agnes E.th van den Berg, PhD³, green living environment May Peter24 P. Groenewegen,, 2011 Prof²

for people’s health ¹EMGO Institute, Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center lthough notions of the beneficial P.O. Box 7057 effects of green space have ex- Results A 1007 MB Amsterdam isted throughout history and people The results of our studies have The Netherlands generally believe that green space is shown that: Tel.: +31 624 212 540 good for their health, scientific ev- • people who live in a greener en- E-Mail: [email protected] idence for a direct relationship be- vironment have a better self-rated tween the amount of green space in health (see figure 1 for an indica- ²NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health the living environment and health is tion of the strength of the relation), Services Research scarce. Therefore our research group have fewer physician diagnosed P.O Box 1568 worked on a coherent research pro- diseases and report less acute com- 3500 BN Utrecht gram from 2005 until 2010 titled ‘Vi- plaints and a better mental health The Netherlands tamin G’, in which the G stands for • people in a greener environment green space. experience less stress and have ³ALTERRA, Green World Research more social contacts and this (part- P.O.Box 47 ly) mediates the relationship with 6700 AA Wageningen Objectives health indicators (see figure 2) The Netherlands The Vitamin G research program had • people (at least adults) who live in three aims: a greener environment do not en- 1. To investigate the relationship be- gage more often in physical exer- • How does actual exposure to green tween the amount and quality of cise space, measured using diaries or green space in people’s living envi- • especially the quality of streetscape GPS devices, influence health? ronment and health; greenery seems to be important. • Which type of green space has the 2. To investigate the importance of biggest impact on health? three possible mechanisms behind • How much green space is needed this relationship viz. stress reduc- Conclusion, discussion and to optimally influence health? tion, physical exercise and social integration; research deficits 3. To translate the results into spatial The Vitamin G research program pro- List of publications planning and public health policies. vides evidence for the proposition De Vries, S., Groenewegen, P. P., & that green space is more than just a Spreeuwenberg, P. (submitted). Near- luxury good, since the availability of by nature and human health: Stress re- Methods green space is positively related to duction, social cohesion and physical The program consisted of three perceived and objective health and activity as possible mediators. Submit- projects at different scales: at a mac- to feelings of social safety. Our find- ted to Social Science and Medicine. roscopic scale using data on ings indicate that the devel- De Vries, S. (2010). Nearby na- the Netherlands as a opment of green space ture and human health; looking at whole, at an interme- should be allocated a mechanisms and their implications. diate more central posi- In: Ward Thompson, Aspinall & Bell scale looking into tion in policies re- (Eds.), Innovative Approaches to Re- the specific ef- lated to health, searching Landscape and Health; fects of green nature and spa- Open Space: People Space 2. Oxon/ space in the ur- tial planning. New York: Routledge. Pp. 77-96. ban environ- Although our De Vries S, Classen T, Eigenheer- ment, and at studies provide Hug S-M, et al. Contributions of nat- micro scale in- lots of interest- ural environments to physical ac- vestigating the ing new results, tivity; theory and evidence base. In: effects of allot- they also raise Nilsson K, Sangster M, Gallis C, et ment gardens. The questions such as: al (Eds.). Forests, Trees and Human projects are observa- • Is the relationship Health. New York: Springer, 2010. tional studies, combin- between green space Groenewegen, P. P., Van Den Berg, ing existing data on land and health the same in A. E., De Vries, S., & Verheij, R. A. (2006). use with different countries? Vitamin G: Effects of green space on health interview survey data, and col- • To what extent is the relation be- health, well-being, and social safety. lecting new data through question- tween green space and health a BMC Public Health, 6, 149. http://www. naires, interviews and observations. causal one? biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/149

44 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS Relation between green space and health A. Mediated part of effect for quantity (%)

20 80

15 60 y people 10 40 ercentage of P 5 20 unhealth

0 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% General Health Acute compalints Mental Health Amount of green space Stress Cohesion Green PA All three

Figure 1. Relation between amount of green space (in a 3 km radius) and Figure 2. Indirect effect on health indicators as percentage of the total ef- self perceived health (percentage stating their health is less than good) fect of quantity of streetscape greenery for the three mediators sepa- based on a logistic multilevel model controlling for age, gender, income, rately and combined, controlling for gender, age, education, income, life education, and urbanity (taken from Maas et al. 2006). events, having children living at home, smoker, and excessive drinker (taken from De Vries et al, submitted).

