X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Prepared for the International Labour Organization by: The University of the West Indies Open Campus

March 2021 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2021 First published 2021

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ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data

Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

International Labour Organization, Office for the Caribbean - Port of Spain: ILO, 2021.

ISBN: 9789220350331 (Web PDF)

ILO DWT and Office for the Caribbean

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Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 1

X Contents

Figures 3

Tables 4

Text boxes 5

Abbreviations 7

Acknowledgements 13

Executive summary 15

X Introduction 19

1.1 The countries under review 20 Dominica 20 Guyana 21 Saint Lucia 22

1.2 Just transition to green economies essential 22

X Approach and methodology 25

2.1 Study objectives 25

2.2 Methodology 26

2.3 Limitations of the study 29 COVID-19 29

X Findings and analysis 31

3.1 Analysis of green business strategies and policies 31 Dominica 32 Guyana 33 Saint Lucia 34

3.2 Perspectives on green business policies from Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia 35

3.3 Legislative and other impediments to green business development 36

3.4 Discussion on current legislation promoting green business development 39 Dominica 39 Guyana 40 Saint Lucia 41 2

Specific recommendations 42 Dominica: 42 General recommendations 44

3.5 Identification of greenbusiness certification 45 Dominica 45 Guyana 45 Saint Lucia 46

3.6 Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business 47

3.7 Compilation of existing information about businesses in identified green sectors 83

3.8 Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors 85 Entrepreneurship and business acceleration 94 Innovation finance 95 Market development 95 Technology development 96 Legal and regulatory framework 96 Education and awareness 96

X Summary recommendations and concluding comments 97

X References 101

Annex I: Listing of research participants by country 109

Annex II: Terms of reference 111 Context: 111 Objectives of the consultancy: 113 Activities 114 Products and deadlines: 116

Annex III: Data collection guides for the interviews, focus group discussions, and the online survey 117 A. General guidance for the research team 118 B. Key operational definitions 119 C. Interview guide 121 D. Focus group discussion guide 126 E. Online survey 128 3

X Figures

Figure 2.1. Summary of the organizational affiliation for the respondents to the online survey 28

Figure 2.2. Sector of focus for the respondents to the online survey 28

Figure 3.1. Existence of a green business policy 36

Figure 3.2. Impediments to green business development and/or growth 39

Figure 3.3. Tools that could result in more sustainable business practices 87

Figure 3.4. Materials or equipment which could result in more sustainable business practices 89 4

X Tables

Table 2.1. Distribution of respondents by country and data collection method 27

Table 2.2. Summary of the organizational affiliation for the interviewees and FGD participants 27

Table 3.1. Green business strategies, policies, and regulations—Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia 31

Table 3.2. Summary of the legislative impediments to green business development by country 37

Table 3.3. Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business—Dominica, Guyana, Saint Lucia and Regional 48

Table 3.4. Compilation of existing information about green businesses in select sectors 84

Table 3.5. Agencies that provide technical or financial support for climate smart initiatives 91 5

X Text boxes

Text box 3.1. Summary of the challenges associated with introducing materials or equipment 90

Text box 3.2. Synopsis of the challenges associated with adopting green practices or businesses 93 Photo credit: Marcel Crozet / ILO 7

X Abbreviations

ADP American Development Fund

AFD Agence Française de Développement

ALG Apple Leisure Group

Agricultural Transformation Programme of the Banana ATP/BAM Accompanying Measures

CAFF Climate Adaptation Fund Facility

CAGI Consultative Association of Guyanese Industry

CANARI Caribbean Natural Resources Institute

CAPE Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

CARICOM Caribbean Community

CARILEC Caribbean Electricity Utility Services Corporation

CARILED Caribbean Local Economic Develop Programme

CATS Caribbean Aqua Terrestrial Solutions Programme

CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

Climate Change Education for Sustainable Development CCESD Programme

CCIC Caribbean Climate Innovation Centre

Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and CCREEE Energy Efficiency

CDB Caribbean Development Bank

CDPs Constituency Development Programmes

CEDA Caribbean Export Development Agency

CGE Consultative Group of Experts (UNFCCC)

CI Conservation International 8

CLC Critchlow Labour College

COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease (2019)

CREAD Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica

CSOs Civil society organizations

DGDC Dominica Geothermal Development Company

DOAM Dominica Organic Agriculture Movement Inc.

DBOS Dominica Bureau of Standards

DOM-GAP Dominica’s Good Agriculture Practices

DOMLEC Dominica Electricity Services

DOWASCO Dominica Water and Sewerage Company Limited

ECCB Eastern Caribbean Central Bank

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EMS Energy Management Solutions Ltd.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPIC Entrepreneurship Program for Innovation in the Caribbean

ESG Environmental, social and governance practices

ESF Electriciens sans Frontières (Electricians Without Borders)

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

Florida Association of Volunteer Action in the Caribbean and FAVACA the Americas

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FEES Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science

FGDs Focus group discussions 9

FTCI Forestry Training Centre Incorporated (Guyana)

GBDP The Green Bartica Development Plan

GBTI Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry Ltd.

GCCI Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry

GCF Green Climate Fund

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEA Guyana Energy Agency

GEF Global Environment Facility

GFC Guyana Forestry Commission

GGGI Global Green Growth Institute

GGMC Guyana Geology and Mines Commission

GHG Greenhouse gas

GMSA Guyana Manufacturing & Services Association Limited

GOSL Government of Saint Lucia

GSDS Green State Development Strategy

HVACs Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

IAF Inter-American Foundation

IAST Institute of Applied Science and Technology

ICT Information and communication technology

IDA Invest Dominica Authority

IDB Inter-American Development Bank

IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture 10

International Climate Initiative of the German Federal IKI Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety

ILO International Labour Organization

ILO-ITC ILO International Training Centre

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPED Institute of Private Enterprise Development

IPP International Partnership Programme

ISO International Organization for Standardization

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KfW KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW Development Bank)

KKR Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. LP

LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategy

LCCI Linden Chamber of Commerce and Industry

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

LUCELEC St. Lucia Electricity Services Limited

MFT Medicines from Trees

MOAA/ Ministry of Amerindian Affairs / Ministry of Indigenous MIPA Peoples’ Affairs

MOAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPAs Marine Protected Areas

MRU Macushi Research Unit

MRVS Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System

MSME Micro, small and medium enterprises 11

NAMA National Appropriate Mitigation Actions

NAP National Adaptation Plan (Saint Lucia)

NAREI National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute

National Center of Educational Resources Development NCERD (Guyana)

NDC Nationally Determined Contributions

NGOs Non-Governmental organizations

NRDS National Resilience Development Strategy

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States

PSC Private Sector Commission

PV Photo Voltaic

RBL Republic Bank Ltd.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest REDD+ Degradation Plus

RESAT Renewable Energy and Space Technology Programme

RFPs Requests for Proposals

RGDP REDD-plus Governance Development Plan

SASAPs Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans

SBB Small Business Bureau (Guyana)

SDGS Sustainable Development Goals

SIDS Small Island Developing States

SLDB Saint Lucia Development Bank

SLEF Saint Lucia Employers’ Federation 12

SLHTA Saint Lucia Hospitality & Tourism Association

SLNCF Saint Lucia National Conservation Fund

SLNT Saint Lucia National Trust

SoE State of Emergency

SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (Dominica)

STEM Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

TEF Tourism Enhancement Fund

TERI The Energy and Resource Institute (India)

ToR Terms of Reference

TVET Technical and vocational education and training

UAE United Arab Emirates

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

United Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural UNESCO Organization

USAID United States Agency for International Development

The UWI The University of the West Indies

YAEP Youth Agricultural Entrepreneurial Project 13

X Acknowledgements

This report was prepared by The University of the West Indies Open Campus (The UWI Open Campus), under contract with the International Labour Organization Caribbean Office.

The research team included: Ceceile Minott Head, Caribbean Child Development Centre, and Director, Consortium for Social Development and Research Emily Dick-Forde, PhD Manager Special Initiatives Nicole Hazel Lead Researcher Wynnona Joseph Focal Point for Dominica Anna Perreira, PhD Subject Matter Expert & Focal Point for Guyana Geraldine Lendor-Gabriel Focal Point for Saint Lucia

The following ILO staff supervised the research and editorial as well as facilitated the completion of this report: Ana Belén Sánchez Specialist, Green Jobs Vanessa Phala Senior Specialist, Employers’ Activities Viky Giulietti Senior Specialist, Employers’ Activities Virginia Rose Losada Specialist, Sustainable Enterprises Resel Melville National Project Officer Shireen Cuthbert Communications & Information Management Officer Photo credit: Samuel Jackman Prescod Institute of Technology 15

X Executive summary

In 2019 the ILO Decent Work Team and Office for the Caribbean launched the Caribbean Resilience Project. A multi-disciplinary programme of targeted technical support for highly vulnerable Caribbean member States, the Project is anchored by two important framework documents acceded to by ILO’s constituents in recent years, namely: The 2015 Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all and ILO Recommendation No. 205 , 2017 (R205). The ILO recognized that regional resilience building efforts continue to be challenged by two intertwined dimensions of vulnerability (a) anticipation and responses to regular and recurring natural disasters (hurricanes and floods); and (b) the need to diversify the economy and transition to sustainable (green) economic production to sustain growth and cope with environmental changes. Therefore a key objective of the Project is to strengthen the capacity of countries to become more resilient (in line with R205) by ensuring that the principles embedded in the Guidelines are fully adopted and implemented at national level. The COVID-19 pandemic and the devastating socio-economic effects on Caribbean SIDS and developing countries, has brought into sharp focus the centrality of jobs and livelihoods in processes for recovery from disasters and crises. It has created further urgency for the ILO’s ongoing work to under the Project, to improve the integration of jobs and the Decent Work Agenda in how Caribbean labour markets prepare for, cope with and otherwise respond to climate hazards, health crises and other types of threats. The transition to green jobs is also recognized as a crucial part of the resilience framework in the region, providing long term environmental protection, economic development and social inclusion. As countries in the region grapple with immediate public health responses and mitigation measures to ease the economic and social dislocations caused, as well as contemplate how best to use limited resources in a way that will allow for sustainable recovery and growth in the longer term, a growing number of organizations are calling for a green recovery to the COVID-19 crisis. Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserving or restoring the environment, be they in traditional sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such as renewable energy and energy efficiency. Green business can be defined as a business functioning in a capacity where no negative impact is made on the local or 16 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

global environment, the community, or the economy. A green business will also engage in forward-thinking policies for environmental concerns and policies. At the enterprise level, green jobs can produce goods or provide services that benefit the environment, for example green buildings, recycling clean energy production or sustainable transportation. Additionally, all business regardless of whether or not they produce a green product or provide a green service can improve their environmental performance by reducing all type of waste, increasing recycling of material, consuming clean energy and sustainable products and preserving the local environment. The Green Business Case Study collected information about the regulatory incentives for green business, existing green certification programmes by sector, initiatives by the private and public sector to promote green business, progress made on business climate resilience (disaster preparedness and response) and opportunities for greening all economic sectors in the three target countries – Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia. The information will serve to inform planning and decision making by national employers’ organizations (EOs) for the establishment or improvement of services they provide to assist their members in the move towards greener and more productive business scenarios related to the promotion of green business. These services and their income generation potential will also be important in securing the resilience and sustainability of the EOs themselves. This report presents hopeful findings, as well as significant challenges, to the promotion and advancement of green economies. It also explores the requirements for the continued development of sustainable green businesses and green jobs in the Caribbean countries of the Commonwealth of Dominica (Dominica), the Co-operative Republic of Guyana (Guyana) and Saint Lucia. The results suggest there is the need for greater sensitization and engagement, not only of EOs, but of other key economic stakeholders, who should be partnering with Governments to realise the potential of green businesses and the green economy. The countries under review, like many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean, are extremely vulnerable to external shocks, especially natural disasters and extreme weather events such as hurricanes, which batter the region, annually. Such a continuous cycle of crises calls for the building of lasting resilience in these economies and populations, so they can recover even faster than before with each new crisis that manifests. X Executive summary 17

In addition, the current COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted damage (and continues to do so) on such vulnerable states—this global health crisis revealing and unearthing yet more weaknesses in their systems, which must be addressed. The report underscores the importance of developing a strong culture of resilience building, even as these countries do what is required to realise green and sustainable economic transformation, in every area of human endeavour, guided by the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first chapter of the report, “Introduction”, presents the key challenges and vulnerabilities experienced by the countries under review. In Chapter 2, “Approach and methodology”, the approach taken to conduct this study is explored. This section also presents the summary demographics from the data collection. Chapter 3, “Findings and analysis”, focuses on findings and analysis of the data compiled during the study. The final chapter of the study, “Recommendations”, shares the researchers’ conclusions and proposals for the building of national resilience and the continued development of sustainable green businesses in the countries under review. Photo credit: Theresa Vidal in her vegetable garden, FAO 19 X 1 Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an imperative for leaders across Government, private enterprise, and non-profit sectors to collaborate effectively, to enable their economies and societies to recover and become more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable for the future. For the Caribbean, with its high vulnerability to extreme weather events from a changing climate, the multiplicity of negative impacts on traditional economic sectors from the ongoing global pandemic has further deepened those from economic downturns affecting nations in the region from as far back as 2008. There is an urgent need to “build back better”, as well as to actively pursue a “just transition” towards environmentally sustainable economies and inclusive societies. The concept of “building back better” is an attitude to recovery after catastrophes that focuses on strategies and activities to reduce vulnerability to future disasters, while also pursuing policies—and in some cases, legislation1—that support the achievement of lasting resilience for sustainable futures. In the Caribbean, the concept was a part of a rallying call for the international community to assist affected Caribbean nations in rebuilding sustainably after the trail of devastation from hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. Both these Category Five hurricanes caused total losses estimated at US$130 billion.2 The “just transition” concept promotes a mindset and practice of fairness and justice for workers, as nations and organization transition to low carbon

1 For example, see Mannakkara and Wilkinson (2013). 2 Wilkinson, Twigg and Few (2018). 3 See ILO (2015) on Just Transitions. 20 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

or even zero carbon enterprises.3 In the Caribbean, there is need for the integration and practical application of these concepts in all efforts at greening economies, to guarantee secure, just and fair outcomes for all. The focus on resilience building that prioritises green solutions is ever more urgent in this present time. Several studies have offered frameworks, guidelines, and tools for greening economies, with the related green businesses and green jobs that should manifest.4 These studies offer an understanding of the basic features of a green economy. Important to promoting green growth are the green investments and innovations that can facilitate economic development that is environmentally and socially sustainable, while ensuring intergenerational justice, especially a just transition to a low carbon and green economy. Notable among the recommendations for promoting green growth is the need for initiatives to be integrated in national strategic plans, with implementation coordinated across business and society.5

1.1 The countries under review

The three countries being reviewed in this report—the Commonwealth of Dominica (Dominica), the Co-operative Republic of Guyana (Guyana) and Saint Lucia—are representative countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in terms of this region’s climate change and economic vulnerabilities.

Dominica

Dominica is situated within the Atlantic hurricane belt. The hurricane season is an annual event from June to November, although some events may occur outside of this timeframe. Between 2014 and 2018, Dominica experienced 10 tropical storms and two hurricanes, rendering its economy ever more fragile as a result. For example, Hurricane Maria in 2017 created a loss of some 226 per cent of the country’s 2016 Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In addition, Dominica’s population is situated mainly along the coast due to its mountainous interior, which increases the level of vulnerability to storm surge, sea level rise, and flooding, among other sea related threats. In this context, resilience building in recovery demands, inter alia, the use of renewable sources for energy and thus, a focus on just transitions for workers in traditional power generation roles.

