Chapter 6: Rome

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The Romans Create a Republic 1. Located on the Italian Peninsula, which sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea 2. Natural barriers for protection: Alps to the north 3. Rome itself was built on the Tiber River, which flows into the Mediterranean Sea 4. Soil around Rome = Fertile 5. Lay of the land around Rome: city built on seven hills 6. Rome sits at the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea which allowed for protections as well as sea-borne trade and commerce 1. Latins – farmers, shepherds who settled along the Tiber River, a region called Latium 2. Etruscans- from Northern Italy – metalworkers and engineers, Romans adopted their alphabet and arch 3. Greeks – established colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily. Romans adopted their polytheistic religion. According to legend…. Romulus and Remus were children (descendants from a Trojan prince and the gods) abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by she-wolves. They founded Rome. 1. Etruscan kings ruled and expanded Rome- agriculture, temples 2. Last king of Rome was a tyrant – Tarquin the Proud who was overthrown by aristocrats 3. Established a Republic – definition: form of government in which power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders (freeborn males only in Rome) List similarities between Rome and Athens about how their government evolved to reach democracy/republic 1. Patricians – aristocratic landowners who controlled most of the power Inherited power and social status, allowed to make laws 2. Plebians- common farmers, artisans, merchants who made up a majority of the population citizens with the right to vote, but could not hold government position Tribunes – elected representatives for Plebians that served in the Senate 3. Foreigners- could be citizens 4. Slaves- no power, NOT based on race –prisoners of war 1. Consuls - two officials who commanded army and directed government - limited power: term length – one year, power to veto each other 2. Senate - aristocratic branch of government, 300 men from the upper class - term length – life membership, which provided continuity and stability -powers – influence over foreign affairs and domestic policy 3. Assemblies – more democratic side of the government, two types - Centuriate Assembly – all citizen- soldiers for life - powers – 1. Selected consuls 2. made laws - Tribal Assembly – made up of plebeians - powers – 1. Elected Tribunes 2. made laws for commoners 4. Dictator – served only in times of crisis for six months - chosen by consuls and elected by the Senate - powers – had absolute power to make laws and command the army - EX: Cincinnatus DICTATOR 2 CONSULS SENATE ASSEMBLIES CENTURIATE TRIBAL Citizen-soldiers Plebeians 1. Right to vote 2. Pay taxes 3. Serve in the military First written code of Rome, serves as basis of Roman law – Twelve Tables.

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Notes for Rome Pt. 1 (Early Rome and the Republic) Ancient Rome's Geography Italian Peninsula: • ___
Notes for Rome Pt. 1 (Early Rome and The Republic) Ancient Rome’s Geography Italian Peninsula: • ______________________ ______________________ Rome protected by: • ______________________ ______________________ • ______________________ ______________________ Mediterranean Sea provided: • ______________________________________________________________________________ Tiber River provided: • ______________________________________________________________________________ Roman Mythology • Based on Greek polytheistic religion -________________________________________________________________________________ • Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Greek God/Goddess Roman God/Goddess Role Zeus ____________________ King of the Gods Hera ___________________ Queen of the Gods Apollo ___________________ God of Music Artemis ___________________ Goddess of wild things, huntress Athena ___________________ Goddess of wisdom & war Aphrodite ___________________ Goddess of love & beauty • Was a polytheistic religion that was _________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________________ come from Roman mythology Who ruled Rome before the Republic? • _________________________________________________________________ -agriculture and temples (753 BCE) • The last Etruscan king was overthrown _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is a Republic? • The Romans vowed to never be ruled by a king. ______________________________________
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University of Cincinnati
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 11-09-2006 I, Mark Andrew Atwood, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts in: The Department of Classics It is entitled: Trajan’s Column: The Construction of Trajan’s Sepulcher in Urbe This work and its defense approved by: Chair: Peter van Minnen William Johnson Trajan’s Column: The Construction of Trajan’s Sepulcher in Urbe A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences 2006 By MARK ANDREW ATWOOD B.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 2004 Committee Chair: Dr. Peter van Minnen Abstract Eutropius (8.5.2) and Dio (69.2.3) record that after Trajan’s death in A.D. 117, his cremated remains were deposited in the pedestal of his column, a fact supported by archeological evidence. The Column of Trajan was located in urbe. Burial in urbe was prohibited except in certain circumstances. Therefore, scholars will not accept the notion that Trajan overtly built his column as his sepulcher. Contrary to this opinion, I argue that Trajan did in fact build his column to serve as his sepulcher. Chapter 1 examines the extensive scholarship on Trajan’s Column. Chapter 2 provides a critical discussion of the relevant Roman laws prohibiting urban burial. Chapter 3 discusses the ritual of burial in urbe as it relates to Trajan. Chapter 4 identifies the architectural precedent for Trajan’s Column and precedent for imperial burials in urbe.
