Environmental Assessment Report IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-90 (Mohammadpur - Chhapra Subproject) Project Number: 41629 July 2010

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... i 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale...... 1 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment...... 1 1.3. Purpose of the Study...... 2 1.4. Extent of IEE ...... 2 1.5. IEE Content ...... 2 1.6. Methodology...... 2 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 1.6.2. Public Consultation...... 4 1.7. Organizational Setting of implementing agency ...... 4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 6 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project ...... 6 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process ...... 7 2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework...... 9 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 10 3.1. Project Location...... 10 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road...... 10 3.3. Category of the Project...... 12 3.4. Need for the Subproject ...... 12 3.5. Existing and projected traffic ...... 12 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities ...... 13 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 17 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT...... 18 4.1. Physical Environment...... 18 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate...... 18 4.1.2. Natural Hazard: ...... 18 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality...... 20 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography...... 20 4.1.5. Geology ...... 21 4.1.6. Soil ...... 22 4.1.7. Land use...... 22 4.1.8. Groundwater...... 23 4.1.9. Surface Water...... 24 4.2. Ecological Resources...... 26 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 26 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 28 4.3. Economic Development ...... 28 4.3.1. Industries...... 28 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 29 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 30 4.4.1. Population and Communities...... 30 4.4.2. Health Facilities ...... 31 4.4.3. Literacy...... 31 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration...... 32 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples...... 32

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 32 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 34 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 34 5.1.1. Climate ...... 34 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 34 5.1.3. Air Quality...... 35 5.1.4. Noise ...... 37 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil...... 39 5.1.6. Groundwater...... 43 5.1.7. Loss of Drinking water Sources...... 43 5.1.8. Impact on Surface Water Bodies...... 43 5.1.9. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and other Water Bodies...... 44 5.1.10. Hydrology and Drainage...... 45 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 46 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 46 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 47 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste...... 48 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 49 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 49 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts...... 49 5.4.3. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers ...... 49 5.4.4. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic...... 52 5.4.5. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 53 5.4.6. Impact on Land and Private Properties ...... 53 5.4.7. Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 54 5.4.8. Road- side Sanitation ...... 54 6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ...... 55 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed...... 55 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 55 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 56 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments...... 56 6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments...... 57 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs ...... 58 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 59 6.4. Public Disclosure...... 59 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 60 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 60 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 60 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)...... 60 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 61 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program...... 61 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 61 7.3.1. Institutional Capacity Building...... 62 7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 66 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 67 8.1. Conclusions...... 67

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project ...... 1 Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 3 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 6 Table 3.1 : Carriage way width in different sections of the Subproject ...... 10 Table 3.2 : Existing Pavement Conditions of the Subproject Road...... 11 Table 3.3 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road ...... 11 Table 3.4 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ...... 12 Table 3.5 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road (Realistic Scenario)...... 13 Table 3.6 : Details Standard Cross Sections ...... 14 Table 3.7 : Details of the Junction/Intersection Improvements ...... 16 Table 4.1 : Total Yearly Rainfall in the Project Districts ...... 18 Table 4.2 : 24 hourly Ambient Air Quality Along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM)...... 20 Table 4.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 20 Table 4.4 : Land use of Project District ...... 23 Table 4.5 : Land use (in %) of the Project corridor...... 23 Table 4.6 : Ground Water Quality along the Project Road...... 24 Table 4.7 : Canals/ Rivers/Nalla crossed by the subproject Road...... 24 Table 4.8 : Present Status of Surface Water Quality ...... 25 Table 4.9 : No. of Affected Trees ...... 28 Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 31 Table 4.11 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District...... 31 Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts...... 31 Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category (in 000) ...... 32 Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations Close to the Alignment...... 37 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 56 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ...... 57 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 63 Table 7.2 : Combined Training Program with Budget for BSHP II ...... 64

List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL...... 5 Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance Procedure ...... 8 Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies...... 9 Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross-Section of a standard 2-lane road...... 14 Figure 4.1 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 19 Figure 4.2 : Geological Map of Bihar...... 22 Figure 4.3 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar...... 27 Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation...... 63

List of Appendix Appendix 2.1: Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist...... i Appendix 4.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... v Appendix 4.2: Ambient Noise Level Limits (in Leq dB(A)),India...... vi Appendix 4.3: Drinking Water Standards and Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... vii Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... x Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-90: Mohammadpur-Chhapra) .....xiv Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators...... xxxiii

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BSRDCL - Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB - Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM - Chief General Manager CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRRI - Central Road Research Institute DoE - Department of Environment DFO - District Forest Officer DGM - Deputy General Manager DPR - Detailed Project Report EA - Executing Agency EFRC - Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMoP - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO - Environmental Officer GDP - Gross Domestic Product GoI - Government of India GoB - Government of Bihar GRC - Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IMD - Indian Meteorological Department INR - Indian Rupees IPDP - Indigenous People Development Plan IRC - Indian Road Congress MDRs - Major District Roads MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH - Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL - Mean Sea Level NGO - Non Government Organization NH - National Highway NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP - Net State Domestic Product

PIU - Project Implementation Unit PPEs - Personal Protective Equipments PWD - Public Works Department R and R - Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB - Road Over Bridge ROW - Right of Way RCD - Road Construction Department Rs. - Indian Rupees RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP - Resettlement Plan SC - Supervision Consultant SH - State Highway

SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPS - ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI - Survey of India SPCB - State Pollution Control Board TA - Technical Assistance TOR - Terms of Reference UNDP - United Nation Development Program

Map 1: Location Map of Road Sections in BSHRP II including Subproject (SH-90)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. The road network in Bihar is very poor both in terms of coverage and in terms of road conditions. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. To address this, the Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 km of key State Highways is under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 13 state highways aggregating 885 Km under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. 2. Description of the Subproject. The proposed upgrading of the State Highway-90: Mohammadpur-Chhapra Subproject. The subproject road is located in Gopalganj and Saran districts, north western part of Bihar state. It starts at NH-101 near Mohammadpur and terminates at Chhapra near Samiti Bazaar on NH-19 covering a total length of 68.5 km. It overlaps with SH 73 from Km 30.000 to Km 30.500. The subproject road forms a shortest link between NH101 and NH19. Once developed the project road will act as better connectivity for traffic originating locally as well as long distance traffic from NH28, which is part of East-West corridor of NHDP project. 3. The subproject is one of the 13 state highways under the Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The Project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management the subproject will upgrade the existing bad to very bad road condition into a paved 2-lane divided carriageway configuration with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections improvement, and proper service roads, underpasses, and way side amenities. This road design will be adequate to cater to the volume of traffic until 2030 which is predicted to increase from the current 7,392to 55,910 vehicles (average annual daily traffic). The subproject will be implemented in 30 months with an estimated cost of INR 2420.8 Million. 4. The subproject was classified as Category-B as provided in the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) based on screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ii

ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. A conduct of an initial environmental examination (IEE) is warranted for this subproject. 5. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, an Environmental Clearance is not applicable for this subproject since expansion is confined along the existing road corridor with no new bypass. 6. Description of the Environment. The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August and in the subproject area The study area receives normal annual rainfall in the range of 1074.9 mm to 1170.9 mm. Bihar is considered as the most flood- prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. Sporadic roadside inundation was also reported by local people between Sandhwara – Nagra and Chainpur - Lakhanpur during monsoon season. Ambient air quality monitoring revealed that the subproject area enjoys a good quality, complying with almost all national quality parameters except PM 10. The project districts are located in the Zone IV which is high damage risk zone. 7. The subproject lies in the Central Bihar Plains with an average elevation of 50 meters above mean sea level in Mazaffarpur. The land slopes gently southward and the area are well drained by rivers flowing from north and north western directions. The proposed project road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The project road is located at the central part of Saran and south-eastern part of Gopalganj districts and is situated at about 50 meters above MSL gently sloping from north to south. The main river of the study area is Buri Gandak with their distributaries and moribund channels. Dominant soil type are clay, silt, silty clay, silt to silty sand category. Land use of the project corridor (within 100) is predominantly agricultural with some built-up areas. The major built-up areas of are Bhagwanpur (Dak Banglow Chowk), Rajapatti Market, Rajapatti Gola Market, Masrakh Market, Ajitpur Village, Isuapur Market, Goura Bazaar, Nagra Market and Chhapra Bazaar Samiti market. 8. The subproject area has a thick and extensive aquifer reaching 300 meters in some sections and average yield is 100-150 m3/hr. Groundwater quality analysis revealed a neutral to alkaline in nature with medium to high salt concentrations. Groundwater quality conforms to drinking water standard. Two rivers traverse the subproject area. Nagra and Ghoghari River are cutting across the subproject road at Km 28.950 and Km 52.650 respectively. Water in flowing condition is observed only during monsoon season. There is good network of canal system in the project area. Several canals are being crossed by the subproject. Besides there few ponds located near by the subproject road worth mentioning among them is one near Rajapatti Kothi. Surface waters in the subproject iii

area are not used for drinking or domestic purpose. Fishing activities are limited to ponds since water availability in rivers during monsoon period is negligible. 9. No forest area was traversed by the proposed subproject, and even within the 7-kilometer radius. The state government has Notified plantation along certain roads, canal and railways under protected forest status. Roadside plantation along SH-90 is under protected status and hence will require permission before any type of tree felling. There are 11 wildlife- sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. Fishing activity in the rivers being crossed or located nearby the subproject road is limited to monsoon period since all of them are non-perennial in nature. However, there are few ponds in the project area where local people are fishing. 10. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 11. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 km of national highways, 4,192 km of state highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) of 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. There are also airports in Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani. The Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. About 41% of its villages are electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim, and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre iv

of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). 12. The subproject district has a population of 5.39 million of which more than 90% resides in rural areas. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory with more than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located in the state capital Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly lower compared to country’s literacy rate (65.38%). Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on Census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance. 13. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics), local communities1 (Dattarpur, Dumarsan, Hamirpur near Rajapatti, Chhapra Bazaar Samiti, Gopalpur Bazaar, Rajapatti kothi Bazaar and Sarwarqa) and several NGOs. 14. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, and hindrance in accessibility to common property resources. The subproject will affect 13 religious structures2 which need relocation. Several families, most of them are landowners will lose a portion of their residential/agricultural plots or residential structures will also be relocated in compliance to national road standards. The details of the resettlement and compensation agreements will be finalized in the on-going social assessment and will be contained in the Resettlement Plan. Good construction practices to control fugitive dust emissions, structural and management practices to attenuate noise, provision of by-passes and alternative access to allow access will be implemented. Minimization and proper disposal of solid wastes (construction debris and municipal wastes from construction camps) on permitted sites will be implemented, while no untreated sewage or oil/silt contaminated run-off will be discharged to any receiving waters without prior treatment. A safety risk officer will be appointed to ensure all workers comply with workplace safety practices. Roadside plantation to compensate for the trees removed along the

1 Outcome of community consultation done by design team during early stage of project preparation has also been captured in the IEE

2 The figure is as per initial survey. For exact number of CPR likely to be affected, RP shall be referred which is under preparation. v

ROW, conversion of selected borrow areas into ponds will have a positive impact on the subproject. 15. During operation stage, the main impacts are related to increase in mobile emissions, increased noise level, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and cattle. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. Effective traffic management and good riding conditions will also help to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of noise control measures will be monitored, and if need be solid noise barrier will be placed. Other impacts may on surface water hydrology since the construction of a road crosses river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. To minimize the impact on the local hydrology, adequate cross drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented. 16. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 17. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background/Rationale 18. The road network in Bihar is very poor both in terms of coverage and in terms of road conditions. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. 19. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 km of key State Highways is under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 13 state highways aggregating 885 km under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. The road sections details under BSHP II are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km) 1 78 Bihta - Sarmera 103.00 Patna, Nalanda 2 80 Bhabhua - Aghaura 53.00 Kaimur 3 81 Sakkadi - Nasriganj 86.80 Rohtas, Bhojpur 4 82 Kadriganj - Sono 94.00 Nawada, Jamui 5 83 Bagi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura 6 84 Ghogha - Barahat 54.60 Bhagalpur, Banka 7 85 Akbarnagar - Amarpur 34.00 Bhagalpur, Banka 8 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.45 Muzaffarpur 9 87 Roonisaidpur - Bhiswa 64.75 Sitamarhi Vaishali, Samastipur, 10 88 Barunapul - Rashiyaari 124.20 Darbhanga 11 89 Siwan - Siswan 33.00 Siwan Mohammadpur - Gopalganj, Saran 12 90 Chhapra 68.50 13 91 Birpur - Udakishanganj 104.04 Madhepura, Supoul 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment 20. ADB has fielded TA: 7198 IND to assist Road Construction Department (RCD) in project preparation for possible financing of BSHP II. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country’s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. Each

subproject was scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. 21. The present report pertains to Mohammadpur-Chhapra (SH-90) subproject. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.3. Purpose of the Study 22. The purpose of the study is to undertake environmental assessment of the project and identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage. This includes establishing the environmental baseline conditions, identify the significant environmental impacts, and provide requisite measures to mitigate them. It also identifies the applicable law/rules/guidelines and safeguard requirement of funding agency. 1.4. Extent of IEE 23. IEE was conducted based on feasibility report and project details provided by the design team during the preparation of this report. Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project including various bridges and cross-drainage structures constructions. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socio economic aspects. 1.5. IEE Content 24. The IEE has been largely structured as per SPS, 2009 and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight chapters including this introduction Chapter.  Chapter 1- Introduction  Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework  Chapter 3- Description of Project  Chapter 4- Description of Environment  Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures  Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation  Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redress Mechanism  Chapter 8- Conclusion and Recommendation 1.6. Methodology 25. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project-scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment 3

both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes:  Review of legal requirements  Review of feasibility study  Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation.  Primary and Secondary data Collection  Consultation with stakeholders  Identification of Impacts and Mitigation measures  Institutional Review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources Key relevant information sources has been summarised in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation information on existing road Limited (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and ADB features and proposed PPTA Technical Review rehabilitation work Inventory of road features like Ground Physical surveys water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition Status of Environment report on Bihar by SPCB, Envis Website3, Feasibility report, primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by SPCB, Topography government websites and feasibility report, primary data collection Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey and Satellite Imagery Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, water resources, field observation and local people, GIS Based land use analysis Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Range Forest Office, Chhapra norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity Local Community Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples Borrow Areas, Quarries and other Design consultant and public consultation during construction material source field visit