4 See International Training Centre of the ILO (2016); OECD (2011). 5 OECD, 2011. X Introduction 21

Guyana

The Guyana Climate Change Action Plan (2001) describes Guyana as having a tropical marine environment where most of the population and economic activity are concentrated. In addition, there is an interior continental tropical / equatorial environment, which is most vulnerable to climate change and the impact of sea level rise, especially on the coastal zone. Other areas most vulnerable to hazards and natural disasters are the country’s water resources, agriculture, forestry, energy, human settlements, and the health sector. The Global Climate Risk Index 2021 briefing paper has ranked Guyana 130th out of 180 countries, in its report on those suffering most from extreme weather-related events and resultant losses in 2019, and during the period 2000–2019. While Guyana is mostly shielded (given its geographical and morphological features), it is highly susceptible to seasonal flooding especially in the capital city, Georgetown, because of its two rainy seasons and anthropogenic challenges. Notwithstanding, floods and drought are the most common natural hazards, with the drought of 1997–98 being the worst on record, and the flooding disaster of 2005 being the most devastating to date. Noticeable increases in the frequency of storm surges, precipitation and tropical storms in the region are beginning to have impacts on the country’s coastal infrastructure. The situation has worsened since the COVID-19 pandemic. Guyana, a continental coastal nation with a history of economic hardships for over three decades, is now on the cusp of a major breakthrough in oil and gas developments. These opportunities for development based on the exploitation of fossil fuels come at a time of heightened efforts globally to transition to a low carbon sustainable future, with major milestones set as early as 2030. Guyana pursued a Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) via the Reduction of Emissions through Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) framework, a high point of which was the agreement with Norway which promised to help finance Guyana’s protection of its section of the Amazon Rainforest (to the tune of some US$250 million over five years), with Norway using those credits to offset its carbon emissions. These attempts bore little fruit, but current efforts appear promising, as a United States- based non-profit organization has been engaged to market Guyana’s carbon credits. 22 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia is a high-risk location in relation to tropical cyclones and landslides, and ranks fifth among small states for climate-induced events. Between 1980 and 2020, six major tropical cyclones along with four other climate-related natural hazards, crossed or had effects on Saint Lucia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Four of the tropical cyclones occurred between 2001 and 2013. The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its Climate Risk Index surveying 182 countries, has ranked Saint Lucia among the top 10 per cent of countries that suffered losses to climate- related natural hazards, during 1997–2016. Over the last year, the impact of COVID-19 has resulted in a near shutdown of the tourism industry on which the Saint Lucia economy depends. In this context, not only are recovery and resilience building required; they are critical to the country’s survival. Indeed, pursuing a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and inclusive societies is a priority for all three countries under review, as well as for the wider Caribbean region.

1.2 Just transition to green economies essential

Ideally, the transition to a green economy must engage all sectors of society to promote changes in consumption habits toward sustainable choices, as well as sustainable production. Studies on scoping for implementing an inclusive green economy note that this must include a commitment to pursue low carbon initiatives, increasing use of renewable energy, as well as the promotion of diverse and green sources for revenue through green businesses and green jobs. This ILO-funded Project takes on board the learnings from several studies, in particular the ILO’s Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all (ILO, 2015), and the ILO’s International Training Centre’s 2016 study. Both studies inform the need to place the spotlight on how employers’ organizations and business enterprises can promote and help to proliferate green businesses and green jobs, with a strong focus on achieving environmentally sustainable economies, and a just and fair society for all. The foregoing concepts and concerns inform this study of three Caribbean nations. X Introduction 23

The greening of Caribbean economies, and the resultant growth of green businesses and green jobs, can make a significant contribution to resilience building, where meaningful jobs are linked and contribute directly to sustainable development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report contributes to understanding what is needed to realise the ideals of green enterprises and green jobs, including just transitions for workers in areas where, for example, green energy alternatives replace traditional job functions. Overall, the important role identified for employers’ associations and business enterprises to pursue green economy activities—including greening of businesses and the creation of green jobs—appear unfilled, based on little or indirect engagement with these identified change agents. Government agencies and officials continue to lead in knowledge sharing and policy formulation to lay down the framework and to promote engagement with business and civil society on green initiatives. This report provides recommendations to advance this critically important set of actions for the much-needed resilience building, given the current international, regional and national challenges faced by these three countries in particular, and the entire Caribbean overall. Photo credit: Samuel Jackman Prescod Institute of Technology 25 X 2 Approach and methodology

The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative approaches—namely interviews or focus group discussions (FGDs) and an online survey to respond to the study’s objectives.

2.1 Study objectives

1. Analysis of green business strategies, policies, and regulations in the country. These include incentives for business to reduce environmental impacts such as GHG emissions, recycling, use of renewable energy sources, and use of energy efficiency measures, among others.

2. Identification of green business certification programmes existing in the country in eco-tourism, clean energy production, waste management and recycling, water management, environmental education, environmental services to business, organic food production, sustainable construction, and green finance.

3. Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business. This involves compilation of institutions (public, private and others) that are developing programmes or initiatives to promote or support green business. Those institutions may include research centres, employers- and workers-related organizations, among others. It also includes regional initiatives at the Caribbean level.

4. Compilation of existing information about businesses in identified green sectors. This involves compiling available information on the number and type of businesses in eco-tourism, clean energy production, 26 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

waste management and recycling, water management, environmental education, environmental services to business, organic food production, sustainable construction, and green finance. Other relevant sectors are included. Other useful sources of information include green business certification programmes, employers’ associations, and relevant statistical information.

5. Mapping of business-related climate resilience programmes and institutions, namely institutions, research centres and initiatives which focus on supporting business to better adapt to climate impacts (for example, disasters and similar crises).

6. Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors. This involves a compilation of tools and technical approaches being used to green economic sectors such as reducing waste and encouraging recycling, increasing energy efficiency and use of clean energy, and any other measures deemed relevant. Special areas of interest for this study include cleaner production programmes; workplace cooperation (via bipartite committees or others) towards greening the sector; capacity building programmes for business on climate change; and environmental management, among others.

2.2 Methodology

Data collection was conducted virtually using the available information and communication technology (ICT) due to the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, and in keeping with The University of the West Indies Open Campus (The UWI Open Campus) protocols for research ethics. The Project team identified some 89 stakeholders from Government ministries and departments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), chambers of commerce, employers’ organizations, and regional and international development organizations, because of their areas of expertise in green business and related sectors. Employers’ organizations in each of the three countries were prioritised in accordance with the requirements of the Terms of Reference (ToR). The study was promoted through official communication from The UWI Open Campus and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Caribbean Office, as well as phone calls and email communication from the research team. Data collection was conducted from 8 February to 5 March, 2021, and participants were invited to contribute using either an interview or FGD and X Approach and methodology 27

the online survey. Thirty-three people participated in an interview or FGD, while 23 people completed the online survey 7. Of the 33 people who were a part of the interviews or FGDs, six participants were from Dominica, 13 from Guyana, and 14 from Saint Lucia. For the online survey, which saw 23 participants, eight respondents stated they were from Dominica, six from Guyana, and nine from Saint Lucia. Representatives from Government accounted for the majority of participants utilising both methods, and interest in the study by employers’ organizations was significantly lower than expected. Table 2.1 highlights the distribution of the respondents by method, while Table 2.2 and Figure 2.1 shows the distribution of respondents by organizational affiliation. Figure 2.2 illustrates the sector focus of participants.

Table 2.1. Distribution of respondents by country and data collection method

Country Interviews or FGDs Online survey Total

Dominica 6 8 14 Guyana 13 6 19 Saint Lucia 14 9 23 Total 33 23 56

Table 2.2. Summary of the organizational affiliation for the interviewees and FGD participants

Organizational affiliation Number of participants

Government 15 Private sector organizations 5 NGO 3 Chambers of commerce 5 Employers’ organizations 1 (Saint Lucia) Regional / international development organization 3 Education 1

7 Since some of the stakeholders participated using two methods, they also are reflected in the count of the number of participants for the online survey. This also applies to the total provided for Table 2.1.

28 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Figure 2.1. Summary of the organizational affiliation for the respondents to the online survey.

Best description of organizational affiliation for survey respondents

Regional/International Development… 4%

Non-governmental Organization 13%

Trade Union 0%

Government 52%

Private Enterprise 17%

Chamber of Commerce 4%

Employer's Organization 9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Figure 2.2. Sector of focus for the respondents to the online survey.

Organizations main sector of focus for the survey respondents

Transportation and logistics 0% Water management 0% Recycling 0% Management and treatment of waste 0% Environmental education 4% Environmental services to other entities 0% Renewable energy 4% Beautification/management of green spaces 0% Agriculture including organic food production 9% Public services 39% Financial services 9% Retail 13% Manufacturing 9% Construction 0% Eco-tourism 13%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

X Approach and methodology 29

2.3 Limitations of the study

The overall response to the research was lower than the team had projected. A review of the data collection approach was undertaken, and stakeholders’ feedback also was taken into consideration. The review revealed the following limitations to the study, which were identified prior to and after the conclusion of the data collection exercise.

COVID-19

The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a shift to online technologies and the need to adapt, based on the shifting epidemiological profile of the virus. Therefore, the likely impact of COVID-19 on the research, and by extension the participants, should not be underestimated. The team noted that:

X Participants may have preferred face-to-face interactions as opposed to online connections with the research team. However, in-person interactions were not considered an option due to the health risks involved, reinforced by the national and/or The UWI health and safety protocols.

X Timing of data collection:

X Data collection in Saint Lucia coincided with a rapid upsurge in the number of positive cases, the increase in mortality from the disease, and a Government-imposed State of Emergency (SoE).

X Timing in Guyana was also a challenge as parliamentary proceedings and a public holiday (Republic Day) hindered access to and availability of stakeholders for interviews.

X Similarly, in Dominica, although there were no carnival activities due to COVID-19, the holidays still were observed.

X It appears that due to the economic fallout across all three countries, but particularly within the tourism dependent economies of Dominica and Saint Lucia, stakeholders from key sectors such as tourism declined to participate in the study.

X Potential participants were unavailable due to work commitments and the focus on other priorities. Photo credit: DPI Guyana

The research team is of the view that while a time-bound research study would provide the evidence-base necessary to inform the ILO’s work programme in the three countries, this approach may be enhanced with the addition of comprehensive case studies of businesses and employers’ association on the topic, in the current environment. The findings suggest there is a need for greater sensitization and engagement of not only employers’ organizations, but other key stakeholders, as identified by national authorities. Also of note is the importance of emphasising the mutual benefits that may be derived from support to countries. 31 X 3 Findings and analysis

This section of the report was prepared based on the findings from the interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), the online survey, and a review of country-specific documentation.

3.1 Analysis of green business strategies and policies

Table 3.1. Green business strategies, policies, and regulations — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Dominica Guyana Saint lucia

Strategy National Resilience Green State The Department of Development Strategy Development Strategy Sustainable Development (NRDS) (GSDS) Energy Transition Strategy National Energy Low Carbon Development Action Plan Strategy (LCDS) National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA)8 Growth and Social Green Business Protection Strategy Framework (Consultancy Report) Dominica National Biodiversity Strategy and Guyana Energy Agency Action Plan 2014-2020 Strategic Plan

National Agricultural Strategy

The Green Bartica Development Plan

8 The Ministry of Education has implemented a number of Climate Smart Schools under the Disaster Risk Vulnerability Programme. 32 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.1. Green business strategies, policies, and regulations — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Dominica Guyana Saint lucia

Policy National Agriculture Sustainable Forestry Concessions related to Policy (Draft) Policy environmentally sustainable products Forests Act Tax relaxation on (energy efficient and renewable energy renewable energy National Land Use Policy technologies such as solar technologies) PV panels Draft Environmental Low emission technology Policy Concessions of electric & processes and hybrid vehicles Local Draft Organic Content Policy Electric and hybrid vehicle Island Policy concessions Natural Resources Policy National Energy Policy Limit on single use (approved 2021) GGMC Policy on Mercury plastics and Styrofoam® use Geothermal Act Biodiversity Policy Policy on Pesticide Use Ban on single use plastic National Environmental Policy on green Policy Solid waste Management Act 2002

Litter act 1990

Regulation Physical Planning Act Environmental Protection Physical Planning Act Act Pesticide Act Regulations on motor Returnable Containers Act vehicle age Pesticide and Toxic Chemical Control Act

Tourism Sector Incentive Act

Renewable Energy / Saint Lucia Electricity Services (LUCELEC) Act

Dominica

Interviewees stated that the private sector in Dominica is guided by the Prime Minister's statement at the United Nation General Assembly in 2017 to be the “first climate resilient country in the world”. There is an inter-regional initiative with Europe through Guadeloupe and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) to explore energy efficiency activities on tertiary buildings (for example, office buildings) that use a great deal of electricity. Dominica’s National Energy policy aims to be 100 per cent renewable by 2030. This will include all the social and productive sectors of the economy. There is X Findings and analysis 33

also an ongoing project with regard to greening the seaports, and a stated commitment to become 100 per cent renewable energy for greening of the seaports and airports. The Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CCREEE) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization are providing technical leadership on this project. In the private sector, businesses such as Agro Processing limited, Carl Nassif Group of Companies, and Benjo Seamoss do not have green business policies. However, they have embarked on initiatives that are leading them on the path of an environmentally friendly orientation. Meanwhile, the Dominica Electricity Services (DOMLEC) has created a policy that seeks to facilitate the economic, safe and reliable operation and expansion of renewable energy into the national grid.

Guyana

Participants noted that Guyana is signatory to several international agreements focussed on environmental protection and sustainable greening. For example, the REDD+ Governance Development Plan (RGDP)— including the development of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRVS)—was developed and implemented by the Guyana Forestry Commission. Its aim is to provide a performance measurement framework for the REDD+ financing mechanism . Nationally Developed Contributions (NDC) also have been developed by the Government and were presented to the UNFCCC in 2015, with the main objective to become 100 per cent renewable by 2025. All these mechanisms target reduction of GHGs and the push towards a greener or sustainable economy, consequently prompting the development of policies, projects, and programmes to accomplish targets. The discovery of oil and gas in 2015 has prompted the development of guidelines for this new sector, such as the local content policy. The University of Guyana’s GREEN Institute contributed to a Carbon Tax Penalty Policy Brief for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on flaring from oil and gas producers. In 2019, a Guyana Green Business Framework consultancy report also was developed and published after consultation with a myriad of stakeholders. Employers’ organizations have developed various initiatives. The Private Sector Commission (PSC) developed a green business award scheme and

9 DOMLEC has a Distributed Renewable Energy Generation Policy. 10 A financial agreement between Guyana and Norway for limiting greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 34 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

its green business features, the most recent being on EcoGreen Guyana (a geotextiles company). The Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI) also is considering a green policy for the design and construction of their new office building. In addition, the Institute of Private Enterprise Development (IPED) has secured an IDB grant for the development of green businesses in Lethem (Region 9).

Saint Lucia

Interviews and FGDs with stakeholders highlighted that a number of green initiatives have been explored, such as research for a wind farm in Vieux Fort Invest; a National Environmental Information System; plastic recycling by RePlast; and an agreement for access to information. The Climate Change Adaptation Fund is a mechanism which the Government of Saint Lucia instituted to provide funding for green business or greening initiatives. It allows borrowers to access funds at a 4.5 per cent rate of interest, and this has helped businesses address climate risk. There also are incentives via the Department of Sustainable Development to promote the installation of solar panels, the use of electric and/or hybrid vehicles, and solar panels installation on buildings. In addition, the department also helps create awareness about the need for and benefits of greening a business. Some of the initiatives include training of air-conditioning and refrigeration technicians in using ozone friendly refrigerants, as well as promotion of hybrid vehicles and PVs through demonstration projects. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), through the ECO Micro Project, currently is working alongside financial institutions in Saint Lucia to develop green financial products to benefit micro-, small- and medium-enterprises (MSME). In addition, the IDB is helping these financial institutions green their own businesses through technical advice, audits and other assessments and recommendations. Invest Saint Lucia also promotes green initiatives among its investors. Additionally, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Commission has an entrepreneurship programme on green business in general, which aims to accelerate start-ups growth and innovation within the OECS region. Despite this, there still exists a lack of innovation due to critical mass adoption. A study also has been undertaken on the upscale of renewable energy in MSMEs and identified opportunities for green business.

11 The 2020 winner was Textila University for its use of LEDs, dual flush water closets, solar panel installations and natural lighting design. 12 This forms part of the DVRP project. X Findings and analysis 35

The Global Green Growth Initiative is another project which will focus on growing green business entrepreneurship in the OECS and it is in the early stages of development. The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) is working on eco growth, which focuses on job creation within the green and blue economies. Currently, it is exploring policy recommendations that provide sustainable and resilient responses to the COVID-19 crisis.

3.2 Perspectives on green business policies from Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Survey respondents from the three countries under review were asked about the existence and acceptance of green business policies with their organizations. Some 73 per cent (n = 11) stated that their organization did not have a green business policy, while 20 per cent of respondents (n = 3) stated “Yes”, and 7 per cent (n = 1) indicated that they did not know. This is illustrated in Figure 3.1, below. When questioned as to whether the policy was readily accepted within the organization, only three respondents stated “Yes”, while the other 20 respondents opted not to answer the question. Two main reasons given for the acceptance of the policy: 1. “The staff respect and operate within the context of the natural environment impacted by the business…”

2. “There is no objection to the green business policy, but likely a lack of awareness of how to contribute to achieving the goals of the policy…” 36 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Figure 3.1. Existence of a green business policy

Does your Organization have a Green Business Policy?

