Research ideas on how to plan and design natural environments based on evidence- based health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health benefits for all

Stigsdotter, Anna Ulrika Karlsson; Nilsson, Kjell Svenne Bernhard

Published in: ELCA research workshop

Publication date: 2011

Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Citation for published version (APA): Stigsdotter, A. U. K., & Nilsson, K. S. B. (2011). Research ideas on how to plan and design natural environments based on evidence-based health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health benefits for all. In ELCA research workshop: green city Europe - for a better life in European cities (pp. 33-37). European Landscape Contractors Association (ELCA).

Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 ELCA Research Workshop Green City Europe – for a better life in European cities

www.green-city.eu ELCA Member Countries Table of contents

1 ELCA...... 4-5 The President’s Message...... 4 FI Introduction...... 5

2 Green City europe...... 6-11 NO France The Green City in France – Cité Verte...... 6 Germany Die Grüne Stadt-Foundation in Germany...... 7 SE Hungary Green City Hungary – Zöld Város Magyarország...... 8 Italy Green City Italia...... 9 RU The Netherlands The Green City in the Netherlands – De Groene Stad...... 10 United Kingdom The UK Green Forum – communicating DK the benefits of plants and green space...... 11 IE 3 Workshops...... 12-51 Professor Dr. Diedrich Bruns, ECLAS President UK Resilient urban development in Europe – without green?...... 13 Dr. Sandrine Manusset Plants, health, well-being and urban planning...... 15 NL PL Dott. Giovanni Sala BE DE Landscape architecture in Milan towards EXPO 2015...... 18 Dipl. Ing HTL Florian Brack LU An expert system for calculating the costs of open spaces over their entire lifecycle...... 20 CZ Professor Dr. Lutz Katzschner FR Urban climate and urban green...... 22 Dr. Marcel Langner CH AT Measurement of particle deposition to urban vegetation...... 25 HU Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen Studies on urban ecology and urban ecosystems at the University of Helsinki, Finland...... 28 Professor Dr. Psychol. Kalevi Korpela PT Determinants and strength of restorative (stress-alleviating) experiences in favourite green, waterside and urban environments in Finland...... 30 ES Dr. Ulrika K. Stigsdotter Research ideas on how to plan and design natural environments based on evidence-based health design and validated guidelines in order to maximise the potential health benefits for all...... 33 M.Sc. Marco H.A. Hoffman Bio-diverse cities...... 38 GR Alfred E.G. Tonneijck and Tom Bade Modelling the benefits of urban forests for sustainable management...... 40 PhD Jolanda Maas and others Vitamin G: the importance of a green living environment for people’s health...... 44 Dipl.-Ing. Bernhard Scharf MT Research demand for healthier and safer cities...... 46 ELCA Research Workshop – summary and outlook...... 48 ELCA Research Workshop – participants...... 50

Partner countries/associations 4 ELCA Member Countries/associations...... 52-59

Canada ELCA Member Associations...... 52 China ELCA Partner Countries and Associated Members...... 57 Japan ELCA Committees...... 59 USA European Arboricultural Council

Table of Contents Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 The President´s Message

ear readers, due to demographic changes, the climate Dchange, globalization and structural changes the cities of Europe are facing considerable changes. In this context we can see a development based on parallel processes of growth and decline. Regions and cities are growing above all in metropol- itan areas. Rural regions as well as structurally weak regions are in decline. The increasing urbanisation provides the chance to combine sustainable urban development with sustainable planning of free areas in densely populated areas. A sustainable Introduction housing structure provides an essential contribution to the reduc- tion of the environmental impact in cities. Avoiding high traffic emissions, providing areas of fresh air, reducing the sealing of land, maintaining and re- he European Landscape Contrac- lief of the health system, lower envi- search frame programme 2014-2020” spectively creating water retainment areas as well as green areas – these are Ttors Association may look back ronmental loads and environmental and to provide sufficient funds. The the urgently needed planning measures. We are not talking about aesthetic re- onto a long and successful job. During catastrophes (floods) and not at least ELCA is of the opinion that it is impor- pairs but about the essential basis for future urban development. this time the ELCA has developed into on less loss of plants due to better tant and decisive to get well founded a strong association of 74,000 compa- adapted vegetation. facts on the positive effects of green on The principle of sustainability of interior development before exterior devel- nies and 330,000 staff members. the environment – including change of opment applies to the same extent to growing as well as to declining re- The ELCA does not only initiate re- climate – and on people’s health. gions and must not only encompass structural and civil engineering, but also Since its foundation the association search studies but also concentrates be applied to the development of green areas. This brings us to the topic of has been supporting the exchange of on the pragmatic support of the com- Apart from other industries the indus- our workshop. For us the green city is the model of the future, creating ur- young landscaping gardeners all over panies. In this connection the support try of gardening and landscaping also ban structures with environments with life-quality. The sustainable green de- Europe. With almost 350 participa­ of European public relations, training depends on such research results. The velopment of cities is a task to be continuously developed, which calls for ting companies from 22 countries, of and further education, supporting of experts for building with green can integrated and regionally coordinated activities of all disciplines. The ELCA which 12 are outside Europe, this has young gardeners and the expert anal- by now provide important contribu- supports sustainable urban development, which is based upon available re- been a flagship project, which is an ex- ysis of European laws, especially with tions to a resources-conserving, en- sources, climate protection and health targets. Therefore, we also commit ample for the integration of Europe. regard to the environment as well as vironmental friendly and competitive ourselves to supporting better research provided with more financial means. of the European rules and standards economy. These are just the areas the European gardening and landscaping with its large variety of tasks depends Topics like the reduction of bureau­ must be mentioned. European Union wants to promote on scientific results to provide sustainable solutions for better cities. It is im- cracy, the prevention of distortion of in the respective focus of its Europe portant for us to further develop environmental research on construction and competition due to European harmo- The ELCA regularly participates in 2020-concept. The important point vegetation in regard to urban development to provide answers to the prob- nisation, standards and legal stand- so-called consultation-processes of will be to improve the chances of ap- lems of the next decades: climate change and the interaction of biosphere ards or the clarification of problems the EU. Since the ELCA is of the opin- plication-oriented projects. and health, water management, biodiversity and the design of green areas. in existing European laws and guide- ion that the purpose of such consul- These are the important topics. Sustainable green urban development is a lines have been in the foreground of tations – i.e. triggering a wide spread There are still research gaps concern- permanent task, which calls for the integrated and regionally coordinated co- our lobby work. discussion with all those involved in ing the effects of plants and trees on operation of all disciplines. Interdisciplinary research activities on a European the industry as well as determining the environment. The assumed con- level are just as indispensable for sustainable urban development. It is nec- In Europe the ELCA contributes possible measures of improving the nections must be researched more essary to ensure the cooperation of architects, urban planners, natural scien- in making politics generally bet- efficiency of the domestic market – profoundly and proof must be pro- tists, and representatives of the public health sector, those making political ter, more practicable and very often are reasonable measures of influenc- vided. This is just what working fields decisions and artists, who finally represent all European regions. more understandable. In doing so ing of events. At present for example of the gardening and landscaping in- the association of the landscape gar- consultations concerning the topic of dustry depend on to be able to pro- Our first workshop aims to start these activities, thus providing an important deners in Europe sees itself as serv- “VAT” and “Public placing of orders” vide solutions. Therefore research contribution towards sustainable urban development. The scientists from all ice provider. For this purpose the are being prepared. into environmental questions must over Europe have shaped this workshop with their contributions on Green landscape gardeners have designed be increased, e.g. to allow us to clear- and Health, Green and Particulate Matter, Green and Urban Climate as well a well-working network registering The green profession is no longer ly answer questions concerning the Biodiversity in Cities. every positive feedback. afraid of competition. Just the op- change of climate, the interactions be- posite. The industry of gardening, tween biosphere and human health, In the Committee of the Regions many representatives of European institu- On the European level the ELCA landscaping and building of sport concerning the maintaining of biodi- tions listened to the presentations to later report about them to the respective would like to get more support re- grounds supports more competi- versity as well as a of sustainable city counselling committees. garding the research into green en- tion and market economy. And we development and green design. vironmental topics. The effects of also want that this competition of ef- Should the eighth EU Research Frame Plan, which is being discussed at green areas on the well-being and ficiency is not being distorted. This There still is considerable demand present, consider our concerns we would very much appreciate the respec- the productivity of people are to be is just why the ELCA demands the for basic and application-oriented re- tive research institutions in Europe in future being granted the opportunity to researched. On the one hand the re- same taxation of landscape garden- search to better understand the ben- further deepen the herein mentioned areas of research. sults of the research are to show di- ers and farmers or producing gar- efits of green as well as to evaluate rect effects on the economy, among dening companies. the mechanisms of plants and their We wish you interesting new insights when reading the papers presented at them the gardening and landscaping efficiency potential in order to pro- this workshop. industry. On the other hand findings The ELCA wants the European Union vide the responsible persons of pol- on indirect economical effects are to to increasingly plan for research activ- itics and economy with sound deci- Emmanuel Mony, President be expected as well – e.g. on the re- ities all about green in its “8. EU-Re- sion guidance.

4 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 1 ELCA 1 ELCA Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 5 The Green City in France – Cité Verte DIE GRÜNE STADT-Foundation in Germany

n France, Green City is called Cité chures, and the event “Les Assises Cité Verte is of course one of the part- uring the past ten years the dis- The foundation DIE GRÜNE STADT The central aim of the foundation is IVerte. Cité Verte is a European citi- Européennes du Paysage”. In 2011, ners of the European green city con- Dcussions on green cities in Ger- incorporates to a large extent or- to support environmental protection zen approach that aims to make the 10th-12th October, in Strasbourg, the vention, ratifi ed in 2009 by all the many have become more and more ganizations operating in horticultur- and research, to increase the aware- city, understood as a place to live, central theme will be “Landscape Green City European representa- serious. In most cases, however, peo- al sectors and landscaping in Germa- ness of citizens, politicians and deci- a place to live better, where plants, creator of riches”. tives, with the partnership of ELCA. ple above all discussed the costs of ny. Close connections to the media sion-makers about the value of ur- landscaping and nature in the city en- green public space, its effect on cit- make sure that up-to-date informa- ban green and to maintain an inter- sure benefi ts for citizens in terms of The members of Val’hor are the rep- For more information: izens was – if at all – of minor im- tion is made available to the industry disciplinary debate on the quality of quality of life, welfare, development resentative professional associations; www.lesassises.eu portance. Therefore, already in 2003 and beyond. Hanns-Jürgen Redeker, urban life. of the economic and social links, eco- UNEP, for the landscape contractors, www.citeverte.com some regional organizations es- chairman of the Board (Kuratorium): logical links and heritage links. Cité FFP for the landscape architects and www.valhor.com tablished a national Green Forum “Due to our close cooperation with A group is more effi cient and cred- Verte meets society’s demand for a FNPHP for the growers. to give the debate a new direction. the media, our website www.die- ible in political lobbying than indi- life set that is a combination of cul- In 2009 this Forum was legally set gruene-stadt.de and our brochures vidual organisations, on national tural choices and a future policy. With Cité Verte, landscape profes- up as a foundation called Stiftung we are able to support the sector and international levels. Therefore sionals work under a common and DIE GRÜNE STADT. This foundation with all relevant information about the foundation works together with Val’hor, the French interprofession- neutral banner, hosting profession- serves as an information desk for all the benefi ts of plants and green ur- similar groups in different Europe- nal association for horticulture and als and everyone who can support relevant groups. The objective of its ban landscapes. We organize sym- an countries (www.thegreencity.eu) landscaping industries, is the stand- by refl exion on their experience, operation is to create a pool of knowl- posia, take part in negotiations with and with numerous city councils to ard-bearer of Cité Verte. Since 2008, their research expertise. edge and experience concerning ur- politicians and we inform the public exchange best practice cases of ur- under the banner Cité Verte, Val’hor ban green. The foundation and its about the advantages of successful ban green space. has been active in relation to this Promoted by professionals, Cité Verte members are convinced that plants, green urban space and various other particular approach and targeted lo- intends to raise awareness of the real public green space and nature con- green aspects e.g. air quality, noise For more information: cally elected representatives, materi- value of plants and landscaping: an sciousness must be part of an inte- reduction, climate, vandalism etc. Tel.: +49 211 6878300 alized through the think-tank “Le Cer- issue of general interest to future grated plan for city development. The The core message is, that plants and [email protected] cle Cité Verte”, the contest “Les Vic- generations. organizations that cooperate in the green cities are important keys to a www.die-gruene-stadt.de toires du Paysage”, books and bro- foundation are among others health healthier, happier, more productive professionals, building companies and more peaceful society.” and architects, real estate owners’ associations, industrial companies, consultants, associations, authori- ties, Agenda 21 work groups, munici- palities and universities.

6 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 GrEEn City EuropE 2 GrEEn City EuropE Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 7 Green City Italia

reen City Italia was founded as Green City Italia: Ga non-profit association onth 19 June 2010. The President is Andreas recent actions Kipar, architect and landscape archi- “Green City” is a response to the cur- tect. He works in planning, landscap- rent social and political challenges: it ing and environmental requalification aims to inform the economy and pol- Green City Italia: of historical green areas, both in Italy icy, but also the citizens, about the and abroad. He is the official Italian many positive features we mentioned, future vision foreign correspondent for IBA Fürst in order to create a shared culture for 1. “Charta Milano” 2015: a manifes- Pückler Land 2010. more liveable and green cities. to for better nutrition and against Green City Hungary – Zöld Város Magyarország world hunger*: an idea that will al- The co-president is Giovanni Sala, Starting from 2009, Green City Italia low the Expo event to leave a tan- agronomist; professionally he designed has developed the following measures: gible mark on the planet fter joining the Green City Move- The 4 basic principals ical knowledge and work in practice. and directed the restoration and de- 1. Spreading awareness of the po- 2. Green City – Health City (a big Ament in Milan 2010, a Green City It is available for all European Green sign of green public spaces, the envi- tential of urban green space to in- event in Milan for 2012): create sus- Workgroup of MAKEOSZ (HULCA – towards green cities City organizations for checking, com- ronmental recovery of old quarries, crease the welfare of citizens, as tainable cities for human health Hungarian Landscape Contractors were identified as: menting or test using. Together with dumps and dismissed areas. well as the economical managing and disease prevention: slow and Association) started to work in two the Dutch GC Toolkit coming out in of urban transformations; green mobility, good nutrition, food 1. Cities have to be reconnected to directions: to set up the local Green this autumn it will be a comprehen- They both carried out teaching activ- “Working with nature”, quality, landscape for sports and the ecosystem in order to enjoy City organization(s) and to work out sive, thought driving system. Year ities in various universities and they Roma 2010-2012 well-being. nature’s free services. the local GC principals. 2011 is the GC APS’s first – test – are co-founders of the LAND group, “The signature of the Green Charta”, 3. Green infrastructure as the central 2. Integrated approach – real green year with increasing numbers of test dealing with Landscape, planning Milan, 06.06.2010 point of investigation and devel- has to be part of all city plan- projects. The first Green City candi- and nature development. 2. P romoting research and projects for opment: Green City Italia will sup- ning activities from the very first The Green City organiza- date, Miskolc, the steel city – has de- the improvement of urban quality; port the European Commission in thoughts. cided in a contract of interest that all The Scientific Committee, as well as “Milan Green Rays”, for the Milan regard to these issues and goals. tional structure is: 3. Interdisciplinarity – extended team of its city projects will have to pass the operative structure of Green City Expo 2015 4. Towards Expo 2015: Feeding the 1. The Green City Council of Hunga- planning and execution. the Green City accreditation level. Italia, is made up by persons com- 3. Uniting all those who are interest- planet, energy for life. A slow city ry. Members of the GC Council are 4. Sustainability – Green must not be ing from different disciplines and with ed in promoting ecological culture in fast times, Milan is taking advan- MAKEOSZ (HULCA), Landscape the overlooked part of the sustain- Communication activities are the complementary expertise: architects in design, implementation and tage of the forthcoming Expo 2015 Architect Arm of Chamber of Ar- ability triad (human-economy-en- core part of our local Green City and landscaping architects, agrono- management; to transform its open spaces. Green chitects, MÖFÖSZ (City Head Gar- vironment) any longer – otherwise strategy. Besides the new website, mists, teachers, historians, physicians. “First European Green City Forum“, City Italia promotes the Green Rays deners Association), ZÉOSZ (Green the balance between the above we run Green City conferences, GC Milan, 04.06.2010 strategy, providing new symbols roof Association), Faculty of Land- three cannot be achieved. lectures on other conferences, work- 4. C onnecting public administrations, for the city future and the greatest scape Architecture of Corvinus Col- shops as well as high school and uni- Green City Italia: philosophy organizations, professionals and sci- challenges for today’s cities. This lege, West Hungarian University. The Hungarian Green City organiza- versity lectures. We have been on TV Green City Italia implements and de- entists; strategy is the aim of the Europe- As of 2011 June the Ministry of Re- tions have to act as catalysers, bring and radio several times and more velops the objectives of the homon- 5. P romoting activities on environmen- an movement, the European Green gional Development (Environmen- the different players of the green or than a dozen articles have been ymous European associations and tal sustainability issues, such as: Cities Network (EGCN). tal Protection State Secretary) also green related sectors together in or- placed in gardening and architecture foundations active in Europe; in par- cultural activities: forum, work- delegated a representative to the der to make green changes happen related journals. ticular it aims to improve the quali- shops, exhibitions, competitions; Scientific Committee GC Council. now. ty of open spaces, as a potential to “Green Lectures”, Andreas Kipar, president, For more information: bring enrichment across business Triennale Milano, 30.06.2011 landscape architect 2. For Greener Cities Nonprofit Ltd. Based on numerous discussions the www.green-city.hu and society. We call this approach editorial activities: publications and Giovanni Sala, co-president, (Zöldebb Városokért Nonprofit Kft.) creation of a marketable accredita- “the Green City Initiative”: to consid- promotion of books, conference agronomist was set up by the presidency of tion point system was decided and er the landscape structure from the proceedings, research, projects; Virginia Bombelli, environmental MAKEOSZ – in accordance with the implemented. The Green City Ac- beginning of the planning process “Il Verde è benessere, l’azione ben- biologist wish of the GC Council – as the creditation Point System is based on and to put open space on an equal efica delle piante sulla nostra sa- Aldo Castellano, architect, official Green City representative the European Green City and partly footing with buildings and infra- lute” and “Alberi e piante, dan- professor at Politecnico of Milan and executive Organization of the the overseas knowledge base acts structure. no respiro alle città”, published in Paolo Veronesi, oncologist, Country. as translating tool between theoret- June 2010 president of Umberto Veronesi The Green City philosophy is based p roject activities: good design prac- foundation on the concept that plants can bring tices for sustainability; social, economic and environmental urban horticulture projects: For more information: benefits. And more plants and green “The vegetable garden of faith”, [email protected] space can make the difference. Milan 2011 [email protected] social activities: initiatives related www.greencity-italia.com to health and wellness.

8 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 Green City Europe 2 Green City Europe Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 9 The Green City in the Netherlands – The UK Green Forum – communicating De Groene Stad the benefits of plants and green space

n the Netherlands, no less than concept internationally as an integrat- rban green infrastructure emerged International agreements I65 % of the population lives in ur- ed vision for developing our residen- Uthrough the last decade to be- ban areas, and this trend will contin- tial, working and recreational envi- come a significant part of the discus- The UK Green Forum has been a sig- ue over the coming years. The rapid ronments in a socially and econom- auspices of The Green City as based sion around sustainability, liveabili- natory of three international agree- a further award for journalism that increase of the urban population has ically responsible way. For its more on interviews, practical examples, ty, development and regeneration in ments since 2009 – Strasbourg (2009), promotes the “real value” of plants meant an increase in building densi- sustainable policy of developing liv- recognitions and research findings. the UK. The “Green City Philosophy”, Milan (2010) and Zurich (2011). Each of and gardening. ty and, in turn, adverse consequenc- ing environments on an internation- Presented to launch the campaign which can be summed up as being these has set out statements asserting es for urban public green space. In al level, The Green City concept is re- was Groen Loont (green pays), a that plants and green space are not the critical importance of green space In planning with forum members response to this, Plant Publicity Hol- ceiving the support of the Ministry of book about the economic benefits a cost but bring value from a social, for successful, sustainable urban de- right now is a professional seminar land developed ‘The Green City’ in Economic Affairs, Agriculture and In- of green amenities. As a follow-up, economic and environmental point velopment and living. They represent which will explore such themes as 2002. The Green City is a concept that novation. In other words, this would four newsletters with the theme of of view, was being developed during important “landmarks” in the devel- the role of the social context on tree demands a different approach to ur- mean using The Green City concept “residential, working and recreation- the decade. This culminated in 2009 opment of the initiative. Participation survival rates, including the ways in ban development. According to this to benefit Dutch economic interests: al environments and green space & when a new group of organisations in international meetings and know­ which communities can come to val- concept, the design and reconstruc- in addition to the horticultural sector, well-being” are being published in including university departments, ledge transfer enables the UK to ben- ue and “own” their green spaces for tion of urban areas should involve this would also involve the construc- 2011. In addition, the Entente Florale green space charities, trade bodies efit from information and ideas that the benefit of all. A productive event all the relevant disciplines (architec- tion industry, architecture and land- Nederland conference to be held on and commercial organisations came emerge elsewhere. is expected later in 2011. We work ac- ture, water management, civil engi- scape architecture, the health care 27th October will focus on the Green together under the banner of the UK tively with Forum members through neering, landscape architecture, ur- sector, etc. in international activities. Amenities Pay! campaign. Green Forum. the year to promote their own green ban planning, construction industry, National actions space-related events through our etc.) right from the start of the plan- These organisations are now work- The Green City is an active part of newsletters, website and other net- ning process if the ultimate design is Green Amenities Pay!: Competition for the Green ing together to promote the key mes- the UK Garden Centre Association’s works. We are preparing for a period to be successful. The Green City phi- a campaign advocating City Award calls attention sage of the Green City initiative – that support for retailers who wish to of intensive lobbying of politicians losophy thus demands an integrated the case for green space can best be develop their green and communi- and decision-makers this autumn. approach in which green space is an their economic benefits to an integrated approach made in an evidence-based way, inde- ty credentials through an exciting essential component. Spending cuts are currently the fo- It is important that developers, organ- pendent of sectoral interests. There- award scheme. Competing for the For more information: cus of policy plans at all levels of isations involved in construction and fore improving the transfer of infor- “Green Community Award” gives re- Mark Long To realise this objective The Green the government in the Netherlands. urban planning professionals start mation within and between organisa- tailers the chance to show custom- Green City co-ordinator for the UK City that evolved in the Netherlands And green amenities are not being realising that an approach that inte- tions, fast-tracking the results of sci- ers their commitment to the local Tel.: +44 148 0860426 led to various projects, the most spared. In order to show adminis- grates the parties directly involved entific research into industry and po­ community and environment. Not [email protected] striking and recent of which are de- trators, politicians, and policy as- with the built environment and the licy and working and learning in an only do they do this through their ac- www.thegreencity.co.uk scribed here. sistants as well as private organi- parties involved in green space is international context are at the basis tions, but their communications are sations, etc. that cuts made to pub- necessary for creating a liveable en- of what the Forum does. enhanced through the use of a logo lic green space eventually do noth- vironment. The quality of life in ur- scheme and an annual award. The Promoting The Green City ing but cost money instead of saving ban areas is closely related to the ef- Each organisation involved brings Forum works with professional gar- internationally means it, a number of parties dedicated to fective embedding of green spaces practical skills, networks and experi- den writers through a tie-up with the the importance of public green space within urban environments. As an in- ence to projects and communications. UK Garden Media Guild to sponsor promoting Dutch business and the ANWB (the Dutch tourist as- centive to this development, and to Plant Publicity Holland is going to sociation) have taken it upon them- draw attention to it, Plant Publicity team up with the Dutch Ministry of selves to draw public attention to Holland and VHG, (the Dutch associa- Economic Affairs, Agriculture and the fact that investing in green space tion representing the horticulture and Innovation; the International Asso- pays. Green space is not a cost item landscaping sector) have developed ciation of Horticultural Producers but a social and economic invest- a special Green City Award especially (AIPH); and the internationally known ment that will pay for itself. The ob- for this purpose in 2011. landscape architecture firm of Niek jective of this campaign is to quanti- Roozen bv to promote The Green City fy the value of green space under the For more information: Roel van Dijk [email protected] www.degroenestad.nl

