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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOING BEYOND ACCOUNTABILITY AND UNTANGLING THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT-RELATED RAPE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY AMANDA H. BLAIR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ ix 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1. 1 Making the Moment: Conceptualizing Violence Against Women .................................... 8 1.2 Shaping the Moment: Logics of Intentionality and Continuums of Violence ............. 12 1.3 Imagining the Future: Turning Towards a Contextual Approach to Understand Wartime Rape ......................................................................................................................... 21 2 CHAPTER ONE: RAPE AS A “WEAPON OF WAR”: THE CASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL OF RWANDA .............................................. 26 2.1 Inclusion and Prohibition of Rape in International Law ................................................. 30 2.1.1 Geneva Conventions ............................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ....................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.3 United Nations Security Council Resolutions ...................................................... 34 2.2 Prosecuting Conflict-Related Rape ...................................................................................... 38 2.3 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and “Elements” of Conflict-Related Rape .......................................................................................................................................... 45 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 51 3 CHAPTER TWO: SETTING STRATEGY ASIDE AND TAKING A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH: WARTIME RAPE IN SIERRA LEONE ........................... 54 3.1 Conflict Overview: Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002) ................................................. 59 3.2 Newspapers and Media in Sierra Leone ............................................................................. 62 3.3 Contextual Analysis: Normative Rape and Thresholds of Acceptability ...................... 66 3.3.1 Relationality ............................................................................................................... 69 3.3.2 Reciprocity ................................................................................................................. 74 3.3.3 Visibility ..................................................................................................................... 79 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 82 4 CHAPTER THREE: CONNECTING CAUSES TO CONFLICT: THE CONTINUUM OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN NORTHERN UGANDA .......................... 84 4.1 Conflict and Post-Conflict Realities in Northern Uganda ............................................... 88 4.2 Interviewing Survivors of Violence ..................................................................................... 94 4.2.1 Ethics Statement ....................................................................................................... 96 4.2.2 Study Design ............................................................................................................. 96 4.3 Pathways to Forced Prostitution ....................................................................................... 100 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 109 ii CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 114 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX: NEWSPAPERS AS A VIABLE SOURCE ..................................................................... 126 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: International legal classification of rape ................................................................................... 40 Figure 3.1: Number of Articles (Rape) by Alleged Perpetrator, 1991-2001 ........................................... 64 Figure 3.2: Perpetrator’s Relation to Victim ................................................................................................ 70 Figure 3.3: Victim’s Social Status ................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 3.4: Space and Spectacle ..................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 4.1: Interview Sampling Areas in Gulu Town, Northern Uganda ............................................... 98 Figure 4.2: Primary Participant Observation Sites in Gulu Town, Northern Uganda .......................... 99 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Chapter Overview ......................................................................................................................... 24 Table 3.1: Descriptive Statistics on Annual Number of Newspapers and Article Distribution .......... 63 Table 5.1: Overview of Treatments of Wartime Rape ............................................................................. 115 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help, support, and generosity of countless individuals and organizations, both at home and abroad. First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee, whose guidance helped me develop and strengthen this project every step of the way. I would especially like to thank my chair, Linda, who has been my main thought partner throughout this process. Without her mentorship, I would not have been able to navigate the facets of academic life. I would like to thank my Wyoming community who encouraged me to expand my horizons. My family—Mom, Dad, Jess, and Willi—believed in me even when I did not believe in myself. My undergraduate mentors—Tom Seitz, Stephanie Anderson, and Connie Currie—encouraged me to push my limits and to believe that it is possible to succeed as both a first generation college and a first generation graduate student. The SAFE Project crew—Kelly Collini, Brittany Parsons, Becca Fisher, Bryan Watt, and Cynthia Flores MacDuff—impassioned me to fight for a world free from violence and injustice. And to the many people who made sure I stayed financially afloat—whether it was my parents who filled in numerous gaps between checks and apartments, my grandmother who found excuses to pay me to do odd jobs, or the Guio Family, who let Kyle and I drive tractors around in their sunny, sometimes bumpy hayfields while gazing at the Wyoming Range—I am tremendously grateful. I would like to thank my Chicago community for their endless support through the different stages of this process. Though its impossible to list everyone, I am indebted to Allison Harris, Alison Davis, Will Ricketts, Elizabeth Fretwell, Lindsey Conklin, Lauren Stokes, Marcus Board Jr., Johanna Barry, Crystal Holmes, John Brehm, Allen Linton II, Elizabeth Chatterjee, Rachel Jean- Baptiste, Alysia Mann Carey, Bobby Valentine, Karen Rhone, Ellen and Dave Bates-Jeffreys, Kathy Anderson, Genevieve Bates, Yeonju Lee, Julia and Alan Thomas, Kathryn Lindquist, Robin Bates, Nabanjan Maitra, Sara Dougadir, Kate Hartmann, Emily Osborn, Danielle Yardy, Katy Loveless, and Jessica Alms for their advice, friendship, warmth, and in many cases, hugs. Many of these people, I met through the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality, and the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture. These Centers provided me with a home base regardless of whether I was in Chicago, Wyoming, Africa, or elsewhere. In particular, I would like to thank Sarah Tuohey, Gina Olson, Tate Brazas, Dara Epison, and Trayce Matthews for supporting my various endeavors to build community and bring people together. And I would like to thank the people who make that community such a wonderful group to be a part of: Michael Chladek, Michael Dango, Amanda Davis, Annie Heffernan, Kathryn Hendricks, Omie Hsu, Cayce Hughes, Britta Ingebretson, Claire McKinney, Katya Motyl, Jean-Thomas Tremblay, and Jaclyn Wong. I would also like to thank the countless participants

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