Hartig T, Van den Berg AE, Hager- de Vries, S., & Groenewegen, P. P. Van den Berg, A. E., Van Dillen, hall CM, et al. Health benefits of na- (2009). Is green space in the living S. M. E., Van Winsum-Westra, M., & ture experiences: psychological, so- environment associated with peo- De Vries, S. (2010) Allotment garden- cial and cultural processes. In: Nils- ple’s feelings of social safety? En- ing and health: a comparative sur- son K, Sangster M, Gallis C, et al vironment and Planning A, 41(7), vey among allotment gardeners and (Eds.). Forests, Trees and Human 1763-1777. their neighbors without an allot- Health. New York: Springer, 2010. Maas, J. (2009). Vitamin G: Green ment. Environmental Health, 9:74. Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., environments - healthy environ- Van Dillen, S. M. E., De Vries, Groenewegen, P. P., de Vries, S., & ments. (PhD Dissertation, Univer- S., Groenewegen, P. P., & Spreeu- Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). Green sity Utrecht). Utrecht: NIVEL. http:// wenberg, P. (submitted). Green- space, urbanity, and health: how igiturarchive.library.uu.nl/disserta- space in urban neighbourhoods strong is the relation? Journal of Ep- tions/2009-0122-200330/UUindex.html and residents’ health: Adding qual- idemiology and Community Health, Van den Berg, A. E., Maas, J., ity to quantity. Submitted to Jour- 60(7), 587-592. Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. nal of Epidemiology and Communi- Maas, J., & Verheij, R. A. (2007). (2009). Green space as a buffer ty Health. Are health benefits of physical activ- between stressful life events and ity in natural environments used in health. Social Science and Medicine, primary care by general practitioners 70(8), 1203-1210. in The Netherlands? Urban Forestry Van den Berg, A. E., & Custers, and Urban Greening, 6(4), 227-233. M. H. G. (2011). Gardening promotes Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Spreeu- Neuroendocrine and Affective Res- wenberg, P., & Groenewegen, P. P. toration from Stress. Journal of (2008). Physical activity as a pos- Health Psychology, 16(1), 3-11. sible mechanism behind the relationship between green space and health: A multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 8, 206. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/206 Maas, J., van Dillen, S. M. E., Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009). Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health & Place, 15(2), 586-595. Maas, J., Verheij, R., De Vries, S., Spreeuwenberg, P., Schellevis, F., & Groenewegen, P. (2009). Morbidity is related to a green living environment. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63: 967-973 Maas, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Van Winsum-Westra, M., Verheij, R. A.,

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 45 ELCA Research WorkshopDipl.-Ing. Bernhard, Scharf, Research demand for healthier University of Natural Resources and BAppliedrussels Life Sciences Vienna,, Austria Institute of Soilth Bioengineering and and safer cities May 24Landscape, 2011 Construction Tel. +49 1 476547313 E-Mail: [email protected] Humans and plants go So called green architecture does not mean roof and façade green- • Building physical properties together ings or high quality and functional • Particular matter reduction potential The usage of plants played a key role open spaces. It only means • Noise reduction in the history of humans, the devel- that the materials used • Comfort of home opment of settlements and civiliza- are environmental • Cost/benefit analysis tions. The human physiognomy is friendly and the • Habitat specifica- adjusted to our native green habitats energy demand tion like forests e.g. our eyes can focus is low. need to be ex- on green surfaces best. The presence amined com- of green calms us down. p r e h e n s i v e - Beauty is ly. The results Probably these are two exemplary have to be re- reasons why citizens still have high not enough liable and cal- sympathy for green areas like parks The gap of the culable, gener- etc. People appreciate “green” sub- expected ratio of ated on the basis jectively in their neighbourhood, green areas in city of a standardized being aesthetic and environmental landscapes due to methodology. The friendly. Real estates in city districts their positive effects and various effects have to with a high ratio of green areas are the actual situation may be be quantifiable for the appli- more expensive. explained as follows cation of the respective “green tech- • green technologies do not comply nology” in regard to project develop- with planning routines of architects ment. Plants and the urban and city developers • the positive effects and necessity of The knowledge of the “green tech- environment plants are not sufficiently appreci- nologies” properties allows their in- It is undisputed that the presence of ated and present in the education tegration in authority´s regulations plants e.g. in parks, roof or façade of city developers and architects and planning processes. greenings or simple potted plants on • green technologies are not suffi- balconies, contribute to the meliora- ciently integrated in rules and reg- tion of the urban environment. Some ulations Authority regulations effects to be named are • need for transdisciplinary project Authorities have established various • Reduction of air temperature development including landscape instruments for regulation and steer- • Increase of air humidity constructing experts ing at European, national and re- • Reduction of air pollutants gional level. The most relevant ones • Retention of rainwater on this topic may be summarized for • Reduction of noise Conclusion the following groups: • Increase of biodiversity and con- If one assumes that plants play a • Spatial planning and development nection of habitats key role for quality of life in cities • Public funding systems and contribute to increasing safety • Environmental protection (storm rainfall water retention) and • Water and waste water management The “actual” city the health of citizens and reduce the Even though the positive effects of energy demand for the heating and plants in city landscapes are well cooling of buildings it is clear that known, the actual situation concern- green technologies need to be pro- ing the presence and/or application moted urgently. Following the prog- of “green technologies” (= planted noses of climate researchers green and/or permeable infrastructure sur- areas will gain significantly in rele- faces) sufficiently in European cities vance. is predominantly sobering. Building architecture and city quarter development do not include “green tech- Research demand nologies” such as roof and façade As a precondition to the promotion greenings sufficiently. The planning of “green technologies” their proper- routines seem to stay unchanged ties concerning since decades and do not use plants • Water retention directly. • Microclimatic effects

