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Faunistics Study of Snakes of Western Golestan Province M

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Faunistics Study of Snakes of Western Golestan Province M ن،ن، ز و ﯾر و ن ن د زد و ن ١٩١٩١٩ وو ٢٠٢٠٢٠ ١٣٨٨١٣٨٨١٣٨٨ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﻮن ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﻨﺎ رﻣﻀﺎﻧﻲ1 ، ﺣﺎﺟﻲ ﻗﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ2 ، ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺪ اﺣﻤﺪ ﭘﻨﺎه*3 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه : : ﻫﺪف ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ( از ﺷﻬﺮ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮز اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﻪ از اوا ﻳﻞ ﻣﺮدادﻣﺎه 1387 ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮﻣﺮداد 1388 ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 36 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري وﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎزده ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﭼﻬﺎر ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده وده ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از : ﻣﺎرﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ Typhlops vermicularis از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Typhlopidae، ﻣﺎر ﭼﻠﻴﭙﺮ Natrix tessellata tessellata ، ﻣﺎر آﺑﻲ Natrix natrix natrix ، ﮔﻮﻧﺪﻣﺎر Elaphe dione dione، ﻣﺎرﭘﻠﻨﮕﻲ Hemorrhois ravergieri ، ﻣﺎرﻣﻮﺷﺨﻮر اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ Zamenis persica ﻣﺎرآﺗﺸﻲ Dolichophis jugularis ، ﻗﻤﭽﻪ ﻣﺎر Platyceps najadum ، ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﻣﺎر Telescopus fallax ibericus ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Colubridae ، ﻛﻔﭽﻪ ﻣﺎر Naja oxiana از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Elapidae ،اﻓﻌﻲ ﻗﻔﻘﺎزي Gloydius caucasicus halys ازﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Viperidae . ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻣﺎر، ﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ ، ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن -1 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ آﺷﺘﻴﺎن -2 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎ ر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن -3 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ رﺷﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻧﻮري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺎم ﻧﻮر، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻬﺮان 1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ : : ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ازﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺎدزﻫﺮ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﻮﺳﺖ آن ﻫﺎ درﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ و ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻣﻬﻢ در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ و زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ وﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻓﻊ آﻓﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺣﺎﻳﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ 2( ). ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوزي، اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ، ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ و ﺑﺪون اﻧﺪام ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ( 14 ). ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎري از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺗﻴﻔﻠﻮﭘﻴﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪود 10 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﻃﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻎ آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )7( . اﻳﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﭘﻴﺘﻮن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود 10 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ( 14 ). ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﺟﺰ درﻗﻄﺒﻴﻦ، اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ و ﻧﻴﻮزﻟﻨﺪ درﺗﻤﺎم دﻧﻴﺎ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ 4( ). دراﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻓﻮن آﺳﻴﺎي ﻣﺮﻛﺰي، ﺟﻨﻮب آﺳﻴﺎ، آﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ و اروﭘﺎ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎده وﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن دﻧﻴﺎ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ 3( ). ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻓﺮاد ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﻛﺪل( Cadle,1994) و ﻛﻠﻮگ( Kluge,1991) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺎس ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎي ﻛﻼدﻳﺴﺘﻴﻚ و ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ و ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎدﻧﺪ، ﻛﻨﺪل و روزﻣﻦ( Cundall and Rossman,1993 ) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روا ﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ درﺑﺎره ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎن اﻳﺮان، از داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪاﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻟﺴﻜﻲ ( Nikolsky-1903,1907 ) ، ) ورﻧﺮ( Werner-1936 ) و اﻧﺪرﺳﻦ ( Anderson-1963 ) اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ در رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎن ازآن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨ ﺪ از (,Anderson (1979 1985 ،ﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ( 1379 ) و ( Leviton (1992 ( ).3 دﻛﺘﺮ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ درﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ﺗﻌﺪاد 26 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎر را در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﺑﺪون اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده اﺳﺖ 4( ). در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ رده ﺑﻨﺪ ي ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎن اﻳﺮان( 13 ) ﻧﺎم ﮔﺬاري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ آن ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از اوﻳﻞ ﻣﺮدادﻣﺎه 1387 ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮﻣﺮداد 1388 در ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ 53 درﺟﻪ و 57 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ 56 در ﺟﻪ و 22 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و 36 درﺟﻪ و 30 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ 38 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و 8 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻛﻠﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮاري ﻫﺎ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد : اﻟﻒ ـ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ : اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع 500 ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از 3000 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه از ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﻣﺮﺗﻊ اﺳﺖ . ب ـ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﻮﻫﭙﺎﻳﻪ اي : اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﭙﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﺗﭙﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻮرﻫﺎ و دﻟﻨﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎ اراﺿﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ج ـ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي ﺟﻠﮕﻪ اي و اراﺿﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ : اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ي درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰرو ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن واﻗﻊ اﺳﺖ، ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ از درﻳﺎي آزاد داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﺮق ﺑﺮارﺗﻔﺎع آن اﻓﺰوده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(7 ). ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن : : ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﺮﮔﺎن : ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﺮﮔﺎن در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه واز ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ و ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻧﻴ ﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب دارﻧﺪ . ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮدﻛﻮي : ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮدﻛﻮي در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه واز ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ از آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ . ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﺗﺮﻛﻤﻦ : ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﻤﻦ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه و در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﻃ ﻮب و در 2 ﻧﻘﺎط ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﮔﺰ : ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻨﺪر ﮔﺰ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن واﻗﻊ اﺳﺖ . از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ از آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ(8 ). روش ﺻﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ: ﺻﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . اﻟﻒ ) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ازﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻮب دو ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﺒﻜﻲ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ . ب) ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺳﻪ اﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺷﺴﺖ، اﺷﺎره و ﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺎر را ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻣﺎرﻣﻬﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ج. ) درﮔﺸﺖ زﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﺗﺎﻻب و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮزي و دﺷﺖ ﻫﺎ از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﻣﻬﺎر ﻣﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﻼب ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ و ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ اي ﺑﺮزﻧﺘﻲ زﻳﭗ دار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ . )د ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﭘﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺟﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺎر ﻣﻬﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ي آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺗﺮ درون ﻇﺮف و ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻇﺮف، ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ ش ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ ي ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه، رﻧﮓ و ﻃﺮح ﺑﺪن ﻣﺎر و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ازﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ 17 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﻚ و 2 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻃﻮل ﺑﺪن وﻃﻮل دم ( ﻃﻮل ﺑﺪن ازﻧﻮك ﭘﻮزه ﺗﺎﻣﺨﺮج و ﻃﻮل دم ازﻣﺨﺮج ﺗﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي دم ) اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ازﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آ وري ﺷﺪه، ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻓﻴﻜﺲ ﻛﺮدن از ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ، ﻧﻤﺎي ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ، زﻳﺮ ﺳﺮ و ﻧﻴﻢ رخ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ : : دراﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﺪاد 11 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻣﺎرﻣﻮﺷﺨﻮر اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ Zamenis persica ازﻛﺮدﻛ ﻮي و ﺑﻨﺪرﮔﺰ و ﻣﺎرآﺗﺸﻲ Dolichophis jugularis از ﺑﻨﺪر ﮔﺰ وﻛﺮدﻛﻮي و ﻣﺎرﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ Typhlops vermicularis ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻛﺮدﻛﻮي ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﻣﺎر Telescopus fallax در ﮔﺮﮔﺎن واﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﻴﺰ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . 11 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 4 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ، 4 4 زﻳﺮﺧﺎ ﻧﻮاده و 10 ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ﺟﺪول 1 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ : : -1 ﻣﺎرﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ vermicularis Typhlops : ﮔﺮدن ﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ ، ﭘﻮزه ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ روﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ آﻣﺪه و ﮔﺮد ﺷﺪه و در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ درﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻓﺸﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺪن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺷﻜﻞ و در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻗﻄﺮ، وﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي دم ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ زاﺋﺪه دراﻧﺘﻬﺎ اﺳﺖ . ﭼﺸﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﮔﺮد وﻣﺸﺨﺺ وﺳﻴﺎه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﭘﻮﻟﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮ ﺑﺰرگ وﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . رﺳﺘﺮال از ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ ودرو اﻗﻊ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ زﻳﺎدي از ﺳﺮ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ . وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺮج ﻣﺜﻞ دﻫﺎن وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺪن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎر ازﻧﻈﺮ اﻧﺪازه و ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . -2 ﻣﺎر آﺑﻲ ﭼﻠﻴﭙﺮ Natrix tessellata : ﺳﺮو ﮔﺮدن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﭘﻮزه ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ و ﻃﻮﻳﻞ و ﺳﺮ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي ﭘﺸﺖ ﭼﺸﻢ و آﻫﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در ﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﻮﻟﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺘﻲ 19 ﻋﺪد و ﺗﻴﻐﻪ دار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎر زﻳﺎد و ازﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ رود ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً درﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ . 3 -3 ﻣﺎر آﺑﻲ Natrix natrix : ﺳﺮ و ﮔﺮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﺑﺪن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ و دم ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. درﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻓﻠﺲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺘﻲ 19 ﻋﺪد و ﺗﻴﻐﻪ دار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎر ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎر ﭼﻠﻴﭙﺮ در ﺣﻮاﺷﻲ درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰر، ﺷﺎﻟﻴﺰارﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف و ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻛﻪ آﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﺑﺎﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ زﻳﺎد در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﺰ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺧﺸﻚ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ آن در ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ . 4 ـ ﻣﺎر آﺗﺸﻲ Dolichophis jugularis : ﺳﺮو ﮔﺮدن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﭘﻮزه ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻃﻮﻳﻞ و ﺟﻠﻮ آﻣﺪه، ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ در ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻮر ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺮدﻣﻚ ﭼﺸﻢ ﮔﺮد ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻫﻤﮕﻲ داراي 19 ﻓﻠﺲ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﺎف وﭘﻴﺖ دار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﺟﺪول 1 : ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه Family SubFamily Species Viperidae Crotalinae Gloydius halys Elapidae Elapinae Naja oxiana Typhlopidae Typhlops Vermicularis Colubridae Colubrinae Elqphe dione Colubridae Colubrinae Zamenis persica Hemorrhois Colubridae Colubrinae ravergieri Dolichophis Colubridae Colubrinae jugularis Colubridae Colubrinae Platyceps najadum Colubridae Colubrinae Telescopus fallax Colubridae Natricinae Natrix natrix Colubridae Natricinae Natrix tessellata -5 ﻣﺎرﭘﻠﻨﮕﻲ Hemorrhois ravergieri : ﺳﺮ و ﮔﺮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﭘﻮزه ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ و ﻛﻤﻲ رو ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ . در ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﺲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺘﻲ 19 ﻋﺪد و ﺻﺎف ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . 4 -6 ﻗﻤﭽﻪ ﻣﺎر Platyceps najadum : ﺳﺮﻫﻢ راﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪن، ﻛﺸﻴﺪه و ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ، ﺑﺪن ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ وﻃﻮﻳﻞ و دم ﺑﺴﻴﺎر دراز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . در ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد 19 ﻋﺪد ﻓﻠﺲ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺻﺎف و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﻴﺖ دار دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . 7 ـ ﮔﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎر Elaphe dione : ﺳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﻛﺸﻴﺪه، ﭘﻮزه رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و ﺟﻠﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻫﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . در ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻓﻠﺲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺘﻲ 27 ﻋﺪد ودر ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد 29 ﻋﺪد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻓﻠﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺻﺎف، ﻛﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ دار و ﮔﺎه ﭘﻴﺖ دار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . -8 ﻣﺎرﻣﻮﺷﺨﻮراﻳﺮاﻧﻲ Zamenis Persica: ﺳﺮﻛﺸﻴﺪه و ﮔﺮدن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﭘﻮزه ﻛﻤﻲ رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ .
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