3 http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, gov.bih.nic.in/, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, saran.bih.nic.in/, http:// http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/, http:// http:/www.envfor.nic.in/, http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http://fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102009/429.pdf,http://www.wrd.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/,

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

River geo-morphology, hydrology, SOI Toposheet, Feasibility report and information drainage, flood patterns, from local people, field observations Socioeconomic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey, Bihar through figures collected from Directorate of Statistics. 1.6.2. Public Consultation 26. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders’ viz. local and beneficiary population, govt. departments/agencies, fishermen, road users and NGOs with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information thus gathered was used to integrate it in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan. 1.7. Organizational Setting of implementing agency 27. RCD is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies have redefined. 28. BSRDCL is the executing agency for this project now. The organisational setup of BSRDCL has been illustrated at Figure 1.1. The EA capability for effective implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been assessed and the same is presented at Chapter 7 with need of additional capacity strengthening.

Note: TA: Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project 29. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been critically reviewed to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject4

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental EIA Notification, 2006 amended till State Not applicable Clearance5 date, promulgated under Environment Environmental for this (Protection) Act 1986 Impact particular road (Not Required Assessment stretch as it is for this Authority an expansion subproject) (SEIAA). If of existing road not constituted and no new by- then MoEF passes are to be constructed 2 Permission for Forest Conservation Act (1980) District Level felling of trees Procedural Guidelines developed by Committee the Department of Environment GoB, constituted by BSRDCL under the orders of the Hon’ble High the State Court; Tree removal will be guided as Govt. per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals (Regulation and River Board Sand Mining Development) Act, 1957 as amended Authorities/ Contractor from river bed in 1972 Department of Mining Govt.

4 Since this project is not passing through any protected areas or ground water authority notified areas, therefore the following list of laws will not be applicable to this project. a. Central Ground Water Authority b. Wildlife (Protection) Act 2002 and rules thereof c. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remain Act 1958/Rules 1959

5 This Particular clearance is applicable to all new road projects as mentioned underneath. However for this road stretch as it is expansion of existing road and no bypasses are being constructed so this clearance is not applicable. The Notification and its latest amendment entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B-ii) All State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m mean seal level (msl) and or ecologically sensitive areas)

Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”. 7

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency of Bihar

4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor operate Hot mix Pollution) Act 1981 Control Board plant, Crushers, Batching Plant 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste (Management and Bihar Pollution Contractor for Disposal of Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board Hazardous Waste 6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor Disposal of Pollution) Control Board Sewage from Act 1974 Labour camps 7 Use of Fly ash Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as amended MoEF Contractor within 100 km up to 17th August 2003: Mandatory ,if around Thermal the NTPC Barh Power plants. unit is operational 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988 Department of Control Transport, Contractor Certificate Govt. of Bihar 14 Employing The Building and Other Construction District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Workers (Regulation of Employment Commissioner and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process 30. The environmental clearance is not applicable for this subproject since expansion is confined along the existing road corridor with no new bypass. However, the procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted as Figure 2.1 for reference purposes only.

Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance Procedure 9

2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework 31. The Government through specific legislations regulates the environmental management system in India. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the part. Other Ministries/Statutory Bodies/departments responsible for ensuring environmental compliance and granting various clearances includes State ministry /dept. of environment, regional offices of MoEF and state forests/wildlife departments. Their key roles and responsibilities and interface among them have been concisely depicted through the flow diagram in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3.1. Project Location 32. The subproject road is located in Gopalganj and Saran districts, north western part of Bihar state. It starts at NH-101 near Mohammadpur and terminates at Chhapra near Bazaar Samiti on NH-19 covering a total length of 68.5 km It overlaps with SH 73 from Km 30.000 to Km 30.500. The location map of Bihar state Highway Projects II and subproject Location is given as Map 1. 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road 33. Right-of- Way and Carriageway width: as reported in DPR, ROW along the whole stretch varies between 12 to 15m with exception near the existing bridge approaches where it is about 24-30 m. The carriageway width for both bituminous and rigid pavement sections have been summarised in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Carriage way width in different sections of the Subproject `S. No Chainage Km Carriageway Width

Bituminous Sections (including Rigid Pavement)

1 Km 0.000 - Km 17.350 3.0 m - 3.70 m, 2 Km 17.350 - Km 49.000 2.80 m to 3.00 3 49.900 Km to 58.417 6.80-7.00 Km 4 58.417 Km to 65.315 4.80 m to 5.00 m with 1m wide unpaved shoulders. Rigid Pavement Sections

1 Ch. 45.175 Km to Km 45.600 Km 7.00 2 45.750 Km to 45.900 Km 7.0 3 53.750 Km to 54.450 Km 7.00 4 62.760 Km to 63.100 Km 5.0 5 63.300 Km to 63.500 5.0 6 65.050 Km to 65.315 5.0

34. Pavement and Shoulders Conditions: Based on the road inventory and pavement conditions survey results, the carriageway condition is mostly fair (20.5 Km) to good (15.415 Km). Nearly half portion of the road section is in poor condition (Table 3.2).Existing pavement thickness varies between 250 mm to 425 mm. Soft shoulders are generally in fair to good condition. However, at a few locations especially on high embankment sections the width is reduced to only 1m.

Table 3.2 : Existing Pavement Conditions of the Subproject Road S. No. Chainage Km Riding Quality 1 Mohammadpur to Sattar Ghat (Km 0.000 to Km Fair 20.350) 2 Sattar Ghat to Isuapur (Km 20.35 to Km 49.900) Poor 3 Isuapur to Samiti Bazar (Km 49.900 to Km Good 65.315 Km) 35. Alignment and Geometrics: The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 to 1.5 m, except for the approaches to major bridges. 36. Horizontal curves along the alignment are generally of large radius except where the route is influenced by river or railway crossing or road layouts within villages. After detailed topographic survey the exact nature of deficiencies in the alignment can be assessed for addressing those problems while finalising the improvement and upgradation of highway to 2-lane configuration. 37. Cross Drainage (CD) Structures: There are 13 minor bridges and 70 culverts (22 RCC slab culverts, 46 HP culverts and 2 RCC box culverts) existing in this project stretch, which are found inadequate. 38. Terrain and Land use: The overall terrain is predominantly flat throughout with gradual rise in ground elevations. Land use on the project corridor is mostly agricultural in rural areas with few commercial establishments in built-up areas. Community settlements are noticed in 13 location aggregating 4.45Km The major built-up areas of this road section are Bhagwanpur (Dak Banglow Chowk), Rajapatti Market, Rajapatti Gola Market, Masrakh Market, Ajitpur Village, Isuapur Market, Goura Bazaar, Nagra Market and Chhapra Bazaar Samiti market. 39. Road Intersections: There are several road intersections of 4-legged and ‘T’ type on the project road. Some of the major intersections/junctions identified along the road corridor are given in Table 3.3 below.

Table 3.3 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road S. No Intersection Chainage 1 Start at Saraiya (NH 102) 0+000 2 At Jaintpur 8+550 3 Shaebgaj-Muzaffarpur 12+495 4 Hardi Road 16+115 5 Dumn Nagar Road 24+845 6 Baraj-Motipur 27+175 7 End of Project with NH 28 28+406 Source: Review note SH-90 Sections. TA No. 7198-INDIA: Preparing for BSHP II 40. Level Crossing: At the present there is only one level railway crossing at Ch. 21.275 km.

3.3. Category of the Project 41. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix-4.1) devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and few semi urban areas. The environmental impacts envisaged are minimal and majority are co-terminus with the construction phase. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 3.4. Need for the Subproject 42. The subproject road forms a shortest link between NH101 and NH19. Once developed the project road will act as better connectivity for traffic originating locally as well as long distance traffic from NH28, which is part of East-West corridor of NHDP project. Further, road condition will serve as an all weather, economical and hassle free connectivity to a significant population resuscitating the rural economy. More specifically, the BSHP II will:  Improve management of the state highway network through the institutional development component and the TA, and enhance the road condition and usesability of the state trunk roads  Increase travel speeds, and reduce travel time, accidents, overloading, and vehicle emissions  Enhance RCD capacity for road asset development and management  Ensure more efficient road asset development and management, and higher quality of construction and maintenance, resulting in decreased recurrent costs over the medium and long term  Accelerate the social and economic development in Bihar through improves access to socioeconomic services, increase employment opportunities, and improve transport services. 3.5. Existing and projected traffic 43. Traffic Scenario: The DPR included extensive traffic survey program to determine the existing traffic volumes in a number of vehicular categories. Major traffic is observed at Km 64, where slow moving traffic has major share in the traffic up to 36% which comprises of cycles, cycle rickshaws and carts, cars & two wheelers with 30%, truck about 24% and 3% comprising Buses.The peak and seasonal correction factors were worked out and applied on the Average Daily Traffic to obtain the Annual Average Daily Traffic on the project road as reported below in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations

Location Chainage AADT in PCU Shankerpur 8.500 5200 13

Sadha 64.000 19711 Source: Final Feasibility and Review note by TA consultant 44. Projected Traffic: Traffic projection has been done considering (i) diverted traffic at all two locations (ii) expected AADT of the project road and (iii) likely generated traffic. The base year has been taken as 2006 and projection has been done for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. The projected traffic has been summarised in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road (Realistic Scenario) Shankerpur Sadha Year (Ch: 8.5.000) (Ch: 64.000) Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU 2010 6338 4511 16366 15882 2015 9373 6466 24400 22770 2020 14450 9613 37801 33637 2025 22690 14569 59448 50367 2030 36349 22569 95180 76808 Source: Final Feasibility Report 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities 45. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with paved shoulders on either side (ii) improving road geometry (iii) laying of embankment (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures (v) construction of side drains (vii) Junctions/intersections improvement (viii) provision of underpasses, way side amenities etc. The brief of all improvement components are described below. 46. Proposed Right of Way: In rural areas, ROW has been generally proposed as 45 m. In urban areas, as well as in the reaches with dense habitations /settlements on either side of the road, reduced ROW may be adopted for expansion to 2-lanes, except where realignments are planned. In high banks, deep cuts, or intersections the land width will be suitably increased. The need for a wider right-of-way (ROW) at important road intersections is also kept in view. 47. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway into a 2-lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway with 1.5 m paved shoulders on either side. For the structures, new 2-lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed for all six locations. 48. Cross-sectional Details: Existing alignment has been followed as much as possible in order to limit the extent of land acquisition and earth works and to maximize the use of the existing road formation. 49. Thickness of top GSB layer will be extended beyond the paved shoulder to 150mm as has been recommended. Earthen shoulder shall be removed from urban sections and all the pavement layers shall be extended up to the built-up drain. Pavement layers will be properly extended for 2m wide paved shoulders proposed for slow moving

vehicles. The major geometric design elements constituting the cross section are the carriageway, the shoulders and the side drain. The carriageway includes the travelled way and passing bays. The desirable standard cross section requirements as per the IRC specification is given in Table 3.6. 50. The vertical profile for the entire length of the alignment is found flat and the gradient does not exceed the IRC stipulated maximum gradient. The proposed vertical alignment proposed in the DPR is agreeable except from Km 16.2 to 16.6, which shall be designed based on drainage consideration.