46 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS are using e.g. thermal conductivity of bricks. Hence, the energy demand of buildings can be calculated for the planning process and adjusted according to regulations etc.

The generated knowledge of the properties of “green technologies” has to be compiled and converted to software tools, allowing planners Some of the regulations already pro- to use “green technologies” in their mote the application of “green tech- project development just like bricks nologies”, as e.g. and concrete. • Splintered waste water charge in Germany Another precondition to the successful introduction of “green technolo- All of the named groups of regula- gies” in urban planning processes is tions may support the application of the development of technical stand- “green technologies” by e.g. ards and guidelines to be used in bid- • Maximum building energy demand dings and to ensure technical quality. for public funded buildings • Minimum amount of green surfaces for public funded buildings The future city • Maximum reflected radiation and City landscapes have to be adapt- sensible warmth ed to their citizens needs for health, • On site seepage of rainfall safety and quality of life. Green tech- • Maximum temperature for city quar- nologies will certainly play a highly ters (counteracting urban heat is- relevant and irreplaceable role in that land phenomenon) context. The climate change problem • Maximum seepage water amount reinforces the need for plants in ur- for city quarters ban landscapes. • Habitat provision and connection for pro- Unfortunately current tected species knowledge does not allow the promotion of “green Planning technologies” in tools and a directed and reliable way. A processes research effort The planning is necessary to processes for provide the data architecture and needed and make city development the vision of green, are usually software livable cities come based using CAD and true: GIS. Planners are used to having comprehensive knowl- Design for London (Living Roofs and Walls, edge of the materials properties they Greater London Authority 2008)

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 47 ELCA Research ELCA Research Workshop – Workshop, BrusselsM.Sc. Nora Johanna, Huxmann, Universityth of Kassel, Germany Summary and Outlook May Department24 , of2011 Architecture, Urban Planning and Landscape Planning

he topic of urban green is vast and Under the headline of Green cies (yet to be designed) to exe- Tcan be discussed from many an- and Climate Change cute necessary changes. gles. Various of those have been pre- the sustainable The debate on Urban sented in the ELCA Research Work- management of Green and Biodiver- shop at Brussels and corresponding urban green sity also engaged to publication, with many internation- spaces was some extend in the al scientists putting forward their re- discussed, as subject of climate search interests and perceived need was the cost- change. The need for further study and analysis. benefit anal- for diverse urban ysis in envi- ecosystems was The overlying theme of the work- ronmental as put forward re- shop was the range of benefits -ur well as eco- ferring to chang- ban green can provide, all of which nomic terms. ing temperatures are in the end linked to health bene- The significant in Europe which fits, may that be through the amelio- reduction of urban in turn promote dif- ration of climate change and particu heat island effect ferent plants for the al- late matter or through conserving and air pollution (espe- ready difficult urban hab- ecosystems to allow for recreation cially concerning particulate itats. Strategic management of and its many direct health benefits to matter) was generally agreed upon. urban green spaces and habitat plan- the urban population. The “Oasis Effect” (Katzschner) of ur- ning were seen as the necessary (and ban greenery for human comfort in again political) tools to deal with the Under four headlines scientists from dense urban settings was an impor- implementation of further action. An all over Europe presented their re- tant point; nonetheless there was call understanding of “ecosystem servic- search. All topics were similarly infor strategies to implement networks es” (Pelkonen), the ways in which dif- teresting and in their fields of study of urban green to improve the situa- ferent types of urban green promote of current significance. They lead tion further. All speakers impressed the well-being of residents, and envi- however to another relevant ques- upon the audience of international ronmental as well as cultural values, tion: How can these many different scientists and European politicians was considered to be of the utmost approaches be accommodated to al- the importance of appropriate poli- importance. low for meaningful European collaboration for better scientific research and interdisciplinary action?