10 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 2 Green City Europe 2 Green City Europe Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 11 ELCA RESEARCH WORKSHOP,Professor Dr. Diedrich Bruns, Resilient urban development in ECLAS President BRUSSELS,University of Kassel, Germany DepartmentTH of Architecture, Europe – without green? MAYUrban Planning 24 and Landscape, 2011 Planning Tel.: +49 561 8043559 E-Mail: [email protected] iverse and friendly green urban This model lives on today. Anybody Dopen spaces are desirable. This who played the game Monopoly open spaces by different cultural is refl ected in high real estate knows well how the legen- groups, feeling of safety, degree of values adjacent to at- dary Park Place is a very vandalism and crime, etc. More ex- tractive open spaces. expensive proper- tensive studies report on determi- There is a hypothe- ty where rents and nants of restorative experiences in sis that green con- mortgage values favourite places (Korpela et al. 2008). tributes not only are among the to tangible but highest. Every- From different research we have also to intangi- body dealing in learned how much Urban Green may ble landscape real estate today contribute to Health Resilience. Per- services such is keenly aware sonal health is an important factor as benefi ting hu- about the impor- in public health. There appears to man health and tance of location, be confl icting information regard- well-being. Indi- and, taking the ex- ing correlations between health and vidual studies re- ample of London, health-related quality of life indica- port on the benefi ts of England, fi nds the fi n- tors on the one hand and the accessi- green to human health, est properties are located bility of green space and the amount both physically and mental- at green open spaces, such as of time people are able to spend in ly, on green open spaces affording Regents Park. To quote from a cur- contact with green areas on the oth- ventilation and thermal comfort in rent advertisement: er hand (Maas et al. 2008, Grahn urban heat islands, on retention of & Stigsdotter, storm water, on preventing air pol- Not all people are “Amazing location, nestled 2010, Stigsdot- lution, and on people using such ar- so fortunate and ter et al. 2010). eas for food and fuel/energy pro- wealthy enough amongst the famous nash Some epidemi- duction. Functions that are impor- to own property ological stud- tant for the quality of life, adapting next to an urban terraces of regents park… ies report fi nd- to climate change and for emergency green space. …with magnifi cent views ings that appear management related to natural haz- Many live in multi- to be support- ards such as fl oods, fi res and earth- storeybuildings, overlooking regents park. ing the view that quakes (WHO 2005). Thus, green some with bal- this property is in a truly…“ based on few open space would contribute to re- conies as the clear indicators silient societies. However, there is lit- only opportunity green space has tle proof that substantiates such hy- to enjoy fresh air. How do peo- benefi cial health effects, thus raising pothesis and much research is need- ple grow up in such locations? To the possibility of trans-European ep- ed to better understand such com- try and fi nd out if and how people idemiological studies (Mitchell et al. plex relationships. spend time outdoors we have inter- 2011). However, establishing a caus- viewed, for example, teenagers who al relationship is diffi cult, as the rela- Urban Green and Society live in less privileged sections of cit- tionship is complex. Simplistic urban ies. We fi nd that such teenagers, like interventions may therefore fail to Hippodamus (498 BC-408 BC) in- people of all ages, very much enjoy address the underlying determinants cluded a so-called ‘Agora’ into the green open space. What we have of urban health that are not remedi- layout of Milet, his home town. also learned is that, among others, able by landscape redesign (Lee & This Agora probably had trees. these young people have Hate Plac- Mahes-waran 2010). To fi nd evidence Hippodamus understood that ur- es and Favourite Places. They hate, for the physical and non-physical ban open spaces form city centres by and large, unsafe places lacking a health benefi ts of urban green spac- not only geographically but also minimum in social control (confi rm- es, a number of parameters must be as the focal points of society. It is ing, again, what we remember from considered. These would include en- these places that lend a city identi- reading Jane Jacobs). Such fi ndings vironmental factors such as the qual- ty. The Agora of Hippodamus’ time indicate how Urban Green might ity and accessibility of green spaces became a political and commer- contribute to Social Resilience. How- and how they affect its use for phys- cial space. Of all people who lived ever, these are mere spot checks and ical activity. User determinants, such in a Greek Polis, those who were offer no reliable proof of a real rela- as age, gender, ethnicity and the per- the most important ones lived the tionship between availability of Ur- ception of safety, are also important closest to the Agora. ban Green, the appreciation of green (Lee & Maheswaran 2010).

12 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 Workshops 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 13 ELCA ReSEARCH WorkshopDr. Sandrine, Manusset, Plants, health, well-being and Environnement et Société BrusselsCabinet d’Ecologie, Humaine th 14, Botquelen urban planning May 24 , 201129 920 Nevez France Tel.: +33 9 62180815 GSM: +33 6 63779752 n 2010, we realized a study about green parks to implement sustaina- E-Mail: [email protected] the positive impacts of plants in ble urban planning into practice? I www.environnement-societe.fr the cities under the guidance of Plan- te et Cité that is a national platform To receive the integral study, In every city, we find not only Hate making and of taking ownership in- Lee, A.C.K. Lee, Maheswaran, R., for experiments and technical infor- Methodology please contact: Plante et Cité Places and Favourite Places, but also clude a great variety of people, such 2010. The health benefits of urban mation for green spaces and urban From a systemic perspective Plants, www.plante-et-cité.fr Hot Places and Cool Places. In their as those who have lived at one place green spaces: a review of the evidence. horticulture. The UNEP participated Health, Well-being and Urban Plan- Camille Jouglet dissertations Sandra Lenzenhöver and for all of their lives, and those who are J Public Health (Oxf). September 10. in the following committee of this ning, this bibliographical analysis E-Mail: [email protected] Hendrik Laue have studied the mi- what we have learned to call migrants, Lenzholzer, S., 2010. Designing study with the Union of the horticul- comprised of 30 publications select- Tel.: +33 2 41721147 croclimatic properties of urban open even young urban professionals, and atmospheres. Research and design ture (Val’hor), the University of An- ed by the committee of the study space (Laue 2009, Lenzenhöver 2010). also those who initiate gentrification for thermal comfort in Dutch urban gers (AgroCampus) and the CRESGE from a first bibliographic background Urban Green has an important role of run down neighbourhoods. What squares. PhD thesis Wageningen of the Catholic University of Lilles. of 104 publications. Germany 3 in people’s well-being in such places we should want to know is how new University, Wageningen. and, as every one knows from person- and seemingly strange cultural mixes Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Spreeu- The study focuses on urban green The bibliographic background was England 9 al experience, people are searching might help enriching our professional wenberg, P., Groenewegen, P. P., spaces. The first aim of the current constituted in two parts, at first by Switzerland 2 for shade during summer days and work. We need to try and understand 2008. Physical activity as a possible study is to describe and to comment Plante et Cité. Secondly, I myself for sunny spots during the winter. Ur- how urban open spaces are perceived mechanism behind the relationship the impacts of green spaces from a completed it to balance the different France 20 ban Green offers both, and everything and what people would want to do in between green space and health: systemic synthesis based on interna- disciplinary approaches that it repre- Holland 4 in between. Beyond thermal com- these spaces. There is indeed much A multilevel analysis. www.biomed- tional research in urban ecology, so- sented. I used the ScienceDirect da- fort, Climate Resilience with Green ex- still to be learned. central.com/1471-2458/8/206 ciology, psychology and geography tabase on the web. Finally, as the Ta- Sweden 4 tends as far as Hazard Management. (BioMed Central Ltd.). in particular between 1980’s to now- ble1 shows us, there is an important Canada 5 Where, if not the urban open spaces, References Mitchell, R., Astell-Burt, T., Rich- adays. That permits to point out the difference in the number of scientific would we store water during flooding ardson, E. A., 2011. A comparison plurality of effects of the green parks. publications from country to country. United States 45 events? Where, in fact, would we place De Groot, R.-S.; Wilson, M.; of green space indicators for epide- For the needs of the analysis, This could mean, as far as the China 2 collecting places during emergencies, Boumans, R. (2002): A typology miological research. J. Epidemiol. the allergen effects of the question of plants in the including earth quakes, if it were not for description, classification and Community Health February 4. plants were not evalu- cities, that it is a ques- Australia 1 for the (mostly green) open spaces? valuation of ecosystem functions, Mitchell, R., Popham, F., 2008. ated. In total, more tion of strategy and Unknown 9 Urban green also contributes to Eco­ goods and services. Environmental Effect of exposure to natural envi- than 100 studies means of publica- logical Resilience in cities. Included Economics 41: pp 393-408. ronment on health inequalities: had been con- tion much more Total 104 are urban nature areas as well as well Fisher, B.; Turner, R.K., Morling, P. an observational population study. sulted. Second- than a question used garden plots, such as allotment 2009: Defining and classifying eco- Lancet 372: 1655-60. ly, the results of national rel- Table 1 : Number of publications by country gardens, but certainly also nature de- system services for decision making. Stigsdotter, A.U.K., Ekholm, O., were applied as evance. velopment areas such as restored riv- Ecological Economics 68: 643-653. Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M., Jør- urban planning ers and streams. Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, A.U.K., gensen, F.K. & Randrup, T.B., 2010. recommenda- So, the synthe- have available today. I will expand 2010, ‘ The relation between per- ‘Health promoting outdoor environ- tions. sis presents the on the data that appears on each pet- All of these points lead to my final ceived sensory dimensions of urban ments: associations between green results of inter- al of the figure. There is some quan- point: Identity Resilience and how Ur- green space and stress restoration‘, space, and health, health-related Since 2000 years, national research tified data and also some qualified ban Green supports people’s sense of Landscape and Urban Planning, vol quality of life and stress based on a the development of over the past twen- data in correlation with the different place. Green projects, such as nature 94, nr. 3-4, s. 264-275. Danish national representative sur- sustainable urbanism ty years. We collected disciplines that are represented. development projects in urban areas, Korpela, K.M., Ylén M., Tyrväinen, L., vey‘, Scandinavian Journal of Public principles has resulted in some research in urban are always located very near to where Silvennoinen, H., 2007. Determinants Health, vol 38, nr. 4, s. 411-417. a strong demand by urban resi­ ecology, in public health and Environmental impacts and public local people live and work, where they of restorative experiences in every­ Termorshuizen, J.; Opdam, dents for green space for aesthetic from sociologists and psychologists. health go shopping and where they spend day favorite places. Health Place. P., 2009. Landscape services as a enjoyment, recreation and environ- In monographies the spaces that are From an environmental point of recreational times. People give val- 2008 Dec; 14 (4): 636-52. Epub 2007 bridge between landscape ecology mental preoccupations. Thirdly, we the most studied are green parks and view, through their growth process- ue to these places and make them Oct 23. and sustainable development. Land- identified the people, scientists and in other studies the density of green es the absorption capacity of plant part of their lives. Planning and con- Laue, L., 2009. Gefühlte scape Ecology. Doi: 10.1007/s10980- no scientists, who continue to work on a city scale. leaves improves air quality and de- structing new green areas are excit- Landschafts­architektur – Der Ein- 008-9314-8. in this way. creases the level of atmospheric car- ing events and people wish to be in- fluß der Planung auf das ther- WHO, World Health Organisation, Results bon and other “greenhouse” gases cluded. This is the spirit of the Europe- mische Empfinden in mikroklima- 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well- For the ELCA Research Workshop, (Nowak and al, 2005, 2007). an Landscape Convention: landscape tischen Frei­raum­einheiten innerhalb Being. Health Synthesis. A Report of we will present the partners of this The principal and original result of is what people make it, make it in ma- städtischer Strukturen. Dissertation the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. study. Secondly, we will expose the the study is the global and systemic The second result that was shown terial terms, and make it in their minds University Kassel. Core writing team: Corvalan, C., methodology and the results. In con- point of view on the positive impact by Mc Pherson is the decrease of lo- and hearts. Modern forms of place Hales, S., McMichael, A., Geneva. clusion, we will come back to the of the vegetation and of the green cal temperatures by a modelisation data and comment on the limits of parks in urban areas. of the tree shading (Mc Pherson and 1 Forum was the Roman equivalent of the Agora this study. What research perspec- al, 1988, 1999, 2002). I have to point 2 In 1811 the Prince (later King George IV) commissioned architect John Nash to create a master-plan for the area that is now the 166 hectare Regents Park. The park is lined with elegant white stucco terraces of houses. Originally the park was largely comprised of informal open grass-land until the early 1930s when gardens were formed within the park, including the garden for Queen tives are possible, as of today, to Now, I propose that you look more out that this research was conducted Mary who died in 1936. help us define the necessary level of precisely at the kind of data that we in California.

14 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 15 Public health 11. McPherson E. Gregory James R. 21. Sheets Virgil L., Manzer Chris D., 21 scientific arguments E Etàt de santé global Bibliography The second impact of green parks E Activité physique (marche ou vélo) Simpson Klaus I. Scott, 2002, Actu- 1991, Affect, cognition and urban for planning green pour les déplacements quotidiens in cities concerns residents’ health. parks in urban areas T Maladies circulatoires 1. Barbosa Olga, Jamie A. Tratalos, alizing Microclimate And Air Quali- vegetation Some effects of adding Several studies have found a correla- T Taux de mortalité chez les pop Paul R. Armsworth, Richard G. Dav- ty Benefits With Parking Lot Shade trees along city streets, 20 p, Envi- défavorisées tion between the proximity of parks E Inégalités sociales de santé ies, Richard A. Fuller, Pat Johnson, Ordinances, Actualizing Microcli- ronment and Behaviour/Université to housing areas and childhood Santé Kevin J. Gaston, 2007, Who benefits mate,14 p, USA de Illinois obesity (Michel and Popham, 2008; physique from access to grenn space ? A case 12. McPherson Gregory 1990, Cool- 22. Ståhle Alexander, 2009, Réussir la E Lutte contre le réchauffement Weil, 2009). The same outcome of the E Etàt de bién-etre climatique study from Shieffield, UK, 8 p ing urban heat islans with sustain- ville dense en l’ouvrant sur la na- Niveau de stress et d´anxiété T Santé T Pollution atmosphérique Dépression et suicides Ecologie effect of green spaces on health was T mentale T Températures locales 2. Bell Janice F., Jeffrey S. Wilson, Gil- able lanscapes, 21 p, USA, Extrait ture, Pour une approche sociale Sécurité et convivialité confirmed for two categories of peo- E espaces E Education à la biodiversité bert C. Liu, 2008, Neighborhood d’ouvrage Urbanization and terres- de la trame verte et bleure, 124 p, ple: the elderly and the poor (Mitch- verts Greenness and 2-Year Changes in trial ecosystems Suède, thèse/Actes de conférence, ell and Popham, 2008; Maas, 2009). Social Economie Body Mass Index of Children and 13. McPherson Gregory, James Simp- Com. perso Bell (2008) has delved into surpris- Youth, 7 p, USA son, 2001, Effects of California’s ur- 23. Sullivan William C., Frances E. Kuo, E Dynamiques sociales E Valeur marchande des ing results about the correlation be- E Sentiment d´appartenance biens fonciers 3. Coley Rebekah Levine, Frances ban forests on energy use and po- 1996, Do Trees Strengthen Urban tween the density of green parks and socio-culturelle E Qualité du cadre de vie E. Kuo, William C. Sullivan, 1997, tential savings from large-scale Communities, Reduce Domestic Vi- E Sentiment de sécurité E Attractive des territoires the practice of physical activity in ru- E Cohésion sociale Where does community grow? tree planting, 35 p, USA, Californie olence?, 4 p, USA, Forestry Report ral and urban spaces: urban growth T Violences domestiques The social context created by na- 14. Mitchell R., Poham F., 2008, Effect 24. Sullivan William C., Frances E. Kuo in rural areas can be a contributing ture in urban public housing, 30 p, of exposure to natural environ- and Magdalena Bacaicoa, 1998, factor for obesity, the residents be- Réalisé par S. Manusset, Environnement et Société, 2010 Environment and Behaviour/Uni- ment on health inequalities: an ob- Transforming inner-city lanscapes Cabine d‘étude en sociologie de l‘environnement – www.environnement-societe.fr ing dependent on their car in daily versité de Illinois servational population study, 19 p, tree, sense of safety and prefer- life to go to work, to school, to the 4. Fuller Richard A., Katherine N. Ir- GB, Université Glasgow ence, Environment and Behaviour, supermarket and so on. The positive sociological impacts of It also shows the social and psycho- vine, Patrick Devine-Wrigh, Philip H. 15. Nowak David J., 1993, Atmospher- 32 p green parks could be due to the im- logical impacts of plants favoring the Warren and Kevin J. Gaston, 2007, ic carbon reduction by urban trees, 25. Sullivan William C., Frances E. Sociological impacts pact of vegetation on the psycholog- arguments that green parks are ben- Psychological benefits of green- Journal of Environmental manage- Kuo, 2001, Agression and violence Three studies present the motiva- ical frame of mind of each individual. eficial to the environment as well space increase with biodiversity, ment, 11 p, USA in the inner city. Effects of environ- tions to use green parks (Schipperijn as to the ecology concerning pub- 5 p, Biology Letters 16. Nowak David J., Patrick J. McHale, ment via mental fatigue, Environ- and al, 2010; Stahle (2009), Seeland Psychological impacts and well-being lic health. What I mean to say is that 5. Grahm Patrik, Ulrika A Stigsdotter, Myriam Ibarra, Daniel Crane, Jack ment and Behaviour, 29 p, USA, and al, 2009) that I can resume with Many studies deal with the positive plants create a social place by hu- Ann-Margreth Berggren-Bärring, C. Stevens and Chris J. Luley, 1998, Université de Illinois the following equation: green parks = impact of plants on people’s stress manizing urban spaces. How to con- 2004, A planning model for design- Modeling the effects of urban veg- 26. Sullivan William C. Frances E. Kuo, nature = leisure i.e practicing a sport, and anxiety levels (Sheet and Man- ceive some urban planning integrat- ing sustainable and healthy cities. etation on air pollution, 9 p, USA, 2001, Environment and crime in meeting some friends or somebody zer, 1991; Sullivan and Kuo, 2001, ing sustainable development with- The importance of people’s need of Extrait d’ouvrage Air Pollution the inner city. Does vegetation re- else, listening to birds singing and so Sterp de Vbries and al, 2003; Kuo and out placing human health and well- recreational environments in an ur- Modeling and its applications duce crime?, Environment and Be- many other social activities. Taylor, 2004). being at the heart of them? ban context, 8 p,Suède, Swedish 17. Rubin Haya R., Gregory B. Diette, haviour, 25 p, USA,/Université de University of Agricultural Sciences Noah Lechtzin, Edward Haponik Illinois We can specify, with the works of It is the cognitive facet of human in- The implicit extrapolations of all sorts 6. Jutras Sylvie, 2003, Allez jouer dehors! and Aline Devrotes, 2003, Distrac- 27. Ulrich Roger S., 2002, Health Ben- Kuo and Sullivan (1996, 1998, 2004), teraction with plants. of bibliographies need to be adjusted Contributions de l’environnement ur- tion therapy with nature sights and efits of Gardens in Hospitals, 10 p, two American psychologists in Chi- to European urban areas. This study is bain au développement et au bien- sounds reduces pain during flexi- USA, Communication pour confer- cago, that the presence of just some The power of the physical environ- based on a lot of American research. être des enfants, 11 p, Canada, Société ble brochoscopy, Baltimore USA, ence, Plants for People, USA Floride trees may reduce domestic violence ment to influence agression has canadienne de Psychologie, Québec 10 p, USA 28. Vries (DE) Sjerp, Robert A Ver- by faciliting social relations, creating been well-established. Over-crowd- We need a real interdisciplinary research 7. Kessel et al, 2009, Multidisciplinary 18. Schipperijn Jasper, Olga Ekholm, heij, Peter P Groenewegen, Pe- a positive atmosphere to talk togeth- ing, high temperatures and noise programm to confirm these first results. research in public health: A case Ulrika K. Stigsdotter, Mette Toftag- ter Spreeuwenberg, 2003, Natural er for example. It is often the first act have all been linked to aggression study of research on access to green er, Peter Bentsen, Finn Kamper- environments – healthy environ- of a social relation. and violence via mental fatigue. Tests It is a challenge for the French research- space, Public Health, 7 p Jørgensen, Thomas B. Randrup, ments? An exploratory analysis of for the proposed mechanism and for ers. This study has signaled the state of 8. Kuo et al, 2001, Coping with add. 2010, Factors influencing the use of the relationship between green- Results indicate that the presence of alternative mechanisms indicate that research in different European coun- The Surprising Connection to Green green space: Results from a Dan- space and health, Environment trees and grass is proportionally re- attentional functioning is accelerated tries. In France, there is a lack of global Play Settings, Environment and Be- ish national representative survey, and Planning, 15 p, Hollande lated to the use of outdoor spaces; with access to nature. approach crossing environmental, so- haviour, Vol. 33 No. 1, January 2001 Landscape and urban planning 29. Weil Marcos, 2009, Les chemins the amount of social activity that ciological and urban management per- 54-77 19. Scott Klaus I., James R. Simpson E. pour piétons dans le paysage ge- takes place within them, and the pro- Some authors suggest the usage of spectives. The situation is different in 9. Kuo Frances E., Andrea Faber Taylor, Gregory McPherson, 1999, Effects nevois, 3 p, Suisse, Art. sc. dans La portion of social to non-social activ- the therapeutic psychological im- comparaison to other European coun- 2004, A Potential Natural Treatment of tree cover on parking lot mi- Santé de l’Homme/INPES, ities they provide. Green places in- pact of plants in hospitals to accel- tries such as Great Britain, Germany for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity croclimate and vehicle emissions, www.inpes.sante.fr fluence social contact among neigh- erate convalescence (Ulrich, 2002) or and Sweden, where the relationship Disorder: Evidence From a Nation- Journal of Arboriculture, 14 p bours and provide evidence that na- in the treatment of child hyperactiv- between Health and Urban Planning is al Study, American Journal of Pub- 20. Seeland Klaus, Sabine Dübendorfer, ture plays an important role in creat- ity (Kuo and Sullivan, 2004), or just more often taken into consideration. I lic Health, 7 p, USA Ralf Hansmann, 2009, Making ing vital neighbourhood spaces. for the good development of chil- think about the work of Johanna Maas 10. Maas Jolanda, 2008, Vitamin G: friends in Zurich’s urban forests dren (Jutras, 2003). who is here with us today. Green environments – Healthy en- and parks:The role of public green Another study conducted in Zurich vironments, 254 p, Hollande, report space for social inclusion of youths confirms the role of public green Conclusion and perspectives It is also a political challenge, because NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for from different cultures, Forest Policy spaces for social inclusion of youths taking vegetation into consideration in Health Services Research Hollande and Economics Swiss, 8 p, Suisse from different cultures (Seeland and Our review confirms the positive im- its globality and its complexity is the al, 2009). pact of green spaces on public health, way to address the high expectations the increasing quality of the urban en- of urban dwellers across Europe. vironment and on well-being. Thank you for your attention.