Table 3.6 : Details Standard Cross Sections Road Class Specifications Road Element Dimensions (m) National Highway/ Lane Width 3.5 State Highway Paved Shoulder 1.5 Earthen Shoulder 1.0 Median for 4 Lane 4.5 Shy Away for 4 Lane 0.5 Formation 2 Lane 12 Formation 4 Lane 24 Side Drain 3.5 Utility Reserve 2.0 Embankment Slope 2 H : 1 V Camber Carriageway 2.5% Camber Paved Shoulder 2.5% Camber Earthen Shoulder 3 to 3.5% Maximum Super elevation 7% 51. The typical cross section of standard 2-lane has been given at Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross-Section of a standard 2-lane road 52. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards shall be based on the IRC 73-1980 for ‘plain / rolling’ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used: 15

. Ruling design speed of 80 km/h was used against 100km/h IRC standard . Maximum design speed 80km/h and 50 km/h on restricted ROW/Urban areas. Based on feasibility option studies by the DPR Consultant, the minimum design speed is limited to 40km/h in few locations. 53. The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speed considering the safety of the pedestrians and slow moving vehicles and also due to the presence of many intersections. The geometry of the existing road is found generally satisfactory except at few locations which need minor geometric improvement. 54. Realignment/Bypasses: Need for bypasses has not been envisaged However, realignment is proposed at curve locations and avoid interface with important community property resources. 55. Embankment Formation: The project road is in embankment throughout the entire length with average height of embankment varying from 0.50 m to 2.5 m, except for the high embankment of 3.00 m in approaches to the bridge at chainage 45.150 km. In an around the semi-urban and built-up areas, the embankment height is as low as 0.00 m to 1.50 m with drainage problems causing damage to the road pavement. Average 56. Some sections of the subproject road are traversed through flood prone areas. There is a strong possibility of erosion of drainage layer in flood plain as there is no side protection presently. It is recommended that topsoil cover (using suitable organic material) be placed there to a minimum depth of 50mm and addition of grass seed or turf or similar preventive measures for the slope. The embankment has been designed to resist erosion. This includes construction of side and toe drains. The side drains will have a minimum depth of 750 mm measured from the top of the sub-grade level to accommodate 1.2 m diameter pipe culvert crossing for the main road and 1.0 m diameter pipes for access culverts or side road culverts as required by the MORTH. An additional 50 mm of soil will be placed on the prism side slope as protection from the erosion of the drainage layer. Grass or turf will be established over the side slope to further prevent erosion. 57. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: There are 13 minor bridges and 70 culverts (22 RCC slab culverts, 46 HP culverts and 2 RCC box culverts) existing in this project stretch, which are found inadequate. All the existing Hume pipe culverts and brick arch culverts have been replaced by RCC box culverts of adequate waterway for the facility of maintenance of these culverts. The existing frequency of one culvert per Km has been increased to 3 per km. Some of the culverts are proposed to be converted into minor bridge. The improved road will have 25 minor bridges. 58. One new major bridge has been proposed and all six minor bridges need to be dismantled and replaced with new bridges. 59. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage along the existing road corridoreither in built-up or in rural areas. Drains that are found in built-up

areas usually lack cover. Suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, and rain fall intensity. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains intercepted by ‘miter’ drains to serve as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. 60. ROBs/RUBs/Flyovers: There is one existing railway level crossing on which requirement of ROB is not envisaged presently. 61. Junctions/intersections Improvement: Project road improvements consist of 3 major junctions and 4 minor junctions. All junction design shall be as per the guide guidelines of IRC-SP-41, IRC-62 and MOSRT&H standard drawings for intersections. Signs and line markings shall be designed as per IRC 67 and IRC 35. Layouts should invariably feature separate left and right-turning lanes protected by raised (curbed) channelizing islands. The required taper and parallel lane (acceleration and deceleration) dimensions should conform to the IRC standards.

Table 3.7 : Details of the Junction/Intersection Improvements Joining road Station (km) Junction Type Start at Pandela (NH-101) 0.000 Y Junction. Saraghat-Panapur road 20+155 Roundabout Rajpatti railway station road 21+190 T Junction Siuri Road 21+345 T Junction Siwan Road 29+790 Y Junction BT Road 30+140 T Junction Baniyar – Pathari Road 52+600 X Junction Jalapur Road 57+770 Y Junction End of Project road with NH 19 bypass 64+715 T Junction

62. Four lane improvement is suggested for NH101at the start of the project road. It is recommended to limit the improvement on NH101 to its present 2-lane configuration. The island design of the junction shall be reviewed to ensure proper right turn movement from Chhapra side of NH101. 63. Service Roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made. To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components:  Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0+ 2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road.  Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic  Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 64. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including High tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT) electrical lines, water lines, telephone lines, and optical fibre cables. 17

All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments. 65. Way Side amenities: Adequate way side amenities will be provided at required locations as envisaged in detailed project report. 66. Plantation/Landscaping: The Project Highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m c/c is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 67. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features like crash barriers, markings, and signages will be provided in accordance with the requirements of IRC/MOSRTH. The executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of IRC standards are incorporated in design and during construction. A detailed review of the updated design will be conducted by the road safety expert in due course. One aspect that will receive particular attention will be the possible need for the positive segregation of non-motorized traffic from the through lanes in urban areas as discussed above. 68. Material Sourcing: The coarse aggregates for the construction work are to be brought from Pakur quarry at a distance of 494 Km Stone material can be obtained from Sheikpura area which is located at a distance of 200 km. The source of sand is located near Doriganj which is about 10 km from start of the subproject road. All six borrow areas identified in the DPR are within distance of 5km from the project road alignment. 69. Construction of the BSRDCL Base Office. A 100 m2 field office will be constructed with 3 individual offices, drawing office, and conference room. 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost 70. The project is in the detailed design stage. The Project will be implemented over 30 months. It is expected to be completed by 2013- 2014. The estimated cost of the project excluding R and R and EMP implementation is INR. 2420.8 Million. At present day exchange rates this equates to approximately US$ 53.796 million.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 71. Baseline environmental conditions about all facet of environment which include physical, biological and socioeconomic aspects have been established in this IEE using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information both at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 72. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winter, summer, and rainy. Broadly the state can be divided into three climate zones based on physiographic set-up (a) The Sub-Himalayan zone (b) The Ganga plains zone and (c) The parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 73. The Ganga plains zone, where the project area lies, forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during daytime. The mean maximum daily temperature falls below 21°C. Hot season covers the period from April to June. May being the hottest month which records an average temperature of 32°C. The area also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms during this period as hot wind blow with an average velocity of 8-16 Km/h. Cold weather extends from December to February, when mean minimum temperature ranges between 7.5°C - 10°C. The post monsoon and the winter seasons are calm period; the average wind speed does not exceed 5 km/h even during the monsoons. The wind direction is predominantly easterly during monsoon and westerly in the winter. The relative humidity ranges from 29 % during summer to 90% during Aug-Sep. 74. The monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. Rainfall varies in three climatic zones of the state. The Sub-Himalayan zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm whereas in the Chotanagpur plateau it ranges from 600-800mm. The study area receives normal annual rainfall in the range of 1074.9 mm to 1170.9 mm. The annual rain falls at project districts for last 3 years have been tabulated in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 : Total Yearly Rainfall in the Project Districts 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Year Rainy Rainy Rainy District Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall Days Days Days 1061.70 41.7 Saran 782 39.10 899.5 38.8 1052.5 43.5 Gopalganj 1173 42.7 974.3 38.20 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation Bihar, Patna

4.1.2. Natural Hazard: 19

75. Flood: Bihar has always been a worst victim of flood in the country, particularly the areas north of Ganga. Out of 36 districts, 28 districts including project districts are susceptible to flooding. Nearly 73% of the total geographical area of the state is flood affected. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. Some part of the study area is liable to submergence during Monsoon period. Overtopping was reported in section from Km 34.00 to Km 36.00. Sporadic roadside inundation was also reported by local people between Sandhwara – Nagra and Chainpur - Lakhanpur during monsoon season. 76. Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka. The central Bihar plains including the most part of the project area is usually not subjected to drought. However, erratic rainfall in the project area has resulted to drought which occurred in 2009. 77. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. The project districts are located in the Zone IV. Zone IV denotes higher damage risk. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that the project districts are partially in flood prone zone and in no damage risk zone with respect to cyclones (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar

4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality 4.1.3.1 Air Quality 78. The ambient air quality levels (Table 4.2) with respect respirable particulate matter (RSPM), Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx) range from 261.1 to 323.0 µg/m3, 9.5 to 11.7 µg/m3 and 54.6 to 58.1µg/m3 respectively, at the two monitored locations in the project area. All the ambient air quality parameters are within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as given at Appendix 5.1 except RSPM (PM 10). The reason for higher RSPM (PM 10) is heavy traffic on NH 101 and NH- 19 and unpaved road/shoulder conditions. Table 4.2 : 24 hourly Ambient Air Quality Along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM) Parameters RSPM SO NOX Location (PM 10) 2 Mahammadpur (Junction with NH 101) 261.1 11.7 58.1 Near End Point (Junction with NH 19) 323.0 9.5 54.6 Applicable standards/limits 100 80 80 Source: Environmental Assessment Report prepared by DPR Consultant 4.1.3.2 Noise Level 79. The ambient noise levels (Table 4.3) exceeds the prescribed limit at all monitored locations in commercial area during night time. Noise level recorded during day time conforms at locations except at Chhpara Bazaar Samiti. In the residential area, the noise level conforms both during day and night time. Table 4.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Noise Level Day Time Night Time

(6.00 am-9.00 pm) (9.00 pm-6.00 am) Locations and Land use Chhapra Bazaar Samiti 76.0 59.5 (Commercial) Nagra (Commercial) 69.3 57.3 Near Mohammadpur (Mixed) 67.7 54.7 Pursauli (residential) 44.0 39.0 Standard (Commercial) 65 55 Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45 Source: Onsite Monitoring 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography 80. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands (ii) The Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga River in the South and (ii) the transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The project area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorised into three land systems e.g. (i) The Alluvial upland (ii) the Older Flood Plain and (iii) the Present Flood Plains. 81. The proposed project road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The 21

project road is located at the central part of Saran and south-eastern part of Gopalganj districts and is situated at about 50 meters above MSL gently sloping from north to south. The main river of the study area is Burhi Gandak with their distributaries and moribund channels. 4.1.5. Geology 82. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Holocene (Figure 4.2). Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe (ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. 83. Nearly two third of Bihar including the project district is located within the Ganga basin. The subproject road runs through alluvial terrain underlain by unlithified soft quaternary formations, which can be divided into three distinct morpho- stratigraphic units:  Hajipur / Madhubani Formation: It is the oldest Quaternary unit in the area encountered in the southwest of Muzaffarpur town where it forms high level alluvial terraces. It is characterized by yellowish brown and brownish grey clayey material impregnated with ‘Caliche’ nodules formed in-situ due to weathering under semi-arid condition. The unit supports habitats and cultivation.  Jaynagar / Vaishali Formation: This dominant formation of the region includes the older flood deposits of Burhi Gandak and Bagmati river systems. The unconsolidated sediments comprising alternating sequences of sand, silt and clay are fine in texture, grey in colour do not contain ‘Caliche’ nodules and are unoxidised.  Diara Formation: It includes the unconsolidated flood plain deposits of the present day rivers and is confined to the meander belts of the main river channels. This unit comprises fine sand and silt with occasional layers of clay.

Figure 4.2 : Geological Map of Bihar 4.1.6. Soil 84. The project area is underlain by thick sequence of Gangetic alluvial soil of Quaternary period. The soils of the area have been developed on alluvial deposits transported mainly by sub-Himalayan Rivers. The soil investigation on existing sub-grade soil by visual inspection divided the project road into single homogenous sections. These are mostly with gangetic Alluvium soil in large areas under northern portion of gangetic belt.The result of IS soil classification tests conducted on sub grade soil on the project route shows that dominant soil type are clay, silt, silty clay ,silt to silty sand category as presented in the draft DPR. The clayey type of soil covers almost 57 % of the road section, the silty soil type about 17%, clayey silt soil type covers 11% and silt soil type covers 10%. 4.1.7. Land use 85. Land use of the Project District: Predominant land use of the project district is agricultural. The total cultivable area is nearly 80% to the total geographical area of the district. Net sown area constitutes nearly 90% of the cultivable area, while the area under non-agricultural purpose is nearly 18%. Fallow land and wasteland is insignificant. There is no forest in the Gopalganj district and in Chhapra district it is only 0.4%. Land use break-up of the project district has been tabulated in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 : Land use of Project District

Land Use Gopalganj Saran Geographical area (ha) 204000 265000 Land under Cultivation Area in Ha and % 16500 (80.9%) 214000 (80.75% Barren & uncultivable Land in Ha and % 6000 (2.95%) 18000 (6.8%) Land put to Non-agricultural Uses in Ha and % 32000 (15.7%) 33000 (12.45%) Cultivable Waste other than Fallow Land in Ha and % 1000 (0.4%) 0 (0%) Source: Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation, Bihar 86. Land use of the Project Corridor (within 100 m): Land use/landcover of the subproject corridor was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 70%). Built-up area including community property resources constitutes about 15% and rest is shared by plantation, water bodies/waterlogged areas, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.5). Table 4.5 : Land use (in %) of the Project corridor Estimated Area Land Use Coverage Agriculture Approx 70% Built-up including community structures Approx 15% Roadside Plantation, scrub and grasses Approx 15% Water bodies Approx 3% Source: Field Observation 4.1.8. Groundwater 4.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield 87. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments laid down by the Ganga and its northern bank tributaries. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined / un-confined aquifers down to depth 300 m as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. These unconsolidated sediments are made up of alternations of sand clay with individual sand and clay layers showing inter-fingering relationship. 88. In the project districts, thick fine to medium sand occurs down to depth of 100 mbgl with two thin clay layers within 22-24 mbgl. In Saran district thick clay layers occur within 40-50 mbgl with thin fine sand layers in between. Fine sand occurs after clay down to the depth of 120 mbgl within intermediate clay layers. The tube well within 100 m depth yields more than 100 m3/hr. The transmissivity value is high - around 15000 m2/day with storavity 2.1 x 10-3. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5 to 10 m below ground level during Pre-monsoon and the same level is in the range of 2 to 5 m below ground level during post- monsoon. The average water level fluctuation is 2 to 4 m.