Carsten Henselek, Hanns-Jürgen Redeker, Karl-Heinz Florenz, Toni Berger

48 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS In an early summary of the benefits socially disadvantaged and in depth research of urban green the scientists con- residents often have of singular topics cerned with Green and Town Devel- less access to urban and instead exam- opment illustrated the many values green space than ining the multi-lay- of greenery, listing aesthetics, eco- others. Research ered functions ur- logical value, microclimatic effects, called for by the ban greenery can particulate matter reduction, wa- speakers includes provide. Research ter retention, noise reduction, res- the understand- needs to look into idents’ health, safety and quality of ing of the benefits different types of ur- life as well as increased property val- of different types of ban green and open ues. The seldom use of “green tech- greenery. Lack of “glo- spaces and into the nology” (Scharf) including roof and bal research” (Manusset) is compatibility and exclu- facade greening and plant- pointed out, again ask- sion of different benefits they ed and/or permeable ing for (political) con- can offer. Only this evaluation of surfaces was criti- solidation of different qualities of variations of urban green cised. Again the demands on urban could allow communities to estimate need for compre- green. and understand how to plan green hensible meas- spaces for their particular needs and urements of ben- The necessity for thence to begin to value the poten- efits was stressed an interdiscipli- tials vegetation in an urban setting and a better un- nary approach is has to offer. derstanding of obvious from all maintenance and research angles The research team brought togeth- life cycles of ur- presented. Only er by the ELCA for their Research ban green was de- through well found- Workshop in May 2011 is excellently manded. ed and scientific stud- positioned to do exactly this: Cross ies “research gaps” (as professional boundaries to provide The subject of Green and mentioned by Emmanuel in depth knowledge of the different Health was mainly concerned with Mony, president of the ELCA) can topics involved so that a combina- the direct health benefits of urban be closed, “designing and maintain- tion and consolidation of knowledge green spaces. There is already sig- ing a future environment worth liv- and data can lead to a better politi- nificant evidence that urban green ing in”. The promotion of urban cal standing of urban green in the promotes physical activity and so- green in politics and thence future. cial contact as well as stress reduc- the understanding of the tion, thereby increasing psycholog- various benefits veg- ical and physiological restoration. etation in an urban The immense leverage of this with setting has to of- respect to the economic weight of fer has to be one of health expenses in national bud the prime objectives gets is blatantly obvious. Yet ongo- of all disciplines ining densification leaves much of the volved. Projects on a population with less access to green European level can do spaces and introduces a sociograph- exactly this by taking a ic variable into the discussion, where step back from specialised

3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 49 ELCA-Research Workshop – Participants

Speakers 1. Dipl.-Ing. HTL Florian Brack Zurich University of Applied Sciences CH 2. Prof. Dr. Diedrich Bruns ECLAS President, University of Kassel DE 3. Marco Hoffman Wageningen University & Research Centre NL 4. Prof. Dr. Lutz Katzschner University of Kassel DE 5. Andreas Kipar President of Green City Italia, Milano IT 6. Prof. Kalevi Korpela University of Tampere FI 7. Dr. Marcel Langner Humboldt University of Berlin DE 8. Dr. Jolanda Maas National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bithoven NL 9. Dr. Sandrine Manusset Market Research Institute “Environment and Society”, Nevez FR 10. Arnoldas Milukas European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, Directorate I – Environment LT 11. Emmanuel Mony ELCA President, Lyon FR 12. Sirpa Pietikäinen MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) FI 13. Dr. Giovanni Sala LAND Milano Srl IT 14. Univ. lec. Bernhard Scharf University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna AT 15. Robert Schäfer Moderator, chief editor TOPOS, Munich DE 16. Ass. Prof. Dr. Ulrika Stigsdotter University of Copenhagen DK 17. Alfred Tonneijck Expertise Centre Triple E, Arnhem NL 18. Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen University of Helsinki FI

