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Mortality, Fertility and Family Planning: Dominica and St. Lucia

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Mortality, Fertility and Family Planning: Dominica and St. Lucia «•/ftCfl/G. rfj ; ¿¡¿Hflf MORTALITY, FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING: DOMINICA AND ST. LUCIA G. Edward Ebanks MORTALITY, FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING: DOMINICA AND ST. LUCIA G. Edward Ebanks SERIES 1CELADE -I'!»11 BOW" DOCUMF. NTACION SOBRE PCBLACION EN CENTRO LATINOAMERICANO DE DEMOGRAFIA CELADE Edificio Naciones Unidas Avenida Dag Hammarskjold Casilla 91, Santiago, CHILE Apartado Postal 5249 San José, COSTA RICA LC/DEM/G.35 October, 1985 The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author, who worked during six months as Associate Expert in the Joint CELADE/ECLAC Unit, Port of Spain, financed by the Exchange and Co-operation Porgramme CELADE/Canada. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE). The printing of this volume was made possible by a publications grant from the Exchange and Cooperation Programme CELADE/Canada. CENTRO LATINOAMERICANO DE DEMOGRAFIA (CELADE) Series A, N° 171 Santiago, CHILE. October, 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Data and Measures 12 1.3 Dominica and St.Lucia: The countries 14 2.1 Demographic background 16 2.2 Population size 16 2.3 Population increase 20 2.4 Age composition 22 2.5 Emigration 24 2.6 Spatial distributions 25 3.1 Mortality 25 3.2 General mortality 26 3.3 Infant mortality 27 3.4 Age specific mortality 30 3.5 Causes of death 32 3.6 Life expectancy 33 3.7 Summary 33 4.1 Fertility in Dominica and St. Lucia 34 4.2 The fertility situation, past and present .... 35 4.3 Age specific fertility rates 39 4.4 Age specific fertility and education 42 4.5 Age specific fertility and union status 43 4.6 Summary. Age specific fertility 46 4.7 Some other measures of fertility 46 4.8 Average number of live birth and age 47 4.9 Average number of children ever born and education 50 4.10 Children ever born and union status 53 4.11 Children ever born and economic activity 58 4.12 Children ever born and race • 60 4.13 Teenage fertility in Dominica and St.Lucia .... 63 4.14 High parity 67 4.15 Childlessness in Dominica and St.Lucia 71 4.16 Women never in a union and/or never married .... 75 4.17 Age at the birth of the first child and age at the birth of the last child 79 4.18 Illegitimacy in Dominica and St.Lucia 85 5.1 Family planning in Dominica and St.Lucia 87 5.2 Family planning activities 88 5.3 Contraceptive use 89 5.4 Contraceptive knowledge 94 5.5 Summary 98 6.1 Summary and conclusions 99 6.2 General overview 100 6.3 Mortality 102 6.4 Fertility 106 6.5 Teenage Fertility 109 6.6 High parity 109 6.7 Childlessness 110 6.8 Never in a union and never married 110 6.9 Age at firt and last births 111 6.10 Illegitimacy 112 6.11 Family planning 112 6.12 Conclusions 114 Acknowledgements The research and the writing of this paper were undertaken during the period January - Ouly 1984- while on Sabbatical Leave from the University of Western Ontario, and on assignment with the Latin American Demographic Centre under the Canada/CELADE 11 Project 1982-87. During the period I was based at the Economic Commission for Latin America Sub-Regional Office in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Revision was undertaken in 1985 at the University of Western Ontario. It was a real pleasure to have been at ECLA Port of Spain and I would like to thank all members of the Staff for their part in making my stay an enjoyable and interesting one and for providing me with the facilities without which this paper could not have been written. In particular I would like to thank Basia Zaba-Beckles for the very tremendous role she played in gaining access for me to a significant amount of the data utilized. The help of Oack Harewood of the Institute for Social and Economic Research of the University of the West Indies is gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thank the following colleagues and friends for their very thoughtful and helpful comments on the draft: Basia Zaba-Beckles, 3ean Casimir, Oack Harewood, Dean-Pierre Guengant, Tom Burch, T.R. 8alakrishnan and Carl Grindstaff. Their reviews have improved this paper tremendously. Even though all the above individuals and organizations help in making this research possible, the views expressed, the conclusions drawn and the errors made are those of the author. 7 MORTALITY, FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING: DOMINICA AND ST. LUCIA. 