4.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality 89. Groundwater quality conforms the drinking water standard (IS: 10,500) (Appendix 4.3). The Total dissolved Solid (TDS), alkalinity and calcium concentration marginally exceeds the desirable limit but well within the permissible limit. Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected in the study area has been summarised in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 : Ground Water Quality along the Project Road Tube well near S.No. Parameters Chhapra 1 Temperature (oC) 23.5 2 EC (at 25oC) µs/cm 904 3 pH 7.6 4 TDS (mg/L) 674 5 Total Hardness (as CaCO3, mg/L) 292.8 6 Calcium (mg/L) 87.5 7 Magnesium (mg/L) 17.8 8 Sodium as Na (mg/L) 115.8 9 Potassium (mg/L) 13.8 10 Iron as Fe (mg/L) <0.1 11 Fluoride as F (mg/L) 0.41 12 Arsenic (as As) (mg/L) <0.01 13 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) (mg/L) <0.5 14 Alkalinity (as CaCO3, mg/L) 310 15 Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) 2 16 Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) Nil Source: Environmental Assessment Report by DPR Consultant 4.1.9. Surface Water 4.1.9.1 River system/Hydrology of the Area/and other water bodies 90. The subproject area is part of Gandak river sub-basin. It flows along north-western side of the subproject road till it joins River Ganga near Hajipur. The local area drainage of the project area is largely controlled by distributaries of Burhi Gandak like Nagra and Ghoghari River cutting across the subproject road at Km 28.950 and Km52.650. Water in flowing condition is observed only during monsoon season. There is good network of canal system in the project area. Several canals are being crossed by the subproject. Besides there few ponds located near by the subproject road. List of all canals, drains, nallahs and river being cut across by the subproject alignment has been provided in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : Canals/ Rivers/Nalla crossed by the subproject Road. Sl. No. Type of Chainage (km) Channel 1 Nalla 1.129 2 Nalla 13.925 3 Nalla 16.25 4 Canal 16.825 5 Canal 20.475 6 Canal 26.555 7 River 28.950 25

Sl. No. Type of Chainage (km) Channel 8 Nalla 31.100 9 Nalla 32.650 10 Canal 39.130 11 Canal 45.150 12 Canal 45.700 13 Canal 47.050 14 Canal 47.558 15 Canal 51.225 16 River 52.650 17 Canal 56.050 18 Canal 60.336 4.1.9.2 Surface Water Quality 91. Surface water is not used for drinking or domestic purpose in the area. Fishing activity is limited to some season ponds since water availability in rivers and other water bodies are mainly during monsoon period. The water quality of a perennial River in the study area is given in Table 4.8. Besides conforming to the sustenance for fish life, the surface water quality even conform the standard prescribed for drinking but after primary treatment for coliform present in it.

Table 4.8 : Present Status of Surface Water Quality Sl. No. Parameters Gandak River 1 Temperature (at time of Sampling) (0C) 27.5 2 Turbidity (NTU) 18.1 3 pH 7.1 4 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 162.0 5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 264.0 6 Total Hardness as CaCO3 in mg/L 134.7 7 Calcium as Ca in mg/L 28.5 8 Magnesium as Mg in mg/L 15.2 9 Iron as Fe in mg/L 0.11 10 Fluoride as F- in mg/L 0.42 11 Copper as Cu in mg/L 0.018 12 Zinc as Zn in mg/L <0.2 13 Arsenic (as As) in mg/L <0.01 14 Lead as Pb in mg/L 0.31 15 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) in mg/L <0.05 16 Alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L 169.0 17 Dissolved Oxygen in mg/L 5.9 18 BOD 3 days at 270C in mg/L 8.3 19 Chemical Oxygen Demand in mg/L 55.0 20 Total Coliform MPN/100ml >1600 21 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml >1600 Source: Environmental Assessment Report by DPR Consultant

4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 92. Forest Areas: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km, which is 5.9% of the land area. 93. Forest Types and its Spatial Extent: There are three forest types in the state viz. (i) Dry Deciduous; found in the north-eastern region of Kishanganj district and particularly in the water logged area with annual rainfall more than 120 cm. Density of vegetation is very high. The major vegetation type is Sal. Apart from Sal, Assam, Semal, Ghaura, Caham, Kend, Mango, Jamun are also found. (ii) Wet Deciduous: found in hills of Kanpur and Chotanagpur plateau and in few parts of Raxual, Purnia and Araria districts where the annual rainfall is less than 120 cm. They are not dense forest and categorized as open forest. The major vegetation type is Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Pal, Shesham, Mahua and Kend (iii) Sub Himalayan and Tarai Forest; found in northern part of Bihar and boarder of Nepal. The major area in which this type of forest are found are western Champaran (Showmeshwar), Purnia and Araria. The major vegetation type is sal, Tun, Oak, and Pinl. 94. Forest in Project Area: The project districts as whole are almost devoid of forest. Only 0.42% in Saran District is under forest. There is no forest cover in Gopalganj district. No forest is in the vicinity of project alignment. The state government has notified plantation along certain highways, canal and railways under protected forest status. The roadside plantation along SH-90 is under protected status. and hence permission from forest department is required for cutting of trees. The forest cover map of undivided Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand) has been given as Figure 4.3. 27

Figure 4.3 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 95. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco- sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 96. The different type of trees present along the road corridor are – Banyan (Ficus bengalensis), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Tamarind (amarindus indica), Gulmohar (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), Sesham (Dalbergia sisoo), Simul (Bombax malabaricum), Babul (Acacia nilotica), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp)., Sagwan (Tectona grandis) Mohua (Madhuca Indica), Khair (Acacia catechu), Guava (Psidium guajava), Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), Deodaru (Polialthia longifolia), Shahtoot (Morus albaatropurpurea), Neem (Azardarichta indica), Mango (Mangifera indica), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Peppal (Ficus religiosa), Siris (Albizia lebbeck), Palash (Butea monosperma), Tal (Borassus flabellifer), Debdaru, Karanj, Pakur (Ficus infectoria), Segun (Tectona grandis), Kadam (Anthocephalus kadamba), etc. Table 4.9 summarises the details of affected trees.

Table 4.9 : No. of Affected Trees S. No Girth Size Left Right Total 1 30 cm - 100cm 177 164 341 2 100cm - 150cm 212 173 385 3 150cm -200cm 63 63 126 4 >200 10 7 17 Total 462 407 869 Source: Tree enumeration conducted By the DPR team. These trees are present within proposed right of way. All of them need not to be cut and hence the no. indicated is the maximum. 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 97. Fishing activity in the rivers being crossed or located nearby the subproject road is limited mainly to monsoon period since very less water is left during non-monsoon season. However, there are few ponds in the project area where fishing was observed during site visit. The fish species generally found in the area are Phalia, Chelwa, Potiah, Durhwa, Mirgal, Rewa, Kalbasu, Rohu, Magur, Singhi, Tangra, Bachwa, Gaunch, Kawa, Kewal, Barn. 4.3. Economic Development 98. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9% and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 crores rupees (US $21 billion). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project district have been described in following paragraphs. 4.3.1. Industries 99. Contribution of industrial sector to the state’s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. Based on census, there are 259 large and medium-sized industries with Food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum products accounting for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industry is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India’s total output of common fruits and vegetables. 100. The study area is mainly characterized by agro-based small scale cottage industries; light engineering, food and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly small scale industries – saw mill, rice mill, suji factory, cold storage, plywood etc. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries. 29

4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities 4.3.2.1 Water Supply 101. Bihar ranks among one of the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects district is also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area. 4.3.2.2 Transportation 102. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 km of National Highways, 4,192 km of State highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. 103. Railways: Bihar’s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 104. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 km navigable length of rivers is 1,325 km Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417 km) and Haldia (517 km). 105. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. There are 39 district Headquarters that have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up air cargo complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability 106. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of erstwhile Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand, only 30% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar’s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW.

4.3.2.4 Agriculture

107. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producers in the country. 108. Project district produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley, lentils). The district is famous for Litchis and Mango. 4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources 109. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves, however about 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, China clay, Soapstone, Slate, Feldspar, Galena, Sandstone, and Saltpetre. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project district. 4.3.2.6 Tourism 110. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). Other places of tourist interest in Bihar Bhimbandh, famous for hot springs; Maner, a sacred Muslim shrine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Makhdoom Shah; Vikramshila, the ruins of a Buddhist university; Deoghar, famous for a Hindu shrine and Sasaram, the site of the tomb of Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Vaishali is famous religious tourist destination on world tourism map. None of these protected or monuments of religious importance is located in subproject area 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources 4.4.1. Population and Communities 111. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 6.5 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991- 01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e., number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project district have following facts on Population Table 4.10 31

Table 4.10 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts State and Project District Gopalganj Bihar Saran Indicators Total Population (in millions) 82.8 3.24 2.15 Urban Population (% of total population) 14.47 9.20 6.08 Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 91.8 93.92 ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.2 0.3 SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 12.0 12.4 Density (Sq. km) 880 1231 1052 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 966 1001 Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 26.26 26.31 Literacy Rate (%) 47.5 51.8 47.5 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.2. Health Facilities 112. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located in the state capital Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.11 provides the number of government health care centres in the state and the project district as of 2007.

Table 4.11 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District State and Project No. of No. of No of District Hospitals/Dispensaries Beds Practitioners Bihar 1747 22290 2413 Saran 62 668 130 Gopalganj 36 540 NA Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.3. Literacy 113. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country’s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57%, respectively. In Bihar only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. The literacy rate of the Saran district is better than state figure. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts State and Project Literacy Rate (%)

Males Females Total Saran 63.3 35.8 51.8 Gopalganj 62.9 32.2 47.5 Bihar 60.32 33.57 47.5 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration 114. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it only accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample and Survey Office (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% had regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of main workers under various categories of the state and the project district has been summarised in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category (in 000)

District Total Workers Ag Cultivators Ag laborers Other Workers &Project Districts 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Saran 607 860 306 306 190 322 111 232 Gopalganj 440 641 259 262 132 256 49 123 Bihar 1047 27975 7705 8194 322 13382 160 5263 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

115. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 116. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover, there is no forest resource in the project area. 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 117. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area 33

4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 118. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 119. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued environmental components (VECs) were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 120. Cutting of approximately 869 trees will be encumbered along the ROW will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. The compensatory plantation will rather improve the micro climate of the region. 121. The effect of global climate change to the project, particularly predicted extreme rainfall is recognized considering that majority of subproject area is prone to flooding. However, there are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area which makes it difficult to recommend specific climate proofing measures. Mitigation Measures 122. All efforts shall be made by the contractor to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 2,607 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State’s Forest Department on a 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate the compensatory plantation which will include meetings, actions, and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations, riverbanks and wherever additional land is available with PWD. Operation Stage 123. The subproject road is mostly located in open agricultural land, which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation and improved road conditions will ameliorate/enhance the micro-climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles. 5.1.2. Natural Hazard 124. Some part of the project alignment (as identified in baseline section) are liable to submergence during monsoon period where the formation level may need to be raised. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design considering the local/regional hydrology of the area. 35

125. The project area is located in seismic zone IV that is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. All civil structures especially bridges shall be constructed as per latest seismic zone IV requirement. Longitudinal and transverse seismic restrainer on abutment and pier caps or otherwise in accordance with IRC: 6 will be implemented, to prevent the tendency of dislodgement of superstructure. Mitigation Measures 126. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage with suitable outfall shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be raised adequately to avoid capillary action due to seepage of the water to embankment. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50- year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. 127. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if design aspect related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV. 128. All necessary precautions against dislodgement of superstructure shall be taken by provision of reaction blocks or other type of seismic arresters and increased width of pier/abutment cap. 5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 129. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation); (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants and (iii) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter and will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 130. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied with by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national/state highways.