Guests 19. Marie André University of Liege BE 20. Jouko Antere Journalist FI 21. Tom Bade Director of the Expertise Centre Triple E, Arnhem NL 22. Laurent Batreau TECOMAH – CCIP, L’Ecole de l’Environnement et du Cadre de Vie, Jouy-en-Josas FR 23. Antoine Berger ELCA Vice-president, Berger Gartenbau, Zürich CH 24. Pierre Emmanuel Bois Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP), Chief Executive, Paris FR 25. Dr. Ing. Florian Bellin-Harder University of Kassel DE 26. Henrik Bos Viheraluerakentajat ry, President, Helsinki FI 27. Edda Burckhardt ELCA office, Bad Honnef DE 28. Océane Chmakoff University Gembloux BE 29. Beke Clasen University of Kassel DE 30. Ron de Jonge Managing Director of Weverling Groenprojecten, Monster NL 31. Edward Demicoli EU-Commission, member of the cabinet of EU Commissioner John Dalli MT 32. Gaëtan Duhamel Plante & Cité, Angers FR 33. Dr. Ir. E.Dinand Ekkel University CAH Dronten / Almere NL 34. Jean-Francois Ferrant Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP President, Gent BE 35. Simon Fierens University Gembloux BE 36. Karl-Heinz Florenz MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 37. Szilvia Golya Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 38. Wolfgang Groß Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL), Bad Honnef DE 39. Jan Habets De Groene Stad, Boskoop NL 40. Michalena Magdalena Hadala Hadart SP.zo.o., Warszawa PL 41. Mathieu Halford University of Liege, Unity Biodiversity and Landscape BE 42. Christoph Hartmann Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. – BGL, Vice-president, Berlin DE 43. Carsten Henselek Fachverband Garten-, Landschaft und Sportplatzbau Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., DE Chairman, Berlin 44. Dr. Michael Henze Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. - BGL, Bad Honnef DE 45. Dr. ir. Jelle A. Hiemstra Wageningen UR Applied Plant Reearch, Lisse NL 46. A.H. Hoek Hoek Hoveniers, Weesp NL 47. Margareth Hop Wageningen UR Applied Plant Research, Lisse NL 48. Neil Huck ELCA Vice-president, Suffolk UK 49. Zuzana Hudekova Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, Bratislava SK 50. Michael Janik Representation of the State of North Rhine-Westfalia DE 51. Nils Jordan University of Kassel DE 52. i.r. Adriaan Jurriens Technical University Eindhoven NL 53. Paul Kavanagh Green Avenue Landscapes Ltd, Naas, Kildare IE 54. Jocelyne Kerjouan Cité Verte, Paris FR