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The Roman Republic
1 The Roman Republic MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES POWER AND AUTHORITY The Some of the most fundamental • republic • senate early Romans established a values and institutions of • patrician •dictator republic, which grew powerful Western civilization began in the •plebeian •legion and spread its influence. Roman Republic. • tribune • Punic Wars •consul • Hannibal SETTING THE STAGE While the great civilization of Greece was in decline, a new city to the west was developing and increasing its power. Rome grew from a small settlement to a mighty civilization that eventually conquered the Mediterranean world. In time, the Romans would build one of the most famous and influential empires in history. The Origins of Rome TAKING NOTES Outlining Use an outline According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C.by Romulus and to organize the main Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were aban- ideas and details. doned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins decided to build a city near the spot. In reality, it was men not immortals who built the I. The Origins of Rome A. city, and they chose the spot largely for its strategic location and fertile soil. B. Rome’s Geography Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the II. The Early Republic Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula. It was midway between the A. B. Alps and Italy’s southern tip. Rome also was near the midpoint of the III.
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Select Republican Political Institutions in Outline
____ APPENDIX: SELECT REPUBLICAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN OUTLINE (300 before 81; 600 down to 45 Bc; then 900 until SENATE. The main consiliu,’n (“advisory body”) of magistrates, itself consisting mainly of ex-magistrates step aside for others. What the Senate decided Augustus reduced it again to 600). The most senior magistrate available in Rome usually presided, but could the Senate long guided state administration and policy e,zatu.s consultant, abbreviated SC) was strictly only a recommendation to magistrates. But in actual fact, of imperium, triumphs; also the state religion, finance, and preliminary iii almost all matters, including wars, allocation of provinces, (eventually) all extensions in which case it is called patrum auctoritas. The 1isiussion of legislative bills, A SC could be vetoed (by a consul acting against his colleague, or by a tribune), more than advice. SC riltirnurn, first passed in 121, was employed in cases of extreme crisis, but again technically was no ASSEMBLIES (U: POPULUS. COMPOSED OF BOTH PATRICIANS AND PLEBEJANS (NON-PATRICIANS). cum imperia. Gave “military auspices” to consuls, praetors once elected by the Centuriate Assembly; also to dictators, non-magistrates was a consul (or sometimes apparently a practor); in Aserubly Validated in some way the powers of lower magistrates (aediles, quaestors). Its president curiae (“wards”) of the city. (c mitia Cicero’s day, it was enough for a lictor symbolically to represent each of the 30 voting (‘101010) (“infantry”), the latter divided into five classes, Centuriate Originally the army, which had centuriae as its constituent units. Equites (“cavalry”) and pedites A of these 193 voting units, not absolute A ,seni hlv ranked by census wealth, totalled 188 centuries; added to those were five unarmed centuries.
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Chapter 3 Early Rome
Chapter 3 Early Rome 1. THE WARLIKE MEDITERRANEAN Romans lived in a dangerous neighborhood. The whole of Italy was an anarchic world of contending tribes, independent cities, leagues of cities, and federations of pre-state tribes. The Mediterranean world beyond Italy was not much differ- ent. During the period of Rome’s emergence (ca. 500–300 b.c.) the Persian Empire consolidated its hold on the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, including parts of the Greek inhabited world, and for two centuries independent Greek city- states and Persians confronted each other, sometimes belligerently, and sometimes as allies. Simultaneously, individual Greek city states waged wars with each other as did alliances of Greek states among themselves. Wars lasted for generations. The great Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta and their allies raged in two phases from 460 to 446 b.c. and from 431 to 404 b.c. Sixty-five years later, Mace- donians subdued the squabbling city states of Greece, bringing a kind of order to that war-torn land. Four years after defeating the Greeks, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great went on to conquer the Persian Empire. Their power reached from the Aegean to Afghanistan and India, but not for long as a unified state. After Alexander’s death his successors quarreled and fought each other to a standstill. While these wars were going on in the eastern Mediterranean the Phoenician colony of Carthage emerged as a belligerent, imperialistic power in the western Mediterranean. Just a three- or four-day sail from Rome, Carthage was potentially a much more dangerous than any power in Italy.