Mitigation Measures  Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered.  Loading and unloading of construction materials in project area or provisions of water fogging around these locations.  Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area.  Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically  Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory.  Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and that too only after receiving a No-Objection Certificate from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases.  Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible.  Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used.  LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted.  Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads.  Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers  Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2  KVA).  Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.  Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 131. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways. Mitigation Measures 132. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 133. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 37

134. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas. Paved shoulder shall be maintained. 135. However, the EA will continue to promote the proper operation and maintenance of vehicle fleets regardless of size and type of vehicle consistent with the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs. This will include provision of road signs and distribution of flyers to remind drivers on the benefits of a well maintained engine. The EA may opt to identify operators of large fleet (e.g. more than 100 trucks) and cause the promotion ways to reduce emissions through replacement of old with new and more efficient vehicles, converting to cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, regular maintenance and repair, and avoiding overloading of trucks. 136. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration. 5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 137. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB (A) (at a distance of about 5 m from the source). Although this level of noise is higher than the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to sensitive receptors (Table 5.1) since widening is mostly proposed on the other side of the road and construction timing will be regulated.

Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations Close to the Alignment

Distance Chainage S. No Particular of the Structure from C/L of Side (Km) Road 1 Rajakio Prathamik Vidyalaya 3.125 9.849 R.H.S 2 Rahotit High School 7.2 9.831 (B) R.H.S 3 S.S Public School , Sankarpur 7.7 6.214 L.H.S 4 I.T.I College, Sankarpur 8.0 5.969 (B) R.H.S 5 Prathamik School, Sankarpur 8.0 10.69 (B) L.H.S 6 P.M.P High School 9.9 5.987 (B) R.H.S 7 Madham Vidyalaya, Digba 10.7 6.005 L.H.S 8 Primary school, Boshaya 15.0 8.165 (B) L.H.S 9 G S Public School Damarsan 23.0 13.385 (B) L.H.S 10 Bangra Madhya school 23. 6.431 R.H.S 11 Vitti High School 41.0 9.515 R.H.S 12 Coaching Center 48.0 8.82 L.H.S 13 Primary school 64735 8.104 R.H.S 14 Central Mission School 64775 8.26 L.H.S

Mitigation Measures  Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un- inhabited stretches, noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels  On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are limited activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards.  If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations or near the source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated.  Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.  Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.  Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures.  Multilayered plantation shall be initiated during construction near the structures coming close to the subproject. This will serve as mitigation for operation phase.  Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise Operation Phase 138. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. The noise level at nearby schools, religious place may cause nuisance and irritation. Mitigation Measures  Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 39

5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 139. The subproject road improvement will require conversion of some agricultural land. The exact requirement of land is still being assessed as this environmental assessment in being prepared. No encroachment to sensitive areas like forest or any other sensitive land is involved due to the project. Minor impact on agricultural yield is anticipated due to the subproject. But, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market. 140. In addition to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss soil productivity loss. Mitigation Measures 141. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used for embankment slope top cover for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 142. To offset the loss of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds. 143. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner Operation Phase 144. The better access can lead to lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 145. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India. 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 146. Soil erosion is mainly anticipated near bridge locations, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, earth stock-piles and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion have cumulative that include siltation, embankment damage, drainage problem, and the like. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern.

Mitigation Measures

 Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting.  Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.  Stone pitching wherever necessary.  When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.  Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H: 1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Provision shall be made for slope protection frames, dry stone pitching, and masonry retaining walls as may be required.  Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted immediately in loose soil area.  In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by ‘mitre’ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion.  IRC: 56 - 1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration.  Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures including bio-turfing shall be taken to control the soil erosion. Operation Phase 147. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected heavy rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures like turfing and stone pitching shall be carried. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 148. The project area is in general a flat terrain with some low lying section. All borrow identified by the DPR team is located nearby the project road. Local farmers were ready to provide earth from their field up to certain depth on adequate compensation. However, it is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimised to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilised in embankment if found suitable. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilised in embankment if found suitable. This will help in improving river carrying capacity and reduce need of sourcing borrow earth from agriculture fields. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 41

149. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals .of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease 150. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures  Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level.  Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed.  Borrow pits along the road shall be avoided. If permitted by the site engineer, the recommendation suggested in Appendix 5.1: (Guidelines for management of Borrow areas) shall be considered. Accumulation of water along embankment to reach up to capillary fringe level shall be prevented.  The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse  The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%. To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan as appended in Appendix 5.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 151. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may get compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries, and equipments, due to construction camps and workshops Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most of the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 152. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may also get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste, sewage from construction camps and use of fly ash.

Mitigation Measures  Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.  All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re- fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.  To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.  Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil.  The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity.  Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided in the construction camps.  Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non- biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio-degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter6 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised land fill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured.  Fly ash shall be used in-between good earth layers in compliance to IRC: 88 -1984: Recommended practice for lime fly ash stabilised soil base/ sub base in pavement construction shall be adhered to during use of fly ash. Operation Stage 153. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except (i) near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly. Mitigation measures 154. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1. 155. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade.

6 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to dispose of biodegradable waste effectively. 43

5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 156. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. Contractor shall ensure safe drinking water to the workers. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp. 5.1.7. Loss of Drinking water Sources 157. The subproject may cause loss of several hand pumps/wells located in the proposed ROW. Efforts shall be made to retain all those structures located outside the formation width. Any such impacted structures shall be suitably relocated in close coordination with Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). New groundwater abstraction structures shall be dug up considering the hydro-geological condition of the area. Mitigation Measures 158. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater by the contractor. 159. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. 160. Contractor shall arrange safe drinking water for workers and sewage discharge facility. 161. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. 162. Groundwater recharge structures shall be incorporated in the design or borrow areas shall be rehabilitated as fishpond which will also recharge the aquifer. Other options may include construction of some check dams etc. Operation Stage 163. No impact is anticipated on groundwater during operation phase. 5.1.8. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 164. Few rivers and canals are being crossed by the project road. Rivers or water bodies mostly dry up during non-Monsoon period. Water in canal is released only during sowing and irrigation period of crops. There are few ponds along roadside as reported in DPR. However, most of the ponds remain dry during summer period. Only one worth mentioning/large pond is near Rajapatti Kothi on LHS. Widening is proposed on other side of the existing road and hence no impact is anticipated on this pond. However, silt-prevention measure is recommended near this pond. Mitigation Measures

165. Since water bodies are not impacted due to the project, no specific mitigation measures are proposed. However, as enhancement measures, the borrow areas can be converted into ponds with the concurrence of the land owners. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.9. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and other Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 166. Since most of the major water bodies are seasonal in nature, siltation impact due to bridge works will be negligible if construction debris/other waste are cleared immediately after construction. Moreover, since no major bridges are present along the subproject road, the piling activities are minimal. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. 167. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water Mitigation Measure  Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration.  Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non monsoon (mid-September to mid-June).period.  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors.  Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.  All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites.  No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.  The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants.  Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes.  Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal. 45

 Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 168. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil- contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration. However, since the project area is prone to siltation due to recurring flood, regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. 5.1.10. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 169. Few part of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. The area has good network of canals. As reported by the local people, the main reason for water logging in some area is overflow and seepage from canal like section between Darwa villages to Pursauli village. Further, the existing cross drainage structures are also inadequate. Over flow is mainly due to choking of drains/ and structures made on canals. Overflow from Nagra and Ghoghari River is responsible for water logging its nearby areas. In semi-urban areas, choking of side drains is main cause of water logging during monsoon period. 170. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged. Mitigation Measures 171. Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water with smooth vertical geometry is recommended. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas.  Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area.  Drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, rain fall intensity and other relevant parameters.  The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and

the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth.  Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank. It is desirable that the design discharge is evaluated for flood of minimum of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRT and H guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred to. Operation Stage 172. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions shall be ensured. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 173. There are no national parks, wild life sanctuaries, reserved forests or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. However, the state government has notified the plantation along the subproject road under protected status. Hence, permission has to be obtained for felling of trees. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 174. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled. 175. There are altogether 869 trees likely to be affected due to the project. Most of the roadside trees are non-fruit bearing in nature. Loss of any rare, threatened or endangered species is not envisaged due to the project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large no. of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 176. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 177. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 2607 trees along both sides of road based on IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State’s forest department on 1:3 basis. Additional plantation shall be done on riverbanks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 47

178. Species like Arjun, Jalgambhar, Simul, Kadam, Black seesham etc. shall be planted in water logged areas as suggested by forest department. 179. The removal from site and disposal of materials from clearing and grubbing which are unusable or cannot be auctioned will be disposed off- site by the Contractor in compliance to local ordinances. 180. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21. 181. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of the overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance. Operation Stage 182. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.”No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. “ Mitigation Measures 183. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional forest offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology Design and Construction Stage 184. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies cutting across by the project area. However, fishing is being carried out in some ponds in the project area which have no interface with the project activities. There is no breeding or spawning ground in the rivers of the project area. Fishes are mainly found during monsoon season. 185. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality. Mitigation Measures  Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season.

 Good construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water.  Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above.  Borrow areas shall be rehabilitated as fish ponds to promote the fisheries activities in the area. Operation Stage 186. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies. 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 187. Debris will generated due to dismantling of pavement in some sections wherever existing pavement cannot be utilised as determined by the Contractor and approved by the BSRDCL. Quarry dust and waste iron bars or damaged support structure constitutes significant debris. Mitigation for solid waste management from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures  The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed. 188. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 189. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations.  Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.  Away from residential areas and located at least 1,000 m downwind side of these locations,  Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.  Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location. 49

190. Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 191. Road-side economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) reduction in travel time (ii) better mode and frequency of transport (iii) access to quality health care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people. 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 192. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts. Some kiosk owners/ squatter earning their livelihood may get impacted due to widening of the subproject road. Mitigation Measures 193. Affected landloosers and kiosk owners/squatters shall be compensated as per project specific entitlement matrix framed in consistent to applicable policies of both India and ADB’s legal framework. To minimize and avoid such impact, the findings and recommendations of the resettlement plan shall be implemented. 194. For common property resources, geometric adjustments shall be further reviewed to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. 5.4.3. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers Design and Construction Stage 195. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies’ quality (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (iv) poor sanitation may result to

transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drug. Mitigation measures 196. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies. 197. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 198. At every workplace, the Contractor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 199. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program includes monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS 200. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers. 201. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 202. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 203. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community. 204. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. 51

Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 5.4.3.1 Safety of Construction Workers and Health and Safety Risks to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 205. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists (iii) safety to cattle; (iv) safety of local community (iv) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (v) conduct of safety audit. 206. Children are one of the most vulnerable to injury from collisions with moving vehicles due to their lack of understanding of traffic hazards, behaviour while at play, and their small size makes it difficult for the motorist to see. Mitigation measures  During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works (ii) handling of large construction equipments and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances (iii) welding (iv) electrical works etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table.  Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by the engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.  Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92 207. Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can designed such that it can be utilised as underpass by pedestrians/ cattle/animal driven vehicles/tractors etc.  To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn

up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed in as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.  Provision of temporary or permanent barriers like fence or plants to avoid pedestrian crossing except at designated crossing points  Installation of speed bumps to control speed near designated pedestrian crossing areas.  After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. Prior to the beginning of normal operation, those parts of the diversions as will not eventually form part of the Project Highway shall be closed to prevent any movements not permitted under the normal operation of the Project Highway.  Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 208. The provision of service roads, underpasses have been made in the road design for safe movement of people and animal across the roads. Other issues related during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods and accidents. Mitigation Measures 209. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities: . Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. . Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. . Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. 210. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate. 5.4.4. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic Construction Phase 211. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or 53

heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation Measures 212. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 213. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements:  At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times  The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect  The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters.  Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road. 214. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. 215. Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from dumping sites. 5.4.5. Transports and Storage of Materials 216. The construction material primarily will consist of aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 m away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.4.6. Impact on Land and Private Properties 217. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the

project, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 218. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 5.4.7. Impact on Common Property Resources 219. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. As per preliminary survey, there are 13 religious structures and 5 educational institutes likely to be affected due to the subproject road improvement. Besides, there are large no. of hand pumps also likely to be affected. The exact number can be ascertained from ongoing resettlement plan preparation. 5.4.8. Road- side Sanitation 220. The local bodies and the State Governments have constructed hand pumps along the existing roads particularly near habitations to meet the water supply needs of the local community. These have been provided with a platform around the tube well, which connects to nearest pit through lined open drain. The drains appear to be of standard type design and often do not connect up to the nearest pits as per specific site requirements or the pits are often seen to be overflowing without proper drainage leading to improper and unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in and around the tube wells. This often causes unhygienic conditions and local drainage problem. Mitigation Measures 221. Provision of adequate sanitary arrangements with lined drains connecting up to the nearest natural drain or the roadside drains will improve the sanitary conditions around the hand pumps. 55

6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed 222. Public consultations were held early and throughout the project development stage to allow the incorporation of relevant views of the stakeholders in the final project design, mitigation measures, implementation issues, and enhance the distribution of benefits. 223. Consultations were held with all identified stakeholders that includes; project beneficiaries, local affected people, government bodies, and non- governmental organisations to understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subproject design, followed by the potential impacts. Participant’s views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, borrow areas, air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, and accident risk. 224. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions were sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements 225. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects7 in select conditions. Since this project does not fall in either of above categories, no formal environmental clearance as well as public hearing is required. However, in compliance to the 2009 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, meaningful consultation8 was carried out during the IEE. The requirement of public consultation during the implementation of the project has been proposed as part of the mitigation plan. 226. Public consultation was undertaken as per the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, coordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated during the consultation. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected.