50 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA 55. Christoph Kluska Bruns-Pflanzen-Export GmbH & Co.KG , Bad Zwischenahn DE 56. Prof. Cecil Konijnendijk International Federation of Park and Recreation Administration – DK IFPRA, Vice-president, Frederiksberg 57. Benny Küsters Gartenhof Küsters, Neuss DE 58. Werner Kuhn MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 59. Dr. Hermann Kurth ELCA Chief Executive, Bad Honnef DE 60. Marketta Kyttä University of Aalto FI 61. Mark Long UK Green Forum Director, Kimbolton, Cambrigeshire UK 62. Grégory Mahy University of Liege, Unité Biodiversité et Paysage, Agro Bio Tech, Gembloux BE 63. M.Sc. Nora Markowsky University of Kassel DE 64. Julie Martineau Landscape architect, faculty of architecture ULB, Brussels BE 65. Peter Menke Stiftung Die Grüne Stadt, Düsseldorf DE 66. Marie Mertens Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP, Executive manager, Gent BE 67. Nico Morman Productschap Tuinbouw, Zoetemeer NL 68. Marie Morel Astredhor, Paris FR 69. Pilar Munoz-Elena EU-Commission, Directorate General for Environment ES 70. Martina Mrnkova Assistant to MEP Pavel Poc, S & D, Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats CZ 71. Pavel Poc MEP, S&D, Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats CZ 72. Jan Pouwelse Pouwelse Tuinen, Vlissingen NL 73. Claus Prinz University of Kassel DE 74. Damien Provendier Plante & Cité, Angers FR 75. Hanns-Jürgen Redeker Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL) President, Hamburg DE 76. Jürgen Rohrbach Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e. V. – FLL Director, Bonn DE 77. Egbert Roozen Vereniging van Hoveniers en Groenvoorzieners – VHG, Executive manager, Houten NL 78. Mark Rotteveel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 79. Drs ir. Richard PM Schout Aequor General Director, Ede NL 80. Paul Sedyn Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP, Gent BE 81. Jana Simecková Svaz zakládání a údržby zelene – SZÚZ, Executive manager, Brno CZ 82. Ir. Johan H. Spijker Wageningen University and Research Centre NL 83. Zsolt Somorjai-Tamássy Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 84. Arnd Spahn European Federation of Food, Agriculture & Tourism Trade Unions, EFFAT, Brussels DE 85. Jaap Spros De Groene Stad, Boskoop NL 86. Meike Stelter Fachverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau DE Mecklenburg-Vorpommern e. V., Executive manager, Güstrow 87. Thorsten Sträter University of Kassel DE 88. Taina Suonio Envire VRJ Group, Vantaa FI 89. Nigel Thorne European Federation for Landscape Architecture – EFLA President, London UK 90. Jyri Uimonen Managing Director of the Finnish Association of Nurseries, Helsinki FI 91. Peter van de Haar van de Haar Groep, Wekerom, Main Director NL 92. Pieter van den Berk Boomkwekerij Gebr. Van den Berk B.V., Sint-Oedenrode NL 93. Dr. Anja van Geert University of Brussels, Plant Biology and Nature Management BE 94. Erris van Ginkel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 95. Wim van Ginkel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 96. Ir. Bert van Helvoirt Smart Innovative Concepts SHFT, Berkel-Enschot NL 97. Véronique Vansteene Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP), Paris FR 98. Bas Veldhuizen Weverling Groenprojecten, Monster NL 99. Carlo Vercelli JardinSuisse, Executive manager, Zurich CH 100. Tamas Vincze ELCA Vice-president, Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 101. Ir. Joris Voeten Smart Innovative Concepts SHFT, Berkel-Enschot NL 102. Axel Voss MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 103. Josiane Walentiny Fédération Horticole Luxembourgeoise (FHL), Luxembourg, Executive manager LU 104. Sobczyk Witold Office Jolanta Hibner, MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) PL 105. Ing. Eva Vozenilkova The Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, CZ Department of Landscape Protection, Prague 106. Janice Zahra Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited – ELC MT 107. Kathryn Zahra Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited – ELC MT

4 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 51 ELCA Member Associations

Austria

Bundesinnung der Gärtner und Floristen Bundesinnungsgruppe Lebensmittel und Natur Wirtschaftskammer Österreich Wiedner Hauptstraße 63 1045 Wien Tel.: +43 0 590900-3650 Fax: +43 1 5043613 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.gaertner-floristen.at President: KommR Rudolf Anton Hajek ELCA Representative: Christian Blazek Secretary: Dr. Reinhard Kainz

Belgium

FBEP - BFG Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagistes Belgische Federatie Groenvoorzieners Zuidstationstraat 32 9000 Gent

Tel.: +32 9 2240311 Fax: +32 9 2240318 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.bfg-fbep.org President: Jean-François Ferrant Secretary: Yves Heirman

Czech Republic

Svaz zakládání a údržby zelenˇe - SZÚZ Kˇridlovická 68 603 00 Brno Tel.: +42 0777 581544 Fax: +42 0542 210435 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.szuz.cz President: Rostislav Ivánek Secretary: Jana Šimečková

Denmark

Danske Anlægsgartnere - DAG Sankt Knudsvej 25 1903 Frederiksberg C. Tel.: +45 33 860860 Fax: +45 33 860850 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.dag.dk President: Ole Kjærgaard Secretary: Stephan Falsner

52 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA Finland

Viheraluerakentajat r. y. Viljatie 4 C 00700 Helsinki Tel.: +358 9 58416505 Fax: +358 9 58416555 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.viheraluerakentajat.fi President: Henrik Bos Secretary: Seppo Närhi