16 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 17 ELCA RESEARCH WORKSHOP,Dott. Giovanni Sala Landscape architecture in Milan Green City Italia BRUSSELS,Via Varese, 16, TH 20121 Milano towards EXPO 2015 MAY 24 Tel.:, +392011 02 80691126

round the world, people are Landscape architecture its green potential, opening up new Amoving to cities at unprece- and old liveable public spaces. In dented levels, forcing a re-evalua- Landscape architecture is a disci- 2003 we promoted together with tion of city design. Cities are look- pline equipped to untangle these ur- AIM (Metropolitan Interest Associa- This strategy is the aim of the Eu- • identifying which innovative solu- opment and poverty). The Bidding ing for ways to refashion themselves ban challenges, based on issues of tion) a new strategy: GREEN RAYS. ropean movement: the European tions in terms of policies, provision Committee has already outlined a that are both subtler and more sub- ecology and on an organi- 8 Green Rays provides new Green Cities Network was started up of services and business activities series of initiatives that will increase stantive. At the same time, sustain- sation of large surfaces symbols that can defi ne in 1996 in connection to EU Thermie can encourage the development of awareness and conformity with the ability has become an urgent con- with many overlap- the urban landscape project European Green Cities – as a a Green City themes. cern, and cities, beset by infrastruc- ping and compet- within the daily life forum for the dissemination of Sus- tural and environmental challenges, ing systems. of Milan. Existing tainable Urban Housing initiatives The central aim of Expo 2015 is to are responding with green initiatives green spaces to- and good examples etc. Part of the Expo 2015 Feeding the demonstrate that it is possible to that privilege landscapes. Finally, cit- Landscape gether with pub- European network are Holland, Ger- planet, Energy for life guarantee, today, in this world, food ies are forced to consider the after- be comes the lic space cre- many, France, Hungary, UK and Ita- safety, food security and sustaina- lives of derelict sites, which are often agent through ate the greatest ly. Green City aims to improve the Expo 2015 intends to offer a chance ble development for all mankind. in advantageous spots – like water- which the city challenges for quality of life in cities with more pub- for global communication and a gen- The Expo 2015 will focus attention fronts, city centers or rail corridors. can be re-de- today’s cities. lic and private green. The green has uine world food forum where sci- on the criticalities and opportunities signed and The master plan many positive effects – such as on entists, consumers, businesses, ex- that the opening of developing coun- Air pollution harms human health, re-planned. involves a whol- the well-being of people on perts, citizens, the mass me- tries can bring with it in material and particularly in those already vulner- ly new strategic ap- social life and on the en- dia, researchers, politi- other terms. It will try to take stock able because of their age or existing Successful public proach to designing vironment. These pos- cians, international dig- of how far we have come and what health problems. Evidence shows spaces are seen as an Milan’s system of open itive effects are re- nitaries and members corrective action is still needed to that air pollution at current levels in essential ingredient of mak- spaces. Until now, the city’s fl ected in economic, of NGOs (Non Gov- ensure we move toward growth and European cities is responsible for a ing successful cities, where there is dense development was interrupt- ecological and so- ernment Organisa- not further under-development, par- signifi cant number of deaths, hospi- life and vitality. The qualities of indi- ed by green surfaces and public pla- cio-cultural values. tion) can come to- ticularly with regard to food. Expo tal admissions and exacerbation of vidual urban forests and other green zas only at a few locations. Project- The “Green City” gether to analyse, 2015 intends to take a close look at symptoms. spaces make cities more competi- ed for development now is a network is a response to the discuss, debate and biotechnology and make a balanced tive and attractive. These local, every- of foot and cycling paths that are ori- current social and plan for the future. and scientifi cally rigorous assess- Exposure to air pollutants is large- day green spaces do play a very im- ented by a set of eight “green rays” political challenges. The Expo is a coher- ment, providing accurate and ob- ly beyond individual control and re- portant role, e.g. in terms of offering which will connect both previously The initiative aims to ent choice for Milan, jective information on the eventual quires action by public authorities at nearby recreation environments to existing as well as new open spac- promote awareness of Italy and all Europe: a risks to food. The round tables of the national, regional and even interna- local residents. For green space city es. Beginning at the “Spanish Walls”, the value of green in Eu- more effective and coher- Expo are: tourist accommodation, tional levels. Some 40 million people branding, it is crucial not only to fo- these rays will extend throughout ropean cities. This will be done ent development of solidari- infrastructures, energy and environ- in the 115 largest cities in the Eu- cus on external branding (cater- the entire metropolitan area, and will through the following measures: in- ty to provide the basis needed to en- ment, agribusiness, healthcare, cred- ropean Union (EU) are ex- ing to tourists and busi- join together to form a green belt 72 form the economy and politics, but courage sustainable development it and loans, arts and culture, non- posed to air exceeding ness), but take internal km in length that runs around Mi- also the public about the many posi- (Milan as a bridge between devel- profi t, young people. WHO (World Health branding serious- lan’s surroundings. The project con- tive features of vegetation and green Organisation) air ly as well. Brand- nects existing hidden, abandoned or spaces for the quality of life, the well- quality guide- ing should com- simply isolated areas of the city’s life. being, the enrichment of social ties, line values for bine the work The Green Rays strategy has been stimulate the economy and the pres- at least one pol- of green space implemented in the new PGT (Piano ervation of the environment. lutant. Especial- professionals, di governo del territorio = Territori- ly in the north- planners, and al Governance Plan) recently adopt- The Green City movement had par- ern region of It- p r o f e s s i o n a l ed by the Municipality of Milan, be- ticipated in the 7th Framework. A aly the air pol- marketeers. coming one of the main resourc- proposed project for the 7th Frame- lution is heavily es in making Milan a more sustain- work program was “Green Cities and contaminated. Ac- Milan is the city, able city. The “Piano Verde” (“Green climate change”. Some of the projects cording to WHO, life where I was born Plan”) could become the environ- objectives are: expectancy in Milan is and grew up. There- mental strategy for the new PGT. The • developing a methodology related nine months shorter than fore it was my person- Raggi Verde intercepts the develop- to the evaluation of green perform- somewhere else in Europe. al dream and the dream of my ment poles of the metropolitan area, ances of cities, policy guidelines to partners to make Milan a permea- that as multipliers, reproduce them realize the Green City and identify To manage these environmental ble city. A slow city in fast times, Mi- in the whole Milano region. The ter- the most appropriate policy tools problems different programmes lan is taking advantage of the forth- ritorial Green Rays are the engine • analyzing whether and under which were arranged at European level, coming Expo 2015 to rearrange its of the metropolitan city, a territorial conditions a Green City has an im- for example: The Kyoto-Protocol, the open spaces. Usually perceived as identity without borders. proved adaptive capacity in respect Stragety “Europe 2020” or the Con- a city of much work and free-time, to likely local impacts of climate venant of Mayors. Lombardy’s main city is promoting change

18 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 Workshops 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 19 ELCA ReSEARCH WorkshopFlorian, Brack An expert system for calculating Dipl. Ing HTL, university lecturer Example park: comparison of variants BrusselsZurich, University of 120000 Applied Sciences Grüental Variant 1: demanding facility th Variant 2: simple facility the costs of open spaces over May 24 , 2011Switzerland 100000 Tel.: +41 58 9345926 80000 their entire lifecycle E-Mail: [email protected] 60000

40000 n architecture, the costs that will er). Initial investment costs make up creasingly vital contribution to a so- Ibe generated by a building or fa- only about 15 % of the total lifecy- cially and ecologically sustainable 20000 cility and its expected life expectan- cle costs of a facility1, and the much environment. Francs Annual costs in Swiss 0 cy are already clear at the planning higher amounts required for mainte- and installation stage. But what is nance over the coming decades are The research project 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 the situation with open spaces? estimated at the planning stage Year Here maintenance is con- (Fig. 1). All too often new Together with the business partners sidered only cursorily, facilities have had to be mentioned above, researchers at the Fig. 2: Example of a model covering 30 years for a park built in 2008, consisting of different types and renewal and lifecy- removed or structurally ZHAW have sought ways to visualise of surface coverings, green areas, trees and shrubs, and elements of equipment. Variant 1 allows cle not at all. Research adjusted because hu- the lifecycle of a green area, together for intensive design and maintenance; Variant 2 is a simpler version requiring less care. The high has shown that the lit- man and financial re- with the various elements it compris- costs in 2008 are due to the construction of the facility. In subsequent years partial renovations erature also has little sources were not es (coverings, planted and seeded must be allowed for in both variants. to offer. Considering available for the nec- areas, trees and shrubs, equipment, these facts, the Center essary maintenance. etc.), and to calculate the associat- companies, town planning offices green spaces. This offers the advan- ment and refinement of the software for Green Area Manage- Alternatively, the over- ed maintenance costs. After about and cooperatives, as well as land- tage, especially in larger compa- for use in everyday situations, the ment at the Zurich Uni- all appearance of the fa- two years of research and develop- scape architects and general plan- nies, that quality can be uniformly project partners have set up a com- versity of Applied Scienc- cility no longer fulfilled us- ment, the software GreenCycle® was ners. These all have an interest in a guaranteed and customers can be mon fund into which they pay a por- es (ZHAW) in Wädenswil has de- ers’ expectations and needs, developed, enabling various calcula- sustainable and secure long-term in- assured of this. tion of their revenue. To ensure that veloped a software program to cal- due to a lack of resources to ensure tions for the lifecycle of a facility to vestment. In addition, GreenCycle® • During a tendering procedure for all users can profit from the progress culate lifecycle costs in collabora- this. be made (see Fig. 2). can be used by cities and communi- green space maintenance, the data made, regular updates of the Green- tion with nateco, green management ties to assess and optimise the main- submitted by the bidders were re- Cycle® database are planned. and the German Database Associa- In our era of holistic, proactive think- The project team was supported dur- tenance of green spaces. viewed and evaluated. The main fo- tion GmbH (d.b.g.) as business part- ing, it is vital to transparently present ing the development period by an cus was on the detection of obvious ners, and with financial support from the costs of caring for green spaces advisory panel of experts and repre­ dumping prices, which were associat- Publications the Commission for Technology and over a future period spanning sever- sentatives from cities, Swiss trade Applications ed with an excessive risk to the client. Brack, Florian; Buser, Hans; Innovation (CTI). The expert system al years, or, if possible, for their en- associations (BSLA, VSSG, VSS, Jar- The project partners have now been Semmler, Ralf: GreenCycle – ein supports the following areas: tire life cycle. This is the only way to din Suisse) and private companies. using GreenCycle® for over six months ® Instrument für die nachhaltige Be- • Application of lifecycle considera- ensure that the financial impact of The software is currently being test- in their consulting practice. The appli- GreenCycle is growing wirtschaftung von Grünräumen aus tions, as in current facility manage- the projects can be objectively eval- ed in pilot projects in various cities. cations are already very diverse: There is considerable interest in der Schweiz. In: Neue Landschaft: ment practice, to outdoor spaces. uated at the planning phase. Further- • A landscape architect needed to GreenCycle®. The first programs have Fachzeit­schrift für Garten-, Land- • Optimisation of construction projects more, a holistic way of thinking in- show the investor that a new project been sold and are in use. In Switzer- schafts-, Spiel- und Sportplatzbau. – with regard to economic, ecological cludes not only economic aspects; in Target groups would entail lower maintenance land, the Association of Swiss City Berlin-Hannover: Patzer Verlag, 5163 and social sustainability. times of increasing urbanisation and GreenCycle® is a tool for planning costs than the existing arrangement. Garden Departments (VSSG) has set 2/10, p. 45 ff. ISBN/ISSN: 0548-2836 • Calculation of lifecycle costs in the persistent climate change, both pub- and consulting firms, and for inves- By comparing current with future itself the goal of optimising the data Brack, Florian: Bewirtschaftung context of open space design com- lic and private green spaces in urban tors in the private and public sectors. maintenance costs, a savings poten- from GreenCycle® for its own purpos- optimieren. In: Kommunalmagazin. petitions and new project imple- areas can be expected to make an in- These include property management tial of 20 percent was demonstrated. es as part of the project “Open Green – Rüschlikon: Docu Media Schweiz mentation. • The costs of green space mainte- Space Costs” In 2010 and 2011, the GmbH, 2, pp. 22 ff. • Creation of maintenance cost docu- nance in various municipalities were work of maintenance teams in many Brack, Florian: Was kosten Grün- mentation and transparency for cus- reviewed using GreenCycle®. The green spaces throughout Switzerland räume? In: Werk, Bau und Wohnen:

Costs Cost distribution tomers, users of green areas, politi- over the lifecycle communities wanted to verify the is being surveyed in detail. This data Zeitschrift für Architektur und cians and administrative offices. Costs plausibility and efficiency of work will be used as the basis for a “VSSG Städtebau. – Zürich: Werk AG, 9, p. • Planning of conservation measures done. It was shown that the expens- data collection” in GreenCycle®. This 67 ff. in existing facilities and early assur- es were generally justified. There should enable standards to be set for ance of financing. were also pointers on how priorities all cities, which can then be enforced • Planning of renovation and renatur- in green space maintenance should collaboratively. Project implementation ation measures at the best possible be selected in future and where ren- time. ovation is unavoidable. It was crucial for the project team that period • Improvement of green space care Controllability • GreenCycle® is already used in dif- the data models can be used flexibly September 2007 to December 2009 in general. ferent communities and landscape in GreenCycle®, which allows the ba- Current: Follow-up project involving Time gardening companies to define sic data to be continually optimised. 7 Swiss cities and the Association of Initial situation Initial concept Design Implementation Use standards for the maintenance of To achieve this continual improve- Swiss City Gardening Departments The construction of a green space is Sources an intervention with implications for Fig. 1: Cost allocation in life cycle2. As the lifecycle of a facility progresses, costs are increasingly dif- 1 Zehrer, H., Sasse, E., 2005: Handbuch Facility Management. Landberg am Lech. the following 10 to 50 years (or long- ficult to control. The highest expenses are those for maintenance in the years after construction. 2 Niesel, A. (Hrsg.), 2006: Grünflächen-Pflegemanagement. Stuttgart.

20 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 21 ELCA ReSEARCH WorkshopProfessor Dr. Lutz ,Katzschner, Urban climate and University of Kassel, Germany BrusselsDepartment of Architecture,, Urban Planning andth Landscape Planning urban green May 24Environmental, 2011 Meteorology Tel.: +49 561 8042796 E-Mail: [email protected] he Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect island and its development. In all Tis one of the environmental is- the global climate changes scenari- facades, roads, pavements in cities. sues which have been documented os, with the respective downscaling First, these hard surfaces in built en- in many cities. In search of the var- methods a shift in the heat load sit- vironments re-radiate solar energy in ious environmental solutions to mit- uation especially in cities due to the the form of the long-wave radiation to igate the UHI effect, urban greenery radiation and ventilation factors is surroundings. A lack of extensive veg- has been found to be an effective observed. Mitigation factors are ur- etation further incurs the loss of natu- measure. This presentation will fo- gently needed. ral cooling means which cools cus on the findings of a number of surrounding air through Fig. 2: Urban climate map (heat island) of Kassel in the present situation (left) and in a 2030 scenario (right). research projects conducted world So one perspective evapotranspiration. wide to study the effectiveness of ur- in urban climate is Also, the UHI is ag- ban greenery to ameliorate the UHI the introduction of gravated by the lack thesis, most of the incident solar radia- trees has an enormous effect on sun Urban Parks effect. Specifically, the thermal bene- green and vegeta- of moisture sourc- tion can be transformed into the latent radiation and would at the same time Although a single tree can already fits of greenery in reducing the ambi- tion concepts to re- es due to the large heat which converts water from liquid improve the thermal situation. On moderate the climate well, its im- ent air temperature and cooling en- duce heat stress, fraction of these to gas resulting in a lower leaf tem- the other hand the graph shows that pacts are limited to microclimate. ergy consumptions at both macro but more quantita- impervious surfac- perature, lower surrounding air tem- the usual way of calibrating urban Large urban parks can extend the and micro level will be highlighted. tive data are need- es in cities. The rain perature and higher humidity through clime by H/W factors or SVF is not positive effects to the surrounding At macro level, the cooling effects of ed in order to justi- water is discharged the process of evapo-transpiration. At sufficient. built environment. Within the city parks and road side trees are fy the mea­sures. Main quickly. Such increas- night, the energy of the outgoing net park, it can be seen that researched through extensive field effects are seen in green es in temperature and in- radiation from a green surface is fed Another aspect in urban most average temper- measurements and computer sim- facades, changing surfaces creases in long wave radia­ from the thermal heat flux and the la- climate and greenery atures were relative- ulations. At the micro level, field and the linkage of green in cities. tion with the presence of air pol- tent heat flux. Therefore, the temper- is the human com­ ly lower than those measurements have been conduct- lutants can result in the accumulation ature around the green area is lower fort in open spac- measured in the ed to examine the shading effects of For any human-bio­meteorological of smog, damage the natural environ­ than that within the built environment. es. In this respect residential blocks. trees on buildings and rooftop green- evaluation the heat balance of man ment and jeopardize human health. research was car- From locations 1 ery and their direct and indirect ther- has to be considered. Ventilation and It also costs consumers more money ried out in a national to 4, the average mal benefits were documented. The the short and long wave radiation because it takes more energy to cool Results in respect to urban program on climate temperatures range presentation will also highlight the have the major effect but can also buildings. Green areas in cities are greenery change in cites with from 25.2 to 25.5°C. need for a policy to promote the im- be easily influenced and changed considered ecological measures for the influence on open On the other hand, plementation of urban greenery. through vegetation. With rapid ur- concrete jungles since plants can cre­ From Fig. 3 no clear relation can be space planning and an there is an orderly el- banization, there has been a tre- ate an ‘oasis effect’ and mitigate the noticed between the urban fabric and EU project RUROS. How evation of average tem- Introduction mendous growth in population and urban warming at both macro and mi­ thermal comfort (PET index). But if to design open spaces in re- peratures for locations within buildings in cities. The high concen- cro level. As soon as a bare hard sur- one looks at the microclimatic con- spect to urban climate. In Fig. 5 the the surrounding residential blocks. It The problem of the increased glo- tration of sealed surfaces triggered face is covered with plants, the heat-­ ditions of open spaces the important results from interviews combined shows that the park has cooling im- bal temperature is more intensive many environmental issues. The Ur- absorbing surface transfers from the influence of vegetation can be seen. with measurements show the switch pact on the surroundings but it de- in urban structures. Heat load and ban Heat Island (UHI) effect and with artificial layer to the living one. Leaves In Fig. 3 the daily course of short wave of cooling from very warm to warm. pends very much on the distance. heat stress situations have wors- it the urban thermal aspect have can seize most of the incoming solar radiation fluxes during a summer day This could be achieved by vegetation ened. Heat waves have a severe af- worsened the conditions in densely radiation. For example, trees were ob- is shown. The diffuse shadow of the shadow too. Road trees fect inside the urban heat island. Fig. built cities. The primary root of UHI served to intercept 60 % to 90 % of the Trees planted at road sides are very 1 shows the time development while is the rapid urbanization which re- radiation (Lesiuk 2000). Except for a effective. The original purposes were in Fig. 2 the areal distribution is seen. places natural landscapes with enor- very small portion transformed into Results: evaluation of the locations to provide shade for pedestrians and

Much is known about the urban heat mous hard surfaces such as building chemical energy through photosyn- 1.4 for aesthetics. However, the thermal effect of road trees on surroundings Wiehre-Mitte Weingarten 1.3 cannot be ignored especially in an 13 3 Wiehre- Konradstr. Im Grün (1) 1.2 Stühlinger Güterbahnhof environment with low-rise buildings Tokyo Rieselfeld and mature trees. 12 1.1 ÜD

2 Uniklinik- Im Grün (2) Neubau Solarviertel 1.0 11 3°C Rooftop gardens Herdern

(°C) 1 PET/PET World 0.9 Uniklinik- Vauban Plants strategically introduced into a T 10 Altbau y= 0.0026x + 1.0281 buildings can also benefit the sur- 0,6°C 0.8 R2 = 0.211 0 rounding environment by reduc- 9 0.7 ing the ambient air temperature.