7 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory. 8 Refers to a process with the following milestones: i) begins early in the project preparation stage and is carried out on a ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; ii) provides timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is understandable and readily accessible to affected people; iii) is undertaken in an atmosphere free of intimidation or coercion, iv) is gender inclusive and responsive, and tailored to the needs of disadvantaged vulnerable groups’ and v) enables the incorporation of all views of affected people and other stakeholders into decision making, such as project design, mitigation measures, the sharing of development benefits and opportunities, and implementation issues. (ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009)

6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency 227. Officials of executing agency provided technical information’s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redress mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G C Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country’s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. He also shared the lessons learnt from ongoing project. Mr. R. P. Singh, DGM (tech) and Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Manager (tech) from Project Implementation Unit stressed on training and capacity building of officers responsible for implementing the EMP and safeguard of environment. 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 228. All relevant government departments/agencies including Forest, Pollution Control Board, economics and statistics were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project. 229. Forest officials informed that there is no forest in the project area nor any endangered flora and fauna species. Permission for felling of roadside trees must be taken prior to civil works. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. They also suggested to plant trees like Arjun, Jalgambhar, Simal, Kadam and Black Seesham in water logged areas. More plant of Mohogoni shall be planted during compensatory afforestation since the species have reduced significantly over the period. 230. Pollution Control Board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries hence, baseline information of the area are not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining environmental clearance and NOC from pollution control board and emphasised that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project. 231. Directorate of Economics and Statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts.

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation Dates 1 Project  Mr. R. P Singh, DGM Issue of EMP implementation by PIU was Implementation (Tech), PIU Hajipur discussed. They also shared experience about Unit , Hajipur  Mr. Mukesh Kumar, project under execution by the PIU. Manager (Tech) 2 Forest Range  Mr. N.P. Singh, Forester Information obtained about protected status of office  D. P. Pal Forest Range the roadside plantation, compensatory 06.02.2010 Officer afforestation norms, Estimated cost per tree. Status of forests along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor etc. 57

S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation Dates 3 State Pollution  Dinesh Kumar, Assistant Report on “State of the Environment of Bihar” Control Board, Environmental Officer was collected. Information about existing Patna  Dr. Naveen Kumar, baseline conditions of the project area if any June, Sept and Scientist was collected. Capacity assessment was December, 2009  Mr. Virendra Kumar, Public done for the likely involvement in the project for Relation Officer monitoring and other environmental management required for the project. 4 Directorate of  Dr. Jitedra Kumar Sinha, Latest report on “Bihar through Figures” was Economics and Joint Director, collected. Environmental issues were statistics, Bihar  Dr. Shiv Shanker discussed with head of the Environmental cell.  Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, The newly constituted cell presently has not much of the information related to environment. 6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments 232. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on issues related to rehabilitation and resettlement. They suggested minimising acquisition of agricultural land as much as possible since livelihood of the people is principally dependent on agriculture. 233. Consultations were held at Dattarpur, Dumarsan, and Near Hamirpur village by the TA environmental assessment team. Abstract of consultations conducted by design team during early stage of project preparation has also been captured. Common suggestions/demand emerged during consultations were (i) provision of adequate cross drainage and side drains in water logged areas, installation of adequate signage and other safety measures, rehabilitation of borrow areas and provision of road furnitures/wayside amenities. 234. Other common demands included modifications of alignment near important community structures. If technically not feasible, accessibility and safety to community structures especially schools should not be affected. Local people should be consulted before relocation of such structures. The list of participants, their views and outcome of the consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community S. No Place and time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People 1 Dattarpur Raghunth Rai (Agri abour) They informed that the section between 26th May 2010 Harinder Sahoo (Agriculture) Darwa to Pursuali including Dattarpur Bishwanath Singh (Agriculture) village remain water logged during Anil Singh (Agri+Business) monsoon season. The main reason is Ramji Sahoo (Agriculture) choking of drains/canals and seepage through canals. They suggested that adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided and the side drains shall be connected to suitable outfall locations.

2 Dumarsan Janardan Prasad (Agriculture) All participants supported the project. They 26th May 2010 Jajwanshi Bhagat (Agriculture) suggested that local drainage problem shall Dhruv Shah (retired serviceman) also be improved during the subproject road Baijnath Shah (retired serviceman) improvement. Land acquisition shall be

S. No Place and time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People Ramlal Krishna (Carpenter) minimized to the extent possible. Local Munna Sharma (Carpenter) people and road users shall be provided Lalan Sharma (carpenter) awareness about road safety issues. Babulal Pandey (Agriculture) 3. Hamirpur near Dharamdev Das (Agri Labour) The area is mainly inhabitated by vulnerable Rajapatti Akbar Hussain (Tailor) families. They perceive that the project will 26th May 2010 Ramji Das (Labour) definitely bring positive changes in their life Prabhu Rai (Agriculture) since road side economic activities will Kamlesh Thakur (Barber) increase and they will have opportunity to Niazzudin (Student) start some petty business along the Jilekhna ((housewife) roadside. They suggested that priority Lal Mohammad (wage-earner) should be given to local people especially Hasina Begum (Housewife) the vulnerable sections in employment during construction stage of the project. 4. Near Chhapra Binod Tiwari (Business) Participants raised concern about increased Bazaar Samiti Chandra Deb Saha (Agriculture) air pollution and noise level in the area due 4th April 2009 Jatin Biswas (Agriculture) to heavy traffic. They apprehended that Rajkumar Mondal (Labour) situation will further deteriorate after project Suresh Rao (Agriculture) implementation with increased traffic in future. They suggested to improve the side drains and provision of more cross drainage shall be made. 5. Gopalpur Bazaar Kamalesh Saha (Business) They raised the concern about water 4th April 2009 Jiten Barman (Business) logging in the area during rainy season and Jhantu Saha (Business) suggested to increase the cross drainage Prabir Biswas (Business) structures and provision of side drains attached with suitable outfall location in waterlogged areas 6 Sarwarqa Yogeshwar Sah (Business) They supported the project and expect that Bazaar the widening will improve the air quality and 4th April 2009 Bireshwar Sah (Business) noise level after decongestion of traffic. Maqbul Hussein (Business) They demanded for adequate road safety Sandip Teowari (Business) measures and traffic awareness program at frequent intervals. 7. Rajapatti Kothi Chattu (Business) People welcomed the decision of widening. 4th April 2009 They suggested that demolition of religious Lallasa Mondal (Agriculture) structures and other common property shall Md. Jabed Ali (Agriculture) be avoided to the extent possible. They Pintu Barma (Business) demanded for adequate road furniture, proper rehabilitation of borrow areas and measures to avoid noise and air pollution. 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs 235. Several NGOs were consulted during IEE preparation for subprojects under BSHP II. Although most of them are primarily working in social sector but provided some valuable suggestions related to environmental issues both for specific subprojects and in general for the project. Important suggestions includes (i) borrowing earth material from river bed which will serve the dual purpose of increasing the river carrying capacity and minimising use of agricultural land for borrow areas (ii) improving roadside drainage problem (iv) adequate compensation for land and structures to affected households and enhancement of community structures in consultation with local people (iv) livelihood options for affected roadside kiosk owners (v) inclusion of water harvesting structures in road design and (vi) awareness for road safety and check human trafficking along the highways through local NGOs. 59

236. All the NGOs consulted were of the common view that they shall given active participation in project activities like plantation and various awareness programs during construction and operation stage of the project. 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE 237. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the consultations. 6.4. Public Disclosure 238. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB’s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 that includes disclosure of the final IEE report and all environmental monitoring reports on the ADB website.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 239. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation (iii) institutional capacity building and training (iii) compliance to statutory requirements (iv) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation 240. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous People Development Program (IPDP): 241. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken under this technical assistance. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations will be addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population (as confirmed by the PPTA social development expert) in the project area, IPDP is not envisaged. 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 242. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan: 243. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents and spills. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 244. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required (iv) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations and (v) use it as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality 61

in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 245. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost, and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program 246. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 247. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. . 248. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 249. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of

projects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. DGM (Env. and social) is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co-ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project. 250. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. There will be separate specialists for implementation of environmental and resettlement aspects at PIU. He will be responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. He will be assisted by project managers of each contract package in the field office. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Env. and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 251. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 252. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring has been outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.1.

7.3.1. Institutional Capacity Building 253. Training Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject’s experts/consultants (E.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training. 63

Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant  Obtain statutory clearances  Obtain permits required  Joint verification to be carried out  Assist and advise the PIU in required during pre- during construction stage by HQ PIU, SC Contractor Env. matters relating to environment construction stage Manager. and social matters.  Joint Verification Exercise  overall project coordination including, PMU CMU, SC  Overall Supervision of  Part of Joint Verification and management through PIU for review of EMP implementation of EMP Exercise to be carried out by supported by SC HQ, PIU and Contractor for  Environmental monitoring through  Interaction with ESDRC, review of EMP for modification in  Interaction and Reporting to approved laboratory. PIU and SC enhancement measures (if ADB required)  Contractor’s Env. Officer  Consent for opening of borrow  Effective implementation of areas, quarry areas, and labour will be primarily  Supervise implementation of EMP and Monitoring of EMP responsible for camps and supervising its monitoring. EMP by contractor  Compilation of data relating to implementation EMP implementation of EMP.  Keeping records of all consents  Develop good practices  Filling of Reporting Format obtained by contractor. construction guidelines to assist  Advising and suggesting and submitting to SC contractor in implementation of corrective measures to adhere  Compilation of data relating to EMP to time schedule for  Monitoring through implementation of EMP. implementation of EMP. approved agency.  Conduct Consultations programs  Filling of Summary Sheets and with the stakeholders on regular  Preparation of various  Carry out reporting to HQ. basis to get first hand plans for effective verification/supervision information on the implementation of EMP as  Approval of plans prepared by exercises for implementation inconvenience caused to detailed out in EMP and contractor of EMP with respect to contractor’s activities such as submitting it for approval to modification (if required) for noise, debris disposal etc. SC  Addressing grievances of local enhancement measures. community and information  maintain environmental reporting  Identification of sites for dissemination through system labour camps, hot mix NGOs/CBOs. plant, batch mix plant, debris disposal etc

HQ BSRDCL Asian  CGM (Technical Wing) Development Supported by technical Advisor Bank  General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Officer –Manager (Tech) ( Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

Table 7.2 : Combined Training Program with Budget for BSHP II

S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Basis for Costs Estimation No. group Frame and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparation 1 All staffs of Environmental Lectures Before @ Rs 2.0 Reproduction of Training Material BSRDCL Overview: cum beginning of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for including Environmental interaction the 120 sets ) PIU project Regulations, implementat staff subproject related ion of the Training Delivery: Honorarium and involved in provisions of various subproject. travel cost of the faculty Rs 2.0 implementat Acts/ Guidelines, EIA lac (@ 50,000 per programme for ion of the notification, process INR 6.24 4 programmes) project and and methodology for Lakhs Select IEE, EMPs Venue and other facility costs Rs NGOs. 2.0 lacs ( @ Rs 50000 per programme with 25 participants in each) 2 Managers Implementation of Workshops Before the @ Rs 2.0 -do- (Env) at EMPs: and construction Lacs PIU, Basic features of an Seminars begins Supervision EMP, Planning, Consultant’s designing and INR 6.24 Environment execution of Lakhs al environmental Specialists mitigation and and Select enhancement NGOs measures, monitoring and evaluation of environmental conditions – during construction and operation 3 Environment Environmentally Workshops Before the @ Rs 3.0 -do- al officer, Sound Construction and Site construction Lacs design Practices: visits team, Clean construction INR 6.24 Supervision technology, Lakhs Consultant alternatives materials Construction and techniques for Contractors’ construction, Waste staff Management and minimization in construction, pollution control devices and methods for construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction 4 PIU and Monitoring Lectures, During initial @ Rs 1.5 Reproduction of Training Material Supervision Environmental Workshop phases of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for Consultant, Performance during and site construction 120 persons ) NGOs and Construction: visits community Air, Water, Soil and INR 5.0 Training Delivery: Honorarium and representati Noise, tree survival Lakhs travel cost of the faculty Rs 1.6 ves Monitoring lac (@ 40,000 per programme for requirement and 4 programmes) techniques, Evaluation and Review of results, Venue and other facility costs Rs Performance 1.6 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per 65

indicators and their programme with 25 participants in applicability, possible each) corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms

5 -do- Long-term Workshops During @ RS 1.5 - Do - Environmental and implementat Lacs Issues in Project seminars ion of the Management: Subproject Designing and implementing environmental surveys INR 5.0 for ambient air, noise, Lakhs biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition 6 Public Awareness Workshops During @ RS 3.0 Material reproduction costs 1.0 lac /contractors programmes on construction Lacs ( RS 100 for 1000 sets) workers environmental and initial includes protection and phase say 3 costs of Faculty Lumpsum: Rs 1.0 lac measures being years of designing of implemented by operation awareness Delivery Lumpsum 4.0 ( two hours BSRDCL and their role booklets/mat workshops) in sustaining the 9.0 Lakhs erial measures taken including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement 7 BSRDCL Restoration of sites viz Lecture/Pre before @ Rs 1.0 Reproduction of Training Material Staff, borrow areas, sentations Contractor Lac Rs 10,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for Supervision construction Camps, Demobilizati 50 persons ) Consultant, Crushing units, HMP on Engineering etc. Training Delivery: Honorarium and Staff of And INR 2.7 travel cost of the faculty Rs 0.8 Contractor. Reporting Lakhs lac (@ 40,000 per programme for Formats/procedure 2 programmes)

Venue and other facility costs Rs 0.8 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per programme with 25 participants in each) Total Training Costs Rs 40.42 lacs or Say Rs 40.50 lacs

254. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: With a desirable level of manpower currently available at the Social and

Environmental Division, procurement of the following basic monitoring equipment and supplies will made and accessible for the all subprojects.