France

Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP) 10, Rue Saint-Marc 75002 Paris Tel.: +33 1 42331882 Fax: +33 1 42335686 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.entreprisesdupaysage.org President: Emmanuel Mony Secretary: Pierre-Emmanuel Bois

Germany

Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL) Alexander-von-Humboldt-Straße 4 53604 Bad Honnef Tel.: +49 2224 77070 Fax: +49 2224 770777 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.galabau.de President: August Forster Main Secretary: Dr. Hermann J. Kurth

Great Britain

BALI - The British Association of Landscape Industries Landscape House Stoneleigh Park Warwickshire CV8 2LG Tel.: +44 870 7704971 Fax: +44 870 7704972 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.bali.org.uk Chairman: Paul Cowell ELCA Representative: Neil Huck Chief Executive: Wayne Grills

4 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 53 Greece

Greek National Union of Agriculturist Landscape Contractors ΠΑΝΕΛΛΗΝΙΑ ΕΝΩΣΗ EΡΓΟΛΗΠΤΩΝ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟΥ - ΠΕΕΓΕΠ - Didotu 26 Athens, t.k. 10680 Tel.: +30 2109322234 Fax: +30 2109359210 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.peegep.gr President: Michalis N. Stogianos Secretary: George Kafritsas

Hungary

Magyar Kertépítö és Fenntartó Vállalkozók Országos Szövetsége MAKEOSZ Villányi út 35 - 43 1118 Budapest Tel.: +36 20 5571196 Fax: +36 1 2732744 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.makeosz.hu President: Ernö Kosztka Secretary: Anna Torok

Ireland

Association of Landscape Contractors of Ireland (ALCI) Southern Region 2 Martello Terrace Sandycove, co. Dublin Tel.: +353 1 247 9037 Fax: +353 1 247 5804 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.alci.ie Secretary: Ross Carew

Northern Region 22, Summerhill Park Bangor, Co Down, BT20 5QQ Tel.: +353 28 91272823 Fax: +353 28 91272823 E-Mail: secretaryalci.org.uk Website: www.alci.org.uk Secretary: Lyn Sheriff

President: Keith Crawford ELCA Representative: Paul Kavanagh

Luxembourg

Fédération Horticole Luxembourgeoise A.S.B.L. 261, route d´Arlon 8011 Strassen Tel.: +352 31387631 Fax: +352 313875 E-Mail: [email protected] President: N.N. Secretary: Josiane Walentiny

54 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA Malta

Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited Wied Incita Nurseries Mdina Road Attard ATD9037 Tel.: +356 21420993 Fax: +356 21420994 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.elcmalta.com President: Peter V. Calamatta Secretary: Dr. Ronald D. Cuschieri

Norway/Norwegen/Norvège

Norsk Anleggsgartnere (NAML) Middeltunsgate 27 0305 Oslo Tel.: +47 23 087584/85 Fax: +47 22 569770 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.naml.no President: Arvid Ekle Secretary: Knut Geir Bjartland

Poland

Stowarzyszenie Architektury Krajobrazu (SAK) ul. Szlak 65/103 31-153 Kraków Tel.: +48 12 6618210 Fax: +48 12 6618210 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.sak.org.pl President: Wojciech Januszczyk Secretary: Piotr Murdza

Portugal Associação Portuguesa de Espaços Verdes - APEV Rua Dr Eduardo Torres 579 4ºEsq 4450-117 Matoshinhos Tel.: +351 910 629 941 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.apev.org.pt President: António Pedro Moniz

Russia

Guild of Professionals in Landscape Industry (GPLI) of Russia Granatny pereulok 3, bld. 2 123001 Moscow / Russian Federation Tel.: +7 495 2906588 Fax: +7 495 6902864 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.gipli.ru President: Igor Voskresensky ELCA Representative: Karina Lazareva Secretary: Marina Nazarova

4 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 55 Spain

Federación Española de Empresas de Jardinería (FEEJ) Sant Pau, 6 08221 Terrassa Tel.: +34 902 550595 Fax: +34 902 934075 E-Mail: [email protected] President: Andreu Massoni Secretary: Santiago Caballero Gómez

Sweden

Sveriges Trädgårdanläggningsförbund (STAF) Holmavägen 10 289 32 Knislinge Tel.: +46 40 75620 Fax: +46 44 61268 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.staf.se President: Kenneth Lundin Secretary: Göran Andersson