Change of Temperature [°C] 0.6 The comparison of the external and 8 -1 1869 1889 1909 1929 1949 1969 1989 2009 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 the internal surface temperatures Years Years site openess (%) measured on the facades are impor- tant. Generally, the surface tempera- Fig. 1: Air temperature increase and impact of cities. Fig. 3: Relation between urban structures and thermal index PET. tures measured on the external walls

22 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 23 ELCA ReSEARCH WorkshopDr. Marcel, Langner Freiburg, Herdern, 01-08-2007 Measurement of particle Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany 1000 BrusselsDepartment ,of Geography Tel.: +49 30 20936880 800 th mobile, MP 4: E-W street canyon deposition to urban vegetation E-Mail:May [email protected] 24 , 2011 H/W = 0.45; SVF = 0.44 N oriented sidewalk )

-2 600 canopy portion: 0.15

400 stationary: EW street canyon K U (Wm H/W = 0.45; SVF = 0.14 mbient airborne par- Air quality plans are re- itation; wet deposition encompass- S oriented sidewalk ticles can cause ad- quested in the case of es deposition processes in the pres- canopy portion: 0.68 A 200 verse health effects on exceedances of the ence of precipitation. Dry deposition humans. According to limit values, ‘so that includes different mechanisms like dif- 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 the WHO, exposure to the exceedance period fusion, interception, inertial forces and CET (hrs) ambient particles de- can be kept as short as sedimentation. It depends on sever- creases life expectan- possible’. al parameters like particle size, mete- cy of every person in the orological conditions and properties Fig. 4: Effect of vegetation on radiation fluxes in cities. WHO European Region Those air quality plans of- of the surface, on which the particle by an average of almost one ten focus on the reduction of is deposited. Deposition velocities are year, mostly due to increased risk of particle emission. Hence, they in- used to quantify dry deposition. The were lower than those on the exter- cardiovascular and respiratory dis- clude measures like the ban of high- deposition velocity is calculated as the nal walls of The differences can be Perspective Literature eases, and lung cancer. Although the emission vehicles from the inner quotient of deposition flux and ambi- around 1 to 2°C at night and around The urban heat island phenomena Chao, R.; Ng, E. Katzschner, L. mechanisms, through which these parts of the city or the fitting of par- ent particle concentration. It is known 4 to 8°C during the daytime. (Wong is not only for large or mega size cit- 2010 Urban Climate Map Studies. adverse health effects are caused, are ticle filters to combustion plants and from semi-empirical physical models, 2006) It could be concluded that by ies. The mitigation effect of green- A review, International Journal of only poorly understood, it is known diesel cars. Another strategy to de- that particle size has a major influence introducing greenery to the rooftop, ery has a very high dimension in the Climatology, DOI: 10.1002/joc.2237 that health effects depend on various crease particle pollution may be an on deposition velocity (Fig. 1). For par- the cooling energy consumption of short and long wave radiation flux- EU-RUROS 2004 Rediscovering parameters, mainly on particle size increase of particle deposition to sur- ticles smaller than 0.1 µm, diffusion is a building can be reduced by about es so that much can be done in ur- the Urban Realm and Open Spaces – and chemical composition of parti- faces. Since vegetation is character- dominating, particles larger than 1 µm 20 %. Even if this effect is located to ban planning. co-ordinated by CRES, Buildings De- cles. The particle size is an important ised by a large leaf area compared to are mainly deposited by sedimenta- the roof garden itself and does not partment. http://alpha.cres.gr/ruros factor, since it determines how deep a the ground on which it grows, depo- tion, interception and inertial forces. influence the Urban Canopy layer in Two main issues are not yet well un- KLIMES 2009 Hitzestress im particle can penetrate into the human sition velocities of particles to plant total the positive effect is seen on the derstood: Stadtquartier – Identifizierung und lung. Simply speaking, only particles canopies are mostly higher than microscale level. • The quantification of thermal stress Mitigation, BMBF, Koordination Uni- with diameters smaller than 10 µm deposition velocities to bare soils Methods and research sites in open spaces, depending on the versität Freiburg (PM ) can pass the larynx und reach or technical surfaces. Therefore, air Measurement approaches to deter- Vertical landscaping mesoscale conditions: percentage Klimzug 2010 Klimaanpassung 10 the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, quality plans of some cities include mine particle deposition requiring In order to explore the shading ef- of greenery together with SFV or Mitte, Modellregion Nordhessen, limit values for these particles were an increase of green spaces or road- homogeneous surfaces (like eddy- fect of plants on facades, some pilot H/W dimensions and thermal com- Universität Kassel set by Directive 2008/50/EC on am- side trees as a possibility to reduce covariance techniques) are not appli- measurements were carried out on fort, development of a greenery fac- Katzschner, L. 2010 Urban Climate bient air quality and cleaner air for concentrations of ambient particles. cable in the case of vegetation can- some low-rise buildings where trees tor with calibration in Dense Cities, in: Designing high- Europe. The Directive contains long- However, only few measured data opies in urban areas, since they are are planted closely to the facades • The downscaling process from IPCC density cities, earthscan UK, ed: term limit values for PM g(40 µ m-3) of deposition velocities are available very heterogeneous. Another prob- (Wong 2006). The combined strate- scenarios to urban climate E. Ng, p. 71-83 10 and PM g (25 µ m-3) referring to an- for plants in an urban environment. lem arises from particle agglomer- gic introduction of plants on the fa- Lesiuk, St. 2000 Biotecture II: 2.5 nual means and a short-term lim- In urban areas, two main kinds of dep- ations on leaves, which make it dif- cades saves energy and at the same Therefore especially an EU project Plant-building interaction. Retrieved it value for PM with a 24-h-aver- osition have to be considered. Dry ficult to distinguish single particles time reduces the long wave radiation could do research in the compari- 09 September 2000 from the World 10 age of 50 µg m-3, not to be exceeded deposition comprises all deposition and hence hinder the determination and therefore lowers the heat stress son of urban climate in the different Wide Web: http://forests.org/ric/ more than 35 times a calendar year. processes in the absence of precip- of particle sizes (Fig. 2). conditions. climate regions of Europe using the good_wood/biotctll.htm same methodology and therefore Wong, N.H. 2006 Proceedings of To obtain data of particle deposition get a quantifiable benchmark, which PGBC Symposium 2006 Urban Cli- to urban vegetation, two projects can be used in urban development mate + Urban Greenery December were conducted in Karlsruhe and and open space planning processes. 2006, Hong Kong Berlin, two cities in Germany. In the first project, particle flux through a single crown of an Acer platanoides

40,0 % 40,0 % (Norway Maple) was investigated during the vegetation period 2002 in Karlsruhe. Deposition velocities to a 30,0 % 30,0 % roadside Tilia cordata (Small-leaved Lime) in a street canyon in Karl- 20,0 % 20,0 % sruhe and a shrubbery with mainly Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) at

10,0 % 10,0 % an urban highway in Berlin were in- vestigated within the second project Fig. 1: Dry deposition velocity of particles to a Fig. 2: Particle agglomeration on a leaf of from 2008 to 2009. In both projects, a 0,0 % 0,0 % very hot hot very warm warm okay very hot hot very warm warm okay vegetation canopy as a function of particle size and Acer platanoides, which was harvested on comparable methodology was used perception of heat perception of heat wind velocity. Calculation is based on the model of 21 August 2002. Photo was taken with a including sampling of PM10-particles Slinn (1982) and on parameters from an Eucalyptus scanning electron microscope (Langner with low-volume samplers on quartz Fig. 5: Thermal perception in the course of time (Kassel/Germany) and the spational distribution for human comfort planning forest (after Endlicher et al. 2011: 10, modified). 2006:35). fibre filters, collecting dry and wet

24 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 25 deposition in 3000 ml glass beakers Estimation of particle deposi- cles, a tracer element had to be select- Leafless period using wet-dry samplers and washing ed, which is present in PM -particles, Leafiness period 10 ) off particles from collected leaves tion velocities to urban trees but in negligible concentrations in par- -1

with a brush. Concentrations of trace The aim of the second project was to ticles coarser than PM10. Therefore,

elements were used to estimate the determine deposition velocities of PM10- measurements of trace element con- 1

fraction of PM10 in the dust samples. particles on various urban surfaces, in- centrations in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP (to- cluding vegetation canopies. To sep- tal suspended particles) were conduct- arate PM -particles from larger parti- ed at an urban highway in Berlin. The Particle flux through a crown 10 of a single roadside tree Li Al V Mn Fe Co Ni PM10/TSP 0,22 ± 0,31 0,44 ± 0,20 0,83 ± 0,13 0,70 ± 0,11 0,85 ± 0,12 0,58 ± 0,14 0,60 ± 0,31

The measurements at the roadside Dry Sb deposition velocity (cm s 0.1 PM2.5/TSP 0 0,01 ± 0,03 0,40 ± 0,07 0,16 ± 0,02 0,18 ± 0,02 0,08 ± 0,06 0,20 ± 0,11

Acer platanoides in Karlsruhe revealed Cu Zn Rb Sr Sb Pb Benath tree On grassland Benath trees and shrubs On grassland that dust deposit on leaves showed Karlsruhe Berlin 3 other sites in Berlin PM10/TSP 0,96 ± 0,13 0,75 ± 0,21 0,58 ± 0,09 0,52 ± 0,12 1,02 ± 0,15 0,93 ± 0,07 strong gradients in a profile perpendic- Street canyon Urban highway Waterside, roof top PM /TSP 0,23 ± 0,02 0,32 ± 0,11 0,17 ± 0,07 0,05 ± 0,06 0,26 ± 0,02 0,60 ± 0,25 ular to the road. Leaf deposit decreased 2.5 both with horizontal and vertical dis- Table 1: Average proportion of concentrations of several trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 within Fig. 5: Dry deposition velocities of Sb at two roadside sites with tall vegeta- Fig. 6: Simulated particle distribution in a street canyon using four tance from the road (Fig. 3). The low- TSP (Endlicher et al. 2011:43). tion and three other sites in Berlin (Langner et al. 2011: XX, modified). scenarios described in the text. er total dust load in October is caused WNW ESE WNW ESE by the beginning leaf fall in Septem- 10 m 10 m results showed that antimony (Sb) was terms of ambient mass concentrations particles (particle below 0.1 µm) by ber. A comparison with simultaneous- the most suitable trace element, since it of particles. This can be evaluated by urban vegetation should be more ef- ly measured airborne concentrations fulfilled the requested condition (Tab. 1). the use of numerical dispersion mod- ficient compared to the capture of

of different particle sizes revealed, that els. Therefore, such models have to be PM10-particles. Since these particles mainly coarse particles were deposit- At a height of 2 m above ground, dep- used to simulate effects of additional are thought to have particular adverse ed on leaves, which is in good agree- 5 m 5 m osition velocities of 0.8 to 1.3 cm s-1 vegetation structures in urban areas. effects on human health, a special re- ment with the above mentioned size- at roadside sites and from 0.4 to search focus should be put on the dep- dependent deposition velocities. 0.5 cm .s-1 at the other sites were deter­ Numerical simulations rely on meas- osition of ultrafine particles on plants. mined (Fig. 5). These differences can ured deposition velocities. Up to now, 1 m 1 m However, compared with particle flux- Pavement Road Pavement Road be explained by higher mass concen- only few data are available for vegeta- Acknowledgements es beneath the tree crown, particle 29 May 2002 9 October 2002 trations of coarse particles showing tion canopies in urban environments. deposit on leaves could be neglect- Total dust load: 267 g Total dust load: 39 g higher deposition velocities due to Therefore, the question has to be an- The first project was funded by the ed. Since the main goal of the project + Measuring points sedimentation at roadside sites. swered whether other species, especial- German Research Foundation (DFG), was to estimate the total particle flux 0 50 100% ly oaks, conifers and herbaceous plants, the second project was performed through the tree crown, further analy- As in the first project, accumulated show similar deposition velocities like on behalf of the German Feder- Fig. 3: Interpolated relative dust load on the leaves during the first and the last sampling in 2002 ses focused on particle deposition be- particles on leaves during the vegeta- Acer platanoides and Tilia cordata. al Ministry of Transport, Building (Langner 2006:95, modified). neath the tree crown (Fig. 4). To calcu- tion period could be neglected, since and Urban Affairs (BMVBS, FE-Nr.

late additional deposition due to the 10 m 10 m most of the particles were washed These models have also to consider 77.0485/2006/). Responsibility for the tree crown, an interpolated grid based off. Deposition velocities to canopies the damping of dispersion caused by content rests solely with the authors. on four corner points, which were not of tall vegetation were calculated us- dense tree covers in street canyons. Fig. influenced by the tree crown, was sub- ing differences in wet deposition flux- 6 shows the results of a numerical simu- tracted from an interpolated grid based es between sites beneath tall vegeta- lation of pollutant dispersion using Win- References on all measurement points. The differ- 5 m 5 m tion and on grass. For the two differ- MISKAM (flow and dispersion model Endlicher, W., Langner, M., Dan- ence yielded the particle flux caused Road Road ent canopies almost identical depo- for the microscale prediction of flow nenmeier, S., Fiedler, A., Herrmann, by the tree crown. An overall mass flux sition velocities of 0.45 cm s-1 at the and concentration fields) in an idealized I., Ohmer, T., Dalter, D. (2011): Ein- -1 of about 2 kg through the tree crown 1 m 1 m Tilia cordata and 0.51 cm s at the Acer street canyon, using four scenarios: fluss innerörtlicher Grünflächen und

during a vegetation period was calcu- platanoides-shrubbery were obtained. • Inflow vertical to canyon, without trees Wasserflächen auf die PM10-Belas- lated. About 75 % of this mass flux was 1 m 5 m 10 m 1 m 5 m 10 m This increases deposition velocities re- • Inflow vertical to canyon, with trees tung. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für caused by wet deposition. Dry deposition (foliation) Wet deposition (foliation) markably, which were measured at the • Inflow parallel to canyon, without trees Straßenwesen, Heft V 202 10 m 10 m ground beneath the canopies. • Inflow parallel to canyon, with trees Langner, M., Kull, M. & W.R. End-

Based on element concentrations of Pb licher (2011): Determination of PM10

and V, the fraction of PM10-particles was A vertical inflow induces a vortex in the deposition based on antimony flux to estimated to account for 20 % of the to- Opportunities and challenges canyon, leading to a shift of particles emit- selected urban surfaces. Environmen- tal mass, whereas the remaining 80 % ted on the road. Both the vertical and par- tal Pollution 159(8-9): 2028-2034 5 m 5 m are thought to belong to particles larg- for further research allel inflow scenarios show an increase Langner, M. (2006): Exponierter Road Road

er than PM10 and biogenic material aris- Based on these results, several rec- in particle concentrations at certain sec- innerstädtischer Spitzahorn (Acer ing from the tree itself. A calculation of ommendations for further investiga- tions of the street canyon with dense tree platanoides) – eine effiziente Senke

1 m 1 m emissions of vehicle-derived particles at tions can be given. Roadside vege- cover. Hence, it is recommended that a für PM10? Karlsruher Schriften zur the road section adjoining the tree yield- tation can capture particles and re- loosely arranged cover of tall vegetation Geographie und Geoökologie. Band 1 m 5 m 10 m 1 m 5 m 10 m ed about 3.5 kg during the same peri- Dry deposition (after leaf fall) Wet deposition (after leaf fall) duce re-suspension of particles. This in street canyons should be used to op- 21. Karlsruhe od. Since only a certain fraction of these Stem has been proven by increased deposi- timize air quality – but was does ‘loose- Slinn, W. G. N. (1982): Predictions

particles belong to the airborne particles Position of wet-dry-sampler 0 50 100% tion velocities due to vegetation cano- ly arranged’ mean in quantitative terms? for particle deposition to vegetative flowing through the crown, it was esti- pies. But deposition velocities do not Theoretical approaches (see Fig. 1) canopies. Atmospheric Environment mated that less than 5 % of these parti- Fig. 4: Interpolated relative wet and dry deposition beneath the tree crown during foliation and tell us how air quality is improved in suggest that the capture of ultrafine 16(7):1785-1794 cles were captured by the leaves. after leaf fall (Langner 2006:106, modified). http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/air-quality/facts-and-figures

26 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 27 ELCA ReSEARCH

Workshop, One of the group’s large ongoing re- odiversity by examining assemblag- Studies on urban ecology and urban search projects Enhancing urban bi- es of Carabid beetles, birds and am- BrusselsDr. Vesa, Yli-Pelkonen, odiversity: habitat planning and stra- phibians. At this point of the study it ecosystems at the University of MDepartmentay 24of Environmentalth, 2011 Sciences, tegic management of urban green is evident that golf courses harbour University of Helsinki, Finland areas focuses on the role of certain a species rich Carabid beetle fauna E-Mail: [email protected] key urban habitats (i.e. semi-natu- and are much richer in species than Helsinki, Finland ral grasslands and decaying wood). forests. Communities are variable More specifically, the project ad- between the golf courses and are dresses the possibilities of enhanc- dominated by generalist and open he University of Helsinki was es- and Urban Eco­systems ans, birds) and biodiver- ing biodiversity in urban areas habitat species. According to our Ttablished in Turku in 1640 and Research Group sity, ecosystem serv- through habitat creation and restora- studies even tiny fragments of vege- it moved to Helsinki in 1828. Main (based in Lahti, ices provided by ur- tion, i.e., how do urban habitats and tation within courses hold a fauna of tasks of the University of Helsinki are 100 km north from ban nature, eco- especially newly created, open habi- beetles that represent the fauna that research, teaching and societal inter- Helsinki) (Fig. 1). logical-social sys- tats such as semi-natural grasslands, was present in the area before it was A recent research initiative, in which action. The University of Helsinki is tems interaction in and the addition of dead and decay- converted to a golf course. The future both research groups presented here bilingual (Finnish and Swedish), but The Urban Ecolo- urban areas, plan- ing wood, contribute to and comple- work could address the conservation are involved, is the Green Roofs in Ur- nowadays tuition is also provided in gy Research Group, ning and manage- ment the biodiversity of urban areas. potential that golf courses could pro- ban Areas, which is an interdisciplinary English to some extent. The univer- led by professor Jari ment of urban green The study is being conducted in the vide to certain species groups. research project with several partners. sity has eleven faculties, 35,000 de- Niemelä, is one of infrastructure, and most urbanized part of Finland, the The project addresses if green roofs gree students, 30,000 continuing ed- the few groups in Fin- use of ecological in- cities of Helsinki and Vantaa. The research group has a strong fo- can be rich in biodiversity, act as com- ucation and Open University stu- land focusing on the re- formation in urban plan- cus on studying ecosystem servic- pensating habitats (dry meadow) and dents, 8,160 employees, including search and teaching of ecolo- ning. Furthermore, the aim is For instance, if urban grasslands are es in urban areas. Diverse urban na- what determines the success of spe- 3,930 researchers and teachers. The gy in the urban setting. The research to provide information to end-users managed as the heterogeneous mo- ture areas provide ecosystem servic- cies on green roofs. Moreover, cer- budget of the University of Helsin- group has 14 researchers from six (urban planners and decision-mak- saic of semi-natural grassland hab- es, which are essential for the well- tain key ecosystem services related to ki in 2010 was 644 million Euros. The different countries at the moment ers, managers, citizens) and thus en- itats, can this lead to the establish- being of urban residents (Niemelä et green roofs such as control of storm university operates on four campus- and numerous MSc students yearly. hance understanding of urban ecol- ment of a meadow ecosystem with al. 2010). For instance, urban forests water flow from roofs, carbon seques- es in Helsinki and 17 other locations The Urban Eco­logy Research Group ogy to aid urban planning. The re- low nutrient levels and complex as- and meadows provide a wide range tration potential, aesthetic, social and throughout Finland. addresses e.g. regeneration, tram- search projects run by the group semblages of nectar feeding insects of regulating and cultural ecosystem health benefits, and cultivation poten- pling, edge effect, decaying wood, are presented at the group’s web- and their host plants? The other key services. Many of these services are tial in urban settings, will be addressed The University of Helsinki has two ur- fragmentation, connectivity and hu- site http://www.helsinki.fi/urbane- aspect of the project, dead and de- dependent on how these urban eco- in the project (http://www.luomus.fi/ ban ecology related research groups, man recreational experiences in the cologyresearch. Prof. Jari Niemelä caying wood, is an important habitat systems are managed. english/botany/research/greenroofs/). both in the Faculty of Biological and research in urban ecosystems such has recently edited a major book on feature enhancing biodiversity in for- Environmental Sciences and more as urban forests, parks, semi-natu- the research field, titled Urban Ecol- ests. Numerous species are depend- The Urban Ecosystems Research The members of both groups are precisely in the Department of Envi- ral grasslands and small water bod- ogy: Patterns, Processes, and Appli- ent on dead wood, and urban parks Group led by professor Heikki Setälä also actively involved in Urban Ecol- ronmental Sciences of the faculty. The ies. Furthermore, they study the ef- cations (Niemelä et al. 2011), which and forests have the potential for pre- (http://www.helsinki.fi/urbanecosys- ogy related teaching, e.g. in the reg- research groups are Urban Ecology fects of urbanization on flora and was published by the Oxford Univer- serving such species. Dead and de- tems/) and based in the City of Lahti, ular courses and seminars and in Research Group (based in Helsinki) fauna (e.g. Carabid beetles, amphibi- sity Press (Fig. 2). caying wood in urban environments is the only research group in Finland the Master’s Degree Programme in can combat soil erosion, provide focusing on the research and teach- Multidisciplinary Studies on Urban nursery stands for the regeneration ing specifically about urban ecosys- Environmental Issues (http://www. of trees and provide certain ecosys- tem ecology. At the moment, the re- helsinki.fi/urban/). tem services, e.g. nutrient cycling. search group has six researchers and four MSc students. The research Contacts Other examples of the research group mainly focuses on urban eco- Prof. Jari Niemelä group’s work include studies on ur- system ecology and the various eco­ [email protected] ban remnant forest patches which are system services carried out by the Prof. Heikki Setälä highly fragmented with sharp edges urban green areas and urban soils – [email protected] and are heavily used for recreation- their decomposer food webs and the Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen al purposes. Indigenous understorey activities carried out by them. Soil- [email protected] vegetation responds negatively to ef- derived ecosystem services, i.e. the fects of the edge up to 50 m into the processes by which the environment References forest patches and at least up to 10 m produces resources that humans of- from forest paths. Thick urban forest ten take for granted, such as clean Niemelä J, Saarela S-R, Söder- edges limit the extent of the edge water and detoxification of harmful man T, Kopperoinen L, Yli-Pelkonen effect. This result is mirrored in the substances, lie at the core of sever- V, Väre S & Kotze DJ (2010) Using restorative effects of these forests, al research projects. Furthermore, the ecosystem services approach for e.g., thick urban forest edges provide studies on the urban hydrological cy- better planning and conservation of greater restorative values to residents cle (stormwater as an indicator) and urban green spaces: a Finland case compared to thin forest edges. urban vegetation affecting urban air study. Biodiversity and Conserva- quality and carbon sequestration are tion 19(11): 3225-3243. The group also studies the biodiver- the recent and ongoing strong re- Niemelä J, Breuste JH, sity of golf courses. The objective in search focuses. Research questions Guntenspergen GR, McIntyre NE, this study is to identify the habitat of the group are mostly socio-eco- Elmqvist T & James P (2011) Urban Fig. 1: The Helsinki Metropolitan Area illustrating the urban areas of Hel- Fig. 2: A new Urban Ecology book by Jari Niemelä et al (2011). components and management op- logical by nature, dealing with both Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and sinki and Lahti. tions of golf courses that enhance bi- basic and applied sciences. Applications. Oxford University Press.

28 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 29 ELCA ReSEARCH

Presenter: Professor Kalevi Korpela, Workshop, your experiences typically take place statistically controlling for the nine ronment studies suggested that parks Dr. Psychol., School of Social Sciences Determinants and strength of there?’) were measured with six most effective situational and person- provide stronger restorative experi- and Humanities/Psychology, Brussels, items summing up as a Restorative ality determinants of restorative ex- ences than built urban environments. University of Tampere (UTA), Finland th Outcome Scale (ROS) (Korpela et al., periences (Fig. 1). These determinants The results do not support the possi- restorative (stress-alleviating) May 24 Tel:, +3582011 3 35516579 2008). Three of the items reflected included “immediate” use of the fa- bility that people selecting favorite ur- Fax: +358 3 35517345 relaxation and calmness (e.g. ‘I feel vourite place (duration and frequen- ban places and having less intensive E-Mail: [email protected] experiences in favourite green, calmer after being here’), one item cy), personal background of nature restorative experiences simply do reflected attention restoration (‘my experiences (nature orientedness, na- not have the need for restoration in Co-authors: Prof. Liisa Tyrväinen, concentration and alertness clearly ture hobbies, childhood nature expe- these places, because this need was waterside and urban environments Finnish Forest Research Institute, increase here’) and two items reflect- riences), and situational factors in life controlled in our statistical analyses Helsinki Research Unit, Finland; ed clearing one’s thoughts (e.g. ‘I can which were related to stress (hassles (daily hassles or worries about work Matti Ylén (UTA), Harri Silvennoinen, in Finland forget everyday worries here’). To in- at work and with money, satisfaction and money, uplifts generated by so- University of Eastern Finland vestigate differences in restorative with life) and to social relations (up- cial relations and satisfaction with Topic: Greenery and health experiences between types of envi- lifts of social relations, visiting alone life). Thus, favorite city places – which Research was done during 2005-2006 his paper addresses the question fect of the environment per se. Fur- ronments, an analysis of covariance vs. in company) (Korpela et al., 2008). in this study and in any city may in- Tof the restorative (= stress-reduc- thermore, many earlier studies have with the ROS as an outcome meas- clude at least some green elements ing) and well-being effects of different used students as participants and of real-life, everyday places in resi- ure, the type of favorite place (five The overall result when considering such as plantings, city trees and flow- types of real-life, favorite natural en­ there is a lack of knowledge about dential areas (in two Finnish cities). categories) as a fixed factor, adjust- urban vs. natural places in general er-pots – may provide equally strong vironments. Experimental evidence other population and age groups. Consistent with our earlier research, ed for nine determinants (covariates) concurs partly with earlier research restorative experiences as favorite shows that visiting or seeing natu- we used favorite place as a window was performed. on restorative environments (Ulrich parks in conditions where people se- ral environments – typically parks or Reflecting the early phase of research or unit of analysis (for other favorite et al., 1991; Hartig et al., 2003; Velarde lect from familiar places according to woods – alleviates both attentional fa- in this field, there has been a predom- place studies, see e.g. Jorgensen et Results and discussion et al., 2007). However, it contributes their own preferences and emotional tigue and physiological and emotion- inance of experimental studies com- al., 2007; Korpela, 1992; Korpela and to the existing knowledge by widen- attachments. In consequence, future al stress more than built urban envi- paring the restorative and well-being Hartig, 1996; Korpela and Ylén, 2007, Factor analysis (principal axis fac- ing our view of the potentially health- theoretical and applied developments ronments (Hartig et al., 2003; effects of only two coarse set- 2009; Newell, 1997; Tyrväinen et al., toring, oblique Promax rotation) re- enhancing types of natural areas. should take note that the experimen- Berman et al., 2008; Par- tings: natural and urban 2007). Thus, the places were selected garding the importance of the six- tally proven superior restorative- sons et al., 1998). This (Velarde, Fry & Tveit, by the respondents themselves and teen place items (see underneath) The similarity in the strength of res- ness of natural places in comparison alleviation involves 2007). Epidemiolog- were valued or important to them in produced five main place factors/cat- toration between urban favorite plac- to urban places does not necessarily renewal of direct- ical studies have their everyday life. Moreover, the re- egories (Fig. 1), which were es (indoor and outdoor city areas hold for all types of urban and natu- ed attention related not the spondents were not sampled from a 1. extensively managed nature areas and places) and urban green spaces ral places in everyday life. In particu- capacity, types but the student population but were between (including large forest areas, small- (mostly parks) was unexpected. The lar, the question of the sufficient de- physiological overall percent- 15 and 75 years of age and were ob- scale wooded areas, scenery fields earlier evidence from restorative envi- gree or amount of green elements for changes from age of greenery tained as a random sample from the and meadows, small-scale natu- tension and within a certain Population Register Center. Our main ral state areas such as river valleys, stress toward area to health aim was thus to increase our under- wetlands, bushes and rocks), 6,0 Adjusted relaxation, and outcomes, such standing of the ways in which people 2. built-up green spaces (large green Unadjusted 95% a positive mood as morbidity make deliberate use of different types lots, green areas within housing change. These pos- (Maas et al., 2009) of everyday environments for restor- blocks, decorative plantations and 5,5 itive changes in ac- and mortality ative experiences over extended pe- glorious flowers, traffic green ar- tivity are called restor- (Mitchell & Popham, riods of time. The present study an- eas such as wind-breaks, green ative outcomes and expe- 2008). About half of the alysed the associations between the lanes and tree avenues, parks in- 5,0 riences. To date, there is only lit- 31 studies reviewed by Velarde use of favorite places, restorative ex- cluding grass and plantations), tle knowledge about which types of et al. (2007) have been conducted periences, and their determinants. 3. waterside environments (beaches environments or which kind of land- using images of landscapes, not in and harbour areas), 4,5 scape elements contribute most to real environments. Only seven stud- Method 4. exercise and activity/hobby are- these restorative and well-being ef- ies (23 %) have compared different as (playgrounds, recreation trails, 5.30 5.21 5.16 5.16 5.17 5.11 fects. However, this kind of knowl- kinds of natural environments. The A simple random sample of 1273 sports grounds, allotment gardens, 4,0 5.04 4.97 4.84 edge would be important in under- main subcategories of natural envi- Finnish-speaking inhabitants, aged dog parks) and 4.72 4.54 standing the effects of natural envi- ronments in these studies have been between 15 and 75 years, of two 5. indoor and outdoor urban areas 4.42 ronments and particularly in environ- green space, water environments, major cities in Finland (Helsinki and (street areas and indoor places with- 3,5 mental planning and construction. forest, golf course and high or low Tampere) completed a postal ques- in the city center). This result shows openness of the scene. However, all tionnaire. A subsample of the an- that the types of places in brackets

Moreover, although the restorative these types have not been included in swers from inhabitants with a self- tend to be equally important for our Adjusted Means for Restorative Outcome Scale Unadjusted and 3,0 outcomes related to green space vs. any single study. Many of these stud- reported distance from home to a participants in every­day contexts. 875 875 51 51 191 191 163 163 391 391 79 79 urban sites are quite well document- ies a) have used students as partici- favorite place of 15 km or less (n = Total Indoor and Built Waterside Extensively Exercise and outdoor urban green spaces environments managed nature activityhobby ed, there is very little knowledge pants and b) have been experimen- 1089) was analysed. Restorative experiences in favorite areas areas areas about the situational, personality, or tal studies where the researcher, not exercise and activity outdoor are- demographic factors associated with the respondents have chosen the en- Sixteen types of places (see results) as, waterside environments, and ex- Fig. 1: Adjusted (nine covariates) and unadjusted means of restorative outcomes (ROS) by favorite restorative experiences in everyday vironments where the study was car- were evaluated according to their tensively managed natural settings place type (confidence intervals of the mean are included). Numbers under the bars represent the life and leisure. In this study, we also ried out. personal importance. The respond- (mainly urban woodlands) were frequency of mentioning the favorite place type (listwise deletion in ANCOVA). Published in Korpe- investigated some of these determi- ents selected their favorite (most somewhat stronger than in favorite la, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2010). Favorite green, waterside and urban envi- nants of the restorative experiences In sum, our study aimed to contrib- important) place from these sixteen places in built urban (indoor and out- ronments, restorative experiences and perceived health in Finland. Health Promotion Internation- in order to (statistically) control them ute to this field by comparing the re- settings. Restorative experiences in door) settings or green spaces in ur- al, 25, 200-209. Downloaded from http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org at Tampere University Library and thus more clearly find out the ef- storative experiences in five types a favorite place (‘What changes in ban settings (mostly parks) even after on May 20, 2010.

30 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 31 ELCA ReSEARCH

Presenter: Dr. Ulrika K. Stigsdotter restorative effects in an otherwise ur- Korpela, K. & Ylén, M. (2007). Per- Workshop, Titles: Associated Professor, ban environment, such as on a street, ceived health is associated with visit- Research ideas on how to plan and Landscape Architect requires much further study. ing natural favourite places in the vi- Brussels, Forest & Landscape Denmark, cinity. Health & Place, 13, 138-151. th design natural environments based on May 24 , Rolighedsvej2011 23, Concerning the question of the types Korpela, K. & Ylén, M. (2009). DK-1958 Frederiksberg C of landscape elements contributing Effectiveness of favorite-place Denmark most to the restorative effects, we prescriptions – A field experiment. evidence-based health design and va- Tel.: +45 4011 0801 note here a single study by Nordh et American Journal of Preventive E-Mail: [email protected] al. (2009) as an example of the pos- Medicine, 36, 435-438. lidated guidelines in order to maximise sible ways for future research in this Korpela, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, Co-author: Dr. Kjell Nilsson area. This kind of research might pro- L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2010). Titles: Vice Director, vide landscape planners and construc- Favorite green, waterside and ur- the potential health benefits for all Landscape Architect tors further concrete results for appli- ban environments, restorative expe- Forest & Landscape Denmark cative purposes. Seventy-two small riences and perceived health in Fin- Rolighedsvej 23 ”pocket parks” (< 3000 m2) from cit- land. Health Promotion Internation- he positive associations between • evidence-based health design/plan- DK-1958 Frederiksberg C ies in Sweden, Norway and Denmark al, 25, 200-209. visiting natural environments and ning T Denmark were investigated. Each park was rep- Korpela, K., Ylén, M., Tyrväinen, human health could be described as • health promotion and ill health im- Tel.: +45 2120 5153 resented by a photo and its physical L. & Silvennoinen, H. (2008). Deter- a rediscovery. Once again health is an provement E-Mail: [email protected] characteristics were quantified as per- minants of restorative experiences important issue in city/landscape plan- centage of the scene. Landscape ele- in everyday favourite places. Health ning and garden design, but today we ments quantified were the size of the & Place, 14, 636-652. face new types of health problems Paper outline iological restoration. This is connect- park, hardscape, grass, lower ground Maas J., Verheij R.A., de Vries S., that need new solutions and actions. Background ed to the fact that people live in an vegetation, flowering plants, bushes, Spreeuwenberg P., Schellevis F.G., The positive associations between urbanised world. As a consequence trees and water/no water. The photos Groenewegen P.P. (2009). Morbidity Research proposes that nat- visiting natural environ- of the increasing number of peo- were assessed in terms of preference, is related to a green living environ- ural environments have ments and human health ple moving into cities and of urban likelihood of restoration, and compo- ment. Journal of Epidemiology and positive effects on could be described as densification, which results in build- nents of restoration by a student sam- Community Health, 63, 967-973. human health a rediscovery. Once ing and construction on urban green ple. The landscape elements most Mitchell, R. and Popham, F. through: again health is spaces, the natural environments predictive of the likelihood of resto- (2008) Effect of exposure to natural 1. encouraging an important is- available for physical activities, so- ration were the percentage of ground environment on health inequalities: physical sue in garden cial contact, psychological and phys- surface covered by grass, the amount an observational study. The Lancet, activity design and in iological restoration are reduced. As of trees and bushes visible and appar- 372, 1655-1660. 2. encouraging city/landscape a result, the WHO has identified the ent park size. Nordh, H., Hartig, T., Hägerhäll, social con- planning, but lack of accessible urban green spac- C. M., & Fry, G. (2009). Components tact today we face es for everyday recreation as a prob- References of small urban parks that predict the 3. pro viding new types of lem for people’s health and well-be- possibility for restoration. Urban For- psychological health problems ing, and they encourage local ad- Berman, M. G., Jonides, J. & Ka- estry & Urban Greening, 8, 225-235. and physiologi- that need new so- ministrators to increase the provi- plan, S. (2008). The cognitive bene- Parsons, R., Tassinary, L.G., Ul- cal restoration lutions and actions sion thereof. fits of interacting with nature. Psy- rich, R.S., Hebl, M.R., Grossman- Al- compared to before. chological Science, 19, 1207-1212. exander, M., 1998. The view from the The paradox is that every- Research deficits Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, road: implications for stress recovery day life offers fewer opportunities New research proposes that nat- There is already sufficient evidence L. D., Davis, D. S., & Gärling, T. (2003). and immunization. Journal of Envi- for these activities. This is connect- ural environments have positive im- to warrant an expectation that nat- Tracking restoration in natural and ronmental Psychology 18, 113-140. ed to the increasing number of peo- pacts on human health in three main ural environments can act to help urban field settings. Journal of Envi- Tyrväinen, L., Mäkinen, K., Schip- ple moving into cities and of urban ways: keeping us well (health promotion) ronmental Psychology, 23, 109-123. perijn, J., 2007. Tools for mapping densification, which reduces urban 1. Indirectly , through encouraging and as a supportive environment for Jorgensen, A., Hitchmough, J., social values of urban woodlands green spaces. The WHO has identi- physical activity therapies used to help when we be- Dunnett, N. (2007). Woodland as a set- and other green areas. Landscape fied the lack of urban green spaces 2. Indirectly , through encouraging come sick. Policy makers, land man- ting for housing – appreciation and and Urban Planning 79, 5-19. for everyday recreation as a problem social contact agers and health professionals have fear and the contribution to residen- Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losi- to people’s health and well-being, 3. Directly , through providing psy- realised the potential in these rela- tial satisfaction and place identity in to, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & and encourages local administrators chological and physiological res- tionships. Many recent policy doc- Warrington New Town, UK. Landscape Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery to increase the provision thereof. toration uments from governments, health and Urban Planning, 79, 273-287. during exposure to natural and ur- service providers and land mangers Korpela, K. M. (1992). Adoles- ban environments. Journal of Envi- To realise the salutogenic potential Evidence also suggests that there highlight the potential for natural en- cents’ favourite places and environ- ronmental Psychology, 11, 201-230. of natural environments, a detailed may be synergy between the three vironments to play a role in reduc- mental self-regulation. Journal of En- Velarde, M. D., Fry, G., & Tveit, M. understanding of how to plan/design ways, for example, physical activi- ing the burden of poor health and vironmental Psychology, 12, 249-258. (2007). Health effects of viewing and manage them is needed. Exist- ty in a natural environment having narrowing health inequality. How- Korpela, K.M., Hartig, T. (1996). landscapes – landscape types in en- ing detailed empirical evidence and greater psychological and physiolog- ever, more effective landscape de- Restorative qualities of favourite vironmental psychology. Urban For- depth of understanding on which to ical benefits than in a non-natural en- sign, planning, management and ac- places. Journal of Environmental estry & Urban Greening, 6, 199-212. base clear policy and planning guid- vironment, such as a gym. cess for all in society are needed to Psychology 16, 221-233. ance are insufficient. maximise the potential benefits and The paradox is though that today, in this requires a solid understanding Seven research ideas are presented, the 21st century, everyday life offers of ‘how’ natural environments and based on a research strategy with few opportunities for both physical health and wellbeing are, and could two foundations: activity and psychological and phys- be, connected.

32 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 33 2. Deficit: Municipalities ask for guide- Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. Grahn, P & Stigsdotter, U 2002. Nature & Human Health lines on how to plan urban parks in The relation between perceived sen- Parks and Nature in people’s every- Research Strategy; UC, Forest & Landscape The landscape Best order to enhance physical activity. sory dimensions of urban green day life: Green areas significance for planners research professional evidence Theoretical foundation Methodologies Research idea: Larger study, in- space and stress restoration. Land- people’s health and well-being. Ur- skills Evidence Hypotheses Social relevance cluding questionnaires, on site be- scape and Urban Planning, volume ban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol based health havioural studies, focus groups in- 94, issues 3-4, pp. 264-275. 2, no 1. design Promotion of good health/Prevention of ill health Improvement of ill death terviews and workshops. Schipperijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK., Urban Green Spaces Nature Areas Healing Gardens Hospital/Care settings 3. Research idea: How to plan health Randrup, TB., Troelsen, J. 2010. In- Peer reviewed book chapters Client promotion urban green spaces for fluences on the use of urban green Stigsdotter,UK., Palsdottir, AM., attributes Parks Users Habilitate all – especially targeting weaker space – a case study in Odense, Den- Burls, A., Chermaz, A., Ferrini, F., Workplaces Citizens Patients Palliative Schools/Kindergartens Employees Relatives Rehabilitate groups such as: children, teenagers, mark. Urban Forestry & Urban Green- Grahn. P. (In press) Nature-Based Residential areas Children Staff Acute care different ethnicity, girls/women. ing, volume 9, issue 1, pp. 25-32. Therapeutic Interventions. In: Nils- 4. Deficit: Many guidelines on how to Corazon, S.S., Stigsdotter, UK., son, K. & Sangster, M. (eds.) For- Inclusive user perspective design therapy gardens for differ- Claudi, A.G., Kjell Nilsson. 2010. De- ests, Trees and Human Health. Chap- Gender Age Demography Socioeconomic Ethnicity etc. ent patient groups exist, but how velopment of a Nature-Based Thera- ter 11. Pp. x-x. reliable are they? py Concept for Stress Patients at the Grahn, P., Tenngart Ivarsson, C, Result/Product Better human health – public health perspective R esearch idea: Realiability studies Danish Healing Forest Garden Naca- Stigsdotter, UK., Bengtsson, I-L. Better design, re-design and management of green spaces of therapy gardens constructed on dia. Journal of Therapeutic Horticul- 2010. Using affordances as a health- Demonstration & New courses – student/educational perspective transparent design guidelines ture, volume 20, pp. 34-51. promoting tool in a therapeutic gar- Cases: The Healing Forest Garden Corazon, S.S, Stigsdotter, U.K., den. In Ward Thompson, C., Aspi- Nacadia, University of Copenha- Ekholm, O., Pedersen, P.V., Scopelli- nal, P., Bell, S. (eds.) Innovative ap- The Vice Director of Forest & Land- To realise the salutogenic (health cre- es, circumstances, values, needs and gen, and The rehabilitation garden ti, M., Giuliani, M.V. In press. Activi- proaches to researching landscape scape Denmark, Kjell Nilsson, initiat- ating) potential of natural environ- health status). at Alnarp, Swedish University of ties to alleviate stress and the asso- and health. Chapter 5, pp. 116-154. ed and chaired the COST Action E39 ments, we need to have detailed un- Agricultural sciences. ciation with leisure time activities, Routledge, London. ‘Forest, Trees and Human Health and derstanding of how to design, man- Two health perspectives 5. Deficit: Many results from therapy socioeconomic status and general Wellbeing’. The main objective was age and promote them, and of what Viewing natural environments from a gardens rely on narratives health. Journal of applied biobehav- Popular scientific publications to increase the knowledge about the to expect these environments to be salutogenic viewpoint positive health R esearch idea: Provide a validated ioral research. Volume X, pp. x-x. Lamm, B., Stigsdotter, UK., Hare, contribution that forests, trees and able to achieve. We lack detailed em- effects can be utilised both in a health tool box for evaluating the effect of Schipperijn, J., Ekholm, O., Stigs- R., Bentsen, P., Randrup, TB. 2010. natural places have, and might have, pirical evidence and depth of under- promotive and ill health preventive horticultural therapy as well as for dotter, UK., Toftager, M., Bentsen, P., Udeskole og Læringsmiljø – Em- on the health and wellbeing of peo- standing on which to base clear poli- and ill health improvement (thera- the design of therapy gardens Kamper-Jørgensen, F., Randrup, TB. piriske perspektiver. (Outdoor edu- ple in Europe. The final outcome of cy and planning guidance. peutic) context. Figure X illustrates 6. Research question: Investigating 2010. Factors influencing the use of cation and learning environments the COST Action is the newly pub- these perspectives in research strate- both urban parks and therapy gar- green space: Results from a Dan- – empirical perspectives) In: Kural, lished, first comprehensive Euro- Research strategy proposal gy for the Nature & Human Health re- dens etc. costs money – but could ish national representative survey. R., Jensen, BB., Kirkeby, IM (eds.) pean textbook on the topic ‘Nature We know today that there are three search group at Forest & Landscape money be saved by improved Landscape and Urban Planning, vol- Aprops – Arkitekur, Pædagogik og and human health’. The book draws main ways via which health effects Denmark. The salutogenic effects health? ume 95, issue 3, pp. 130-137. Sundhed (Apropos- Architecture, together work carried out over the might be generated but we don’t seem most profound on diseases and Research idea: Cost benefit and Toftager, M., Ekholm. O., Schip- Pedogogy and Health). Chapter 3, four years by more than 100 scien- know which, or which combination, disease pathways which are respon- cost utility analyses should be in- perjin, J., Stigsdotter, UK., Bentsen, pp. 36-43. Kunstakademiets arkitekt- tists from 25 countries working in of these is most likely to affect dif- sible for a large proportion of the bur- corporated in the above men- P., Grønbæk, M., Randrup, TB., Kam- skoles forlag, København. (in Dan- the fields of forestry, health, environ- ferent target groups, what type of den of poor health in the 21st centu- tioned research ideas. per-Jørgensen, F. In press. Distance ish) ment and social sciences, and cap- natural environment might produce ry Europe; poor mental health, cardi- 7. Research question: New roles for to green space and physical activi- Hare, R., Bruun, K., Regnars- tures the state of the art in terms of them, or how to configure and man- ovascular and respiratory disease. old green spaces? ty: a Danish national representative son, I., Bentsen, P., Sundahl, M., scientific understanding. The book age them to do so. More effective Research idea: Could older ur- survey. Journal of Physical Activity Stigsdotter, UK. Mygind, E. 2010. articulates the tremendous econom- landscape design, planning, man- List of new concrete research ideas ban green spaces be transformed/ & Health. Læringsmiljø nærmiljø (Learning ic and clinical significance of poor agement and access for all in society 1. Deficit: A remarkable large amount redesigned in order to get new Stigsdotter, U. 2005. Landscape environment nearby environment) health in Europe, and highlights the are needed to maximise the poten- of ‘Nature & Health’ studies are roles as health supportive? Could architecture and health. Evidence- Skov & Landkab, Frederiksberv C. vast potential of Europe’s natural en- tial benefits and this requires a solid cross-sectional, which are vul- churchyards be redesigned in or- based health-promoting design and (in Danish) vironment if we can learn how, and understanding of ‘how’ natural envi- nerable to confusion, and even a der to support the grief process? planning. Dept. of Landscape Plan- Schipperijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK. for whom, access brings health ben- ronments and health and wellbeing strong statistical association be- ning, Alnarp, SLU. Acta Universita- 2010. Lok folk ud i byens grønne om- efits. The book presents a clear stand- are, and could be, connected. tween greater access to natural en- List of own publication on tis agriculturae Sueciae vol. 2005:55. råder.(Attract people out into the ur- point: natural environments can play vironments and better health can- (Doctoral diss.) ban green spaces) Grønt Miljø. Nr 5/ an important role in health promo- Evidence-Based Health Design/ not be taken as evidence of a caus- the topic Greenery and Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2003. Juni. (in Danish) tion, prevention and the cure of sig- Planning al relationship. Health Experiencing a Garden: A Healing Corazon, SS. & Stigsdotter, UK. nificant health problems, which may Our overall research strategy propos- Research idea: Addressing the re- Garden for People Suffering from 2009. Naturens puls – Om terapi ha- result in that Europe’s natural envi- al has its foundation in what we call markable lack of longitudinal stud- Peer reviewed papers Burnout Diseases. Journal of Thera- ver og naturbaseret terapi. (The ronments take on a new value, par- evidence-based health design/plan- ies on health impacts of change Stigsdotter, UK., Ekholm, O., Schip- peutic Horticulture Vol 14. pulse of nature – on therapy and na- ticularly those accessible to the 70 % ning (EBHD). Thus, the EBHD process in access/use to natural environ- perijn, J., Toftager, M., Kamper-Jør- Grahn, P & Stigsdotter, U. 2003. ture-based therapy) Angst Avsien, of the population living in an urban calls for practitioners (landscape ar- ments is a significant priority for gensen, F., Randrup, TB. 2010. Health Landscape Planning and Stress. Ur- nr. 26. pp. 8-9. (in Danish) area. It also follows that if these en- chitects/city planners) to make prac- this research area. This could be promoting outdoor environments – ban Forestry & Urban Greening Vol Stigsdotter, UK. & Randrup, BT. vironments (or access to them) are tice decisions based on an integra- done partly by using all ready exist- Associations between green space, 2, pp 1-18. Urban & Fischer Verlag, 2008. Konceptmodel Terapihaven threatened or altered by exploita- tion of the best available research ev- ing register data and by using web and health, health-related quality of Jena. Nacadia. En model for terapihaver tion, poor city planning, poor land- idence and proven experience with based questionnaires. Also the life and stress based on a Danish na- Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2002. og haveterapi for stressramte i Dan- scape design or bad management their practice expertise and with their quality of the nature area should be tional representative survey. Scandi- What Makes a Garden a Healing mark. (A Konceptuel Model for ther- their salutogenic potential may be knowledge of clients attributes (such taken into consideration. navian Journal of Public Health, vol- Garden? Journal of Therapeutic Hor- apeutic gardens and horticultur- seriously harmed. as variation in perception, preferenc- ume 38, issue 4, pp. 411-417. ticulture Vol 13, pp 60-69 al therapy for people suffering from