Equipment Description/Use Estimated Cost 1 unit High-Volume Use for SPM monitoring Rs 90,000 Sampler including during construction and consumables (sampling operation phases to kit, filters, table, belt, evaluate fugitive dust etc) from use motor vehicles and road use. 1 unit SOx-NOx-HC To monitor the level of Rs 60,000 Sampler (Impingers) ambient concentrations of emissions from motor vehicle combustion 5 units Noise Meter Roadside and sensitive Rs 55,000 x 5 = (digital) receptor noise monitoring 275,000

255. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001. 7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism 256. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell, at BSRDCL Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions 257. The proposed subproject has been categorized as Category ‘B’ based on environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate. 258. The subproject proposed road corridor does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 259. The significant impacts during construction are air quality deterioration due to increase in fugitive dust emissions from materials hauling and unloading, ground shaping, hot mix plant operation, quarry operation, and unpaved road travel. Nuisance to nearby residents due to increase in noise from heavy equipment operation, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, and increase in traffic on road sections where construction is on-going. Land use conversion from agricultural or residential to built-up area (road) due to expansion of road right-of-way adequate for a 2-lane carriageway. Surface water quality deterioration of the ponds and rivers, and siltation of waterways from silt-laden surface runoff coming from the construction site. Health and safety risk due to increase in heavy equipment traffic particularly to children and near pedestrian crossing points. During operation stage, the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. 260. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short-duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 261. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 262. The initial environmental examination of the subproject ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMoP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

Appendix 2.1: Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

Mohammadpur-Chhapra (SH-90) SUBPROJECT

Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department

This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation and (v) gender and development

Answer the questions assuming the without mitigation case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country / Project Title: IND: TA-7198 (BIHAR STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT II)

Sector Division: INRM - SATC

Screening questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site in located X within the road ROW. . Protected area No protected area is located within the X road ROW No designated wetland. Some part of . Wetland X the project area is prone to flooding during monsoon season. No mangrove area is located in the . Mangrove X project site . Estuarine X Not applicable . Buffer zone of protected area X No protected area or its buffer zone No special biodiversity area is located . Special area for protecting biodiversity X within the ROW B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Encroachment on historical/cultural The topography of project road is areas; disfiguration of landscape by mainly plain. Minor impacts of road embankments, cuts, fills, and landscape by road embankments, cuts quarries? and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist

X along the project road which may get impacted. Quarry material will mainly be sourced from existing quarries. Earth material is available in the project area. All borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated. Encroachment on precious ecology There is no National Parks, Wild Life (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)? X Sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. Alteration of surface water The proposed alignment is crossing two hydrology of waterways crossed by tributary rivers (Nagra and Ghoghari), roads, resulting in increased They are also few canals and drains sediment in streams affected by Being crossed by the subproject road. increased soil erosion at Streams are largely seasonal in nature. construction site? Water is found only in some deeper portion of the rivers during non X monsoon period. All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. Deterioration of surface water Adequate sanitary facilities and quality due to silt runoff and sanitary drainage in the workers camps will help wastes from worker-based camps to avoid this possibility. As the and chemicals used in construction? X construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. Increased local air pollution due to Local air pollution level is likely to be rock crushing, cutting and filling increased for short duration during works, and chemicals from asphalt construction period. Appropriate processing? distance from settlement area and wind X direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. Use of environment friendly equipments/machineries will help to reduce air pollution iii

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Noise and vibration due to blasting Blasting is not involved. Ambient noise and other civil works? level is expected to increase in the range of 80-90 dB(A) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds National Standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and co- terminus with the project construction. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants X since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment that will be affected.

Impact due to noise to the workers and local community will be avoided/minimised by adequate mitigation measures. Dislocation or involuntary Large scale land acquisition is not resettlement of people involved and hence involuntary X resettlement is apparently of low magnitude. No. of displaced persons to be confirmed by RP. Other social concerns relating to Deterioration in ambient air quality will inconveniences in living conditions be localised and temporarily during in the project areas that may trigger X construction activity. The project area is cases of upper respiratory problems largely located in open areas. and stress? Hazardous driving conditions where To minimized the impact suitable traffic construction interferes with pre- management plan will be designed and X existing roads? implement by the contractor.

Poor sanitation and solid waste Proper provisions for sanitation, health disposal in construction camps and care and solid waste disposal facilities work sites, and possible will be available in the contract transmission of communicable X documents to avoid such possibility. diseases from workers to local Workers will be made aware about populations? communicable diseases

Creation of temporary breeding No such condition is anticipated, All habitats for mosquito vectors of borrow pit areas will comply with disease? national standards. Borrow areas, will X be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored. Dislocation and compulsory Few households may be displaced. To resettlement of people living in right- X be confirmed by RP. This is under of-way? preparation.

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Accident risks associated with Adequate safety measures will be increased vehicular traffic, leading adopted to avoid such conditions. X to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life? Increased noise and air pollution Increase in noise and air pollution is resulting from traffic volume? expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise them.

During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be the main X source. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will help reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. Increased risk of water pollution Controlled construction activities and from oil, grease and fuel spills, and proper drainage system will reduce this X other materials from vehicles using possibility. the road? After review of the checklist, the project is categorized as ‘B’ since no impact on any environmentally sensitive area is involved. Most of the impacts are temporary in nature and mitigable with no or negligible residual impacts.

As Per Eia Notification, the Project do not require environmental clearance.

Appendix 4.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section -3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-hourly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

Appendix 4.2: Ambient Noise Level Limits (in Leq dB(A)),India

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

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Appendix 4.3: Drinking Water Standards and Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. Affects taste, corrodes supply 5 pH 6.5 8.5 system. Causes scaling, excessive soap HARDNESS, as CaCO3, 6 300 600 consumption, calcification of mg/l arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal TOTAL DISSOLVED 10 500 2000 irritation, corrosion and laxative SOLIDS, mg/l effect to new users. Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaenoglobinaemia, at very 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous

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S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible and cardiovascular system.

Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc. Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation blood sugar. 23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, Imparts unpleasant taste, 31 200 600 mg/l deleterious to humans in presence ix

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO , mg/l No guideline 4 secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss. Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. PATHOGENS Causes water borne diseases like a)TOTAL COLIFORM coliform jaundice; Typhoid, 37 No/dl 1 10 Cholera etc. produces infections

b)FAECAL COLIFORM involving skin mucous membrane No/dl of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 millirem/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available. 2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub-grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following; (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un- acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously throughout the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

C. Borrow Areas near River side

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

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(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; following precautions are recommended (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage. (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following;  Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.  Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed xiii

after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

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Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-90: Mohammadpur-Chhapra)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision A. Design and Construction Stage 1. Alignment  Constricted  Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Realignments at curve During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Sections along sensitive locations, community requirement locations and eccentric design stage preparation Consultant SC the proposed structures and public utilities widening at important cost alignment  Compliance with highway alignments Common Property standards for curvature and grading Resources and where  Inadequate land width/ROW. ever green and mature  Minimize tree cutting etc. trees are on both sides. 2. Natural Hazards  Flooding/Water  Provision of adequate cross drainage IRC:34 Throughout the stretch Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ logging structures. Recommendatio especially near water Stage and preparation Consultant SC  Balancing culverts in flood prone areas ns for road crossings and Construction Cost  Embankment height: 1m free board construction in identified low lying / Stage from HFL waterlogged area flood prone areas and  Improve drainage to restrict the flooding and IRC: 75 and water logging areas Included in due to poor drainage. MOSRT and H due to poor drainage. Engineering  Provision of lined drain with outfall at guidelines for cost suitable locations Design of High  Protection of  Embankment height to be raised Embankments Sandhwara – Nagra Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ road embankment sufficiently to avoid impact due to and Chainpur - Stage and preparation Consultant SC in Flood prone capillary action and other engineering Lakhanpur especially Construction Cost Areas solutions to protect embankment. between Km 34.00 to Stage Included in  Adequate balancing culverts. km 36.00 Engineering cost  Earthquake  All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL/ to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant SC MSK IV as per BIS codes requirement Stage Cost and Contractor 3. Climate and Air Quality  Local Climatic  Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Kyoto Protocol, Throughout project Design and Road Side Design PIU/BSRDCL/ conditions cutting. Environmental corridor, level Construction Plantations Consultant SC  Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, crossings, haulage stage +Additional and Contractor  Additional Plantation on river banks, 1986; The Air roads, earthwork, During the Plantation cost xv

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision borrow areas and sensitive locations will (Prevention and Construction =0.9M also enhance the local climatic Control of stage conditions Pollution) Act,  Poor air quality  Road design and Pavement roughness 1981 Project Design PIU/BSRDCL/ due to as per IRC specifications. + preparation Consultant SC compromise in  congestion free movement of traffic with IRC and cost and Contractor design. provision of junctions at major MOSRT and H intersections and ROB Specifications for Construction sites,  Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. Road and Bridge Loading areas, storage  Dust Generation works Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL/  Transport, loading and unloading of areas, Transport route, due to Air project cost consultant SC loose and fine materials through construction covered vehicles. (P & CP) activities and  Paved approach roads. Act 1974 and Central Motor transport, storage  Storage areas to be located downwind and Vehicle and handling of of the habitation area. Act 1988 construction  Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved materials haulage roads and other dust prone areas.  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from  Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contracter PIU,BSRDCL/ vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost SC equipment and  Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement.  Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used  DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost  ambient air quality monitoring 4. Noise  Noise from  All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ construction properly maintained. requirement section especially at Construction Plantation SC vehicle,  Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already as equipment and  Construction equipment and machinery (Regulation and residential areas and indicated in Air machinery. to be fitted with silencers and Control) Rules, identified sensitive Quality and maintained properly. 2000 and locations Climate.  Timing of noisy construction activities amendments

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision shall be done during night time and thereof weekends when there are no activities + by the sensitive receptor, concurrent Clause No noisy operations may be separated to 501.8.6. reduce the total noise generated, and if MIRTH possible re-route traffic during Specifications for construction to avoid the accumulation Road and Bridge Monitoring of noise beyond standards. Else works Cost as provision of temporary noise barrier at indicated In sensitive locations. EMoP.  Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas.  Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase  Honking restrictions near sensitive areas  PPEs to workers  Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use  To the extent non-agricultural areas to Project Throughout the project During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Change and Loss be used as borrow areas. requirement section and borrow design and engineering SC of productive/top  Top soil to be preserved and laid over areas construction cost soil either on the embankment slope for Stage growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.  Slope protection  Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and SC due to  Bio-turfing of embankments to protect practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor, construction slopes. treatment of construction activities,  Slope protection by providing frames, embankment cost earthwork, and dry stone pitching, masonry retaining slopes for cut and fill etc. walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion control  The side slopes of all cut and fill areas Clause No. 306 will be graded and covered with stone and 305.2.2 pitching, grass and shrub as per design MIRTH specifications. Specifications for  Soil erosion at  The earth stockpiles to be provided with Road and Bridge At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ xvii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. works construction preparation SC Guidelines IX for stage cost and Soil erosion construction cost  Borrow areas  Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) Design and cost SC the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction  Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage  Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986;  Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act)  IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No.  Borrow areas not to be dug 305.2.2 MOSRT continuously. and H  To the extent borrow areas shall be Specifications for sited away from habitated areas. Road and Bridge Borrow areas shall be leveled with works salvaged material or other filling Guidelines V for materials which do not pose Borrow Areas contamination of soil. Else, it shall be Management converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas.  If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.  Quarry  Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3 Operations existing licensed quarries. MIRTH  Copies of consent/ approval / Specifications for rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or Road and Bridge use of existing source will be submitted works to EO, BSRDCL. Guidelines VI for  The contractor will develop a Quarry Quarry Areas Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Management

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA.  The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.