1.1 INTRODUCTION This paper examines mortality, fertility and family planning in the two Caribbean societies of Dominica and St. Lucia. These three demographic aspects will be presented, where possible, in a comparative framework, and with a historical perspective covering the period 1950 to the early 1980's. Where possible, the socio-economic correlates of these three demographic variables will be developed. Micro and macro data from a variety of sources are used in order to present as complete a picture as possible. The aim is to find out as much as possible about the demography of these little-studied Windward islands, to see what can be done with the existing data, and to bring together data for an understanding of the demographic process with a view of including demographic considerations in the understanding of, and planning for, socioeconomic development. The study of mortality and fertility along with family planning to the exclusion of international migration might seem odd to the reader. Migration is the subject of increasing interest in these Caribbean societies. However the available data do not allow us to gain an understanding or even a good description of the dynamics of this very important demographic variable. Even the number of migrants is not validly or reliably reported. The disparities between census counts and intercensal population estimates are generally blamed on the poor migration figures used in the estimates. Migration is a special problem requiring special studies and as such is beyond the scope of this paper. Moreover, it was excluded by CELADE when the assignment of this task was made. We therefore concentrate our efforts on the other two determinants of the rate of growth, size, and composition of the population. Especially in the case of 9 fertility, wherever possible, we will study it with a view to identifying its correlates. Family Planning is seen as a response to the outcome of these two demographic factors and an instrument of government policies directed at socio- economic development. Fertility in these developing countries is one of the primary determinants of the changing rate of growth, size and composition of the population. Fertility is on the decline but is still relatively high. It can be responsive to interventions aimed at either decreasing or increasing it. It is related to a generally known set of socio-economic variables acting through a set of eleven intermediate variables. An understanding of the inter-relationships between fertility and these variables is fundamental if control of fertility is seen as a possible policy option. This paper reports on what is currently possible in an examination of fertility within the above context and for Dominica and St. Lucia. The undertaking is severely limited by the available data, the lack of computing facilities, and time constraints. Family Planning activities and the use of contraceptives are becoming wide- spread in the Caribbean societies. Governments and the international organizations recognize that too rapid a rate of population growth could jeopardize efforts aimed at improvement in the quality of life. Of the three components of population growth, the most amenable to the action of these governments in the present situa- tion is fertility and a direct way of influencing it is by increasing the use of contraceptives. Contraceptive use can be promoted through family planning programmes. In this paper we look at the use of contraceptives at the micro level, using survey data on samples of women in the childbearing ages. Our analysis is severely restricted by the available data. Mortality, a second component of population growth, is studied here in two parts, general mortality and infant mortality. Rates are presented at the macro level only, and the data do not allow us to examine the socio-economic correlates of either type of mortality. Declining infant mortality resulting in larger families (assuming no contraception) is generally believed to be a motivating force in the adoption and use of contraceptives and therefore an indirect factor in subsequent fertility declines. Infant and general mortality declines are expected to precede 10 fertility decline, giving rise to rapid population growth with manifestations at both the family level and the societal level. This phenomenon elicits individual and societal responses in the form of family planning use and programmes directed at facilitating that use. In Dominica and St. Lucia, mortality, fertility, and family planning activities have been undergoing change. Mortality has declined and is now at relatively low levels. Infant mortality has been declining and is likely to continue its downward trend at a decreasing pace except in Dominica where if the figures are anywhere near the truth it is already very low. Infant mortality declines are manifested in the increasing life expectancy at birth which has been on the increase. Mortality changes in the near future will be small and will have little effect on the size, rate of growth, and composition of the population. However, governments will continue their efforts to improve the health of the population and will continue to pursue policies which will directly or indirectly influence mortality levels.
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