34 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 35 stress) Skov & Landskab, Køben- Lindholst, AC., Stigsdotter, UK. 1st to 3rd, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. Tool for Designing Sustainable and Allocation to one of the topics havns Universitet, København. (in 2010. An experience based method Pp. 74. (Book of abstracts) Healthy Cities. The Importance of Greenery and health. Danish) for green-space planning at small Stigsdotter, UK, Schipperijn, J., Experienced Characteristics in Ur- Randrup, BT. & Stigsdotter, UK. scales: A conceptual development Randrup, TB. Measuring the experi- ban Green Open Spaces for Peo- (All publications are within the topic 2008. Mere sundhed med grønne and critical assessment. In: Finde- enced quality of urban green space ple’s Health and Well-Being. In J. De of greenery and human health) områder. (Green spaces genrerate is, G., Arnberger, A., Eder, R., Schus- – method development. In: Sarlöv Vres (ed) Quality and significance better health) Vækst, 1, 2008 pp. ter, K (eds.) The 13th European Fo- Herlin, I. (ed.) 20th Conference of of green urban space. Arnhem/Velp 12-14. (in Dnaish) rum on Urban Forestry “Urban Peo- European Schools of Landscape 2005.04.14 -2005.04.15, Van Hall La- Short declaration on when Randrup, BT., Schipperijn, J. ple Meet urban Forests”, May 25-29 Architecture. New Landscapes renstein Univ Velp.pp. 29-38. (Con- the research was done Ipsen Hansen, B. Søndergaard 2010, Tulln an der Donau, Austria. new lives. New Challenges in Land- ference proceedings) Jensen, F. & Stigsdotter, UK. 2008. pp. 32. (Peer-reviewed abstract in scape Planning, Design and Man- Grahn, P., K Stigsdotter U., Berg- Most of the research is ongoing. The Natur og sundhed. Sammenhæng conference proceedings) agement. gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A plan- international and multidisciplinary mellem grønne områders udtryk og Lindholst, C., Schipperijn, J., September 11-14 2008, Alnarp ning model for designing sustaina- ‘Nature & Health Research Team’ at brug set i forhold til befolkningens Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. The green- Sweden. pp. 21. (Book of Abstracts) ble and healthy cities. Inspiring Glo- Forest & Landscape Denmark, Uni- sundhed. (Nature and Health) Park- space experience asa tool for plan- Schipperijn, J,. Stigsdotter, U.K., bal Environmental Standards and versity of Copenhagen was estab- og Landskabsserien, 40/2008. (In ning at small scales. In Goossen, Randrup, T.B. What do Danish users Ethical Practices. The National Asso- lished in 2006. A wide range of re- Danish) (Rapport) M., Elnads, B. and Marwijk, R (eds.). want from their urban green space? ciation of Environmental Profession- search questions on interactions be- Stigsdotter, UK. & Randrup, BT. Recreation, tourism and nature in In: Sarlöv Herlin, I. (ed.) 20th als’, NAEP, 30th Annual Conference, tween man, human health and the 2007. Sundhed og Landskabsarkitek- a changing world. The Fifth Inter- Conference of European Schools of 16-19 April 2005, Alexandra, Virginia, environment are being studied. The tur. (Health and Landscape Architec- national Conference on Monitoring Landscape Architecture. New Land- USA. (Conference proceedings) research has two main perspectives: ture) Landskab Landscape. 2007, 88, and Mangement of Visitor Flows in scapes Stigsdotter, U. 2004. A Garden at 1. The health promotive perspective pp. 152-155. (In Danish) (Fagblad) Recreational and Protected Areas, new lives. New Challenges in your Workplace May Reduce Stress, 2. The ill health/therapeutic perspec- Stigsdotter, U. 2005. SLU Alnarp, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 30 Landscape Planning, Design and pp 147-157 in Dilani A (ed) Design & tive Institutionen för Landskapsplaner- May-3 June. Pp. 89. (Peer-reviewed Management. September 11-14 Health III – Health Promotion through ing/SLU Alnarp, The Department of abstract in conference proceedings) 2008, Alnarp Sweden. pp. 19. (Book Environmental Design, Internation- From a health promotive perspective Landscape Planning In: Paulsson, J. Stigsdotter, UK., Toftager, M. of Abstracts) al Academy for Design and Health, the importance of supportive and re- (ed.) Universal Design Education/ Schipperijn, J., Ekholm, O., Kam- Grahn, P., Tenngart, C., Stigsdot- Stockholm. (Conference proceedings) storative nature environments are Design för alla utbildning. Pp. 158- per Jørgensen, F. 2009. Relation- ter, UK. 2007. Horticultural therapy. Stigsdotter, U A. & Grahn, P. being studied. These relate to work- 174. (In Swedish and English) ships between distance to and use State of the art and future research 2004. A Garden at your doorstep places, schools, playgrounds, pock- Stigsdotter, U. 2003. Utemiljöns of green space, physical activity and needs and priorities. Cyprus COST E may reduce stress – Private gardens et parks located in the dense city as betydelse för hälsa och välbefin- health-related quality of life – Re- 39, pp. 1-7. Parker og Urbane Land- as restorative environments in the well as other natural environments. nande, (The importance of outdooe sults from a Danish national repre- skaber, Frederiksberg. (Conference city. Proceedings Open Space – Peo- Focus from a ill health/therapeutic environmnets om human health and sentative survey. In: Ecology and Proceedings) ple Space, Scotland A OPEN Space perspective is on healing landscapes well-being) pp 265-282, in Stålbom G Forests for Public Health, Tellnes, G., Grahn, P., Stigsdotter U., Berg- Research Centre, Edinburgh College at acute care hospitals, healing gar- & Johansson B (eds), Människan in- Furuberg, M. (eds.). Pp. 8. (Book of gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. Eight expe- of Art The International Play Associa- dens at refuge centres for battered omhus: Perspektiv på vår tids inneliv, Abstracts) riences qualities in urban open spac- tion, Forestry Commission, Scottish women and children, and therapeu- Formas, Stockholm. (In Swedish) Stigsdotter, UK., Netterstrøm, es. In: Werquin et al (eds.) Green National Heritage Open Space: Peo- tic gardens for stress patients. Stigsdotter, U. 2000. Solberga- B. 2009. Natur og sundhed – hel- structure and urban planning. COST ple Space Conference Edinburgh. parken – en park för hälsa och välbe- bredelse. In: Koch, NE. (ed.) Skov & Action C11 Final report. COST Office, (Conference proceedings) The research outcome is to provide finnande, (Solbergaparken – a park Landskabskonferencen 2009. Tema: Luxemburg. Pp 240-248. (Confer- Stigsdotter, U. 2003. Health Pro- evidence for defining guidance for designed for improving health and Nya roller for natur, skov og landsk- ence Proceedings) motion through Accessibility to Gar- policy makers, city planners, land- well-being) Gröna Fakta/Utemiljö ab i velfærdssamfundet. pp. 21-22. Grahn, P., Stigsdotter, U., Berg- dens. Design and Health, 3rd World scape architects, and therapists trans- 1/2000. (In Swedish) (Book of abstracts) gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A Planning Congress and Exhibition, Montreal lating the gained knowledge into Stigsdotter, U. 1999. Rekrea- Stigsdotter, UK, Ekholm, O., Tool for Designing Sustainable and 25-29 June 2003. Palais des Con- practice. tionsmiljöer och hälsa, (Recreation- Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M, Kamper- Healthy Cities. The Importance of grès. Design & Health, Book of Ab- al areas and health) in Andersson & Jørgensen, F., Randrup TB. 2009. The Experienced Characteristics in Ur- stracts, p. 18. The study of the Eight Sensory Per- Mårtensson (eds.) Miljömedicinskt relation between green space and ban Green Open Spaces for People’s Stigsdotter, U. & Grahn, P. 2003. cieved Dimensions is an ongoing re- samarbete i Skåne – Verksamhetsp- human health – Results from a Dan- Health and Well-Being. In: De Vres, The healing garden at Alnarp campus search project in collaboration with lan november 1999. (In Swedish) ish national representative survey. J. (ed.) Quality and significance of – Description and interpretation. De- the Swedish University of Agricultur- Stigsdotter, U. 1999. Kloster- In: Hunziker, M., Bauer, N., (eds.) green urban space. Arnhem/Velp sign and Health, 3rd World Congress al Sciences. trädgården – ett paradis på jor- Health and Recreation in Forest 2005.04.14 -2005.04.15, Van Hall La- and Exhibition, Montreal 25-29 June den, (The monstry garden – a para- and Landscape, April 1st to 3rd, Bir- renstein Univ Velp.pp. 29-38. (Con- 2003. Palais des Congrès. Design & The ‘Susy Green’ study based on a dise on earth) Svensk rehabilitering, mensdorf, Switzerland. Pp. 67. (Book ference proceedings) Health, Book of Abstracts, p. 43. Danish national representative sur- 3/1999. (In Swedish) of abstracts) Stigsdotter, U. 2005. Urban green Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, U. 2003. vey was done 2008-2010. Toftager, M., Ekholm, O. Schip- spaces: Promoting health through Natur og Sundhed. I Christensen, Conference proceedings and Peer perijn, J., Stigsdotter, UK., Bentsen, city planning. Inspiring Global En- (Nature and Health) C.J. (red). Skov Publications published until 2005 reviewed abstracts in conference P., Grønbæk, M., Randrup, TB., Kam- vironmental Standards and Ethi- & Landskabskonferencen 2003. Cent- were mostly part of a PhD project. proceedings per-Jørgensen, F. 2009. In: Hunzik- cal Practices. The National Associ- er for Skov, Landskab og Planlægn- Stigsdotter, UK. 2010. On the re- er, M., Bauer, N., (eds.) Relation be- ation of Environmental Profession- ing. 2003, sid 100-105. (In Danish) lation between green space and hu- tween distance to green space and als’, NAEP, 30th Annual Conference, man health. I: Dåsnes, M. (ed.) Nor- level of physical activity – Results 16-19 April 2005, Alexandra, Virginia, disk Park-og friluftskongress, Oslo, from a Danish national representa- USA. (Conference proceedings) 2-4 June 2010, pp. 4. (Abstract in tive survey. In: Health and Recrea- Grahn, P., K Stigsdotter U., Berg- conference proceedings) tion in Forest and Landscape, April gren Bärring, A-M. 2005. A Planning

36 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 37 ELCA ReSEARCH WorkshopM.Sc. M. (Marco) H.A., Hoffman, Bio-diverse cities Wageningen UR, BrusselsApplied Plant, Research P.O. thBox 85, 2160 AB Lisse, The Netherlands he year 2010 has been pro- May 24 , 2011 Tel.: +31 252 462121 claimed the year of biodiversity Dutch Brochure T E-Mail: [email protected] by the United Nations. The main rea- To encourage greener and more bio- son for this was to raise the aware- diverse cities Applied Plant Research ness of the importance of biodiver- (PPO), together with Plant Publicity they provide shelter for certain an- 1. Habitat of the city: in (front)gardens. This 11. Attention for monumental trees, sity. More and more species of our Holland (PPH), issued a (Dutch) bro- imals. Large scale planting of mo- The growing con- is to the benefit of by setting out walking/bike routes flora and fauna worldwide are under chure: “Biodiversiteit in tuin en nocultures is not recommended. ditions for plants the entire neigh- along them. threat or disappearing, mainly due to plantsoen” (“Biodiversity in Interesting plantings are: inside cities are bourhood and city. advanced urbanization, industrializa- gardens and parks”). The prairie-plantings, mixed quite different 2. Sponsoring of tion and large scale agricultural prac- brochure gives exam- borders, (mixed) from the condi- tree-gardens. European approach tices. ples to green space hedges, banks and tions in the coun- Typically, these are The (Dutch) brochure on biodiversity managers, land- ponds, green walls tryside. The tem- the spaces under is very successful; there is a large de- Especially urbanization is not just a scapers and policy and green roofs perature is higher the street trees at the mand and users are very enthusiastic. threat, it also offers new possibili- makers as informa- and underneath and because of all front doors of citizens. Until now we have mainly focused on ties. Rich and varied greenery in the tion and inspiration. plantings of trees. the pavements the soil 3. Organisation of con- the Dutch situation. But the subject is city is not only appreciated by citi- The brochure pro- 3. Individual choice is much drier. Therefore tests for citizens: who has fit for an international approach too, zens, but it can also significantly con- vides background in- of species and culti- many alien species or prove- the most beautiful garden, the because it is relevant for the whole of tribute to the increase of biodiversi- formation on biodi- vars: By choosing cer- nances are better adapted to the tree with the x-factor, or the most in- Europe. Environmental care is a typi- ty. Urban greenery offers a home versity in the city, and tain plant species, bees, city-climate. novative green idea. cal European item, that doesn’t stop and a food source to many kinds of there are useful tables of butterflies, birds, etc. will 2. Climate change: Our climate is 4. Sometimes municipalities stimu- at the borders and different European insects, birds and other animals. An plant species that attract bees, be attracted. Some insects changing very fast. Adaptation by ev- late initiatives of citizens to revive countries can learn from each other’s additional positive effect is, that it butterflies or birds. The brochure also need specific host plants to survive. olution will go too slowly. More and old monastery gardens or city gar- expertise and experience. brings nature closer to the people. provides tips about certain types of a. Species attracting bees: Acer spp., more certain alien species or prove- dens in decline. The creation of high quality greenery plantings and examples of creative in- Malus spp., Tilia spp., Calluna vul- nances will be better adapted to the 5. Lectures or excursions on specified An important factor to deal with, are in the city in combination with good itiatives of municipalities to stimulate garis, Cephalanthus sp., Hedera he- new climate than the native ones. topics or areas can open the eyes the effects of climate change in the management and the right species biodiversity. The data are based on lix Arborescent Group, Salix spp., Most of the high quality greenery in of citizens (e.g. a tree tour through near future. This needs new research choice of trees, shrubs and perenni- years of experience in many research Symphoricarpos spp., Aster agera- cities already consists of alien spe- the city or a lecture about butter- based on specific circumstances for als is essential. projects on applications of green in toides, Geranium macrorhizum, etc. cies and/or cultivars. This makes it flies). different countries and cities. the city and on a literature review. b. Species attracting butterflies: Bud- possible for landscapers and archi- 6. Volunteer clubs can play The following three items dleja davidii, Rubus fruticosus, tects to create high quality green de- an important role, for for new European Re- History of research Agastache spp., Anchusa spp., signs with a high ornamental value, example the cutting search are suggested: In the past, Applied Plant Research Centranthus ruber, Echinacea pur- surprising creations, healthy plants of willows, putting 1. What plant species has done research on several aspects purea, Sedum spectabile, Verbena and a good integration with the ar- up owl nest box- can be used and of biodiversity in gardens and cities. bonariensis, etc. chitecture of buildings. Alien species es, performing which plantings We worked on different topics on the c. Species attracting birds: Amelanch- and cultivars can have a positive in- butterfly counts, and plant combi- level of plant communities, e.g.: ier spp., Aronia spp., Berberis spp., fluence on biodiversity. But there are etc. nations (plant com- • use of perennials and shrubs un- Cornus alba & sanguinea, Lon- some exceptions. Sterile and double 7. Several cities munities) are most derneath trees icera spp., Sambucus spp., Sorb- flowered cultivars are less attractive with canals, such successful for in- • combinations of perennials and us spp., etc. to many animals, because they have as Amsterdam and creasing biodiversity bulbs for long-lasting plantings less food (pollen, nectar and/or ber- Leiden, have intro- in urban areas? • use of low-maintenance perennials ries). In natural areas native plants duced floating islets 2. What is the effect of cli- in cities Native versus alien species have precedence because they rep- (‘floatlands’) with various mate change on biodiversity • ecological banks along canals The discussion about the use of na- resent the national green heritage. water and bank plants. Water birds and how can we counteract this by • regional plantings tive or alien species shares many as- Some alien species can be harmful and other animals can use them to adapting the greenery in the city? • natural enemies of pests in nursery pects with the issue of biodiversity. because of their invasive character. rest, feed and nest. 3. How can we involve citizens most crops Dutch brochure on biodiversity Many ecologists promote the use of 8. Some municipalities have turned effectively with the biodiversity • use of plants on green roofs and native species, because they are bet- Creative initiatives their city into an arboretum. It is in their city and what matters are green walls. Factors that affect ter adapted to the local circumstances. a friendly competition to plant as most important for them? But there are two difficulties: Many municipalities make an extra ef- many tree or shrub species in the At species level we have done research biodiversity fort to promote biodiversity or bring city as possible. on: Biodiversity is influenced by many fac- it closer to the citizens. This is to the 9. Pic king gardens have proven to be Publications • the functionality of alien species tors. The most important factors in ur- benefit of a city or village, because bi- a very successful initiative of ag- Hoffman, M.H.A. (2010): Met flora compared to native species ban green are: odiversity creates a healthy environ- ricultural entrepreneurs. Set-aside meer fauna de stad in trekken – Tuin • the value of new (street) trees for 1. Plant diversity: The larger the vari- ment where people like to live and land is sown or planted with a mix- en Landschap 26, p. 25-29 our cities ety of species and cultivars used, where tourists like to visit. In the Neth- ture of flowers. Residents can pick Hoffman, M.H.A. (2010): Biodi- • the attractiveness of certain plant the more biodiversity it creates. erlands already several creative initia- their own bouquet for a small fee. versiteit in tuin en plantsoen – Bro- species for butterflies, bumblebees 2. Types of plantings: Some types tives have been conceived and execut- 10. Many municipalities provide grants chure edited by Plant Publiciteit Hol- and bees of planting can stimulate bio- ed. Below are some examples: for certain plantings, for example land, 19 p. (Download: PDF: • many variety trials diversity, because they usual- 1. Some municipalities provide a pack- for planting green roofs, wall gar- http://edepot.wur.nl/154296) ly include a variety of plants or age of plants or a tree for free for use dens, regional species, etc.

38 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 39 ELCA ReSEARCH Alfred E.G. Tonneijck* and Tom Bade, Workshop, 1400 500 Modelling the benefits of urban Expertise Centre Triple E, Oude Kraan 8 1200

Brussels, ) 400 2 forests for sustainable management th 6811 LJ Arnhem 1000 The Netherlands 300 May 24 , 2011 800 Tel.: +31 26 3701481 Fax: +31 26 3701482 600 200 E-Mail: [email protected] (g/yr) PM 10 rban forests are beneficial to soci- urban forests rather than the aesthet- 400 *Corresponding author. Crown projection (m 100 Uety both in environmental and in ic values thereof. Whereas aesthetic 200 economic terms. With respect to their and beautification assumed top prior- 0 0 management, it is important to sus- ity until the last part of the past (Benefits ofT rees in Urban Land- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 tain the net benefits rather than the century, environmental and scapes) – with which we are Stemdiameter (DBH, cm) Stemdiameter (DBH, cm) aesthetic values. The crosslinking of socioeconomic aspects currently able to quan­ Pinus sylvestris Fagus sylvatica Pinus sylvestris Fagus sylvatica costs and associated benefits is es- have now become tify the environmental sential to achieve sustainability in ur- greater concerns. Ur- benefits on a tree- Fig. 1: Calculated removal of PM10 (g/yr) by a coniferous (Pinus sylvestris) Fig. 2: Modeled crown projection area of a coniferous (Pinus sylvestris) ban forestry. With a newly developed ban forests provide per-tree basis, for and a deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) tree species in relation to stem and a deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) tree species in relation to stem model, we have quantified the envi- the city with large both the capacity diameter. diameter. ronmental and economic benefits for values which of- of trees to remove both the capacity of an individual tree ten exceed the lev- PM10 from the air, to remove PM10 from the air, and the el of investments and their capacity circa 100 different tree species. The ciduous ones and do not lose their These additional measures amount potential capacity to reduce the Urban with respect to for- to reduce the Urban crown diameter of a tree was calcu- leaves during the winter. Howev- to € 1,05 billion each year and are ex- Heat Island-effect (UHI). Urban trees est management. Heat Island-effect. lated using species-specific crown er, our study showed that the year- pected to result in an extra reduction have clear potential in mitigating air Other benefits such as diameter models, using tree diam- ly removal of PM10 by an individu- of the PM10 emission of 2.6 kiloton. pollution and UHI. Since crown projec- However, when it comes avoiding water runoff and eter at breast height (DBH) as input al beech tree was about similar to By applying the same methodology tion area appeared to be an important to investments, the econom- effects on house prices will (Condes and Sterba, 2005; Hasenau- that of Scots pine for stem diame- of shadow pricing, it can be calculat- tree characteristic, research is needed ic benefits of urban forests are gen- be incorporated in the near future. er, 1997; Kalliovirta and Tokola, 2005; ters equalling or exceeding 30 cen- ed that the removal of one kilogram to determine the current tree coverage erally overlooked, and there proper The model also captures the values Peper et al., 2001; Purves et al., 2007). timeters. Compared to Scots pine, of PM10 at an hot spot represents an in our cities and to calibrate existing care is neglected. It is clear that the and payment for these benefits. Our If species-specific crown diameter the higher crown projection area in economic benefit of €40.0. crown diameter models to local con- costs associated with the planting paper presents the first results of the models were lacking, genus-specific beech in response to the increase of ditions. For quantification of the over- and maintenance of green space, are BETULA model with respect to PM10 crown diameter models were used. stem diameter might well have com- Apparently, the economic benefit as all economic benefits, it is necessary much higher in urban than in rural removal and the urban heat island If no crown diameter models were pensated for the reduced removal a result of the removal of PM10 in- to develop model applications within areas. But so are the benefits. With effect. available, the average dry deposition capacity during the winter. creased with an increase of the stem a GIS environment and to obtain more respect to the management of ur- values reported by McPherson et al. diameter for both tree species. The data on the returns of investments of ban forests however, the municipal- (1994) were used. Results of a field Economic benefits of pm10 removal better the performance of the tree, green measures. Besides, urban soils ity generally commits the large in- The removal of PM10 by test with 60 individual trees showed The monetary value of the removed this is the greater the stem diameter, must be managed well for optimal vestments but does not receive the urban trees that the measured values of crown PM10 is estimated based on the an- the greater is the economic benefit. performance of the trees. returns. projection amounted to circa 80 % of nual costs to reduce PM10 concentra- Deposition the modeled ones. Our calculations tions in the Netherlands. With respect Spatial planning based on calcula­ Introduction In our view, the crosslinking of costs The general process by which PM10 have been corrected for this differ- to the improvement of the general air tions of source-sink relations and associated benefits is essential is removed from the atmosphere, is ence between observed and mod- quality throughout the Netherlands, Scientific literature has shown that There is a vast amount of scientific to achieve the sustainability in urban called deposition. This deposition can eled values of crown projection area. our central government has decided the removal capacity of an urban for- data indicating that urban forests are forestry. Thus, it’s not just a matter of occur by precipitation as wet deposi- to spend € 210 million each year to re- est hardly reduced the average con- beneficial to society both in environ- evaluating the benefits, it’s a matter tion and by dry deposition. Dry dep- Model results showed that the re- duce the emission of PM10 with 9.8 centration of PM10 in cities (Nowak mental and in economic terms, and of financing these benefits and of the osition to leaf surfaces is governed moval of PM10 by an individual tree kilotons. Using the method of sha­ et al., 2006) unless the percentage of promote the well-being of citizens creation of a market (payment). So by the nature and concentration of increased with increasing stem di- dow pricing, this means that one kilo tree coverage is increased substan- (e.g. Konijnendijk et al., 2005). Thus, far, the economy has failed to pro- the air pollutant, turbulent trans- ameter (Fig. 1). A mature tree with of PM10 that is removed by urban tially (McDonald et al., 2007). How- urban forests enhance the attractive- vide authorities with the right tools. port processes and leaf character- a stem diameter of one meter was trees, represents a value of € 21.4. ever, the quantitative data about ness of cities and improve the biodi- The Triple E FEDS-model (Financial istics (Hanson and Lindberg, 1991). calculated to remove approximately the air pollution removal capacity of versity, reduce the level of air pollu- Economic Decision Support Model) Because trees have a larger surface 11 times (beech) and 8 times (Scots However, additional policy meas- trees are especially important since tion, alleviate the intensity of the ur- however provides solutions for these area than other land cover types and pine) more PM10 than a correspond- ures must be taken for the so-called these data can be used to calculate ban heat island, help to control rain- needs. Policy makers, green profes- also promote vertical transport by ing tree with a stem diameter of 20 hot spots where PM10 frequently source-sink relationships, thereby fall runoff and flooding, reduce hu- sionals and urban planners need enhancing turbulence, they provide centimeters. At the lower stem diam- exceeds the air quality standards. improving the procedures of spatial man stress levels and improve the quantitative data to integrate the good opportunities for the capture eters (≤ 30 cm), Scots pine appeared health of citizens. Urban green space multiple benefits of urban forests in of PM10 particles (McDonald et al., to be slightly more efficient in cap- furthermore increases home values proper design, planting and mainte- 2007). Different tree species have dif- turing PM10 than beech. Our results DBH (cm) Pinus sylvestris Fagus sylvatica and is an important factor for compa- nance. To achieve new (financial) ar- ferent properties which will affect the clearly indicated that it is important Background site Hot spot Background site Hot spot nies to consider when searching for rangements, information about the capture efficiency (Freer-Smith et al., for urban trees to become mature. an appropriate location for the estab- economic benefits also is necessary 2004; Hewitt, 2003). 20 3.4 6.4 2.7 5.0 lishment of their activities. to get insight into the stakeholders Conifers had been found to be more 50 9.9 18.4 10.2 19.1 who benefit from urban green space. Our model calculates the yearly dry effective in removing PM10 from the With respect to the sustainability in deposition of PM10 (g y-1) to a can- atmosphere than deciduous trees 100 27.9 52.2 28.2 52.8 the urban forestry sector, Ferrini and Taking all these aspects into account, opy of an individual tree (see Ap- (e.g. Freer-Smith et al., 2005). Co- Fini (2011) emphasized the impor- Triple E has developed a first version pendix for a short description of the niferous trees have a more com- Table 1: Yearly economic benefit (€) of PM10 removal by individual trees of two different species tance of sustaining the net benefits of of a computer model called BETULA methodology). Data is available for plex leaf structure compared to de- growing at a background location or at an hot spot, in relation to stem diameter (DBH).

40 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 41 planning. For instance, the emission This type of information can be used References Konijnendijk,C. C., Nilsson, Ran- Appendix of PM10 by cars (0,067 g per car to select the right tree species if the drup, T. B. and Schipperijn, J. (Eds), Condes, S. and Sterba, H., 2005. Calculation of pm10 removal kilo­meter) is expressed in units of trees are planted to reduce air tem- 2005. Urban Forests and Trees. A Derivation of compatible crown The yearly dry deposition (g y-1) of weight as is the case for the removal peratures. Of course, the trees can Reference Book. Springer. Berlin, width equations for some important PM10 to the canopy of a tree has capacity of trees. Thus, the removal only perform their ‘job’ properly if Heidelberg, New York. tree species of Spain. Forest Ecolo- been calculated with the following capacity of a mature beech tree with sufficient water is available. This is McDonald A.G., Bealey, W.J., gy and Management 217, 203-218. equation according to Nowak (1994): a stem diameter of one meter equals especially important since the fre- Fowlera, D., Dragositsa, U., Skibaa, Ferrini, F. and Fini, A., 2011. Sus- the amount of PM10 that is emitted quency of dry and hot summers is U., Smitha, R.I., Donovanb, R.G., tainable management techniques for by a personal car over a distance of expected to increase due to global Brettc, H.E., Hewittd, C.N. and Ne- DEP = C x CP x (Vd on-leaf x Ton-leaf + Vd off-leaf x Toff-leaf) trees in the urban areas. Journal of circa 20,000 kilometers. climate change. mitza, E., 2007 Quantifying the effect Where: Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences of urban tree planting on concen- -1 1, winter 2011, 1-20. DEP = yearly dry deposition of PM10 to the tree canopy (g y ) trations and depositions of PM10 in Trees and the Urban Heat Conclusions and Freer-Smith, P.H., Beckett, K.P. C = Concentration (µg m-3) of PM10 two UK conurbations. Atmospheric and Taylor, G. (2005), Deposition ve- 2 Environment 41: 8455-8467. CP = Crown projection (m ), the total area under the tree crown Island effect (UHI) research needs locities to Sorbus aria, Acer camp- McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Vd = Deposition velocity (m s-1) in the on- or off-leaf season Air temperature is often higher in cit- Urban forests have great potential estre, Populus deltoides x tricocarpa Rowntree, R.A. (Eds.), 1994. Chica- ies than in the countryside. This phe- in removing PM10 from the air and ‘Beaupré’, Pinus nigra and X Cupres- T = Time (seconds) of the on- or off-leaf season go’s Urban forest Ecosystem: Re- nomenon is known as the Urban Heat in mitigating UHI. Green manage- socyparis leylandii for coarse, fine sults of the Chicago Urban forest Island effect. As is shown in a recent ment must be directed towards the and ultra-fine particles in the urban Climate Project. USDA Forest Serv- The deposition velocity is dependent Dutch study, urban forests appeared increase of the percentage of tree environment. Environmental Pollu- ice, Northeastern Forest Experimen- on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of a tree, to alleviate the intensity of the urban coverage rather than of the total tion 133, 157-167. tal Station, Radnor, PA. so different values have been set for heat island (Klok et al., 2010). Due to number of trees. Visual tree assess- Freer-Smith, P.H., El-Khatib, A.A. MNP, 2007. Cijfers achter kaarten. deciduous trees and conifers in the the transpiration of water, the tem- ments should incorporate the meas- and Taylor, G., 2004. Capture of par- http://www.mnp.nl/nl/themasites/ on- and off-leaf season. The LAI of perature under the canopy of a tree urement of crown projection area in ticulate pollution by trees: a compar- gcn/kaartenjpeg /pm10_2006.html deciduous trees was set to 6 during might well be 15 degrees Celsius the future and additional research is ison of species typical of semi-arid Nowak, D.J., 1994. Air pollution on-leaf season, with Vd = 0.0050 m s-1. lower than at some meters distance. needed to determine the current tree areas (Ficus Nitida and Eucalyptus removal by Chicago’s urban forest. During off-leaf season the LAI was We performed a first attempt to get coverage in our cities. Globulus) with European and North In: McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., set to 1.7 with Vd = 0.0014 m s-1. The some insight into the cooling poten- American species. Water, Air and Rowntree, R.A. (Eds.), Chicago’s Ur- LAI of conifers was set to 9 for both tial of individual trees. All residents benefit from the posi- Soil Pollution 155, 173-187. ban forest Ecosystem: Results of the on- and off-leaf season, with a Vd tive effects of urban forests with re- Hanson, P.J. and Lindberg, S.E. the Chicago Urban forest Climate = 0.0080 m s-1. These values are as- DBH (cm) Pinus Fagus spect to the PM10 pollution remov- (1991), Dry deposition of reactive ni- Project. USDA Forest Service, North- sumed to be constant and are based sylvestris sylvatica al and the reduction of air tempera- trogen compounds: A review of leaf, eastern Forest experimental Station, on a 50-percent resuspension rate 60 111 291 tures, and share responsibility to en- canopy and non-foliar measure- Radnor, PA, pp. 63-81. of particles back to the atmosphere hance the quality of the urban envi- ments. Atmospheric Environment 80 171 444 Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Ste- (Zinke, 1967). ronment. Current knowledge should 25A, 1615-1634. vens, J.C., 2006. Air pollution re- 100 244 617 be made available in applicable ways Hasenauer, H., 1997. Dimension- moval by urban trees and shrubs in The on-leaf season in the Nether- to stimulate residents to green their al relationships of open-grown trees the United States. Urban Forestry lands starts in May and ends in Oc- Table 2: Estimates of the potential cooling ca- private gardens. in Austria. Forest Ecology and Man- and Urban Greening 4:115-123 tober. This leaves November through pacity (106 kJ) of mature trees of two different agement 96 (1997) 197-206. Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G. and April as the off-leaf season. During species in relation to stem diameter (DBH). When it comes to the real economy, Hewitt, N., 2003. Trees are city Mori, S.M., 2001 Equations for pre- precipitation, dry deposition of PM10 we need scientific data to quantify cleaners. Sylva/Tree News, 1-2. dicting diameter, height, crown is set to zero. The average amount of A mature tree needs 400 to 800 li­ the positive effects of urban forests Joye, T., Ramaekers, J., Herp, P. width and leaf area of San Joaquin hours of precipitation was obtained ters of water per meter square of on e.g. property value and to deter- V., Wael, J. D., Geerts, P. and Schau­ valley street trees. Journal of Arbori- from the Royal Netherlands Meteo­ crown projection area per growing mine the beneficiaries. For quantifi- vliege, M, 2008. Technisch Vademecum culture 27(6), 306-317. rological Institute (KNMI, 2008). By season depending on site character- cation of these benefits, it is neces- Bomen, Agentschap voor Natuur en Purves D.W., Lichstein J.W. and subtracting the total precipitation istics (Joye et al., 2008). An individ- sary to develop model applications Bos, Brussel., 2008. Pacala S.W., 2007. Crown Plasticity time from the total time in a season, ual tree uses about 95 % of this wa- within a GIS environment and to ob- Kalliovirta, J. and Tokola, T., 2005. and Competition for Canopy Space: the effective time per season is cal- ter for transpiration. For our calcu- tain more data on the returns of in- Functions for estimating stem diam- A New Spatially Implicit Model Pa- culated in which dry deposition takes lations, the amount of transpiration vestments in green measures. eter and tree age using tree height, rameterized for 250 North American place. was set at 570 liters of water (95 % of crown width and existing stand da- Tree Species. PLoS ONE 2(9): e870. 600 liters) per meter square of crown For optimal performance, urban tabase information. Silva Fennica doi:10.1371 /journal.pone.0000870. The average annual concentration of projection area irrespective of the trees need to grow old and should 39(2), 227-248. Zinke, P.J., 1967. Forest intercep- PM10 (µg m-3) was obtained from the tree species. For one kilogram (liter) grow on well managed soils. Green Klok, L., Ten Broeke, H., Van tion studies in the United States. In: Netherlands Environmental Assess- of water to evaporate, 2,257 kJ of en- professionals have claimed a more Harmelen, H., Verhagen, H., Kok, H. Sopper, W.E. and Lull, H.W. (Eds.), ment Agency (MNP, 2007) and was ergy is required (evaporative heat). than a 50 % increase of performance and Zwart, S., 2010. Ruimtelijke ver- Forest Hydrology. Pergamon Press, set at 28 µg m-3 for our calculations. The more water evaporated by the of trees at poor soils after applica- deling en mogelijke oorzaken van Oxford, pp. 137-161. tree, the greater the required evapo- tion of mycorrhiza, compared to un- het hitte-eiland effect. Report TNO- rative heat and the greater the poten- treated ones. Mycorrhizal applica- 034-UT-2010-01229_RPT-ML. TNO, tial cooling capacity of the tree. Our tions warrant further research to de- Utrecht,The Netherlands. results indicated that a mature beech termine if these treatments are prof- KNMI, 2008. http://www.knmi.nl/ tree had a greater potential cooling itable to the city as a whole. kd /normalen 1971-2000/ capacity than Scots pine (Table 2) be- cause of its greater crown projection area (see Fig. 2).

42 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 43 ELCA RESEARCH WORKSHOP,Jolanda Maas, PhD¹, Vitamin G: the importance of a Robert A. Verheij, PhD², Relation between green space and health A. Mediated part of effect for quantity (%) Sjerp de Vries, PhD³, BRUSSELS, 20 Agnes E. van den Berg, PhD³, 80 green living environment TH 70 MAY Peter24 P. Groenewegen,, 2011 Prof² 15 60 50 for people’s health ¹EMGO Institute, 10 40 30 Department of Public and of Percentage 5 20 unhealthy people unhealthy Occupational Health, 10 VU University Medical Center 0 0 lthough notions of the benefi cial 10%0%20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% General Health Acute complaints Mental Health Results P.O. Box 7057 effects of green space have ex- Amount of green space Stress Cohesion Green PA All three A 1007 MB Amsterdam isted throughout history and people The results of our studies have The Netherlands generally believe that green space is shown that: Tel.: +31 624 212 540 Fig. 1: Relation between amount of green space (in a 3 km radius) and Fig. 2: Indirect effect on health indicators as percentage of the total ef- good for their health, scientifi c ev- • people who live in a greener en- E-Mail: [email protected] self perceived health (percentage stating their health is less than good) fect of quantity of streetscape greenery for the three mediators sepa- idence for a direct relationship be- vironment have a better self-rated based on a logistic multilevel model controlling for age, gender, income, rately and combined, controlling for gender, age, education, income, life tween the amount of green space in health (see Fig. 1 for an indication ²NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health education, and urbanity (taken from Maas et al. 2006). events, having children living at home, smoker, and excessive drinker the living environment and health is of the strength of the relation), have Services Research (taken from De Vries et al, submitted). scarce. Therefore our research group fewer physician diagnosed diseases P.O Box 1568 worked on a coherent research pro- and report less acute complaints 3500 BN Utrecht gram from 2005 until 2010 titled ‘Vi- and a better mental health The Netherlands tamin G’, in which the G stands for • people in a greener environment green space. experience less stress and have ³ALTERRA, Green World Research more social contacts and this (part- Hartig T, Van den Berg AE, Hager- de Vries, S., & Groenewegen, P. P. Van den Berg, A. E., Van Dillen, P.O.Box 47 ly) mediates the relationship with hall CM, et al. Health benefi ts of na- (2009). Is green space in the living S. M. E., Van Winsum-Westra, M., & Objectives 6700 AA Wageningen health indicators (see Fig. 2) ture experiences: psychological, so- environment associated with peo- De Vries, S. (2010) Allotment garden- The Netherlands The Vitamin G research program had • people (at least adults) who live in cial and cultural processes. In: Nils- ple’s feelings of social safety? En- ing and health: a comparative sur- three aims: a greener environment do not en- son K, Sangster M, Gallis C, et al vironment and Planning A, 41(7), vey among allotment gardeners and 1. To investigate the relationship be- gage more often in physical exer- • How does actual exposure to green (Eds.). Forests, Trees and Human 1763-1777. their neighbors without an allot- tween the amount and quality of cise space, measured using diaries or Health. New York: Springer, 2010. Maas, J. (2009). Vitamin G: Green ment. Environmental Health, 9:74. green space in people’s living envi- • especially the quality of streetscape GPS devices, infl uence health? Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., environments – healthy environ- Van Dillen, S. M. E., De Vries, ronment and health; greenery seems to be important. • Which type of green space has the Groenewegen, P. P., de Vries, S., & ments. (PhD Dissertation, Univer- S., Groenewegen, P. P., & Spreeu- 2. To investigate the importance of biggest impact on health? Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). Green sity Utrecht). Utrecht: NIVEL. http:// wenberg, P. (submitted). Green- three possible mechanisms behind • How much green space is needed space, urbanity, and health: how igiturarchive.library.uu.nl/disserta- space in urban neighbourhoods this relationship viz. stress reduc- Conclusion, discussion and to optimally infl uence health? strong is the relation? Journal of Ep- tions/2009-0122-200330/UUindex.html and residents’ health: Adding qual- tion, physical exercise and social research defi cits idemiology and Community Health, Van den Berg, A. E., Maas, J., ity to quantity. Submitted to Jour- integration; List of publications 60(7), 587-592. Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. nal of Epidemiology and Communi- 3. To translate the results into spatial The Vitamin G research program pro- Maas, J., & Verheij, R. A. (2007). (2009). Green space as a buffer ty Health. planning and public health policies. vides evidence for the proposition De Vries, S., Groenewegen, P. P., & Are health benefi ts of physical activ- between stressful life events and that green space is more than just a Spreeuwenberg, P. (submitted). Near- ity in natural environments used in health. Social Science and Medicine, Methods luxury good, since the availability of by nature and human health: Stress re- primary care by general practitioners 70(8), 1203-1210. green space is positively related to duction, social cohesion and physical in The Netherlands? Urban Forestry Van den Berg, A. E., & Custers, The program consisted of three perceived and objective health and activity as possible mediators. Submit- and Urban Greening, 6(4), 227-233. M. H. G. (2011). Gardening promotes projects at different scales: at a mac- to feelings of social safety. Our fi nd- ted to Social Science and Medicine. Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Spreeu- Neuroendocrine and Affective Res- roscopic scale using data on ings indicate that the devel- De Vries, S. (2010). Nearby na- wenberg, P., & Groenewegen, P. P. toration from Stress. Journal of the Netherlands as a opment of green space ture and human health; looking at (2008). Physical activity as a pos- Health Psychology, 16(1), 3-11. whole, at an interme- should be allocated a mechanisms and their implications. sible mechanism behind the rela- diate scale looking more central posi- In: Ward Thompson, Aspinall & Bell tionship between green space and into the specifi c tion in policies re- (Eds.), Innovative Approaches to Re- health: A multilevel analysis. BMC effects of green lated to health, searching Landscape and Health; Public Health, 8, 206. http://www.bi- space in the ur- nature and spa- Open Space: People Space 2. Oxon/ omedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/206 ban environ- tial planning. New York: Routledge. Pp. 77-96. Maas, J., van Dillen, S. M. E., ment, and at Although our De Vries S, Classen T, Eigenheer- Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. micro scale in- studies provide Hug S-M, et al. Contributions of nat- (2009). Social contacts as a possi- vestigating the lots of interest- ural environments to physical ac- ble mechanism behind the relation effects of allot- ing new results, tivity; theory and evidence base. In: between green space and health. ment gardens. they also raise Nilsson K, Sangster M, Gallis C, et Health & Place, 15(2), 586-595. The projects are questions such as: al (Eds.). Forests, Trees and Human Maas, J., Verheij, R., De Vries, S., observational stud- • Is the relationship Health. New York: Springer, 2010. Spreeuwenberg, P., Schellevis, F., & ies, combining existing between green space Groenewegen, P. P., Van Den Berg, Groenewegen, P. (2009). Morbidity data on land use with and health the same in A. E., De Vries, S., & Verheij, R. A. (2006). is related to a green living environ- health interview survey data, and different countries? Vitamin G: Effects of green space on ment. Journal of Epidemiology and collecting new data through question- • To what extent is the relation be- health, well-being, and social safety. Community Health, 63: 967-973 naires, interviews and observations. tween green space and health a BMC Public Health, 6, 149. http://www. Maas, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Van causal one? biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/149 Winsum-Westra, M., Verheij, R. A.,

44 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 Workshops 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 45 ELCA ReSEARCH

Dipl.-Ing. Bernhard Scharf, Workshop, are using e.g. thermal conductivity University of Natural Resources and Research demand for healthier of bricks. Hence, the energy demand Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Austria Brussels, of buildings can be calculated for the Institute of Soil Bioengineering and th planning process and adjusted ac- and safer cities May 24Landscape, 2011 Construction cording to regulations etc. Tel.: +49 1 476547313 E-Mail: [email protected] The generated knowledge of the Humans and plants go So called green architecture does properties of “green technologies” not mean roof and façade green- • Building physical properties has to be compiled and converted together ings or high quality and functional • Particular matter reduction potential to software tools, allowing planners The usage of plants played a key role open spaces. It only means • Noise reduction Some of the regulations already pro- to use “green technologies” in their in the history of humans, the devel- that the materials used • Comfort of home mote the application of “green tech- project development just like bricks opment of settlements and civiliza- are environmental • Cost/benefit analysis nologies”, as e.g. and concrete. tions. The human physiognomy is friendly and the • Habitat specifica- • Splintered waste water charge in adjusted to our native green habitats energy demand tion Germany Another precondition to the success- like forests e.g. our eyes can focus is low. need to be ex- ful introduction of “green technolo- on green surfaces best. The presence amined com- All of the named groups of regula- gies” in urban planning processes is of green calms us down. prehensively. tions may support the application of the development of technical stand- Beauty is The results “green technologies” by e.g. ards and guidelines to be used in bid- Probably these are two exemplary have to be re- • Maximum building energy demand dings and to ensure technical quality. reasons why citizens still have high not enough liable and cal- for public funded buildings sympathy for green areas like parks The gap of the culable, gener- • Minimum amount of green surfac- etc. People appreciate “green” sub- expected ratio of ated on the basis es for public funded buildings The future city jectively in their neighbourhood, green areas in city of a standardized • Maximum reflected radiation and City landscapes have to be adapt- being aesthetic and environmental landscapes due to methodology. The sensible warmth ed to their citizens needs for health, friendly. Real estates in city districts their positive effects and various effects have to • On site seepage of rainfall safety and quality of life. Green tech- with a high ratio of green areas are the actual situation may be be quantifiable for the appli- • Maximum temperature for city quar- nologies will certainly play a highly more expensive. explained as follows cation of the respective “green tech- ters (counteracting urban heat is- relevant and irreplaceable role in that • green technologies do not comply nology” in regard to project develop- land phenomenon) context. The climate change problem with planning routines of architects ment. • Maximum seepage water amount reinforces the need for plants in ur- Plants and the urban and city developers for city quarters ban landscapes. • the positive effects and necessity of The knowledge of the “green tech- • Habitat provision and environment plants are not sufficiently appreci- nologies” properties allows their in- connection for pro- Unfortunately current It is undisputed that the presence of ated and present in the education tegration in authority´s regulations tected species knowledge does not plants e.g. in parks, roof or façade of city developers and architects and planning processes. allow the promo- greenings or simple potted plants on • green technologies are not suffi- Planning tion of “green balconies, contribute to the meliora- ciently integrated in rules and reg- Authority regulations technologies” in tion of the urban environment. Some ulations tools and a directed and effects to be named are • need for transdisciplinary project Authorities have established various reliable way. A • Reduction of air temperature development including landscape instruments for regulation and steer- processes research effort • Increase of air humidity constructing experts ing at European, national and re- The planning is necessary to • Reduction of air pollutants gional level. The most relevant ones processes for provide the data • Retention of rainwater on this topic may be summarized for architecture and needed and make • Reduction of noise Conclusion the following groups: city development the vision of green, • Increase of biodiversity and con- If one assumes that plants play a • Spatial planning and development are usually software livable cities come nection of habitats key role for quality of life in cities • Public funding systems based using CAD and true: and contribute to increasing safety • Environmental protection GIS. Planners are used to The “actual” city (storm rainfall water retention) and • Water and waste water management having comprehensive know­ Design for London (Living Roofs and Walls, the health of citizens and reduce the ledge of the materials properties they Greater London Authority 2008) Even though the positive effects of energy demand for the heating and plants in city landscapes are well cooling of buildings it is clear that known, the actual situation concern- green technologies need to be pro- ing the presence and/or application moted urgently. Following the prog- of “green technologies” (= planted noses of climate researchers green and/or permeable infrastructure sur- areas will gain significantly in rele- faces) sufficiently in European cities vance. is predominantly sobering. Building architecture and city quarter devel- opment do not include “green tech- Research demand nologies” such as roof and façade As a precondition to the promotion greenings sufficiently. The planning of “green technologies” their proper- routines seem to stay unchanged ties concerning since decades and do not use plants • Water retention directly. • Microclimatic effects

46 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 47 ELCA ReSEARCH ELCA Research Workshop – Workshop, BrusselsM.Sc. Nora Johanna, Huxmann, Universityth of Kassel, Germany summary and outlook May Department24 , of2011 Architecture, Urban Planning and Landscape Planning

he topic of urban green is vast and Under the headline of Green cies (yet to be designed) to exe- Tcan be discussed from many an- and Climate Change cute necessary changes. gles. Various of those have been pre- the sustainable sented in the ELCA Research Work- management of The debate on Urban shop at Brussels and corresponding urban green Green and Biodiver- publication, with many internation- spaces was sity also engaged al scientists putting forward their re- discussed, as to some extend in search interests and perceived need was the cost- the subject of cli- for further study and analysis. benefit anal- mate change. The ysis in envi- need for diverse The overlying theme of the work- ronmental as urban ecosystems shop was the range of benefits ur- well as eco- was put forward ban green can provide, all of which nomic terms. referring to chang- are in the end linked to health bene- The significant ing temperatures in In an early summary of the benefits socially disadvantaged and in depth research fits, may that be through the amelio- reduction of urban Europe which in turn of urban green the scientists con- residents often have of singular topics ration of climate change and particu­ heat island effect promote different plants cerned with Green and Town Devel- less access to urban and instead exam- late matter or through conserving and air pollution (espe- for the already difficult urban opment illustrated the many values green space than ining the multi-lay- eco­systems to allow for recreation cially concerning particulate habitats. Strategic management of of greenery, listing aesthetics, eco- others. Research ered functions ur- and its many direct health benefits to matter) was generally agreed upon. urban green spaces and habitat plan- logical value, microclimatic effects, called for by the ban greenery can the urban population. The “Oasis Effect” (Katzschner) of ur- ning were seen as the necessary (and particulate matter reduction, wa- speakers includes provide. Research ban greenery for human comfort in again political) tools to deal with the ter retention, noise reduction, res- the understand- needs to look into Under four headlines scientists from dense urban settings was an impor- implementation of further action. An idents’ health, safety and quality of ing of the benefits different types of ur- all over Europe presented their re- tant point; nonetheless there was call understanding of “ecosystem servic- life as well as increased property val- of different types of ban green and open search. All topics were similarly in- for strategies to implement networks es” (Pelkonen), the ways in which dif- ues. The seldom use of “green tech- greenery. Lack of “glo- spaces and into the teresting and in their fields of study of urban green to improve the situa- ferent types of urban green promote nology” (Scharf) including roof and bal research” (Manusset) is compatibility and exclu- of current significance. They lead tion further. All speakers impressed the well-being of residents, and envi- facade greening and plant- pointed out, again ask- sion of different benefits they however to another relevant ques- upon the audience of international ronmental as well as cultural values, ed and/or permeable ing for (political) con- can offer. Only this evaluation of tion: How can these many different scientists and European politicians was considered to be of the utmost surfaces was criti- solidation of different qualities of variations of urban green approaches be accommodated to al- the importance of appropriate poli- importance. cised. Again the demands on urban could allow communities to estimate low for meaningful European collab- need for compre- green. and understand how to plan green oration for better scientific research hensible meas- spaces for their particular needs and and interdisciplinary action? urements of ben- The necessity for thence to begin to value the poten- efits was stressed an interdiscipli- tials vegetation in an urban setting and a better un- nary approach is has to offer. derstanding of obvious from all maintenance and research angles The research team brought togeth- life cycles of ur- presented. Only er by the ELCA for their Research ban green was de- through well found- Workshop in May 2011 is excellently manded. ed and scientific stud- positioned to do exactly this: Cross ies “research gaps” (as professional boundaries to provide The subject of Green and mentioned by Emmanuel in depth knowledge of the different Health was mainly concerned with Mony, president of the ELCA) can topics involved so that a combina- the direct health benefits of urban be closed, “designing and maintain- tion and consolidation of knowledge green spaces. There is already sig- ing a future environment worth liv- and data can lead to a better politi- nificant evidence that urban green ing in”. The promotion of urban cal standing of urban green in the promotes physical activity and so- green in politics and thence future. cial contact as well as stress reduc- the understanding of the tion, thereby increasing psycholog- various benefits veg- ical and physiological restoration. etation in an urban The immense leverage of this with setting has to of- respect to the economic weight of fer has to be one of health expenses in national bud­ the prime objectives gets is blatantly obvious. Yet ongo- of all disciplines in- ing densification leaves much of the volved. Projects on a population with less access to green European level can do spaces and introduces a sociographic exactly this by taking a Carsten Henselek, Hanns-Jürgen Redeker, Karl-Heinz Florenz, Toni Berger variable into the discussion, where step back from specialised

48 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 49 ELCA-Research Workshop – participants

Speakers 54. Jocelyne Kerjouan Cité Verte, Paris FR 1. Dipl.-Ing. HTL Florian Brack Zurich University of Applied Sciences CH 55. Christoph Kluska Bruns-Pflanzen-Export GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Zwischenahn DE 2. Prof. Dr. Diedrich Bruns ECLAS President, University of Kassel DE 56. Prof. Cecil Konijnendijk International Federation of Park and Recreation Administration – DK 3. Marco Hoffman Wageningen University & Research Centre NL IFPRA, Vice-president, Frederiksberg 4. Prof. Dr. Lutz Katzschner University of Kassel DE 57. Benny Küsters Gartenhof Küsters, Neuss DE 5. Andreas Kipar President of Green City Italia, Milano IT 58. Werner Kuhn MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 6. Prof. Kalevi Korpela University of Tampere FI 59. Dr. Hermann Kurth ELCA Chief Executive, Bad Honnef DE 7. Dr. Marcel Langner Humboldt University of Berlin DE 60. Marketta Kyttä University of Aalto FI 8. Dr. Jolanda Maas National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bithoven NL 61. Mark Long UK Green Forum Director, Kimbolton, Cambrigeshire UK 9. Dr. Sandrine Manusset Market Research Institute “Environment and Society”, Nevez FR 62. Grégory Mahy University of Liege, Unité Biodiversité et Paysage, Agro Bio Tech, Gembloux BE 10. Arnoldas Milukas European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, Directorate I – Environment LT 63. M.Sc. Nora Markowsky University of Kassel DE 11. Emmanuel Mony ELCA President, Lyon FR 64. Julie Martineau Landscape architect, faculty of architecture ULB, Brussels BE 12. Sirpa Pietikäinen MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) FI 65. Peter Menke Stiftung Die Grüne Stadt, Düsseldorf DE 13. Dr. Giovanni Sala LAND Milano Srl IT 66. Marie Mertens Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP, Executive manager, Gent BE 14. Univ. lec. Bernhard Scharf University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna AT 67. Nico Morman Productschap Tuinbouw, Zoetemeer NL 15. Robert Schäfer Moderator, chief editor TOPOS, Munich DE 68. Marie Morel Astredhor, Paris FR 16. Ass. Prof. Dr. Ulrika Stigsdotter University of Copenhagen DK 69. Pilar Munoz-Elena EU-Commission, Directorate General for Environment ES 17. Alfred Tonneijck Expertise Centre Triple E, Arnhem NL 70. Martina Mrnkova Assistant to MEP Pavel Poc, S & D, Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats CZ 18. Dr. Vesa Yli-Pelkonen University of Helsinki FI 71. Pavel Poc MEP, S&D, Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats CZ 72. Jan Pouwelse Pouwelse Tuinen, Vlissingen NL Guests 73. Claus Prinz University of Kassel DE 19. Marie André University of Liege BE 74. Damien Provendier Plante & Cité, Angers FR 20. Jouko Antere Journalist FI 75. Hanns-Jürgen Redeker Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL) President, Hamburg DE 21. Tom Bade Director of the Expertise Centre Triple E, Arnhem NL 76. Jürgen Rohrbach Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e. V. – FLL Director, Bonn DE 22. Laurent Batreau TECOMAH – CCIP, L’Ecole de l’Environnement et du Cadre de Vie, Jouy-en-Josas FR 77. Egbert Roozen Vereniging van Hoveniers en Groenvoorzieners – VHG, Executive manager, Houten NL 23. Antoine Berger ELCA Vice-president, Berger Gartenbau, Zürich CH 78. Mark Rotteveel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 24. Pierre Emmanuel Bois Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP), Chief Executive, Paris FR 79. Drs ir. Richard PM Schout Aequor General Director, Ede NL 25. Dr. Ing. Florian Bellin-Harder University of Kassel DE 80. Paul Sedyn Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP, Gent BE 26. Henrik Bos Viheraluerakentajat ry, President, Helsinki FI 81. Jana Simecková Svaz zakládání a údržby zelene – SZÚZ, Executive manager, Brno CZ 27. Edda Burckhardt ELCA office, Bad Honnef DE 82. Ir. Johan H. Spijker Wageningen University and Research Centre NL 28. Océane Chmakoff University Gembloux BE 83. Zsolt Somorjai-Tamássy Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 29. Beke Clasen University of Kassel DE 84. Arnd Spahn European Federation of Food, Agriculture & Tourism Trade Unions, EFFAT, Brussels DE 30. Ron de Jonge Managing Director of Weverling Groenprojecten, Monster NL 85. Jaap Spros De Groene Stad, Boskoop NL 31. Edward Demicoli EU-Commission, member of the cabinet of EU Commissioner John Dalli MT 86. Meike Stelter Fachverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau DE 32. Gaëtan Duhamel Plante & Cité, Angers FR Mecklenburg-Vorpommern e. V., Executive manager, Güstrow 33. Dr. Ir. E.Dinand Ekkel University CAH Dronten/Almere NL 87. Thorsten Sträter University of Kassel DE 34. Jean-Francois Ferrant Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagsites – BFG-FBEP President, Gent BE 88. Taina Suonio Envire VRJ Group, Vantaa FI 35. Simon Fierens University Gembloux BE 89. Nigel Thorne European Federation for Landscape Architecture – EFLA President, London UK 36. Karl-Heinz Florenz MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 90. Jyri Uimonen Managing Director of the Finnish Association of Nurseries, Helsinki FI 37. Szilvia Golya Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 91. Peter van de Haar van de Haar Groep, Wekerom, Main Director NL 38. Wolfgang Groß Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL), Bad Honnef DE 92. Pieter van den Berk Boomkwekerij Gebr. Van den Berk B.V., Sint-Oedenrode NL 39. Jan Habets De Groene Stad, Boskoop NL 93. Dr. Anja van Geert University of Brussels, Plant Biology and Nature Management BE 40. Michalena Magdalena Hadala Hadart SP.zo.o., Warszawa PL 94. Erris van Ginkel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 41. Mathieu Halford University of Liege, Unity Biodiversity and Landscape BE 95. Wim van Ginkel Koninklijke Ginkel Groep, Veenendaal NL 42. Christoph Hartmann Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. – BGL, Vice-president, Berlin DE 96. Ir. Bert van Helvoirt Smart Innovative Concepts SHFT, Berkel-Enschot NL 43. Carsten Henselek Fachverband Garten-, Landschaft und Sportplatzbau Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., DE 97. Véronique Vansteene Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP), Paris FR Chairman, Berlin 98. Bas Veldhuizen Weverling Groenprojecten, Monster NL 44. Dr. Michael Henze Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. - BGL, Bad Honnef DE 99. Carlo Vercelli JardinSuisse, Executive manager, Zurich CH 45. Dr. ir. Jelle A. Hiemstra Wageningen UR Applied Plant Reearch, Lisse NL 100. Tamas Vincze ELCA Vice-president, Green City Hungary, Budapest HU 46. A.H. Hoek Hoek Hoveniers, Weesp NL 101. Ir. Joris Voeten Smart Innovative Concepts SHFT, Berkel-Enschot NL 47. Margareth Hop Wageningen UR Applied Plant Research, Lisse NL 102. Axel Voss MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) DE 48. Neil Huck ELCA Vice-president, Suffolk UK 103. Josiane Walentiny Fédération Horticole Luxembourgeoise (FHL), Luxembourg, Executive manager LU 49. Zuzana Hudekova Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, Bratislava SK 104. Sobczyk Witold Office Jolanta Hibner, MEP, EPP, Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) PL 50. Michael Janik Representation of the State of North Rhine-Westfalia DE 105. Ing. Eva Vozenilkova The Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, CZ 51. Nils Jordan University of Kassel DE Department of Landscape Protection, Prague 52. i.r. Adriaan Jurriens Technical University Eindhoven NL 106. Janice Zahra Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited – ELC MT 53. Paul Kavanagh Green Avenue Landscapes Ltd, Naas, Kildare IE 107. Kathryn Zahra Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited – ELC MT

50 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 3 WORKSHOPS 3 Workshops Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 51 ELCA Member Associations

Austria Finland

Bundesinnung der Gärtner und Floristen Viheraluerakentajat r. y. Bundesinnungsgruppe Lebensmittel und Natur Viljatie 4 C Wirtschaftskammer Österreich 00700 Helsinki Wiedner Hauptstraße 63 Tel.: +358 9 58416505 1045 Wien Fax: +358 9 58416555 Tel.: +43 0 590900-3650 E-Mail: [email protected] Fax: +43 1 5043613 Website: www.viheraluerakentajat.fi E-Mail: [email protected] President: Henrik Bos Website: www.gaertner-floristen.at Secretary: Seppo Närhi President: KommR Rudolf Anton Hajek ELCA Representative: Christian Blazek Secretary: Dr. Reinhard Kainz France

Union Nationale des Entrepreneurs du Paysage (UNEP) Belgium 10, Rue Saint-Marc 75002 Paris FBEP – BFG Tel.: +33 1 42331882 Fédération Belge Entrepreneurs Paysagistes Fax: +33 1 42335686 Belgische Federatie Groenvoorzieners E-Mail: [email protected] Zuidstationstraat 32 Website: www.entreprisesdupaysage.org 9000 Gent President: Emmanuel Mony Tel.: +32 9 2240311 Secretary: Pierre-Emmanuel Bois Fax: +32 9 2240318 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.bfg-fbep.org Germany President: Jean-François Ferrant Secretary: Yves Heirman Bundesverband Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau e. V. (BGL) Alexander-von-Humboldt-Straße 4 53604 Bad Honnef Czech Republic Tel.: +49 2224 77070 Fax: +49 2224 770777 Svaz zakládání a údržby zelenˇe – SZÚZ E-Mail: [email protected] Kˇridlovická 68 Website: www.galabau.de 603 00 Brno President: August Forster Tel.: +42 0777 581544 Main Secretary: Dr. Hermann J. Kurth Fax: +42 0542 210435 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.szuz.cz Great Britain President: Rostislav Ivánek Secretary: Jana Šimečková BALI – The British Association of Landscape Industries Landscape House Stoneleigh Park Denmark Warwickshire CV8 2LG Tel.: +44 870 7704971 Danske Anlægsgartnere – DAG Fax: +44 870 7704972 Sankt Knudsvej 25 E-Mail: [email protected] 1903 Frederiksberg C. Website: www.bali.org.uk Tel.: +45 33 860860 Chairman: Paul Cowell Fax: +45 33 860850 ELCA Representative: Neil Huck E-Mail: [email protected] Chief Executive: Wayne Grills Website: www.dag.dk President: Ole Kjærgaard Secretary: Stephan Falsner

52 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 53 Greece Malta

Greek National Union of Agriculturist Environmental Landscapes Consortium Limited Landscape Contractors Wied Incita Nurseries ΠΑΝΕΛΛΗΝΙΑ ΕΝΩΣΗ EΡΓΟΛΗΠΤΩΝ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ Mdina Road ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟΥ - ΠΕΕΓΕΠ - Attard ATD9037 Didotu 26 Tel.: +356 21420993 Athens, t.k. 10680 Fax: +356 21420994 Tel.: +30 2109322234 E-Mail: [email protected] Fax: +30 2109359210 Website: www.elcmalta.com E-Mail: [email protected] President: Peter V. Calamatta Website: www.peegep.gr Secretary: Dr. Ronald D. Cuschieri President: Michalis N. Stogianos Secretary: George Kafritsas Norway

Hungary Norsk Anleggsgartnere (NAML) Middeltunsgate 27 Magyar Kertépítö és Fenntartó Vállalkozók Országos Szövetsége 0305 Oslo MAKEOSZ Tel.: +47 23 087584/85 Villányi út 35 - 43 Fax: +47 22 569770 1118 Budapest E-Mail: [email protected] Tel.: +36 20 5571196 Website: www.naml.no Fax: +36 1 2732744 President: Arvid Ekle E-Mail: [email protected] Secretary: Knut Geir Bjartland Website: www.makeosz.hu President: Ernö Kosztka Secretary: Anna Torok Poland

Stowarzyszenie Architektury Krajobrazu (SAK) Ireland ul. Szlak 65/103 31-153 Kraków Association of Landscape Contractors of Ireland (ALCI) Tel.: +48 12 6618210 Southern Region Fax: +48 12 6618210 2 Martello Terrace E-Mail: [email protected] Sandycove, co. Dublin Website: www.sak.org.pl Tel.: +353 1 247 9037 President: Wojciech Januszczyk Fax: +353 1 247 5804 Secretary: Piotr Murdza E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.alci.ie Secretary: Ross Carew Portugal Associação Portuguesa de Northern Region Espaços Verdes – APEV 22, Summerhill Park Rua Dr Eduardo Torres 579 4ºEsq Bangor, Co Down, BT20 5QQ 4450-117 Matoshinhos Tel.: +353 28 91272823 Tel.: +351 910 629 941 Fax: +353 28 91272823 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: secretaryalci.org.uk Website: www.apev.org.pt Website: www.alci.org.uk President: António Pedro Moniz Secretary: Lyn Sheriff

President: Keith Crawford Russia ELCA Representative: Paul Kavanagh Guild of Professionals in Landscape Industry (GPLI) of Russia Granatny pereulok 3, bld. 2 Luxembourg 123001 Moscow/Russian Federation Tel.: +7 495 2906588 Fédération Horticole Luxembourgeoise A.S.B.L. Fax: +7 495 6902864 261, route d´Arlon E-Mail: [email protected] 8011 Strassen Website: www.gipli.ru Tel.: +352 31387631 President: Igor Voskresensky Fax: +352 313875 ELCA Representative: Karina Lazareva E-Mail: [email protected] Secretary: Marina Nazarova President: N.N. Secretary: Josiane Walentiny

54 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 55 Spain Partner Countries and Associated Members Federación Española de Empresas de Jardinería (FEEJ) Sant Pau, 6 08221 Terrassa Canada Tel.: +34 902 550595 Fax: +34 902 934075 Canadian Nursery Landscape Association/ E-Mail: [email protected] Association Canadienne des Pépiniéristes et des Paysagistes President: Andreu Massoni 7856 Fifth Line South Secretary: Santiago Caballero Gómez Milton, ON L9T 2X8 Tel.: +1 905 875 1399 Fax: +1 905 875 1840 Sweden E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.canadanursery.com Sveriges Trädgårdanläggningsförbund (STAF) President: Bill Stensson Holmavägen 10 Executive Director: Victor Santacruz CAE, CLP 289 32 Knislinge Member Services: Joe Salemi, CAE Tel.: +46 40 75620 Landscape Priorities Fax: +46 44 61268 Manager: Liz Klose, CLP E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.staf.se President: Kenneth Lundin China Secretary: Göran Andersson Landscape Engineering Association of China Society of Landscape Architecture Switzerland Room 333, Bej Pei Building No. 9, Sanlihe, Road Haidian District, JardinSuisse Beijing, People´s Republic of China Unternehmerverband Gärtner Schweiz Tel.: +86 10 68393746 Bahnhofstr. 94 Fax: +86 10 68312545 5000 Aarau E-Mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 44 3885300 Website: www.lac.com Fax: +41 44 3885325 President: Zemin Wang E-Mail: [email protected] Secretary: Liu Xiaoming Website: www.jardinsuisse.ch President: Olivier Mark ELCA Representative: Ueli Leuthold EUROPEAN ARBORICULTURAL COUNCIL (EAC) Secretary: Carlo L. Vercelli European Arboricultural Council (EAC) Haus der Landschaft The Netherlands Alexander-von-Humboldt-Str. 4 53604 Bad Honnef Branchevereniging VHG, branchevereniging voor ondernemers in Tel.: +49 2224 770747 het groen Fax: +49 2224 770777 De Molen 30 E-Mail: [email protected] 3994 DB Houten Website: www.EAC-arboriculture.com Postbus 1010 President: Tomislav Vitkovic 3990 CA Houten Secretary: Wolfgang Groß Tel.: +31 30 6595650 Fax: +31 30 6595655 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.vhg.org President: Bert Gijsberts Secretary: Egbert Roozen

56 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 57 Japan ELCA Committees Japan Federation of Landscape Contractors Matsushita Bldg. 7F 3-3-2 Kanda-Ogawamachi Chiyoda-ku Executive ELCA Presidium Representatives of Partner Countries and Tokyo 101-0052 Emmanuel Mony (France) – President Associated Members Tel.: +81 3 3293 7577 Neil Huck (Great Britain) – Vice-President Joanne Kostecky (USA) Fax: +81 3 3293 7579 Tamás Vincze (Hungary) – Vice-President and Treasurer Saki Kosugi (Japan) E-Mail: [email protected] Antoine Berger (Switzerland) – Vice-President and Bill Stensson (Canada) Website: www.jflc.or.jp Chairman of the ELCA-Committee of Firms Tomislav Vitkovic (EAC) President: Noboru Shirai Zemin Wang (China) ELCA Representative: Saki Kosugi Secretary: Hanako Inoue Further Members of the ELCA Presidium Christian Blazek (Austria) ELCA Office USA Peter V. Calamatta (Malta) Dr. Hermann J. Kurth – Chief Executive Arvid Ekle (Norway) Edda Burckhardt – Assistant ANLA – American Nursery & Landscape Association Jean-François Ferrant (Belgium) Alexander-von-Humboldt-Str. 4 1000 Vermont Avenue, NW Suite 300 August Forster (Germany) 53604 Bad Honnef/Germany Washington DC 20005-4914 Bert Gijsberts (The Netherlands) Tel.: +49 2224 770720 Tel.: +1 202 7892900 Jouko Hannonen (Finland) Fax: +49 2224 770777 Fax: +1 202 7891893 Rostislav Ivánek (Czech Republic) E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Wojciech Januszczyk (Poland) Website: www.elca.info Website: www.anla.org Paul Kavanagh (Ireland) ELCA Representative: Joanne Kostecky Ole Kjærgaard (Denmark) E-Mail: [email protected] Ernö Kosztka (Hungary) Secretary: Robert J. Dolibois Ueli Leuthold (Switzerland) Kenneth Lundin (Sweden) Andreu Massoni (Spain) António Pedro Moniz (Portugal) Michalis N. Stogianos (Greece) Igor Voskresensky (Russia)

ELCA ReSEARCH

WorkshopEditors and ,consultants Dr. Hermann Kurth BrusselsDr. Michael, Henze th Edda Burckhardt May 24 , 20111. Edition 2011 Editorial deadline: 31.08.2011

58 Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS 4 ELCA MEMBER COUNTRIES/ASSOCIATIONS Green City Europe ELCA Research Workshop 59 Hosted by:

Sponsored by:

Supported by:

Haus der Landschaft Alexander-von-Humboldt-Str. 4 D-53604 Bad Honnef Tel.: +49 (0) 2224 770720 Fax: +49 (0) 2224 770777 [email protected] www.elca.info