 Compaction of  Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ soil due to equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencem Engineering SC movement of designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. ent of cost vehicles and  Approach roads/haulage roads shall be construction equipments designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction.  Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads.  Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination  Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/ of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencem Cost Included SC leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps ent of in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disposal location. construction and non  Fuel storage and refueling sites to be bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from  Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction  Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors  Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.  Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved xix

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision by the State Pollution Control Board  Soil quality monitoring  Contamination  Use and disposal of fly ash as per fly Fly ash Throughout the stretch During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ due to use of fly ash notification notification and Construction Engineering SC ash  Fly ash to be used sandwiched between IRC guidelines stage Cost good earth layers 6. Water Resources  Construction  Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL/ water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater SC construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 MIRTH stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. Specifications for irrigation Road and Bridge department  The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from works ground water but with prior permission from the concerned authority.  The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation.  Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)  Alteration in  Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Construction engineering SC hydrology due to  Provision of adequate size and number Clause No crossings etc. stage cost embankment of cross drainage structures. 501.8.6.  Sections of the corridor to be raised MOSRT AND H suitably along flood prone areas with Specifications for the cross drainage structures and Road and Bridge adequate side drains to be built.  Siltation in water  Bridge construction in non-perennial Design Near all river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ bodies due to streams to be limited to the dry season. requirement , bodies, embankment Construction Engineering SC construction  Embankment slopes to be modified Clause No slopes. stage Cost activities/ suitably to restrict the soil debris 501.8.6. earthwork entering water bodies. MIRTH  Provision of Silt fencing shall be made Specifications for at water bodies. Road and Bridge  Silt/sediment should be collected and works (CP and CP)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision stockpiled for possible reuse as and worldwide surfacing of slopes where they have to best practices be re-vegetated.  Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in  No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Surface water parked or refueled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost SC quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and  Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof.  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors  Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.  Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only.  Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss  Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL/ due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO SC preparation and  Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO. + stage xxi

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision activities and  Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy  Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.  Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion.  In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.  Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring.  Control use of pesticides/manure  Impact on fishing  Adequate waterways to be maintained State Govt. Near all water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ activity  Siltation and water contamination shall Fisheries and Ponds Construction Engineering SC (production, be preventing to reduce turbidity. Department Stage Work spawning and  Restricting construction activity during guidelines and breeding Best practices the breeding period (Monsoon Period) grounds)  Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps  Impact associated  All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering andEO SC # 500 m from habitation stage Cost # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Worker’s Health  The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ in construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering SC camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of  The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and  Preventive medical care to be provided The Water to workers. (Prevention and  Disposal of solid waste on regular basis Control of at identified locations. Pollution) Act,  The Contractor will take all precautions 1974 and to protect the workers from insect and amendments pest to reduce the risk to health. This thereof includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.  No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community.  Provision of day crèche for children  Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers.  Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris xxiii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Selection of  Unproductive/wastelands shall be At all Dumping Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Sites contract SC  Away from residential areas and water bodies  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location, Design Requirement and MoSRTH guidelines  Reuse and  The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed.  Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.  8. Accessibility, Traffic Movement ,Accident and Safety Risks  Design  Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation SC

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Traffic Planning  Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections and stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 schools and other construction Construction by the ‘Engineer’. community structures. cost Stage  The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC’s SP 55 document’.  The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow.  On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.  The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”.  Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians,  All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL/ animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation SC Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in  IRC: SP: 27 - crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall 1984 Report hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Containing construction sites, and BSRDCL Recommendat haulage roads,  Temporary access and diversion, with ions of IRC proper drainage facilities. Regional diversion sites.  Access facility to the schools located Workshops on adjacent to the highway. Highway  Provision of service roads, underpasses Safety.  IRC:SP: 32 - xxv

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision near built-up areas. Else the cross 1988 Road drainage structures at select locations in Safety for high embankment areas can be made Children (5-12 suitable for crossing over facilities. Years Old)  IRC:SP: 44 -  Construction of pedestrian 1994 Highway walkway/cycle path (1.0+2.0 m wide) on Safety Code built up sections on both side of the  IRC: SP: 55 - road. 2001  Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate Guidelines for fast and slow moving traffic to Safety in channelize the traffic. Construction Zones  Pavement for pedestrian  The Building walkways/cycle paths shall be 250 mm and other Granular gravel base course with PCC. Construction  Fencing wherever cattle movement is workers Act expected. To avoid the need for cattle 1996 and underpasses, some of the proposed Cess Act of culverts `near habitations may be 1996 widened to facilitate cattle movement.  Factories Act  Provision of temporary or permanent 1948 barriers like fence or plants to avoid pedestrian crossing except at designated crossing points  Installation of speed bumps to control speed near designated pedestrian crossing areas  Accident risk from  Contractors to adopt and maintain safe Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ construction working practices. period project cost Contractor SC activities  Usage of fluorescent signage, in local language at the construction sites  Training to workers on safety procedures and precautions.  Mandatory appoint of safety officer.  All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.  The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.  Electrical Hazard  No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ as to cause danger or inconvenience to Storage Areas period project cost Contractor SC Other any person or the public.  All necessary fencing and lights will be Construction provided to protect the public in workers construction zones. (Regulation of  All machines to be used in the Employment and construction will conform to the relevant Conditions of Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free Service) Act from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly 1996 and Cess inspected and properly maintained as Act of 1996 per IS provision and to the satisfaction Factories Act of the ‘ Engineer’. 1948 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities  Avoidance of  Realignment near all CPRs wherever it Project Near CPRs Design Project Design BSRDCL CPRs is technically feasible. requirement Phase Preparation Consultant cost  Shifting of  Geometric adjustment while finalizing Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ community the alignment to minimize the loss to requirement corridor Construction structures as NGO and SC properties any such facilities. per R and R RandR Unit  Relocation of wells, hand pumps at Cost. suitable locations.  Utilities  All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ and underground cables should be requirement corridor Construction engineering / R NGO and SC shifted to avoid any such hazard and R cost. RandR Unit 10. Enhancement Measures xxvii

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Environmental  Enhancement of Ponds, tree Environmental Design and Borrow areas Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ enhancement plantations near likely to be relocated Enhancement as Construction enhancement SC along the corridor community structures/ landscaping etc. part of project Stage is part of  Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow requirement engineering areas etc. Cost for others  Construction of check dams/other Lump sum (2.0 water harvesting structures million) 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up  Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and ‘Engineer’. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. of thickness of 75 mm- l50 mm.  All construction zones including river- beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and ‘Engineer’ will certify in this regard.

B. Operation Stage 1. Climate and Air quality  Air pollution due  Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Throughout Indicated In BSRDCL to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP vehicular  Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air period movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention and ROB at level crossings Control of  Regular maintenance of the road will be Pollution) Act, done to ensure good surface condition 1981  .Ambient air quality monitoring. If

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.  Technological and behavioral changes

 Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.  2. Noise Environment  Noise due to  Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Throughout Included in BSRDCL movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation additional traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period plantation cost. stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

3. Land and Soil  Encroachment of  Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase local planning/development land planned manner to restrict settlement authority encroachment of ROW areas/market areas  Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of xxix

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision the ROW.  Efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.   Soil erosion at  Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ during heavy rain stabilization measures viz. turfing, and other probable soil period Maintenance fall. stone pitching, river training structures erosion areas. cost etc.  Soil erosion at  Visual monitoring and inspection of soil Project At bridge locations and embankment Included in BSRDCL borrow areas erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if requirement slopes and other probable soil Operation/ closed and rehabilitated), erosionThroughout Operation period Maintenance embankments and other places cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources  Contamination of  Collection tray to be installed under the Near surface Water surface water canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil  Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation  Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance.  Water logging  Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.  Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies  Protection of  Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood prone During Operation and BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement areas whole Maintenance

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage operation Cost Areas system by removing encroachments/ stage congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department.  Long-term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation  Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During Indicated in BSRDCL be properly maintained. Conservation Act section whole Monitoring cost  The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 operation in EMoP conducted at least once in a year to period assess the effectiveness 6. Flooding/ inundation  Road inundation  BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the stretch During Overall BSRDCL due to choking of (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation particularly near flood whole Operation cost drainage are periodically cleared especially Requirement prone areas and operation channels before monsoon season to facilitate river/canal crossings. period the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. 7. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due  The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route whole operation/ growth of  Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance vegetation  Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost the road.  Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide  The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment. 8. Accidents and Safety  Accident risks  Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL associated with speed limits, will be enforced strictly. route whole operation/ traffic movement.  Further encroachment and squatting operation Maintenance within the ROW will be prevented. period. cost  No school or hospital will be allowed to xxxi

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities.  Monitor all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained  Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling.  Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.  Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.  BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of  Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency preparedness project stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 9. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring  The BSRDCL will monitor the Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the various corridor EMoP Performance mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project  The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards solid noise barrier is not included in this cost.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 2.9 Million  Total EMoP Cost: 0.57 million  Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building: Already considered in EMP cost of other projects. EA may distribute the cost in each individual project. Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard: 2.9+0.57 = INR 3.47 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress xxxiii

Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction SPM, RSPM, High volume Hot mix plants, stone 24 hr Air quality 4x5000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage SO2, NOX, sampler to be crushers and construction/ continuous, standard =Rs180,000 through approved CO, HC located 50 m from earthwork sites and as 3/year for 3 by CPCB monitoring the plant in the suggested by SC years agency downwind (Total 4 Locations) direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume Major Road Intersections and 24 hr Air quality 5X5000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage sampler to be Residential area continuous, standard =Rs 75,000 approved BSRDCL located 50 m from (5 Locations) 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring the selected year agency locations in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Ground Grab sample Groundwater at Construction 3/year for 3 Water 3x 4000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage water: (IS: collected from Camps/site and Surface years quality =Rs 108, 000 through approved 10500:1991) source and water of River standard monitoring and analyse as per (3 Samples) by CPCB agency Operation Surface Standard Groundwater at 2 locations 3/year for 1 Water 5X3x4000 PIU through PIU, stage water for Methods for and surface water at 1 year quality =Rs 60,000 approved BSRDCL Class D and Examination of locations and stagnant water standard monitoring Class E Water and bodies developed due to by CPCB agency (Propagation Wastewater Borrows areas of Fishes) as Prescribed by CPCB and for vector borne diseases

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Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All rivers/streams/drainage Once during Guidelines Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and channels and other water rainy seasons from water of Engineering Bodies blockade of drainage channels bodies along the stretch of the resources Team construction department period. Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work PIU, with support PIU, operation of from water of Engineering of Water BSRDCL 1st year resources Team Resource department Department Noise levels Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m Construction sites, major road 24 hr As per 5x2000x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC stage Noise levels from the intersections and 1each at continuous, National =Rs.90,000 through approved on dB (A) equipment whose residential, commercial and 3*/year for 3 Ambient monitoring scale for day noise levels are sensitive locations along the years Noise agency and night being determined. alignment. Standard (5 Locations) specified in Operation Equivalent Noise Near Sensitive locations and 3 / year for 1 Environme 5x2000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage levels using an residential area year ntal =Rs 30, 000 approved BSRDCL integrated noise (5 Locations) Protection monitoring level meter kept Act, 1986 agency at a distance of amended 15 m from edge of 2002 Pavement Soil Quality Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by One agricultural land and at Once during CPCB 15,000 Contractor PIU/SC Stage standard ) the site engineer each dredging locations if whole standard through approved and heavy BSRDCL / dredging is involved and HMP construction and NPK monitoring metals for supervision sites stage as per agency dredging consultant ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations and Once for the CPCB 15,000 PIU through PIU, stage grease other probable soil first year of standard approved agency BSRDCL contamination location operation Soil Erosion Construction Visual check Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDCL Stage for Soil especially at River banks, Checks action of erosion and bridge locations and river engineering siltation training structures team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of Checks action of 1st year engineering team xxxv

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor Once in a Part of routine Contractor’s PIU/SC Congestion stage especially Probable drainage year before None action of Engineering Team congestion areas as rainy season Specific engineering described in IEE team Operation Once in a Part of routine BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage year before None action of rainy season Specific engineering for 3 yrs team Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as month guidelines Contract approval from PIU, per IEE and Best BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow BSRDCL Stage Checks recommended in year Area IEE rehabilitatio n Plan Constructio Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC n stage Area, reporting format during IRC regular approval from PIU, Sites and Construction construction guidelines monitoring BSRDCL Labour Sites for period and to the Camp Hygiene, satisfaction drainage of EO, Medical BSRDCL Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall Plantation construction plantation Cost As phase suggested Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a The Engineer will be responsible by Forest stage plantation Section year for years for monitoring up to the Defect Dept. Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring Monitoring Costs: INR 0.57 Million

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BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter