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INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU IV Savetovanje UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Katedra za voćarstvo INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU IV savetovanje Zbornik radova Tema Savetovanja: Unapređenje proizvodnje breskve i kajsije Beograd, 11. februar 2013. godine INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU IV savetovanje Zbornik radova Izdavač: Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd Katedra za voćarstvo Za izdavača: Prof. dr Milica Petrović, dekan Urednik: Dragan Milatović Tehnički urednik: Dragan Milatović Štampa: Birograf Comp doo Atanasije Pulje 22 11080 Beograd-Zemun Tiraž: 500 primeraka ISBN 978-86-7834-171-7 Programski odbor: Organizacioni odbor: Prof. dr Dragan Milatović, predsednik dr Dejan Đurović, predsednik Prof. dr Milovan Veličković dr Jasminka Milivojević Prof. dr Evica Mratinić dr Gordan Zec Prof. dr Mihailo Nikolić dr Boban Đorđević Prof. dr Todor Vulić dr Dragan Radivojević Prof. dr Dragan Nikolić dr Milica Fotirić-Akšić Prof. dr Mića Mladenović dr Nebojša Nedić dr Čedo Oparnica Organizaciju skupa je pomoglo Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije Sadržaj / Content Nikolić D., Fotirić-Akšić M. OPLEMENJIVANJE BRESKVE U SVETU .............................................................................................5 Peach breeding in the world Milatović D. DOSTIGNUĆA U OPLEMENJIVANJU KAJSIJE U SVETU ...............................................................29 Achievements in apricot breeding in the world Bassi D., Foschi S. TRENDS IN APRICOT AND PEACH INDUSTRIES IN ITALY .........................................................49 Iglesias I. THE PEACH PRODUCTION IN SPAIN: CURRENT SITUATION AND TRENDS, FROM PRODUCTION TO CONSUMPTION ....................................................................................................75 Szabó Z., Szani Z., Kiss G., Ahmed E., Veres E., Takács-Hájos M., Szalay L., Soltész M., Nyéki J. CHANGES OF THE APRICOT VARIETY CHOICE IN HUNGARY ……………...………...……....99 Krška B., Vachůn Z., Nečas T., Ondrášek I. APRICOT BREEDING AT THE FACULTY OF HORTICULTURE IN LEDNICE …......................117 Halász J., Szabó Z., Pedryc A., Stefanovits-Bányai É., Hegedűs A. RECENT SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS TO PROMOTE APRICOT CULTURE IN HUNGARY AND ELSEWHERE ....................................................................................................123 Miletić N., Tamaš N. ZAŠTITA BRESKVE I NEKTARINE OD PROUZROKOVAČA BILJNIH BOLESTI I ŠTETOČINA ........................................................................................................................................137 Pest and disease control of peach and nectarine Gavrilović V., Ivanović Ž. BAKTERIOZE BRESKVE I KAJSIJE ................................................................................................149 Bacterial diseases of peach and apricot Benedikova D. EVALUATION OF APRICOT VARIETIES CREATED AND MAINTAINED AT SLOVAK COLLECTION OF GENETIC RESOURCES .......................................................................................161 Fajt N., Komel E., Usenik V., Donik-Purgaj B., Beber M., Ambrožič-Turk B., Viršček-Marn M., Mavrič-Pleško I. PROIZVODNJA KAJSIJE U SLOVENIJI - PROBLEMI I PERSPEKTIVE .......................................171 Apricot production in Slovenia - problems and prospects Ondrášek I., Krška B., Gogolková K., Buzrla J. CURRENT STATUS AND POSSIBILITIES OF SOLVING POOR STATE OF PEACH CULTIVATION IN CONDITIONS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC ……….........................................183 Zhivondov A., Bozhikova Y., Dabov S. ‘SPASENA’ – A NEW CANNING PEACH CULTIVAR ....................................................................191 Nikolić D., Rakonjac V., Fotirić-Akšić M., Radović A. KARAKTERISTIKE HIBRIDA BRESKVE IZ KOMBINACIJE UKRŠTANJA FLAMINIA × HALE TARDIVA SPADONI .............................................................................................................197 Characteristics of peach hybrids from the crossing combination Flaminia × Hale Tardiva Spadoni Milatović D., Đurović D., Zec G. BIOLOŠKE OSOBINE SREDNJE RANIH SORTI KAJSIJE U BEOGRADSKOM PODUNAVLJU ......................................................................................................................................207 Biological characteristics of medium-early cultivars of apricot in the region of Belgrade Zec G., Čolić S., Vulić T., Milatović D., Đorđević B. PROUČAVANJE POZNIH SORTI NEKTARINE U GUSTOJ SADNJI ............................................217 The influence of high density planting on the properties of late maturing nectarine cultivars Milošević T., Milošević N., Glišić I. NEKI POKAZATELJI USPEŠNOSTI GAJENJA KAJSIJE (PRUNUS ARMENIACA L.) U POLUGUSTOJ SADNJI ........................................................................................................................225 Some indicators of successful apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) growing in semi-high density planting system Milatović D., Đurović D., Zec G. OSETLJIVOST SORTI KAJSIJE NA ZIMSKI I POZNI PROLEĆNI MRAZ ....................................239 Susceptibility of apricot cultivars to winter and late spring frosts Rankova Z., Zhivondov A. EFFECT OF SOME SOIL HERBICIDES ON THE VEGETATIVE HABITS OF THE PLUM-APRICOT CULTIVAR ‘STANDESTO’ IN A SECOND-YEAR NURSERY …...........….....249 Rankova Z., Tityanov M. EFFECT OF SOME SOIL HERBICIDES ON THE VEGETATIVE HABITS OF APRICOT SEEDLINGS …………………………………………………………………………………...….......255 Mladenović M. Milosavljević S., Stanisavljević Lj., Mačukanović-Jocić M., Rašić S. PROBLEMI I PREPORUKE U OPRAŠIVANJU KAJSIJE .................................................................261 Problems and recommendations in the pollination of apricot Zbornik radova IV savetovanja „Inovacije u voćarstvu“, Beograd, 2013. Pregledni rad OPLEMENJIVANJE BRESKVE U SVETU Dragan Nikolić, Milica Fotirić-Akšić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Srbija E-mail: [email protected] Izvod. U ovom radu prikazani su najznačajniji ciljevi, metode i rezultati oplemenjivanja breskve [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] u svetu. Među ciljevima oplemenjivanja posebna pažnja je posvećena osobinama koje utiču na smanjenje troškova proizvodnje i raznoliki ukus potrošača. Od metoda oplemenjivanja obrađene su hibridizacija, inbriding, klonska selekcija, indukovane mutacije i nove metode biotehnologije. Po pojedinim kontinentima i državama dat je i pregled velikog broja oplemenjivačkih programa sa njihovim najznačajnijim rezultatima. Posebno su istaknuti rezultati rada na stvaranju novih sorti breskve i nektarine namenjenih za potrošnju u svežem stanju. Iako su u oplemenjivanju breskve postignuti vrlo značajni rezultati, u mnogim zemljama sveta na ovom poslu još uvek se intenzivno radi. Ključne reči: Prunus persica, oplemenjivanje, sorte, hibridizacija, selekcija, mutacije. Uvod Breskva je veoma cenjena i rentabilna vrsta voćaka. Plod joj je vrlo atraktivnog izgleda i dobrog kvaliteta. Koristi se za stonu potrošnju, za proizvodnju sokova, kompota, džemova, marmelada, bebi kaša, kao i za sušenje i smrzavanje. Breskva se među voćkama po proizvodnji nalazi na osmom mestu u svetu, a među listopadnim voćkama na trećem mestu. Prema podacima FAOSTAT (2012) prosečna proizvodnja breskve u svetu, u periodu od 2006. do 2010. godine, iznosila je 19.552.135 t. Glavni proizvođač je Kina sa 9.555.546 t, što čini 49% od ukupne svetske proizvodnje. Za njom slede Italija (8%), Španija (6%), SAD (6%), Grčka (4%), Turska (3%), Iran (2%), Egipat (2%), Čile (2%), Francuska (2%) itd. Srbija se na ovoj listi nalazi na 26 mestu, sa prosečnom proizvodnjom od 66.657 t (ili 0,3% od ukupne svetske proizvodnje). U svetu postoji više od 6.000 sorti breskve. Za razliku od ostalih vrsta voćaka, sortiment breskve je jedan od najdinamičnijih. Oplemenjivanje breskve, naročito u drugoj polovini XX i početkom XXI veka, omogućilo je neprekidno stvaranje novih i boljih sorti, čime je preporođeno breskvarstvo u mnogim zemljama sveta. Međutim, treba imati u vidu da je današnji sortiment breskve nastao od veoma ograničenog početnog materijala i da je kao takav dosta osetljiv na nepovoljne činioce sredine kao što su mraz, suša, prouzrokovači bolesti i štetočine (Mišić, 2002). Zato se vidan 5 Zbornik radova IV savetovanja „Inovacije u voćarstvu“, Beograd, 2013. napredak u stvaranju novih sorti breskve otpornih na abiotičke i biotičke stresne faktore može postići jedino korišćenjem nove germplazme i usavršavanjem kako klasičnih, tako i novih biotehnoloških metoda oplemenjivanja. Klasifikacija sorti breskve može se izvršiti na različite načine. Najubičajenija je podela na sorte obične breskve (belog i žutog mesa), nektarine (belog i žutog mesa) i industrijske breskve. Bassi i Monet (2008) predložili su klasifikaciju sorti breskve na osnovu morfoloških i komercijalnih svojstava sa jedne strane i na osnovu i fenoloških svojstava sa druge strane. U okviru morfološke i komercijalne klasifikacije svrstavanje sorti vrši se u zavisnosti od upotrebne vrednosti stabla (sorte za proizvodnju plodova i ukrasne forme), tipa ploda (sorte obične breskve, nektarine i industrijske breskve), oblika ploda (sorte okruglog ili izduženog i sorte spljoštenog ploda), boji mesa (sorte belog i žutog mesa), teksturi mesa (sorte topivog, netopivog i čvrstog mesa) i kiselosti mesa (sorte kiselog i sorte slabo-kiselog mesa). U okviru fenološke klasifikacije svrstavanje sorti vrši se na osnovu potreba za relativno niskim temperaturama u periodu zimskog mirovanja, vremena cvetanja i vremena sazrevanja. Skoro u svakoj zemlji gde se breskva gaji razvijeni su i oplemenjivački programi koji prate neke od navedenih pravaca. Cilj ovog
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