Switzerland

JardinSuisse Unternehmerverband Gärtner Schweiz Bahnhofstr. 94 5000 Aarau Tel.: +41 44 3885300 Fax: +41 44 3885325 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.jardinsuisse.ch President: Olivier Mark ELCA Representative: Ueli Leuthold Secretary: Carlo L. Vercelli

The Netherlands

Branchevereniging VHG, branchevereniging voor ondernemers in het groen De Molen 30 3994 DB Houten Postbus 1010 3990 CA Houten Tel.: +31 30 6595650 Fax: +31 30 6595655 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.vhg.org President: Bert Gijsberts Secretary: Egbert Roozen

56 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA Partner Countries and Associated Members

Canada

Canadian Nursery Landscape Association/ Association Canadienne des Pépiniéristes et des Paysagistes 7856 Fifth Line South Milton, ON L9T 2X8 Tel.: +1 905 875-1399 Fax: +1 905 875-1840 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.canadanursery.com President: Bill Stensson Executive Director: Victor Santacruz CAE, CLP Member Services: Joe Salemi, CAE Landscape Priorities Manager: Liz Klose, CLP

China

Landscape Engineering Association of China Society of Landscape Architecture Room 333, Bej Pei Building No. 9, Sanlihe, Road Haidian District, Beijing, People´s Republic of China Tel.: +86 10 68393746 Fax: +86 10 68312545 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.lac.com President: Zemin Wang Secretary: Liu Xiaoming

EUROPEAN ARBORICULTURAL COUNCIL (EAC)

European Arboricultural Council (EAC) Haus der Landschaft Alexander-von-Humboldt-Str. 4 53604 Bad Honnef Tel.: +49 2224 770747 Fax: +49 2224 770777 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.EAC-arboriculture.com President: Tomislav Vitkovic Secretary: Wolfgang Groß

4 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 57 Japan

Japan Federation of Landscape Contractors Matsushita Bldg. 7F 3-3-2 Kanda-Ogawamachi Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0052 Tel.: +81 3 3293 7577 Fax: +81 3 3293 7579 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.jflc.or.jp President: Noboru Shirai ELCA Representative: Saki Kosugi Secretary: Hanako Inoue

USA

ANLA - American Nursery & Landscape Association 1000 Vermont Avenue, NW Suite 300 Washington DC 20005-4914 Tel.: +1 202 7892900 Fax: +1 202 7891893 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.anla.org ELCA Representative: Joanne Kostecky E-Mail: [email protected] Secretary: Robert J. Dolibois

58 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA ELCA Committees

Executive ELCA Presidium Representatives of Partner Countries and Emmanuel Mony (France) – President Associated Members Neil Huck (Great Britain) – Vice-President Joanne Kostecky (USA) Tamás Vincze (Hungary) – Vice-President and Treasurer Saki Kosugi (Japan) Antoine Berger (Switzerland) – Vice-President and Bill Stensson (Canada) Chairman of the ELCA-Committee of Firms Tomislav Vitkovic (EAC) Zemin Wang (China) Further Members of the ELCA Presidium Christian Blazek (Austria) ELCA Office Peter V. Calamatta (Malta) Dr. Hermann J. Kurth – Chief Executive Arvid Ekle (Norway) Edda Burckhardt - Assistant Jean-François Ferrant (Belgium) Address: August Forster (Germany) Alexander-von-Humboldt-Str. 4 Bert Gijsberts (The Netherlands) 53604 Bad Honnef / Germany Jouko Hannonen (Finland) Tel.: +49 2224 770720 Rostislav Ivánek (Czech Republic) Fax: +49 2224 770777 Wojciech Januszczyk (Poland) E-Mail: [email protected] Paul Kavanagh (Ireland) Website: www.elca.info Ole Kjærgaard (Denmark) Ernö Kosztka (Hungary) Ueli Leuthold (Switzerland) Kenneth Lundin (Sweden) Andreu Massoni (Spain) António Pedro Moniz (Portugal) Michalis N. Stogianos (Greece) Igor Voskresensky (Russia)

ELCA Research

WorkshopEditors and ,consultants Dr. Hermann Kurth BrusselsDr. Michael, Henze th Edda Burckhardt May 24 , 20111. Edition 2011 Editorial deadline: 31.08.2011

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