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The Roman Republican Constitution and Form of Government
The Roman Republican Constitution and Form of Government Introduction The Romans never had a written constitution, but their form of their government, especially from the time of the passage of the lex Hortensia (287 B.C.), roughly parallels the modern American division of executive, legislative, and judical branches, although the senate doesn't neatly fit any of these categories. What follows is a fairly traditional, Mommsenian reconstruction, though at this level of detail most of the facts (if not the significance of, e.g., the patrician/plebian distinction) are not too controversial. One should be aware, however, of the difficulties surrounding the understanding of forms of government (as well as most other issues) during the first two centuries of the Republic. [For a mid-second century B.C. outsider's account of the Roman government see John Porter's translation of Polybius 6.11-18.] EXECUTIVE BRANCH -- the elected magistrates Collegiality: With the exception of the dictatorship, all offices were collegial, that is, held by at least two men. All members of a college were of equal rank and could veto acts of other members; higher magistrates could veto acts of lower magistrates. The name of each office listed below is followed (in parentheses) by the number of office- holders; note that in several cases the number changes over time (normally increasing). Annual tenure: With the exception of the dictatorship (6 months) and the censorship (18 months), the term of office was limited to one year. The rules for holding office for multiple or sucessive terms were a matter of considerable contention over time.
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The Belly and the Limbs: Reconsidering the Idea of a Plebeian “State Within the State” in the Early Roman Republic DISSERTAT
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Republic to Empire: Government in Ancient Rome
Activitydevelop Republic to Empire: Government in Ancient Rome What were the critical attributes of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire? How did the two systems impact citizens’ lives? Overview Students compare and contrast two systems of government in ancient Rome. They write about how each system impacted human lives and make connections to their own. For the complete activity with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.org/activity/republic-empire-government-ancient-rome/ Program Directions 1. Have students brainstorm how the government impacts their daily lives. Ask students to think about how the government impacts their daily lives and to write their ideas on a sheet of paper. As an example, guide them to think about their typical day: the alarm goes off (electricity regulation/power grid), they get a drink of water and eat breakfast (safe drinking water, food inspections), they may get on the bus (roads and public transportation paid for by public funds; bus powered by petroleum products that are regulated), and they go to school (teachers are certified/licensed by the state, buildings undergo government inspections). Have students spend five minutes writing additional ideas on their paper. Then have them share their ideas with a partner and then with the whole class. Next, explain to students that, just as the United States government impacts their lives today, the different forms of government in ancient Rome impacted the lives of individuals. In this activity, students will learn about and compare and contrast two forms of government in ancient Rome. 2. Introduce the critical attributes of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
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Sneak Preview
Cognella Antiquities Series The Roman Republic A HISTORY FOR STUDENTS Joseph McAlhany University of Connecticut SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher David Miano, Senior Specialist Acquisitions Editor Michelle Piehl, Senior Project Editor Abbey Hastings, Production Editor Emely Villavicencio, Senior Graphic Designer Trey Soto, Licensing Coordinator Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2022 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image: Jean-Paul Laurens, “La Mort de Caton d'Utique,” 1863. All Livy excerpts were translated from Livy, Ab Urbe Condita. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 Brief Contents Foreword xiii Chapter 1: Last Things First: Of Kings and Consuls 1 Chapter 2: Origin Stories: The Birth of the Roman Republic 29 Chapter 3: Growing Pains: Plebeians and Other Problems 55 Chapter 4: Rome Rising: The Fourth Century 81 Chapter 5: Troubles Next Door: Rome in the Mediterranean 105 Chapter 6: “Our Sea”: Rome Conquers the Mediterranean 133 Chapter 7: When Did the End Begin? 157 Chapter 8: All Roads Lead to War: Commanders and Corruption 181 Chapter 9: Rome Versus Rome 205 Chapter 10: The Rise of Pompey 229 Chapter 11: Caesar in Charge 251 Chapter 12: The Republic Is Dead.
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THE ROMANS Founding of Rome
THE ROMANS Founding of Rome ■ Foundation Myth: ■ Romulus & Remus – 753 BCE – Mars – She-wolf Ancient Italy was home to several groups. Both the Etruscans in the north and the Greeks in the south had a major influence on the development of Rome. Roman Republic ■ Tiber River – Latium Plain ■ Etruscans – Etruria (625-509 BCE) – urbanization ■ Forum, Via Apia – temples – augury – toga – fasces – triad of gods (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) ■ Adopted from Greeks – alphabet ■ Adopted from Greeks ■ Greeks (750-550 BCE) – Magna Graecia The City of ■. Rome Roman Republic ■ Romans’ Foundation Myth of the Republic: – 509 BCE – Rape of Lucretia & Overthrow of Etruscan King ■ Patricians & Plebeians – Patricians were aristocratic landowners who held all political power. ■ They were the minority, but were the only ones who could be elected to political office. – Plebeians were the commoners, the farmers, merchants, artisans who were the majority of the population. ■ They could vote, but could not hold political office. ■ Government – Consuls – 2 men elected each year, commanded the army and ran the government. ■ Could only hold office for 1 year and could not run for office a 2nd year in a row. ■ Possessed imperium “the right to command.” – Senate – 300 men who held office for life, controlled the budget and gave permission for men to run for office. ■ They were an advisory body, made up of elder statesmen who offered guidance. ■ Their advice, senatus consultum, had the force of law, but was NOT law. – Assemblies – Legislative bodies ■ Centuriate Assembly – Made up of all the soldiers, made laws, & voted for consuls and other political offices. ■ Tribal Assembly – Made up of non-soldiers/commoners, made laws Roman Republic ■ Roman government ran on Patronage – the Patron/Client relationship ■ Twelve Tables – first written law code for Rome.
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Livy the History of Rome
LIVY THE HISTORY OF ROME Books 1-5 Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by Valerie M. Warrior Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge xxxii THE HISTORY OF ROME Wiseman,. T. P.1995. Remus: A Roman Myth. Cambridge·· Cambr"d1 ge Un1versrty · · p ress. Wiseman, T. P. 1998. Roman Drama and Roman History. Exeter: University of Ex eter Press. Chronology Wiseman, T. P. 2002. "History, Poetry and Anna/es" In Clio and th R ts A Po,try a d th 71 J· . ,J:'A . e oe : ugustan n e raattzons o;. ncient Htstonography, edited by D S L d D P. Nelis. Leiden: Brill. ' . evene an . Wood~an, A. J. 1988. Rhetoric in Classical Historiography. London: Croom Helm All dates are BCE and follow the Varronian chronology; many are traditional Zorzett1, ~- 1980: "The Carmina Convivialia." In Sympotica: A Symposium on th.e or approXImate. Syrnposzum, edited by 0. Murray. Oxford·· Oxford U nivers1ry. P ress. c. 753 Traditional date of the foundation of Rome. 753-716 King Romulus. 716-653 King Numa. 653-641 King Tullus Hostilius. 641-617 King Ancus Marcius. 617-578 King Tarquinius Priscus. 578-535 King Servius Tullius. 535-510 KingTarquinius Superbus. c. 509 Expulsion of the kings; beginning of the repllblic with institution of two annual magistrates (consuls); dedication of temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 508-507 King Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium, attacks and besieges Rome. 504 Migration of Claudian family to Rome. 501 Appointment of first dictator. 499 Battle of Lake Regillus between Rome and Latin League. 495 Consulship of Appius Claudius; problem of debtors.
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Roman Republic: Government Mini-‐Sim
Roman Republic Scenarios Roman Republic: Government Mini-Sim Task: Students will imagine themselves to be a ci4zen in the Roman Republic. They have some power, depending on which sec4on of government they represent. They must make decision in the best interest of those they represent, obey the will of the people, keep the rich happy, and s4ll save Rome from self-destruc4on. You will be presented with four major problems facing the Republic and pose poten4al solu4ons. Roman Republic Scenarios Roman Republic Scenarios Roles in the Roman Republic Consul The Consul was two elected rulers for a one year term. These consuls were elected by a group of ordinary ci9zens known as an assembly, and the consuls were given advice by a group of rich people known as the Senate. The two consuls were also called Chief Magistrates of State; both had the power to veto (Lan for “I forbid”) each other in important decisions Senate The Senate was the only permanent governing body in the Roman Republic and had by far the greatest social pres9ge. The Senate was made up of a council of men who controlled all finances, foreign affairs and state administraon. Senators controlled most land and were chosen for life. The Senate also advised the consuls. Senators were the most experienced poli9cians- usually re9red quaestors (elected offical who administrated finances of the state treasury). Comi9a The Century Assembly was comprised of soldiers who were divided into blocs Centuriata called centuries. Membership in this assembly was based on soldier’s wealth (Century and ownership of land and was very aristocrac.
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