7%

20%

Yes

No

I do not know 73%

3.3 Legislative and other impediments to green business development

Table 3.2 provides a synopsis of the findings related to the legislative impediments to the development of green businesses in the three countries examined in this report. The survey findings related to some of the other obstacles also are discussed. X Findings and analysis 37

Table 3.2. Summary of the legislative impediments to green business development, by country

Legislative impediments Other hindrances

Dominica Lack of regulations to enforce Public attitudes regarding waste laws/ policies management (for example, using reusable bags instead of Uncertainty of Government plastic bags) support Lack of public awareness Review or passing of the policy to be enacted Lack of incentives

Lack of knowledge on the Access to finance and importance of the policy(ies) administrative issues (operational perspectives which may receive resistance)

Different Priorities. Current conversation and debate surrounds the “blue” versus the “green” economy and the extent of their interdependence.

Guyana Non-existent legislation for the Lack of spotlight on green selling of solar energy to the business in the private sector national grid13 Not many financial opportunities No climate-smart building for the private sector banks codes to promote green construction practices Lack of information and framework to promote and Oil and gas legislation is weak support green business and requires more development development for stringent environmental protection, Lack of support mechanisms for disaster relief and revenue renewable energy sector management (for example, no public charging stations for electric vehicles despite tax relaxation for these cars)

Cost of green technologies is still too high for most of the population

13 Currently, customers are only allowed upon request to establish interconnections with the national power grid operated by the sole electricity provider, Guyana Power and Light Inc. However, the selling of energy to the grid has not been fully developed and implemented, and only one pilot project has been explored. 38 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.2. Summary of the legislative impediments to green business development, by country (Continued)

Legislative impediments Other hindrances

Saint Lucia Protected Areas Legislation is Traditional inheritance of land inadequate due to non-exist hinders legal accountability and management plans14 jeopardizes eligibility for greening activities such as interconnection Inadequate building codes as it by going solar relates to retrofitting public buildings based on sustainable A working group of built environmental parameters environmental practitioners failed to be maintained, which hinders The Electricity Supply Act in its focus on improving the greening current form is hindering the of the sector solarisation of homes because only land title owners can connect The process for adoption of with the grid sustainable initiatives is long and tedious, which demotivates Bankruptcy legislation needs some individuals updating because it does not encourage persons to take risks in Low levels of awareness at all new and emerging sectors levels of society

The Procurement Bill15 , which also Gap in innovation because of includes provisions for green challenges in getting the critical procurement, requires some mass to do so electronic procurement, but is challenging as it requires Lack of national support for departure from traditional modus innovation, including failure to operandi and calls for public adopt, even when the local servant transparency innovation receives international recognition

The stakeholders also were surveyed about the legislative and other impediments to green business development and/or growth and the results are illustrated in Figure 3.2. The highest-ranking impediment was “a weak policy and legislative environment” at 73 per cent (n = 11), with “challenges accessing finance” coming in a close second at 67 per cent (n = 10). The third highest impediments identified were “lack of know how about green business” and “cultural attitudes about environmental issues”, both ranking at 47 per cent (n = 7). When asked about the “motivation towards engaging in green businesses”, 15 of the 23 stakeholders responded, with “corporate social responsibility” being seen as the main reason, coming in at 40 per cent (n = 6). This was

14 For instance, the Piton Management Area did not uphold the standard expected. 15 Presented to Cabinet in 2021. X Findings and analysis 39

followed by “changes in external market conditions” ranked at 27 per cent (n = 4). The third highest motivations, “pressure from international agencies” and “the generation of profits” were ranked at 17 per cent (n = 2), respectively.

Figure 3.2. Impediments to green business development and/or growth

Greatest impediments to green business development and/or growth in your country

40% 7% 47% 67% 47% 73%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Insufficient national research about the green business sector

Limited customer demand

Cultural attitudes about environmental issues

Challenges accessing finance

Lack of know how about green business

A weak policy and legislative environment

3.4 Discussion on current legislation promoting green business development

Dominica

The country has created many strategies and policies which exist as overarching mechanisms to influence the development of green businesses. In September 2017, at the United Nations General Assembly, the Prime Minister of Dominica stated Dominica’s intention to become “the first climate resilient country in the world”. Following on from this promise and declaration, several interventions were developed and implemented. The National Resilient Development Strategy (NRDS) was developed as a guiding document, with the intention of achieving its objectives by 2030. To this end, in 2019, a ban was instituted on single use plastics and Styrofoam®. 40 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

In addition, zero per cent duty was placed on biodegradable products and reusable shopping bags. Government also developed the Climate Resilient Act, which includes the operationalisation of the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD), a body created to rebuild Dominica as “the first climate resilient country in the world”. In the private sector, entities such as the National Development Foundation and the Agriculture Industrial Development (AID) Bank16 have created financial instruments to support all businesses, inclusive of green business development.

Guyana

This country has instituted many national strategies and policies which focus on sustainable development and greening the economy. However, there are few legislative instruments which directly promote the development of green businesses. Many Government agencies themselves do not have an actual green business policy adopted for their units. It must be noted that there are several private sector entities, including business associations, who are beginning to see the value of developing their own green business policies, such as the move towards greener technologies for electricity supply, or the reduction of solid waste resulting from their operations. Only two banks—GBTI and Demerara Bank—have developed and implemented financial mechanisms (namely, loans) for green business development. While some financial relaxation and support is given by Government to the banks, the private sector still has little incentive or motivation to develop green businesses. The current state of the Green Business Framework developed by the last administration in 2019 is uncertain as there has been a change in Government, further compounded by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which either has halted, significantly slowed, or completely cancelled many Government programmes and initiatives. Many businesses continue to suffer from losses due to Government and global restrictions including that which have economic implications. Furthermore, articulating nationally developed strategies and policies into more localised instruments for communities and regions is needed, as

16 AID Bank has funds specifically for renewables, at a lower interest rate. This national institution was established by an Act of Parliament in 1971, and subsequently re-established as an independent entity in January 1982. X Findings and analysis 41

the objectives vary depending on the geographic location and access to resources, both tangible and intangible.

Saint Lucia

The Renewable Energy / LUCELEC Act allows for more distributors to enter the renewable energy sector, thus increasing the mix of renewable energy as it will help lower cost of doing business especially in the tourism sector. The Styrofoam® and Plastics (Prohibition) Act No. 22 of 2019 would have taken effect on August 1, 2019, with a ban on the importation of all Styrofoam® and selected single-use plastic food service containers. However, the Act was deferred because of the COVID-19 pandemic, which made it difficult to source the non-Styrofoam® and biodegrade packaging and containers as needed. The Saint Lucia Employers’ Federation (SLEF) strongly believes that integrated development planning would help to promote green business development. The Saint Lucia Development Bank (SLDB) is the institution best known for providing financial assistance for green business development. Although one other financial institution indicated its involvement in the IDB ECO Micro Project, there was little to no awareness of it among those persons who were interviewed for this study. As a matter of interest, the OECS is undertaking the Regional Accelerator for Technology entrepreneurship development programme, and soon will embark on a Regional Accelerator for Green Business Project (that is, the creation of green jobs). This project is funded by the Global Green Growth Initiative (GGGI) and the Carter Foundation of the UAE. The GCF–UNFCCC time frame of 45 business days to respond to country applications creates long delays in accessing funds. Frequently, after a proposal is submitted, the GCF’s vetting and clarification process is extensive, which means attempts to access to the funds go beyond that 45-business- days’ timeframe. The fact that the funds also may not necessarily target the most important national priorities is an issue, as the focus of the Fund may not be consistent with an applicant country’s most important needs. Given the delays and the onerous process, applicants may be neither equipped nor inclined to go through the process of applying for these funds. Impediments also are connected to market forces, as energy efficient equipment may not last beyond the warranty period, compared with non- energy-efficient equipment. There appears to be planned obsolescence, which makes the equipment last just beyond the warranty period, thus driving consumer preference for cheaper and less green alternatives. 42 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Specific recommendations

Dominica:

X More support for the agricultural sector in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Dominica Organic Agriculture Movement, to promote organic agriculture.

X Support in legislation, particularly green business policies, for various entities.

X Certification and recognition of work in environmental sustainability.

X More support to NGOs to help them begin to embrace green business practices, and to be better equipped to seek funding for green initiatives.

X Greater awareness of green businesses at all sectors (such as benefits).

X Dominica is in the advanced stage of developing documents and an action plan on the blue economy. Must determine how to bring the two in accord as activities on land affect the sea.

X Conduct a green business scoping study.

X Greater financial and technical support for going paperless.

X More incentives for green business development.

Guyana: X Policies should be developed which consider coastal versus hinterland resource capacities and needs.

X More financial incentives and mechanisms for green business development from private banks and Government.

X Clear initiatives from Government to facilitate sustained adoption of green business practices at the local community, district, and regional levels.

X Benchmarking data on green businesses in all sectors, as needed.

X More educational awareness for the private sector on green business benefits and resources. X Findings and analysis 43

X Government should offer more tax concessions for green building materials and technologies (for example, solar panels).

X Greener methods of processing agricultural waste to create value-added products and biofuel.

X More cross-sectoral collaboration is needed on green business initiatives.

X Green business initiatives, especially as they relate to the oil and gas sector, should be supported by Government.

Saint Lucia: X Exploration of the blue economy concept to identify benefits to the country and the region.

X Explore the potential for carbon sequestration.

X Focus on more environmentally sustainable ways of doing business (for example, paperless or electronic invoicing).

X More private sector investment for green technologies.

X More concessions and/or tax relaxations for green technologies.

X Better utilization of green waste.

X Offer carbon credits for reduction in carbon footprint.

X The Department of Sustainable Development should be able to provide persons with a checklist on how to go about taking advantage of the opportunities presented.

X Greater synchronicity among agencies, as well as more public education on the facilities available.

X Government should develop and support a model business so that it becomes the poster child for sustainable development. 44 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

X The green sector can create jobs and should be included in the education priority list.

X Resources should be made available for innovation and upscaling of activities, including supporting the use of green supplies and materials.

X There should be awareness-building, but it also should be supported by funding to take initiatives from the idea stage to actionable events.

X Some of the successful initiatives such as the Mobile Desalination Plant and Algas organic fertiliser from sargassum seaweed should be supported through the OECS Commission, promoting their use in the sub-region, at least.

General recommendations

X More educational awareness on green business is needed by both private, public and international agencies to improve the knowledge of green businesses and how they stand to impact sustainable development.

X Create national green business frameworks that align both the private and public sectors with downstream policies which are feasible and clear to implement.

X More equity investment mechanisms are needed because of the high upfront costs for renewable energy technologies (which are quite expensive at this point in their evolution).

X Chambers of commerce must advocate for more research and benchmark data on green business development and growth.

X More technical and financial support and incentives from Government are needed, especially in the private sector, to ensure their alignment with national strategies for greening the economy.

X Regulations (such as for operations, products, and services, among others) which influence green business initiatives need to be developed and clearly defined for each sector.

X National development strategies need to clearly define green business priorities, stakeholders, timelines and executing parameters. X Findings and analysis 45

3.5 Identification of greenbusiness certification

Dominica

In the agricultural sector, there is Dominica’s Good Agriculture Practices (DOMGAP), which is an initiative between the Bureau of Standards and the Agricultural Division. According to one interviewee: “Green business certification is most adopted by those operating in the tourism sector. It is not seen as something that should be pursued by other entities”. There are some standards for electricity set by the Bureau of Standards. The number of professionals in the country who may be Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified could not be ascertained for inclusion as part of this study. There is a Physical Planning Building Codes (Draft). Section 1(a) states: “The provisions of this Code shall apply to the design and construction of new buildings, and the alteration, reconstruction, demolition, removal, relocation, maintenance and occupancy of existing buildings or any appurtenances connected or attached to such buildings or structures.” There are also building guidelines for the design and construction of simple buildings, such as private and small retail shops, which occupy less than 3,000 square feet.

Guyana

Guyana has no policy document or instrument which clearly articulates the definition of a green business. However, two major financial institutions, Demerara Bank and the Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry (GBTI) Ltd, both have green loans for those who satisfy eligibility requirements. GBTI offers loans ranging from GY$1 million to GY$50 million for solar energy products; water treatment recycling water filters; hybrid motor vehicles; energy saving appliances; air filters; wind powered projects; hand powered projects; and low carbon economic investments such as high-end fruits and vegetables, aquaculture, agro-processing, among others. A current major construction project is expected to become the first LEED- certified building in the country. Additionally, the Small Business Bureau (SBB) has established a Technology Innovation Fund, which awards entrepreneurs who develop green businesses. 46 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia

The Saint Lucia National Conservation Fund (SLNCF) is geared towards the sustainable use of biological resources, as well as their conservation and effective management. The organization has a grant making portfolio, and they have had Requests for Proposals (RFPs) from various agencies and organizations. One area of focus in the call for proposals was waste management, which received two grantees: (i) eco-friendly packaging as an alternative to plastics; and (ii) public awareness for coastal marine litter. There is no standard with respect to going green in the manufacturing sector, but several companies have been actively engaged in green initiatives. For example, Caribbean Awnings has implemented initiatives for waste reduction in its operations by utilizing outputs from the manufacturing process which previously were thrown away. Meanwhile, Algas Organic is a company which creates fertilizer from sargassum seaweed and has been recognised by GEF and also internationally. The hotel industry markets itself as being a green business and has received much attention as a result. Several AMResorts properties, part of Apple Leisure Group (ALG), received KKR Eco Awards for their shift to environmental practices, including beach conservation efforts, solar photovoltaic installations, waste management initiatives, and energy and water efficiency solutions (AMResorts, 2021). The KKR Eco Award recognizes current projects by KKR's portfolio companies that “provide innovative, environmentally beneficial solutions while creating business value”. This action on the part of hotel industry businesses is driven by their desire to attract eco-friendly customers, as well as to demonstrate that they pay attention to their corporate social responsibility. Invest Saint Lucia also has indicated that they actively promote environmental and social sustainability among investors, especially in the tourism sector, which has a potentially large environmental footprint. In the built environment sector, some 50 professionals have received training in LEED through funding from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Government of Saint Lucia (GOSL) is now moving to adopt climate- smart codes and regulations through the adoption of the CARICOM Regional Efficiency Building Code, and the national building code is being reviewed to achieve this. While professional training has been done, it is still only a voluntary practice which hinders active adoption of climate-smart codes or regulations. Energy efficient labelling standards and appliance testing also are being incorporated. The GOSL has a project aimed at air conditioning and refrigeration companies and technicians, where they are being certified to use refrigerants which have a less negative impact on the ozone layer. X Findings and analysis 47

Some companies are engaged in LEED certification for the retrofitting of buildings. Apple Leisure Group AMResort has the KKR eco award. Sandals has awards for water recycling and rainwater harvesting programmes. Harbour Club is the first LEED-certified development, and Le Sport is also LEED certified. In addition, the tourism sector actively utilises Green Globe Certification.

3.6 Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

The following matrix (Table 3.3) provides a summary of current and previous initiatives in support of green business, in the three countries being reviewed in this report, and focuses on five major areas:

X Training and educational programmes

X Research projects

X he provision of financial support

X Technical assistance

X Other areas (that do not fit into the previous four categories)

The information was compiled based on a desk review, which was updated using information obtained from the data collection exercise with in-country stakeholders. 48 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Training and Caribbean Community Climate Supply, installation, commissioning, and training educational Change Centre (CCCCC) of 30 kW photovoltaic systems at two Dominica programmes Water and Sewerage Company Limited (DOWASCO) water pumping stations—Jimmit and Tete Morne.

The purpose of the works contract was to supply and install 30 kW grid-tied solar photovoltaic systems at two of DOWASCO’s water pumping stations, with a view to reducing the operational costs as well as the GHG emissions associated with the booster stations. The supply, installation, commissioning, and training on PV systems was estimated to be completed over a three month period, commencing in September 2020.

Electrification of the Kalinago indigenous Community in Dominica.

This project supported the electrification of the Kalinago Indigenous Community in Dominica using renewable energy provided by a PV array system.

Dominica Bureau of Standards Safe use of pesticides, food safety—DBOS (DBOS) Agricultural Division.

The DBOS currently is working with 167 farmers to attain DOM-GAP certification, a figure which is expected to significantly increase in the coming months. These farmers have been working tirelessly under the guidance of DBOS’ farm assurers and auditors to ensure they meet the requirements for certification. X Findings and analysis 49

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Dominica Organic Agriculture Organic Training Classes. Movement Inc. (DOAM) The DOAM and the Florida Association of Volunteer Action in the Caribbean and the Americas (FAVACA), in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MOAF), hosted a Lecture and Workshop series from Monday July 18 to Friday July 22, 2011, on “Soil Management and Compost Technologies”. 17

The primary objectives of this initiative were to train participants in the techniques of soil nutrient management for tropical organic crop production systems, and to provide intensive technical training at composting sites with the potential to lead a composting industry.

The classes targeted practitioners of organic and conventional farming; persons interested in sustainable agricultural practices; technicians interested in soil management with an emphasis on organic nutrient techniques; as well as other interested persons.

In 2019, DOAM also facilitated a course in small scale agriculture in the Grandbay area. The training course was conducted in collaboration with West Dominica Children’s Federation Inc.18

17 Staff Writer, “DOAM hosts lecture series July 18-22”, Dominica News Online, Thursday 14 July 2011. For more information, see https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/ news/doam-hosts-lecture-series-july-18-22/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 18 Staff Writer, “West Dominica’s Children’s Federation And D.O.A.M. Representatives”, West Dominica Children’s Federation, 5 June 2019. For more information, see https:// westdominicachildrensfederation.org/2019/06/05/dominica-organic-agriculture- movement-continues/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 50 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Research projects United National Development Low Carbon Development Path Project—Dominica. Programme (UNDP) The Low Carbon Development Path Project aims to remove some of the policy, knowledge and financial barriers hindering the uptake of renewable energy technology in Dominica.

Financial Invest Dominica Authority Invest Dominica Authority (IDA) new investment (IDA) promotion strategy to be launched in 2021.

The IDA announced a successful partnership with Compete Caribbean to strengthen the Authority’s capacity to attract sustainable foreign direct investment (FDI). Four main sectors have been highlighted for inclusion in the new investment promotion strategy, namely aquaculture and agribusiness, renewable energy, tourism, and knowledge service.19

Non-Governmental Wild Dominique The “Living Young”, “Living Wild”, Organization “Living Free” projects.

Wild Dominique focuses on creating quality environmental education programs to be implemented into the school system, species conservation, and sustainable living, under three main project areas: “Living Young”, “Living Wild”, “Living Free”. This non-profit organization has been in existence for two years.20

19 IDA, “IDA’s new Investment Promotion Strategy to be launched in 2021”, 24 December 2020. For more information, see http://www.investdominica.com/news/idas-new- investment-promotion-strategy-to-be-launched-in-2021/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 20 Wild Dominique, “Our Work”. For more information, see https://www.wilddominique. org/our-work. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 51

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Other Forestry, Wildlife and Parks National Beautification Campaign Division (Ministry of Environment, Rural In a move aimed at enhancing green cover in the Modernisation and Kalinago country, the Ministry’s Forestry Wildlife and Parks Upliftment / Ministry of Division, along with the Climate Resilience, Disaster Environment, Climate Management and Urban Renewal Divisions, Resilience, Disaster introduced a “National Beautification” campaign Management and Urban under which one million plants and saplings were to Renewal) be planted, across the island.21

Restoration of Peebles Park

Hon. Minister for the Environment and Rural Modernization, Cozier Frederick said his ministry has every intention to include green spaces in the aesthetics and development plan for the island. He revealed that the Peebles Park, a popular relaxation spot on the fringes of the city, cost EC$512,000 to overhaul.

Fisheries Division Utilization of 4-stroke outboard engines (Ministry of Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and The project involves replacing 2-stroke outboard National Food Security) engines with 4-stroke outboard engines, which are more environmentally friendly. The project is being funded by the World Bank.

Introduction of technology for field data collection

Reduce paper usage.

21 Staff writer, “Dominica’s Government launches National Beautification campaign to plant 1 million saplings”, WIC News, 12 July 2019. For more information, see https://wicnews. com/caribbean/dominicas-government-launches-national-beatification-campaign-plant-1- million-saplings-521120780/. Last accessed 31 March 2021 52 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Dominica Solid Waste Recycling Programme Corporation The Corporation sought to implement a recycling programme that facilitates and manages the following waste products: card-board composting; derelict vehicles; glass; lead-acid batteries; plastics; used engine oil; used tyres; and white goods.

Tourism Green Globe Certified

Secrete Bay and Rosalie Bay Resort are working towards this goal.

Renewable energy Geothermal Energy

The Government completed exploratory drilling and testing of three geothermal wells in June 2012, on the Wotton Waven–Laudat Geothermal Field in the Roseau Valley. The project cost some EC$31.75 million and was jointly funded by the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), the European Union and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica.

The Caribbean Development Bank, European Union and the United Kingdom Department for international Development is assisting the Government of Dominica to make its public buildings more energy efficient. A grant of US127,000 was approved for this initiative.22 The French group, Electriciens sans Frontières (ESF) / Electricians Without Borders, installed six of the island's health centres with solar panels and battery storage systems, to allow them to run off-grid. 23

22 CARICOM, “CDB, EU, UK to help Dominica make public buildings more energy efficient”, 1 November 2018. For more information, see https://caricom.org/cdb-eu-uk-to-help- dominica-make-public-buildings-more-energy-efficient/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 23Laurie Goering, "Removable solar panels boost storm readiness in Dominica", ReliefWeb, Friday 13 December 2019. (Source: Thomson Reuters Foundation). For more information, see https://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/removable-solar-panels-boost- storm-readiness-dominica. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 53

Table 3.3(a). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Dominica

Themes Entity Description

Policies and legislation The following national policies and pieces of legislation have been created and/or implemented and enacted:

National Parks and Protected Area Act, 1990: an act respecting national parks and protected areas of Dominica.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2002: an act to establish a National Solid Waste Management Cooperation and to provide for the management of solid waste in conformity with best environmental practices.

Fisheries and Aquaculture policy for the Commonwealth of Dominica, 2012 (Draft)

National Resilient Development Strategy: an overarching policy document providing the road map for Dominica’s sustainable Development up to the year 2030

Climate Change Environment and Natural Resource Management Bill, 2016

Dominica Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR), 2012–2017

National Invasive Species Strategic Plan, 2020 (Draft)

Energy Policy —Enacted

Geothermal Act —Enacted (came out of the draft regulations)

Agricultural Policy (Draft)

Dominica Pesticide Control Act, 1987

Environmental Policy (Draft)

DOAM Organic Island Concept, and DOAM Organic Policy (Draft 54 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Training and Consultative Association of The CAGI implemented the following training academic Guyanese Industry (CAGI) programmes: programmes Positive Image of the Enterprise and Improved Customer Services

Staff Performance Appraisal Reviews

Administrative and Secretarial Support

Supervisory Management Development

Occupational Safety and Health at the Workplace

Skills in Negotiations and Conflict Management

Effective Inventory Management

Enhancing Managerial Capacity in Knowledge and Skills

Attractive Marketing and Sales Strategies

The Practice of Human Resource Management

The National System of Industrial Relations

Productivity Improvement

Leadership Skills

How to be a Successful Manager

Financial management for non-accountant managers

Approaches and Techniques in Internal Auditing

Employment Obligations

The Impact of Leadership on Management

Enterprise Training Staff Development

Essential Skills in Human Resource Management X Findings and analysis 55

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Guyana Manufacturing & Energy Efficiency / Management Project Services Association Limited (GMSA) This GMSA project was signed into being on 6 June 2012, and is jointly funded with the IDB (70 per cent), with GMSA providing 30 per cent of the project funding.

The project was designed to guide Guyanese enterprises across the business spectrum towards effectively managing their energy costs through the application of conservation methodologies, technological adaptations and best practice techniques. It addresses three distinct but interrelated components: energy conservation; energy consumption; and alternative energy sources and awareness.

The project’s ToR indicated that all interventions were to comply with the regulatory framework of the National Energy Policy, and that the GMSA was to continue working closely with the Government of Guyana though the Guyana Energy Agency (GEA).

Government of Guyana Guyana Education Sector Improvement Programme

Funded by the World Bank24 and initiated in April 2017, the programme’s aim is to upgrade STEM capabilities in Guyana’s education system. It is scheduled to conclude in April 2023.

Elements of the programme involve deepening CCESD; upgrading research, real-world learning and teaching requirements; developing curricula, technology, laboratory, and human and institutional capacity including TVET. Green engineering also was introduced for CAPE, to deepen ecosystems and sustainable development content in domains such as architecture, civil engineering, and urban planning and development.

NCERD offers in-house training for teachers, twice annually, on all courses which focus on the new green curriculum.

The Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science (FEES) offers five undergraduate programmes (Geography, double majors in Geography and selected disciplines, and Environmental Studies), and three postgraduate programmes (MSc. Environmental Management and Postgraduate

24 World Bank, “Guyana Education Sector Improvement Project”. For more information, see https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P159519. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 56 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Diplomas in Urban Planning and Management, and Environmental Management). The MSc. in Environmental Management introduced training courses titled “Community-based Disaster Risk Management”, “Disaster Risk Management in the Caribbean”, and “Emergency Planning and Management”. Within the past few years, the mandate of FEES has been expanding to include consulting services to meet a growing demand for CCESD training requirements, research, and technical skills.

Critchlow Labour College (CLC) CCESD Programme

CLC offers certificate programmes in the areas of sustainable agriculture, sustainable forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, and sustainable mining. It also offers a master’s degree and postgraduate diploma in food security and climate change.

Government of Guyana’s Global Education First Initiative (GEFI) partnership with UNESCO Training for academics, policy makers and planners who also were involved in producing a comprehensive situational analysis of policy, curricula, teacher-training, and methodologies for delivering CCESD throughout the school system. The programme informed Guyana’s ESD Policy 2015, as well as and the Ministry of Education’s Strategic Plan 2014–18.

National Agricultural Research The Shade-House Production and Marketing and Extension Institute Project25 (NAREI) The Shade-House Vegetable Production Project (2014–18) is another multi-partner programme coordinated by the NAREI between local farmers the Government, Partners of the Americas and the IADB/Japanese Trust Fund. The project was funded to the tune of US$1.35 million. The project involved organizing hydroponic and organic vegetable farmers into geographic clusters. The overall objective was to strengthen agricultural livelihood strategies for subsistence and small-scale farmers, with priority given to Guyana’s most vulnerable populations. During the project, some 41 crop shade-houses were constructed, and seven others were rehabilitated. Some 320 persons were trained in hydroponic vegetable production.

25 Government Information Agency (GINA), “Stakeholders heeding call to use shade houses”, Department of Public Information (DPI), Wednesday 30 November 2016. For more information, see https://dpi.gov.gy/stakeholders-heeding-call-to-use-shade-houses/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 57

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Technical training

NAREI officers were trained to align climate resilient practices and policies with agricultural, technical extension and social organization services to rural micro-entrepreneurs. NAREI developed a climate-smart agriculture manual with support from the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA).

Ministry of Communities / Skills training for decentralized local government Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development The Ministry partnered with Counterpart International from 2016–17 to provide social cohesion training for residents and localgovernment officials. The institutional capacity-building programme, implemented by the Ministry and the Caribbean Local Economic Develop Programme (CARILED), supported technical skills training for nine municipalities and Ministry officials. Subject areas included strategic planning; good practices in local government planning; community participation; and inter-governmental relationships and partnerships.

Private Sector Commission PSC and TERI partnership (PSC) In 2017, the PSC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI), an Indian-based company specializing in energy efficiency and technology innovation in manufacturing and other sectors.

This partnership prioritizes: (i) linkages with private sector enterprises in India; (ii) performance and energy audits; (iii) low-carbon technology transfer; (iv) environmentally sustainable and green business practices; (v) human resource needs assessments and strategies; (vi) energy and performance audits; and (vii) feasibility studies for renewables conversion.

The TERI programme also encourages social dialogue on local and international greening best practices relating to technology, business modelling and greening the manufacturing industry. 58 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Forest Law Enforcement Forest sustainability management training Governance and Trade Plan (2003) The EU, in collaboration with the FAO, Guyana Forestry Commission (GFC), Forestry Training Centre Incorporated (FTCI) and six small loggers’ associations in Guyana, designed and implemented a programme to train loggers in sustainable forestry management, as well as to improve monitoring protocols and data flows with the GFC. The project also supplied monitoring technologies, and a new forest harvesting model supported the completion of a Legality Assurance System.

The programme worked to (i) improve livelihood security of small loggers, and (ii) increase natural resource use efficiency, through multisector collaboration—among Government, private sector, and international partners—and providing forest sustainability management training.

Research projects Institute of Applied Science Green research and development and Technology (IAST) The Rupununi Essence Enterprise is a partnership with the Macushi Research Unit (MRU) and the Medicines from Trees (MFT) organization to produce a line of cosmetic facial cleansers made using coconut oil, essential oils of lemongrass, and crabwood oil from the Guyana rainforest. The initiative has engaged 400 community members and earned $800 million Guyanese dollars. It also has a focus on youth training.

Technical assistance Guyana National Bureau of ISO 50001 Certification26 Standards (GNBS) In 2011, GNBS engaged in extensive educational awareness programmes for ISO 50001: “Energy Management Systems – Requirements with guidance for use”, an international energy management standard, which gives organizations a recognised framework for developing an effective energy management system. Ensuring readiness for ISO 50001 certification and compliance is part of Guyana’s efforts to reduce its carbon footprint, via judicious and innovative energy management, as well as the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS).

26GNBS, “Energy Efficiency and Energy Management – Standards To Improve Energy Use”. For more information, see https://gnbsgy.org/energy-efficiency-and-energy-management- standards-to-improve-energy-use/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 59

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Go-Invest Technical support in the form of consultations

Business start-up planning

Identification of sector opportunities

Help seeking investors

Guyana Marketing The Guyana Marketing Corporation provides Corporation technical assistance support to farmers and food producers, including: advisory assistance, agri-business development; brokerage; market extension (educational training and awareness to farmers and agro-processors); and promotional services.

It is the marketing arm of the agriculture ministry whose mandate is promoting the cultivation—and more importantly, export—of Guyana’s non-traditional agricultural crops, and is constantly evaluating market behaviour and trends, thereby guiding stakeholders accordingly.

Its mandate includes:

Providing advice and guidance on market requirements;

Providing advice on market entry requirements;

Matchmaking and/or linking buyers with sellers, and vice versa;

Providing agro-processors with advice on label requirements;

Providing pertinent information on local market development;

Providing guidance on how to process all produce for export;

Providing advice on how to source and secure new markets for local produce;

Providing guidance on how to promote local produce and products; and

Providing advice on proper post-harvest handling of crops; providing training to all stallholders. 60 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Financial support Small Business Bureau (SBB) Green Business Technology Fund

Annually, the Fund awards up to a maximum of GY$1 million each to 12 entrepreneurs, to develop and expand activities critical to the development of innovative green business ideas and solutions. This includes market research, product development and testing, software development, and development of new business processes. The general eligibility criteria include:

Must be a new idea that presents a solution to a challenge or need; innovation which improves a product or the delivery of a service. The solution must include the use of either: a software application, development of a prototype, and/or the use of green energy.

Can be a start-up or existing business venture, which fits the profile of a ‘small business’ as defined by the Small Business Act of 2004.

Assessment is based on three main categories: innovativeness (50 per cent); service and/or product delivery (20 per cent); and impact and sustainability (30 per cent).

Guyana REDD+ Investment This is an innovative climate finance mechanism Fund (GRIF) 27 which balances national sovereignty over investment priorities with ensuring that REDD+ funds adhere to the financial, environmental and social safeguards laid down by partner entities. The rationale is for GRIF to (i) receive payments for forest climate services provided by Guyana; and (ii) transfer these payments and any investment income earned on these payments, net of any administrative costs of the Trustee and the Secretariat, and any administrative fees to the Partner Entities, for projects and activities that support the implementation of Guyana's LCDS.

27 GRIF, “Fact Sheet”, 9 September 2021. For more information, see https://www. guyanareddfund.org/index.php/about-the-grif/fact-sheet. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 61

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Amerindian Development Executed by MOAA/MIPA in partnership with the Fund (ADF) 2012–2014 28 UNDP, the ADF provides some US$ 8.1 million in funding to support socio-economic development in Amerindian communities and villages through their Constituency Development Programmes (CDPs). Some 180 communities located in Guyana’s rural interior were eligible to access the fund to finance activities included in their respective community development plans. The ADF also facilitated training in business development, climate resilient agriculture, apiculture, forestry, low carbon livestock farming and other skills.

Micro and Small Enterprise This project, which is administered by the SBB, in Development (MSE) Project 29 partnership with the IDB, is valued at US$5 million, and targets MSEs who are in or who wish to transition to low carbon sectors. It aims to address two major issues constraining the development of MSEs and the ability of vulnerable groups to build alternative livelihoods in Guyana: (i) limited access to finance; and ii) limited technical and business skills.

Access to finance is done through a credit guarantee facility; an interest payment support facility; and a low carbon grant scheme to assist vulnerable persons with viable business propositions in low carbon sectors. To facilitate the loan process, the SBB works with partner financial institutions—currently Republic Bank Ltd. (RBL), Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry (GBTI), and the Institute for Private Enterprise Development (IPED). With respect to the commercial banks RBL and GBTI, the Government of Guyana has granted concessions to these institutions under the project, to reduce interest rates to six per cent for all loans.

Lack of skills is addressed through a training voucher scheme, which enables MSEs to obtain the skills they require at existing training institutions, free of cost to them.

28 MOAA/MIPA, “GRIF Amerindian Development Fund (ADF) Project”. For more information, see https://moaa.gov.gy/amerindian-development-fund/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 29 GRIF, "Micro and Small Enterprise Development”, GRIF Fund, 19 August 2011. For more information, see http://www.guyanareddfund.org/index.php/grif-projects/small-and- micro-enterprise-development. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 62 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Conservation International (CI) Rupununi Innovation Fund

This is a multi-sector partnership between Conservation International (CI) and the IDB’s Multi-Lateral Investment Fund (MLIF), valued at US$1.2 million. It provides access to low-cost start-up financing for indigenous communities to develop climate resilient and environmentally sustainable enterprises in agriculture, eco and nature tourism, and fishing in particular. Beneficiaries receive entrepreneurial training, access to market support, awareness and capacity-building for ecological systems maintenance, and are involved in forest conservation mandates undertaken by CI.

Department of Youth 1. Youth Innovation Project of Guyana (YIPoG) 30 (Ministry of Education) YIPoG is the flagship project for the Department of Youth, funded by the Government of Guyana’s budget for 2017. It is a collaborative multi-ministry, multi-stakeholder project that includes governmental, regional, international, and corporate agencies. The Government’s 2017 budget also made provision for the following youth-oriented development programmes:

2. Hinterland Employment and Youth Service

This program is administered by MOAA/MIPA and is targeting some 2,000 youth in 106 communities across Regions l, 7, 8 and 9. An intensive peer learning and exchange program, it seeks to empower youth and young adults, who—in some cases—need a second chance to maximize their full potential socially and economically.

Beneficiaries are taught essential life skills such as communication skills, anger management, time management, appropriate behaviour on the job, proper attire and problem solving skills. Capacity building elements prepare youth for leadership and teamwork, personal development, rights and responsibilities and health and safety. Language and math skills are delivered using an integrated approach through the Concentrated Language Experience. Vocational skills—garment construction and joinery/carpentry—along with entrepreneurship, all prepare the participant for future success and upward mobility.

30 Staff Writer, “MoE launches Youth Innovation Project”, Guyana Times, 23 May 2017. For more information, see https://guyanatimesgy.com/moe-launches-youth-innovation- project/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 63

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

3. Sustainable Livelihoods and Entrepreneurial Development (SLED) Projects 31

SLED was created to increase employment opportunities and foster economic development and expansion, at the community level, across nine Regions. The Government invested over GY$94 million in SLED projects in areas such as agriculture, livestock and apiculture, added value products thereof, ICT and tourism. The intention was to create 120 direct jobs and 100 jobs indirectly, in local communities.

4. Youth Entrepreneurial Skills Training (YEST)

Established in 2016, this is a national initiative to strengthen youth participation in sustainable development and the emerging green economy. The project facilitates access to financial capital for proposals that address a community, regional and/or national development challenge while contributing to a green economy. Ideas and proposals are eligible for support in the following ten areas: (i) science, (ii) technology, (iii) engineering, (iv) agriculture, (v) anthropology, (vi) archaeology, (vii) the arts, (viii) architecture, (ix) mathematics, and (x) spirituality.

31 Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, “Sustainable Livelihood and Entrepreneurial Development (SLED) Projects”, 29 August 2016. For more information, see https://mlgrd.gov.gy/project/sustainable-livelihood-and-entrepreneurial-development- sled-projects/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 64 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Demerara Bank Solar Roofing and Green Loans 32

Demerara Bank is the leading source of solar financing in Guyana. Most of its branches are powered by solar energy, thus significantly reducing the Bank’s carbon footprint. The Bank solar energy with its green loan initiatives, which are supported by Government through concessional tax rates and a 40 per cent collateral guarantee.

Guyana Bank for Trade and Green Loans Industry (GBTI) GBTI was the first Guyanese bank to introduce green loans. The loans range from GY$1 million to GY$50 million and include financing for:

Solar energy products, water treatment recycling (water filters)

Hybrid motor vehicles

Energy saving appliances

Air filters

Wind powered projects

Hand powered projects

Low carbon economic investments: for example, high-end fruits and vegetables, aquaculture, agro-processing, among others.

32 Dennis Chabrol, “Demerara Bank going fully solar; offers low-interest loans for clean- energy systems”, Demerara Waves, 27 November 2016. For more information, see https:// demerarawaves.com/2016/11/27/demerara-bank-going-fully-solar-offers-low-interest- loans-for-clean-energy-systems/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 65

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Other policies, The Office of Climate Change Mainstreaming low-emissions energy technologies plans, and (OCC) to build Guyana’s Green Economy strategies Originally conceived primarily to support the preparation and implementation of the LCDS in 2009, the OCC currently leads Guyana´s national climate change efforts. It is the National Focal Point for global climate change initiatives, and in particular, to the UNFCCC.

A 2016–18 partnership with the GEF, through UNDP, resulted in funding valued at over US$9 million, with the aim of accelerating low carbon emission technology innovation and uptake, through demonstration, deployment, and transfer using policies and mechanisms. Main beneficiary is the Government of Guyana.

Guyana Green State Also known as Vision 2040,33 this is a roadmap Development Strategy (GSDS) / towards achieving Guyana’s sustainable Vision 2040 (2018) development, guided by the “green agenda” principles. The central objective is development that provides a better quality of life for all Guyanese derived from the country’s natural wealth–its diversity of people and abundant natural resources (land, water, forests, mineral and aggregates, biodiversity).

There are seven thematic areas: green and inclusive structural transformation; sustainable management of natural resources; energy; transition towards renewable energy; resilient infrastructure and spatial development; human development and well-being; and international cooperation, trade and investment

33 Office of the President (Department of the Environment), “Vision 2040”. For more information, see https://doe.gov.gy/gsds. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 66 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Guyana Low Carbon The LCDS is a partnership with the Government of Norway, to transform Guyana’s economy on to a low Development Strategy (LCDS), carbon, sustainable development trajectory, while 34 2009 simultaneously combating climate change. One element of the Strategy involves exposing the Guyanese business community both within and outside the forestry sector, to the notion that commercial benefits could be derived via environmental protection. The LCDS has two main objectives:

1. Transforming the economy to deliver greater economic and social development by following a low carbon development path.

2. Providing a model for the world of how climate change can be addressed through low carbon development in developing countries, if the international community takes the necessary collective actions, especially relating to REDD+.

Green Business Framework The Green Business Framework aims to employ a holistic approach in providing policy and institutional means to implement measures that encourage businesses to adopt broader green practices, and facilitate higher levels of investment into green sectors. It operates under six thematic areas:

Promote awareness building and messaging

Improve capacity development and absorptive capacity

Optimize the regulatory environment

Enhance physical infrastructure

Facilitate access to finance

Foster investment and market demand

34 Government of Guyana, “Guyana’s Low Carbon Development Strategy”. For more information, see https://www.lcds.gov.gy/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 67

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Guyana Energy Agency This Strategic Plan aims for a 100 per cent shift to all Strategic Plan, 2016–2020 renewable energy usage by 2025, through increased regulation that limits the use of fossil fuels and increases the use of renewable energy. Such a shift is expected to drastically affect industries, and will demand of workers their transition to new occupations that require new skill sets and competencies.

National Strategy for This is the Ministry of Agriculture’s roadmap to Agriculture, 2013–2020 address the challenges presented by climate change to the agriculture sector, as well as necessary restructuring to support the greening of the sector.

Agricultural Disaster Risk The plan brings together Guyana’s local government Management Strategy and system, the NAREI’s technical and extension officers Action Plan and farmers, in a collaborative approach to integrate risk reduction in agricultural planning, cultivation and processing.

Localised risk management plans feature region or location specific vulnerabilities, farming systems, mitigation processes and structures, as well as adaptation techniques. Farmers and local officials receive training, follow-up support and periodically pilot responses to disaster scenarios.

Risk reduction and management are being further integrated into the sectors’ regulatory framework. In the medium to long long-term, commercial farmers will be expected to comply with established practices to mitigate crop and income loss for themselves and other farmers. 68 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(b). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Guyana

Themes Entity Description

Projects The Green Bartica This is Guyana’s pilot green municipal plan—notably, Development Plan (GBDP) 35 “the first green city” moving Guyana closer to a green economy. Its green initiatives include: solar powered streetlights with LED bulbs; a renewable energy power supply mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, hybrid and wind) provided by an independent provider; “greened” solid waste management that will feature a modern sewer and wastewater treatment system; and decarbonized, ecosystems integrated agricultural production and agri-businesses. The plan does not identify labour policies for appropriate skills, required but would be addressed in the town’s planned economic roadmap.

Guyana Mangrove Restoration Administered by NAREI, this Project represents a Project 36 commitment on the part of the Government of Guyana to the conservation, restoration and protection of the country’s mangroves. The Initial project was run from 2010–13, and funded through the EU for €4,165,000. It focused on job creation and new skills building to support green sector development.

Several successful initiatives were launched including: mangrove seedling planting; coastal infrastructure initiative; and spartina grass planting and harvesting. A few enterprises also were started due to the project including cottage industries, beekeeping, and nature tourism.

35 Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, “Green Bartica development plan presented to Central Housing and Planning Authority”, 31 August 2016. For more information, see https://mlgrd.gov.gy/green-bartica-development-plan-presented-to- central-housing-and-planning-authority/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 36 NAREI, “What is the Mangrove Restoration and Management Department about?” For more information, see https://narei.org.gy/departments/mangroves/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 69

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Training and Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy and Space Technology (RESAT) education Environmental Division Programme programs (Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science Saint Lucia and the UK-based Institute for and Technology) Environmental Analytics formed a partnership to support the island’s transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy via the RESAT Programme.

This partnership has been made possible by investment from the UK Space Agency’s International Partnership Programme (IPP) and reflects Saint Lucia’s position at the forefront of promoting clean growth.

RESAT was launched in May 2020 with online workshops and virtual meetings featuring the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ports, Energy and Labour and other stakeholders. It facilitates the creation of an innovative renewable energy analytics platform that will be produced in partnership with the Government of Saint Lucia and tailored to Saint Lucia’s needs.

GHG Inventory Management Systems

Saint Lucia participated in the “UNFCCC Workshop on the Building of Sustainable National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management Systems, and the Use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the Latin American and the Caribbean Region”, organized by the UNFCCC Secretariat and the FAO in collaboration with the IPCC, and held in Santiago, Chile, 2–6 September 2019.

The workshop addressed the institutional arrangements required to support the regular development and submission of national GHG inventories. It also provided hands-on training on the use of the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, including the IPCC inventory software. 70 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

UNFCCC hands-on training workshop on NDCs

Saint Lucia participated in the hands-on training workshop titled, “Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU), and Accounting”, held in 10–11 July 2019 in Grenada. Participants from various countries learned about ICTU and how it relates to their NDCs. Participants also were introduced to accounting of greenhouse gas emissions.

UNFCCC Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) hands-on training workshop on institutionalization of data management for national GHG inventory.

This CGE-UNFCCC hands-on training workshop targeting the Latin-America and Caribbean Region was held in Belize City, Belize, from 15–17 July 2019. It sought to enhance the technical capacity of experts from developing countries to improve their institutional arrangements, including institutionalization of data management, for national GHG inventory.

Sir Arthur Lewis Community Academic qualifications in environmental College 37 management and green business.

The SALCC has expanded its academic offerings to include qualifications (associate and bachelor’s degrees) in environmental management, green business entrepreneurship, climate smart agriculture, and sustainable tourism, among others.

37 SALCC, “Explore Our Programmes”. For more information, see https://salcc.edu.lc/ programmes.html. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 71

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Re search Fisherfolk from the Development of a portable solar water Community of Laborie desalination plant

This project titled, “Provision of a solar water desalination facility to provide potable water in times of crisis and to provide a ready, safe, and reliable source of water for fisherfolk in Laborie, Saint Lucia”, was funded under the GEF Small Grants Project and ran between December 2013 and April 2014. The rationale was to undertake research to identify and/or adapt and establish a solar water desalination facility in the village of Laborie, to address serious water deficits in the future brought on by climate change. Project activities included significant research, public awareness and education, and a cost/benefit study, a technology appropriateness study, and a waste impact study.

Financial Department of Agriculture Agricultural Transformation Programme of the (Ministry of Agriculture, Banana Accompanying Measures (ATP/BAM)38 Fisheries, Physical Planning, Natural Resources and The ATP/BAM, funded by the EU, seeks to modernize Co-operatives) the agricultural sector, and mitigate the impact of losses resulting from policy changes to the preferential arrangements for bananas in the EU. It specifically addresses issues related to capacity, climate resistant agriculture and technology, among other resilience building measures, namely agribusiness promotion and development, and disaster risk reduction, as well as an updated system for pests and diseases management.

Agri-enterprise facilitation through market development and agro-processing to leverage expansion of the value chain. The key objective of this first ATP/BAM component is to enhance the value of selected agricultural commodities to meet the demands of the market—namely food and root crops, vegetables and herbs, fruit and tree crops, and livestock. Livestock covers egg production, broiler production, pig farming, and ruminants (goats and sheep). The ATP/BAM supports open fields as well as greenhouse production, irrigation, land and soil preparation, and the adaptation of new technologies in agriculture.

38 Julita Peter, "Government embarks on Agricultural Transformation Project", Government Information Service (GIS), Friday 5 May 2017. For more information, see http://www.govt.lc/ news/government-embarks-on-agricultural-transformation-project. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 72 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Facilitation of research and technology in agriculture is the second component of the national adaptation strategy. It involves the construction of a National Diagnostic Facility at Union, to monitor plant and animal health, soil testing, tissue culture analysis, as well as food safety monitoring. This is in addition to enforcement of safety standards and protocols, with oversight by the SBB.

The third ATP/BAM component focuses on disaster risk reduction in agriculture through the continued implementation of a management plan for the Black Sigatoka disease, which has adversely affected the island’s banana crop. To this end, the Black Sigatoka Management Unit was established to implement the Black Sigatoka Management Project.

The Youth Agricultural Entrepreneurial Project (YAEP) is the fourth component of the national adaptation strategy for St. Lucia’s agriculture sector. The YAEP seeks to create an enabling environment to allow entry into the sector, of some 150 young persons as agri-entrepreneurs.

Saint Lucia National Trust North-East Coast Stabilization Project (SLNT) This project titled, “Increasing the climate change resilience and public awareness of the Pointe Sable Environmental Protection Area and Pigeon Island National Landmark ecosystems” is supported by the Caribbean Biodiversity Fund (CBF) and co-financed by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety through KfW. It is set to run for three years from 2020, with a focus on supporting effective climate change adaptation measures in the marine and coastal zone.

Saint Lucia Hospitality & SLHTA’s Tourism Enhancement Fund (TEF) Tourism Association (SLHTA) On 1 October 2013, SLHTA launched its Tourism Enhancement Fund (TEF), to encourage the organization’s greater involvement in Saint Lucia’s sustainable development efforts. It requires resort guests and island visitors (including short lay-over guests) to participate by donating US$2 for each night of their stay at resorts in Saint Lucia, with all donations going entirely towards the TEF. X Findings and analysis 73

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Donations into TEF are used to finance and implement many product development initiatives, among them beautification and infrastructural development projects, as well as educational projects, each designed to enhance the guest experience on island.

Saint Lucia National Biodiversity and natural resources conservation Conservation Fund (SLNCF) and sustainable use

The SLNCF’s main purpose and key objectives are to support the long-term management and expansion of Saint Lucia’s areas of land and/or sea, which are specifically dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and natural resources. While creating sustainable livelihoods, the SLNCF also supports other activities that contribute substantially to the conservation, protection, and maintenance of the island’s biodiversity.

Saint Lucia Development Bank Climate Adaptation Fund Facility (CAFF) (SLDB) The CAFF is a funding mechanism within the SLDB designed to offer climate change adaptation loans which are: (a) affordable; (b) equitable across socio-economic and gendered lines; and (c) which will provide incentives for pre-emptive vulnerability reduction. The CAFF provides readily accessible loans to firms, community groups and households, for investments and/or livelihood activities that support climate adaptation or disaster vulnerability reduction.

Ministry of Economic Green Climate Fund (GCF) Development, Housing, Urban Renewal, Transport and Civil The Department of Economic Development, Aviation Transport and Civil Aviation, has had several projects funded under the GCF readiness project.39 In addition, several new project proposals have been submitted for funding. The Ministry is the National Designated Authority in Saint Lucia for the GCF.

39 GCF, “Saint Lucia”. For more information, see https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries/ saint-lucia. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 74 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Technical assistance Department of Forestry LANSAN Project 40 (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Physical Planning, The lansan tree, Protium attenuatum, produces a Natural Resources and culturally and economically valuable resin on which Co-operatives) many local people rely for an income. However unsustainable and damaging harvesting of the resin has led to significant declines across the species’ range in the East Caribbean.

The goal of this project is to assist stakeholders in Saint Lucia with the skills to sustainably manage the plant, to ensure that it continues to contribute to the livelihoods of local communities.

Department of Agriculture Caribbean Aqua Terrestrial Solutions (CATS) (Ministry of Agriculture, Programme 41 Fisheries, Physical Planning, Natural Resources and CATS is an umbrella program which ran from Co-operatives) 2013–17, that followed a ‘Ridge-to-Reef Approach’ by bringing together two regional programmes, namely one on “Adaptation of Rural Economies and Natural Resources to Climate Change”, and the other on the “Management of Coastal Resources and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity”.

CATS-1 supported adaptive measures in agriculture, forestry and water and waste-water management in Jamaica, Belize, Guyana, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, and St. Vincent & The Grenadines. CATS-2 focused on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in five East-Caribbean countries, namely Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, and St. Vincent & The Grenadines. In Saint Lucia, CATS was implemented in Canaries and Soufriere, and included the following project activities:

Recycling farm waste through composting and shredding.

Training and enhanced capacity in mushroom and cocoa cultivation.

Introduced natural pest control agents and low chemical fertilisers.

40 Global Trees Campaign, “Sustainable use of the lansan tree in Saint Lucia”. For more information, see https://globaltrees.org/projects/sustainable-use-of-the-lansan-tree- in-saint-lucia/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Catherine Morris, "Technology goes green", The Star, 9 June 2018. For more information, see https://stluciastar.com/technology-goes- green/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 41 Global Water Partnership-Caribbean, “Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Projects and Initiatives in the Caribbean”. For more information, see https://www.gwp.org/ globalassets/global/gwp-c-files/iwrm-initiatives_giz_cats.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 75

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Contributed to the compilation of first drafts of Organic Standards for Saint Lucia.

Biogas digester installation.

Provided support for eradication of invasive alien plant species on Gros Piton

Capacity building, procurements, and technical support for creation of agro-processing group, Jacq-Co Valley Products.

Other Tourism Green Globe Standard for Sustainable Tourism certification 42

Described as “the highest standard for sustainability world-wide”, the Green Globe Standard for Sustainable Tourism is a structured assessment of the sustainability performance of travel and tourism businesses and their supply chain partners. It provides certification standards for several industry categories, namely: attraction; business (wholesale / retail); congress centre, meeting venues; cruise ships (river and ocean); golf course; hotel and resort; meeting and events; organization; restaurant; spa, health centre; transportation (mass transportation, bus company, limousine service, car rental); and travel industry (tour operators, destination management company, meeting and incentive industry).

Several stakeholders in Saint Lucia’s tourism sector have been working towards Green Globe certification: Bay Gardens Hotel; Bay Gardens Inn; Fond Doux; Ladera Resort; Harbour Club; and The Body Holiday Royalton Resort and Spa.

UNITE Caribbean RePLAST-OECS Pilot Plastic Recycling Project

This plastic recycling project was launched in May 2019. It is a two-year, public-private initiative implemented by UNITE Caribbean, which aims to establish an incentivised plastic waste collection and recycling scheme. The plastic collected will be exported to a recycling plant in the Caribbean, thus promoting a circular economy model. The first pilot country is Saint Lucia, with subsequent replication in the OECS countries.

42 Green Globe, “Green Globe Certification”. For more information, see https://greenglobe. com/green-globe-certification/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 76 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

St. Lucia Electricity Services LUCELEC Solar Farm Limited (LUCELEC) Construction of the EC$20 million renewable energy project, funded by LUCELEC, commenced in November 2017.

The LUCELEC 3-megawatt (MW) Solar Farm in La Tourney, Vieux Fort, is now feeding solar energy into the island’s electricity grid. Energy from the nearly 15,000 solar panels that comprise the island’s first utility-scale solar farm began feeding the grid on Monday 9 April 2019, with the entire farm going fully online on Wednesday 11 April 2019.

LUCELEC Wind Farm 43

The 12-megawatt (MW) wind farm in Dennery is an important component of Saint Lucia’s thrust to use more renewable energy and improve its energy security under its National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS).

In April 2015, a wind measurement tower (part of Phase 1 of the project) was erected at the proposed site to collect wind speeds and other data. LUCELEC invested in the equipment to facilitate this initial exploration.

The US-based WindTex Energy had secured the lease on the land and was to contribute the technology and expertise in wind farm development. However, although they exited the project in 2017, thereby putting the project on hold, the Government gave a commitment to pursuing the wind farm and renewable energy agenda.

Inland Revenue Department Income tax deduction allowance for residents for (Ministry of Finance, Economic the purchase of solar water heaters. Growth, Job Creation, External Affairs and the Public Service) The Government instituted a policy from income year 2005 that allowed individuals a deduction of up to EC$6,500 for the purchase and installation of a new solar water heating system. Saint Lucians are required to attach a receipt to their returns form

43 LUCELEC, “Dennery Wind Farm On Track To Begin Construction in 2016”, 25 May 2016. For more information, see https://www.lucelec.com/content/dennery-wind-farm-track-begin- construction-2016. Last accessed 31 March 2021. New Energy Events, “St. Lucia 12 MW wind farm on hold after developer pulls out; government stays committed to wind power”, 13 March 2017. For more information, see https:// newenergyevents.com/st-lucia-wind-farm-developer-pulls-out-of-project/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 77

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Saint Lucia Solid Waste Returnable Containers Bill Management Authority This legislation was drafted in the 2010s, with a view to promoting waste recovery and recycling. However, it remains in draft form and is yet to be brought before the Parliament.

Solar Energy Businesses Solar energy installation

Several Saint Lucia companies are engaged in the solar energy business, undertaking installations of solar energy equipment and infrastructure. In addition, several new companies have been established to install solar PV systems.

Solar Island Energy — for planning, design, construction, installation, and maintenance of solar energy systems, including PVs and microgrid systems

Sol-Lucian Solar Renewable Energy — an electric solar renewable energy company that also installs grid-tied and stand-alone PV systems, reducing the cost of electricity. In addition, the company announced in 2021 that it will shortly begin distributing electric vehicles in Saint Lucia.

Solar Connections (St Lucia) Inc — focuses on providing products that function with wind and solar energy to business and residential properties.

Solar Dynamics EC Ltd. — specialises in the design, manufacturing, system sizing, installation, and service delivery of solar hot water systems, for residential and commercial use.

Saint Lucia Linen Services Ltd. Using waste oil for fuel

Saint Lucia Linen Services Ltd. is authorised by the Saint Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority to collect and dispose of all types of waste mineral and vegetable oils. All used oil is treated and recycled for use as fuel oil in commercial and industrial applications.

Algas Organics Conversion of Sargassum Seaweed to crop fertiliser

Established in 2014, Algas Organics is an agricultural biotech company that converts washed ashore sargassum into bottled plant fertiliser, while minimizing impacts on livelihoods of fishermen and coastal communities. 78 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Policies and Saint Lucia National Saint Lucia’s NAP has been defined as a 10‐year strategies Adaptation Plan, 2018–2028 process to secure, protect and build resilience in eight key sectors of economic activity in the country from the impacts of climate change. The priority sectors identified for adaptation action include tourism; water; agriculture; fisheries; infrastructure and spatial planning; natural resource management (terrestrial, coastal and marine); education; and health.

Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans (SASAPs) are being devised and implemented for each of these priority areas, with guidance and oversight from the overall NAP:

Saint Lucia’s National Adaptation Plan Stocktaking, Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report.

Saint Lucia’s National Adaptation Plan Roadmap and Capacity Development Plan 2018–2028.

Saint Lucia’s Climate Change Communications Strategy

Saint Lucia’s Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for the Water Sector (Water SASAP) 2018–2028.

Saint Lucia’s Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for the Agriculture Sector (Agriculture SASAP) 2018–2028.

Saint Lucia’s Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for the Fisheries Sector (Fisheries SASAP) 2018–2028.

Saint Lucia’s Portfolio of Project Concept Notes for the Water Sector 2018–2028.

Saint Lucia’s Portfolio of Project Concept Notes for the Agriculture Sector 2018–2028. X Findings and analysis 79

Table 3.3(c). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Saint Lucia

Themes Entity Description

Saint Lucia’s Portfolio of Project Concept Notes for the Fisheries Sector 2018–2028.

Monitoring and Evaluation Plan of Saint Lucia’s National Adaptation Planning Process.

Guidelines for the Development of Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans: Saint Lucia’s experience under its national adaptation planning process.

The NAP and SASAPs also include a range of initiatives proposed for promoting green initiatives, including green business in the various sectors. A climate financing strategy also has been developed, and Saint Lucia continues to seek support to help it achieve its climate resilience and adaptation goals. That support encompasses finance, technology transfer and capacity building, from a variety of sources, including public, private, bilateral, multilateral, and alternative sources.

Saint Lucia also has enacted several statutes to facilitate green business development and growth:

1. Agriculture and Fisheries Incentive Act, 2014 2. Tourism Incentive Act, 2014. 3. Tourism Stimulus and Investment Act (in effect up to 31 March 2020) 4. Fiscal Incentives Act, 2005. 5. Special Development Areas Act, 1998. 6. Micro and Small-Scale Business Enterprises Act, 2006. 80 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(d). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Regional

Entity Description

Inter American Foundation (IAF) Agriculture

In 2020, the IAF invested close to US$4 million in sustainable cocoa production in the region, matched by US$6.7 million mobilized by its grantee partners. The IAF directly funds dozens of cocoa farmer groups ranging in scale from small producers’ associations to a Peruvian network that represents 300,000 cocoa farmers from 26 producer associations. With IAF support, cocoa farmers boost their productivity using sustainable agro-forestry techniques, planting cacao trees among other trees to reduce erosion and the spread of crop diseases. They also develop value-added products and strengthen links with consumers. Finally, they have opportunities to network with other IAF grantee partners and exchange best practices for meeting export certification requirements.

Caribbean Climate Innovation GreenTech Incubator / Innovation Lab44 Centre (CCIC) The CCIC created the region’s first GreenTech incubator, “Innovation Lab”, which focuses on the nurturing and development of revenue generating clean technology companies. The Innovation Lab caters to start-up companies from across the region, specialising in areas such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, sustainable agribusiness, water/waste management and resource use efficiency.

Caribbean Export Development The Green Initiative documentary45 Agency (CEDA), via the Direct Assistance Grant Scheme The documentary features three entrepreneurs—Ruth’s Place in Antigua and Barbuda, Mega Power in Barbados, and Hotel Mockingbird Hill in Jamaica—wishing to shape and innovate how the Caribbean uses sustainable energy. They embarked on their respective projects with the assistance and support of the CEDA via the Direct Assistance Grant Scheme.

Caribbean Mobile Innovation Project The CMIP is a multi-faceted project to strengthen the Caribbean (CMIP): Led by PitchIT Caribbean mobile innovation ecosystem and enable sustainable and competitive mobile enterprises to grow.46 It is being led by PitchIT Caribbean—a program concerned with enhancing the mobile app development ecosystem across CARICOM. It is designed to accelerate mobile app entrepreneurs through the start-up life cycle, which runs from ideation to pitch, from pitch to market, and from market to maturity.47

44 CCIC, “What is Innovation Lab?” For more information, see http://www.caribbeancic.org/ incubator/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 45 CEDA, “The Green Initiative”. For more information, see https://www.carib-export.com/ export-promotion/the-green-initiative/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 46 World Bank, “Caribbean - Mobile Innovation Project under Entrepreneurship Program for Innovation in the Caribbean (EPIC) Project : additional financing (English)”. For more information, see https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/488751522832403334/caribbean-mobile-innovation-project-under- entrepreneurship-program-for-innovation-in-the-caribbean-epic-project-additional- financing. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 47 infoDev, “PitchIT Caribbean to Host Regional Competition for Tech Entrepreneurs in Montego Bay”, 19 April 2016. For more information, see https://www.infodev.org/press- releases/pitch-it-caribbean-challenge-2016. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Findings and analysis 81

Table 3.3(d). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Regional

Entity Description

GGGI's Eastern Caribbean Green This regional project supports the development, financing, and Entrepreneurship Initiative growth of businesses that contribute to addressing environmental and sustainability issues in six OECS countries: Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The project seeks to assist countries in meeting their climate change and green growth goals, while creating green jobs and developing local green industries. The initiative intends to offer incubation and accelerator programs, including virtual courses, a mentorship program, links to investors, in-person events and networking opportunities, in addition to providing seed grants and repayable loans to selected businesses.

Entrepreneurship Program for Promoting high-growth and sustainable enterprises in Innovation in the Caribbean (EPIC) the Caribbean

The EPIC seeks to build a supportive ecosystem for high-growth and sustainable enterprises throughout the Caribbean. The seven-year program is funded to the tune of US$20 million by the Government of Canada, and is implemented by infoDev and the World Bank Group. The program promotes angel investing and innovative financing in the region through LINK-Caribbean. It contributed to the launch of Jamaica's first Angel Network.

Caribbean Electricity Utility Services The Recover Better with Sustainable Energy Guide for Corporation (CARILEC) Caribbean Countries 48

The Guide highlights the opportunities and benefits, particularly in a post-COVID-19 world, which can help Caribbean leaders guide their countries onto a sustainable long-term development trajectory that incorporates sustainable energy technologies, while building resilient economies and demonstrating their unwavering commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement.

Caribbean Community Climate Climate Action Summit 2019 49 Change Centre (CCCCC) On 1 July 2019, the United Nations invited young people from around the world to apply to participate in the United Nations Youth Climate Summit, which was scheduled to take place at UN Headquarters in New York on 21 September 2019. The UN offered over 100 “Green Tickets” which were to benefit young people from the least developed countries especially, so they could participate in the Summit. The Green Ticket included travel to and from New York, and was carbon neutral.

48 CARILEC, “The Recover Better with Sustainable Energy Guide for Caribbean Countries”. For more information, see https://www.carilec.org/the-recover-better-with-sustainable- energy-guide-for-caribbean-countries/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. 82 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.3(d). Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business

Regional

Entity Description

Caribbean Natural Resources Enhancing Caribbean civil society’s access and readiness for Institute (CANARI) climate finance project 50

Caribbean civil society organizations (CSOs) often are best placed to help build the climate resilience of at-risk communities and their livelihoods, but their limited access to and engagement in climate finance and decision-making processes, nationally and regionally, prevents them from playing this critical role. The project seeks to address this gap and promote civil society leadership. Scheduled to run between February 2020 and August 2022, the project is being implemented in collaboration with national designated authorities and leading national and regional CSOs from the CARICOM Member States, including Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Suriname. The lead national designated authority for the project is the Climate Change Division in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation in Jamaica. CANARI is the implementing entity and delivery partner for the project. The project is funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme, with a grant of US$1,296,958.

50 CANARI, “Enhancing Caribbean Civil Society’s Access and Readiness for Climate Finance”. For more information, see https://canari.org/csos-ready-for-climate-finance/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Photo credit: Rawpixel

3.7 Compilation of existing information about businesses in identified green sectors

Regional Governments have created an enabling environment for business owners through the development of policies and incentives, and provision of technical services. In relation to the green business sector, regional Governments are now shifting to this area as information and funding becomes more readily available. Increasingly, Caribbean countries seeking to move towards a green economy are receiving assistance—technical and financial—from regional and international organizations. In light of this, there are existing businesses currently engaged in environmentally friendly initiatives. Although the private sector’s participation in this research study was limited, the research team was able to gather information from other stakeholders. Table 3.4 below, indicates those businesses in the identified green sectors in Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia during the data collection process. 84 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Table 3.4. Compilation of existing information about green businesses in select sectors

Country Business Existing information

Agriculture

Dominica Benjo Seamoss and This business bottles drinks made from sea moss, a natural Agro-Processing Limited resource from the ocean. This process has a minimal negative impact on the environment, from local ingredients used to the type of bottling material. The business’ owner, John Robin, believes that increasing and diversifying domestic food stock will foster food security and resilience in times of crisis.

D-Smart Farm D-Smart Farm is fully organic and offers environmentally friendly accommodation. The business owner, Dawn Francis,

runs several farm projects that include (but are not limited to) composting, liquid fertilizers, and natural insect repellents. The main purpose of this business is public education and to foster awareness on the importance of organic farming and sustainability.

Tourism

Guyana Watooka Lodge This guesthouse is located in Linden and was built in 1940. It was reopened in 2019 after renovation and upliftment of the space. The business is owned by an environmentalist, and as such, environmentally friendly and sustainable practices are observed.

Saint Lucia Sandals Sandals is the only hotel chain in the world acquiring Master certification from Earth Check, a leading environmental certification and benchmarking program. Environmental innovations by Sandals include (but are not limited to) the following:

Staff participation in workshops and seminars organized by environmental committees

Monitoring of water usage

Electricity efficiency (for example, timers)

Recycling (for example, of food, bed linens)

Promotion of green tours

Elimination of straws and Styrofoam® X Findings and analysis 85

Table 3.4. Compilation of existing information about green businesses in select sectors

Country Business Existing information

Renewable energy

Dominica Carl Nassif Group of The Group comprises several companies, and includes: Do it Companies Centre, Autotrade, KFC, Smart and Energy Management (EMS) Solutions Ltd.

EMS opened to the public in 2013, to provide options to improve energy efficiency and to reduce the high cost of electricity. This initiative is being utilized at all the D-Smart Farm aforementioned businesses, as well as other commercial buildings, all of whom have seen a reduction in energy costs.

It is also encouraged for domestic use.

Conservation

Dominica Wild Dominique This non-profit organization focusses on supporting and promoting conservation practices in Dominica. Some activities include (but are not limited to) clean ups and efforts towards the eradication of invasive species.

3.8 Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors

The adoption of green technology and practices supply unique characteristics of high upfront capital requirements and longer payback periods for investors. The required technical capacity also can be a challenge, especially in developing countries where highly skilled workforces are still nascent. This means that green businesses experience greater difficulty in attracting venture capital and require more public investment than the traditional sectors. This investment obstacle is even more pronounced in developing countries where payback scenarios are more uncertain, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and new ventures are riskier. In assessing the tools and equipment required to create a more enabling environment for the setting up and adoption of green business practices, the study focused on participants’ views with respect to what exists in relation to green business, as well as the requirements to deliver a green strategy. 86 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

In this regard, participants were asked to identify the tools which they believed would result in more sustainable practices for their business or organization. The response options provided for this question on the survey included:

X Carbon footprint calculators

X Life cycle analysis applications

X Energy auditing applications

X Green business practice guidelines

X Green building guidelines and best practices

The most commonly identified tools were “green business best practice guidelines” chosen by 80 per cent (n = 12) of respondents; followed by “energy audit applications”, prioritised by 67 per cent (n = 10); while 60 per cent (n = 9) of respondents chose “green building guidelines and best practices”. Participants’ responses are summarised in Figure 3.3. X Findings and analysis 87

Figure 3.3. Tools that could result in more sustainable business practices

Tools believed to result in more sustainable practices

60%

Green building guidelines and best practices 80% Green business practice guidelines 67% Energy auditing applications

20% Life cycle analysis applications

40% Carbon footprint calculators

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Having identified the possible tools and approaches to towards greening of their businesses and operations, respondents were asked to weigh in on at least two possible challenges associated with introducing these tools. The main issues identified in this regard are as follows:

X Ensuring standards are maintained so the business remains competitive in this new era.

X Level of awareness among persons of their individual impact on climate change needs to improve, so they can take decisive action to change such behaviour.

X Cost of implementation and insufficient human resource capacity.

X Absence of and/or inadequate financing to facilitate the development of relevant legislation.

X Lack of information and awareness of the approval process for Government incentives, as well as heavy bureaucracy and time- consuming processes involved in accessing them.

X Absence of Government policy to facilitate greening and green business development and growth.

X Lack of understanding, acceptance, and commitment to the implementation of green business and greening guidelines. 88 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

X Inadequate funding as well as technical knowledge and capacity to implement these measures.

X Lack of political buy-in towards the introduction of new tools and approaches.

X Adopting new practices may be time consuming and their implementation difficult.

Respondents were asked about which materials or equipment would contribute to more sustainable practices for their businesses or organizations. The options provide were:

X Solar photovoltaics (PVs)

X Solar water heaters

X Energy efficient heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems

X Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

X Water saving fixtures

X Natural building materials

The most important equipment identified by respondents were “LEDs”, chosen by 87 per cent (n = 13); while 67 per cent (n = 10) prioritised “solar PVs”. Some 60 per cent (n = 9) of respondents put a priority on “HVAC systems”; 53 per cent felt strongly about “water saving fixtures”; while 40 per cent (n = 6) placed a premium on “solar water heaters”. These results are illustrated in Figure 3.4. X Findings and analysis 89

Figure 3.4. Materials or equipment which could result in more sustainable business practices

Natural building materials 27%

Water saving fixtures 53%

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 87%

Energy efficient heating, ventilation 60% and air conditioning (HVAC) systems

Solar water heaters 40%

Solar photovoltaics (PVs) 67%

Respondents also were asked to reflect on two possible challenges associated with introducing these materials or equipment. In this regard, responses were obtained from 61 per cent (n = 14) of the respondents. Their thoughts are summarized in Text box 3.1. 90 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

X Text box 3.1. Summary of the challenges associated with introducing materials or equipment

X Lack of sensitization and education.

X Initial cost of installation and maintenance.

X Approval from existing electricity companies.

X Qualified personnel to install the equipment.

X Willingness to change is slow as this may not be seen as a priority.

X Access to financing for the equipment.

X Lack of and/or inadequate technical knowledge / capacity / availability of local experts.

X Incompatibility with current outdated technology.

X Operational costs may be high

One of the critical aspects of engaging in green business or adopting green business practices is the availability of finance. In this regard, during the FGDs participants and interviewees were asked about their awareness of national and regional institutions that provided technical or financial support for the execution of climate smart initiatives. Table 3.5 presents the agencies identified during those sessions. X Findings and analysis 91

Table 3.5. Agencies that provide technical or financial support for climate smart initiatives

Country Institution

Dominica All Banks

Dominica’s Government through its budgetary allocations

National Development Foundation

Guyana Guyana SBB—Green technology fund

All Banks

Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry Ltd (GBTI)

EPA for technical advice

Government of Guyana, through its budgetary allocations

Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Development Bank

Tourism Enhancement Fund

IDB ECO Micro Project

GOSL, through its budgetary allocation

Regional GEF

Caribbean Biodiversity Fund

UNEP

CDB

OECS, through its various programmes

EU

USAID

OAS

IAF

Australian Aid

AFD (Agence Française de Développement) 92 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

In addition to identifying the financial institutions engaged in providing funding for climate smart initiatives, participants noted that other forms of support included:

X Incentives for productive activities that focus on the green economy;

X Training;

X Technical support;

X Raising awareness about green business;

X Establishment of a Ministry with responsibility for the development of green jobs;

X Tax reforms for going green;

X Amendment of the building code to include energy efficiency technologies and other green initiatives, as a requirement for approving large developments;

X Reduced custom duties and taxes on investments in renewables; and

X Incentives to undertake research related to green business and technologies.

A clear understanding of the challenges associated with adopting green practices or establishing green businesses is essential, in order to effectively address existing gaps and minimise such challenges. Interviewees and research participants shared their insights in this regard, which are highlighted in Text box 3.2. X Findings and analysis 93

X Text box 3.2. Synopsis of the challenges associated with adopting green practices or businesses

X Issues with the implementation of policies and the provision of incentives.

X The need for stakeholder education and increases in their levels of awareness including through employer’s organizations.

X Emphasis on the generation of profits by businesses instead of environmental protection.

X NGOs do not access the funding geared towards the green business sector.

X Limited opportunities for financial support for the private sector.

X Existing legislation hinders the progress of the sector, for example, limits on the selling of energy to the national grid.

X Limited inter-agency coordination across green initiatives.

X Unavailability of the relevant infrastructure. For example, no charging stations for electric vehicles despite the promotion of green vehicle use by the Government.

Source: The research study. 94 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Having identified the gaps and challenges, participants on the study were asked to recommend actions to address and/or mitigate them. They presented a range of recommendations which can be classified according to the following six criteria, namely: 1. Entrepreneurship and business acceleration

2. Innovation finance

3. Market development

4. Technology development

5. Policy and Legislation

6. Education and Awareness

Entrepreneurship and business acceleration

X Governments should develop and/or support a business model so that it becomes a model for sustainable development.

X Encourage entrepreneurship in the green business sector.

X Awareness building activities should be supported by funding to move from idea to implementation.

X Countries should pursue programmes offering technical assistance and the linking of foreign investors with local SMEs.

X More hands-on and in-country business incubation to facilitate business creation and innovation, including for youth. X Findings and analysis 95

Innovation finance

X Governments should facilitate access to special financing (such as soft loans, loan guarantees, as well as seed and/or venture capital) to complement traditional sources, to support green business and green technologies adoption.

X The promotion of regional and international funding sources which support green businesses and strengthen capacity at the national level to access the funds.

X Facilitate special credit facilities for technologies that require higher up- front investments, such as renewable energy systems.

X Creation of incentives to encourage local financial institutions to support green business and/or technologies.

Market development

X There should be incentives to the uptake of green products and services of local SMEs.

X There is need for research and development to support the growth of the technology market.

X There should be standards to guide new businesses and technology to engender greater trust in the new technology processes.

X Greater emphasis by Governments through enhanced sustainable procurement policies and practices to help create greater local demand.

X The OECS Commission should assist in promoting green innovation projects developed in the sub-region, to strengthen the uptake of regionally developed products which meet international standards. 96 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Technology development

X Instrument designed to stimulate technology development including research and development tax credits.

X Fund research grants.

X Promote and strengthen publicly funded, competitive research collaborations, networks and competitions.

X Promote and showcase demonstration projects.

Legal and regulatory framework

X The overall legal framework for green businesses should be strengthened by implementing legal and regulatory policies, including sector specific policies.

X The educational priority should be adjusted to include green businesses and technologies.

X Introduce taxes on pollution through higher import taxes.

Education and awareness

X Increase awareness among the general population about the benefits of green business and technology.

X Employers’ organizations should be more engaged and assist in the dissemination of information and education to members about the opportunities and challenges related to green business.

X NGOs should receive greater support to promote and undertake green initiatives at the national and community levels. 97 X 4 Summary recommendations and concluding comments

This report has unveiled several hopeful findings and some very significant challenges to the promotion and advancement of green economies, and the consequent realization of green businesses and green jobs in Dominica, Guyana, and Saint Lucia. The findings suggest there is the need for greater sensitization and engagement, not only of employers’ organizations, but of other key stakeholders. While each country had its positive indicators, such as the possibility of the first LEED-certified building under construction in Guyana, the critical conditions for uptake of existing green tools and incentives remain absent. Moreover, legislation, policies, and programmes for green economy development in these countries are piecemeal. They lack the coherence— and thus, the ability—to generate the cumulative effect for changed mindset, reformed behaviours and ongoing high-volume transactions for green products and services required for a progression of greening across Government, business, and society. This lack of an enabling context for a green economy is not unique to these countries. Nevertheless, the low level of awareness about the green economy and green business by respondents suggests the need for a comprehensive green awareness campaign of wide and sustained public engagement, including pragmatic interventions that deliver hands-on skills toward green business development and operations. The perception in Dominica is that only larger companies pay some attention to green business development. However, since the mandate to be the first 98 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

climate resilient country in the world, the various ministries are in fulfilment. For the most part, the initial capital investment—which, oftentimes, is geared towards the adoption of energy efficiency technologies such as solar photovoltaics, solar water heaters and energy efficient appliances and equipment (for example air-conditioning units)—is still too high. This is the same across the three territories under review, and many businesses are deterred from investing despite the existence of financial incentives and tax concessions. In Guyana, the consensus from the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI), the Linden Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI), the Private Sector Commission (PSC), and the Centre for Local Business Development is that more educational awareness for green businesses must occur. Moreover, there is a need for a cohesive framework for the development of green businesses, which encompasses financial incentives and mechanisms to support the green economy. Currently, while there are national policies that provide overarching guidance for the development of environmentally sustainable businesses and practices, there are limited downstream policies, regulations, and financial mechanisms to promote green business development. A major disadvantage is the high cost of renewable energy technologies, which is the main focus towards greening the economy. In Saint Lucia, the Department of Sustainable Development is engaged in several initiatives aimed at developing and enacting policies and legislation in the area of sustainable development. However, articulating initiatives on the ground is not quite clear. Indeed, proper articulation of the sustainable development agenda in way that ensures clear buy-in by their respective populations remains a key challenge in the three countries under review in this report. While national policies and strategies may exist, there is a challenge in communicating them via more targeted regulations and guidelines to clearly facilitate green business development. To achieve global goals such as Agenda 2030 through the UN-SDGs, there must be substantial transformation in every economic sector and each nation. Such transformation could then result in the requisite significantly lower carbon emissions globally; reduced waste generation to as low as zero; the use of renewable energy sources being dominant; and consumer demand for nearly 100 per cent green and low-to-zero carbon commodities and services. The desired state is the realization of what is called a circular economy with zero waste and complete reuse and recycling of materials. This report provides recommendations to advance this critically important X Summary recommendations and concluding comments 99

set of actions for the much-needed resilience building, given the current international, regional, and national challenges. The following list summarises several notable recommendations made in the report, representative of the findings on what may be required to support the growth of green economies in Caribbean nations. 1. Initiatives for green economies must be integrated in national strategic plans, and their implementation coordinated across business and society.

2. A legislative agenda for the achievement of sustainability across the three pillars of Economy, Environment, and Society should be conceptualised and coordinated. All pieces of legislation with necessary regulations must be developed and enacted to support much needed action, such as the increasing use of renewable energy sources for residential and commercial use—including Government offices—and the reduction of waste generation to near zero.

3. Change agents across all professions and sectors, including civil society, must be fully engaged in greening initiatives using local and/or national mechanisms and leaders for authentic interventions that will last beyond the engagement.

4. There is a dire need for pragmatic training interventions in the form of business incubators that include the creation of green business policies and how to implement them. This training must be a part of active support for green business start-ups that would flourish.

5. Public education and engagement to create mindful change toward responsible and environmentally sustainable consumption, as well as mandatory reuse and recycling activity supported by local business enterprises making use of the recycled materials in new products or repairing and repurposing items.

6. The greening of the finance sector to channel more investments and loans toward green start-ups and green resilience-building infrastructure, such as off grid utilities, also is a critically important measure. This should be linked to businesses integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices in their strategies and operations, with measurement and evaluation of those actions for full disclosure to a broad range of stakeholders.

Ultimately, direct action is needed to realise what has been theorised and mapped out toward green economies in these target countries and the wider region, in alignment with the focus of the ILO. Photo credit: Rawpixel X Running head 101

References 102 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Ali, Irfaan. 2020. "President Irfaan Ali speaks on investment opportunities in Guyana at the launch of GO-Invest's new online investment portal". November 2020. Retrieved from GO-Invest (Guyana Office for Investment) publications: https://goinvest.gov.gy/publications/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Andrew, McHale. 2018. "Exploring Opportunities for Transformation to Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient Economies in the Eastern Caribbean", CANARI Technical Report No. 404 . – 2018. The Green Economy Barometer 2018: Eastern Caribbean. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: www.greeneconomycoalition.org. Benson, Charlotte, Edward Clay, Franklyn V. Michael, and Alastair W. Robertson. 2001. "Dominica: natural disasters and economic development in a small island state (English)", Disaster risk management working paper series; No. 2. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/875391468770118094/Dominica-natural-disasters-and- economic-development-in-a-small-island-state. Boyd, Alex. 2019. "Guyana's Green Business Framework". 27 February 2019. Retrieved from Ministry of Tourism, Industry and Commerce: https:// www.business.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Final-Guyana-Green- Business-Framework-1.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Bunker, Kaitlyn, Stephen Doig, Justin Locke, Stephen Mushegan (CCI), Siana Teelucksingh (CCI), and Roy Torbert. 2017. Saint Lucia National Energy Transition Strategy and Integrated Resource Plan. Rocky Mountain Institute. http://islands.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Sids/Publications/Saint-Lucia- --National-Energy-Transition-Strategy-and-Integrated-Resource-Plan. ashx?la=en&hash=80C7F81D57FB9117692F2FCEA076425866A7EEEE. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Carter, Shawn. 2014. "The policy flux: current green economy policy initiatives in the Caribbean", In Green economies in the Caribbean – Perspectives, priorities and an action learning agenda, edited by Tighe Geoghegan, Nicole Leotaud, and Steve Bass, 20-22. London: IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). CDB (Caribbean Development Bank). 2019. "Guyana: Country Economic Review – Mid-Year Update for 2019". Retrieved from GCCI (Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry): https://gcci.gy/wp-content/ uploads/2019/09/Country-Economic-Review_Mid-Year-Update_2019-final_ updated-2.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X References 103

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– 2017b. Skills for Green Jobs Study – Guyana. Available at: https://www.ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-port_of_spain/ documents/publication/wcms_614127.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. – 2020. Policy Brief: The World of Work and COVID-19. Available at: https:// unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-world-work-and-covid-19. Last accessed 31 March 2021. – Caribbean Resilience Project. n.d. "ILO programme of targeted technical assistance to Guyana, Saint Lucia and Dominica for a just transition to environmentally sustainable economies in the context of climate change adaptation". Available at: https://www.ilo.org/caribbean/projects/ WCMS_714015/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed 31 March 2021. – ITC (International Training Centre). (2016) Greening Economies Enterprises and Jobs: The role of employers’ organizations in the promotion of environmentally sustainable economies and enterprises ISBN 978-92-9049-776-9. Last accessed 31 March 2021. – NORMLEX Information System on International Labour Standards. 2017. "R205 - Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017 (No. 205) https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f? p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R205. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Kubale, Anthony. 2018. "ESIA Volume 5: Technical Appendices", Dominica Geothermal Development – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. DGDC and Jacobs New Zealand Limited. Retrieved from https://www.geodominica. dm/esia/. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Majurin, Eva. 2017. Green Business Booklet. ILO (International Labour Organization). Moore, W., Alleyne ,F., Alleyne, Y., Blackman, K., Blenman, C., Carter, S., Cashman, A., Cumberbatch, J., Downes, A., Hoyte, H., Mahon,R., Mamingi, N., McConney, P., Pena, M., Roberts, S., Rogers, T., Sealy, S., Sinckler, T. and A. Singh. 2014. Barbados’ Green Economy Scoping Study. Government of Barbados, The University of West Indies - Cave Hill Campus, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). Available at: https://core.ac.uk/ reader/228153680. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Neuman, William Lawrence. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Fourth Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2011. Tools For Delivering on Green Growth. Paris. Available at: https://www.oecd. org/greengrowth/48012326.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X References 107

PSC (Private Sector Commission). 2019. Annual Report 2019 – Building a Sustainable Future for Guyana. December 2019. Available at: https://psc. org.gy/wp-content/themes/psc/documents/PSC_Annual_Report_2019_ compressed.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Rao, P. 2002. “Greening the Supply Chain: A New Initiative in South East Asia”. International Journal of Operations and Production Management 22 (6): 632- 655. Saget, Catherine, Adrien Vogt-Schilb, and Luu Trang. 2020. Jobs in a Net-Zero Emissions Future in Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB (Inter-Americian Development Bank) and ILO (International Labour Organization). Washington D.C. and Geneva. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/- --americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_752069.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Saint Lucia, Government of Saint Lucia. 2018. Saint Lucia’s Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for the Water Sector (Water SASAP) 2018-2028, under the National Adaptation Planning Process. Department of Sustainable Development, Ministry of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development and Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, Natural Resources and Cooperatives, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Physical Planning, Natural Resources and Cooperatives. Available at: https://www. preventionweb.net/files/64912_sluwatersasapmay2018.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. – Ministry of Tourism, Information and Broadcasting, Culture and Creative Industries. 2019. Saint Lucia Tourism Strategy & Action Plan 2020-2030, October 2019. – Saint Lucia Forests and Lands Resources Department. 2015. Strategy 2015– 2025. Union, Saint Lucia. Available at: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ stl192162.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Stang, Sharon, and Carrie K. Jones. 2011. "Counting Green Jobs: Developing the Green Technologies and Practices (GTP) Survey". Survey Research Methods – Joint Statistical Meetings, 1768 -1780. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/osmr/ research-papers/2011/pdf/st110150.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. Tandon, Nidhi. 2013. "Opportunities for Advancing Women’s Sustainable and Green Livelihoods: Food Security, Small-Scale Women Farmers and Climate Change in Caribbean SIDS", IPC-IG (International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth) Working Paper No. 114. 108 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2018. "Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Transportation Infrastructure in the Caribbean: Enhancing the Adaptive Capacity of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) – Saint Lucia: A case study". Available at: https://unctad.org/ system/files/official-document/dtltlb2018d3_en.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and GEF (Global Environment Facility). 2015. "Low Carbon Development Path: Promoting Energy Efficient Applications and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies in Streets, Outdoor areas and Public Buildings in Island Communities Nationwide (LCDP) – Dominica". UNDP Project Document. Available at: https://www.thegef. org/project/low-carbon-development-path-promoting-energy-efficient- applications-and-solar-photovoltaic. Last accessed 31 March 2021. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2016. Green Economy Scoping Study for Saint Lucia. This publication was produced in close cooperation with the Government of Saint Lucia and the University of the West Indies. Available at: http://www.sustainablesids.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/02/UNEP-Green-Economy-Scoping-Study-for-Saint- Lucia-2016-1.pdf. Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Running head 109

X Annex I: Listing of research participants by country51

Dominica

Ricky Brumant Michael Fadelle Lizra Fabien Director Coordinator Executive Director Agricultural Division Energy Desk Dominica Association of Industry and Commerce Dylan Williams Paula Williams President Cooperative Officer Agnes Esprit Dominica Organic Agricultural Dominica Cooperative Division National Coordinator Movement United Nations Development Programme Global Environ- mental Fund (GEF) Small Grants Programme

Guyana

Ivor Coates Natasha Peters-Gaskin Victor Fernandes Senior Economic Statistician Director President Bureau of Statistics Centre for Local Business Linden Chamber of Commerce Development and Industry Nicholas Deygoo President Ambika Ramraj Anita Rampersad Georgetown Chamber of Membership and Marketing Chief Financial Officer and Commerce and Industry Officer Human Resources Manager Georgetown Chamber of Machinery Corporation Shaleeza Shaw Commerce and Industry (MACORP) Guyana Ltd Head of the Green Economy Committee Thomas Singh Donna Canterbury Private Sector Commission & Director Head, Industrial Metrology and Georgetown Chamber of University of Guyana, Green Testing Commerce Growth Institute Bureau of Standards

Alexis Monize Samora Marcus Watkins Leanna Damond Senior Director of Investment Director of Investment Senior Investment Officer Go-Invest Go-Invest Go-Invest

Kibbyann Chester-Harding Senior Export Promotion Officer Go-Invest

51 This listing refers to persons who participated in interviews, focus groups and the online survey. Where available, names of the survey respondents were included. 110 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia

Brian Louisy Giles Romulus Donette Charlery Executive Director National Coordinator Economist Saint Lucia Chamber of United Nations Development Ministry of Economic Affairs Commerce Programme Global Environ- Government of Saint Lucia ment Fund Kwesi Roberts Catherine Sealys Business Development Officer Paula James President Organization of Eastern Executive Director Raise Your Voice Caribbean States Commission Saint Lucia Manufacturers (Competitive Business Unit) Association Jeanel Volney Albert Sustainable Development and Yvonne Agard Craig Henry Environment Officer Executive Director Programme Officer Sustainable Development Saint Lucia Coalition of Service Saint Lucia National Conserva- Department and Environment Industries tion Fund Division

Verne Emmanuel Goretti Paul Alana Lansiquot Executive Director Executive Director (Interim) Investment Promotion & Saint Lucia Bureau of Saint Lucia Employer’s Fulfilment Manager Standards Association Invest Saint Lucia

Johnathan Johannes Tommy Descartes Lancia Isidore Managing Director Chief Economist Managing Director 1st National Bank Ministry of Finance, Planning Saint Lucia Crisis Centre and Economic Development / Saint Lucia NDA for the Green Climate Fund X Running head 111

X Annex II: Terms of reference

Name: The University of the West Indies Open Campus (-81996)

Address: Cave Hill, St. Michael

City, Country: BARBADOS

Telephone: Tel: 876-977-6982; Mobile: 876-995-7241

E-mail: [email protected]

Start date: 06 November 2020

End date: 12 February 2020

Contract Sum: ---

Linkage to Outcome/ Outcome 3: Economic, social and environmental transitions Outputs in the Programme and for full, productive and freely chosen employment and Budget: decent work for all

Output 3.3. Increased capacity of member States to formulate and implement policies for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies

Outcome 1: Strong tripartite constituents and influential and inclusive social dialogue

Output 1.1. Increased institutional capacity of employer and business membership organizations

Supervision of the external Ana Sánchez, regional Green Jobs Specialist, ILO México collaborator: Office Vanessa Phala, Senior Specialist, Employers' Activities, ILO Port of Spain Office

Source of Funding: RBSA SPS127

Context:

In 2019 the ILO Office for the Caribbean launched the Caribbean Resilience Project. A multi-disciplinary programme of targeted technical support for highly vulnerable Caribbean member States, the Caribbean Resilience Project is anchored by two important framework documents acceded to by ILO’s constituents in recent years, namely:- The 2015 Guidelines for a just 112 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all and ILO Recommendation No. 205, 2017 (R205). The ILO recognized that regional resilience building efforts continue to be challenged by two intertwined dimensions of vulnerability-(a) anticipation and responses to regular and recurring natural disasters (hurricanes and floods); and (b) the need to diversify the economy and transition to sustainable (green) economic production to sustain growth and cope with environmental changes. Therefore, a key objective of the Project is to strengthen the capacity of countries to become more resilient (in line with R205) by ensuring that the principles embedded in the ILO “Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all” are fully adopted and implemented at national level. The current COVID-19 pandemic and the devastating socio-economic effects on Caribbean SIDs and developing countries, has brought into sharp focus the centrality of jobs and livelihoods in processes for recovery from disasters and crises. It has created further urgency for the ILO’s ongoing work to under the Project, to improve the integration of jobs and the Decent Work Agenda in how Caribbean labour markets prepare for, cope with and otherwise respond to climate hazards, health crises and other types of threats. The transition to green jobs is also recognised as a crucial part of the resilience framework in the region, providing long term environmental protection, economic development and social inclusion. As countries in the region grapple with immediate public health responses and mitigation measures to ease the economic and social dislocations cause, as well as contemplate how best to use limited resources in a way that will allow for sustainable recovery and growth in the longer term, a growing number of organizations are calling for a green recovery to the COVID-19 crisis. Leaders and decision- makers are also in agreement that COVID-19 response measures should also promote climate resilience and support the transition to environmentally sustainable economies. Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserving or restoring the environment, be they in traditional sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such as renewable energy and energy efficiency. Green business can be defined as a business functioning in a capacity where no negative impact is made on the local or global environment, the community, or the economy. A green business will also engage in forward-thinking policies for environmental concerns and policies. X Running head 113

At the enterprise level, green jobs can produce goods or provide services that benefit the environment, for example green buildings, recycling clean energy production or sustainable transportation. Additionally, all business regardless of whether or not they produce a green product or provide a green service can improve their environmental performance by reducing all type of waste, increasing recycling of material, consuming clean energy and sustainable products and preserving the local environment. The ILO's Green Jobs Programme actively promotes the creation of green jobs through research, international advocacy, capacity building, knowledge sharing and at national level through the provision of political and technical advisory services. These efforts create decent employment opportunities, enhance resource efficiency and build low-carbon sustainable societies.

Objectives of the consultancy:

The current consultancy aims at collecting information about the current scenario related to the promotion of green business in the three (3) target countries - Saint Lucia, Dominica and Guyana. Each case study should identify regulatory incentives for green business, existing green certification programmes by sector, initiatives by the private and public sector to promote green business, progress made on business climate resilience (disaster preparedness and response), opportunities for greening all economic sectors. The reports will be used as a basis for regional engagements and discussions on green business in the Caribbean planned for later in the year. In particular the deliverables will serve to inform planning and decision making by national Employers’ Organizations (EOs) for the establishment or improvement of services they provide to assist their members in the move towards greener and more productive business. These services and their income generation potential will also be important in securing the resilient and sustainability of the EOs themselves. 114 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Activities

Activity 1: Elaboration a report by country that compiles the following information: X Analysis of green business strategies, policies and regulations in the country: these include incentives for business to reduce environmental impacts (GHG emissions, recycling, use of renewable energy sources, use of energy efficiency measures).

X Identification of Green Business Certification programme existing in the country in eco-tourism, clean energy production, waste management and recycling, water management, environmental education, environmental services to business, organic food production, sustainable construction, green finance and other if relevant.

X Mapping of existing institutions and their initiatives on green business: Compilation of institutions (public, private and others) that are developing programmes or initiatives to promote or support green business. Those institutions may include research centres, employers and workers’ related organizations and others. Regional initiatives at the Caribbean level will be included too.

X Compilation of existing information about business in identified green sectors: compile information available on number and type of business in eco-tourism, clean energy production, waste management and recycling, water management, environmental education, environmental services to business, organic food production, sustainable construction, green finance. Other sectors may be included if relevant. Green business certification programmes, employers’ associations, statistical information might be useful sources of information.

X Mapping of business-related climate resilience programmes and institutions: institutions, research centres and initiatives which focus on supporting business to better adapt to climate impacts (disasters and others). Regional initiatives at the Caribbean level will be included too. X Running head 115

X Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors: Compilation of tools and technical approaches being used to green economic sectors such as reducing waste and encouraging recycling, increasing energy efficiency and use of clean energy, and any other measures deemed relevant. Particular areas of interest for the study include cleaner production programmes, workplace cooperation (bipartite committees or others) towards greening the sector, capacity building programmes for business on climate change, environmental management and others.

X Views of employers’ organizations (See activity 2): Employers’ feedback on their understanding, perceptions and opinions on the concept of green business, opportunities to grow in the country, challenges faced by them and needs/requirements for survival, recovery and long-term sustainability.

Activity 2: Interviews with Employer’s Organizations and enterprises about opportunities for and challenges to transitioning to/ establishing green business. A summary of the interviews will be included in the report (see Activity 1). Contacts for employers’ organizations in the target countries will be provided by the ILO. X Development of a questionnaire to be addressed to employers’ organizations and member companies/enterprises in the private sector to get their views on the concept of green business, opportunities to grow in the country, challenges faced by them and needs, and requirements identified to grow.

X Interviews with the main employers’ organization of the country and selected private sector enterprises 116 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Products and deadlines:

Product 1: Work plan and Collection of information Criteria – November 10, 2020 1. Outline of a detailed methodology including, sample criteria and size, proposed stakeholders to be interviewed,

2. Workplan including detailed timelines and consultation schedule for virtual interviews with stakeholders in each country

3. Secondary data sources

Product 2: Inception Report –November 20, 2020 4. A review of the initial findings from secondary data collection on green business regulation in the countries, Green Business Certification Programmes, existing initiatives on green business, existing information about business in green sectors, business-related climate resilience programmes and institutions and Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors

5. Survey instrument(s) to be used for primary data collection

Product 3: Draft Report(s) (St. Lucia, Dominica, Guyana)-January 15, 2021

Product 4: Presentation of the Draft Report(s) to key stakeholders in the 3 countries- January 29, 2021

Product 5: Final Report(s)- February 6, 2021.

Authorized by Director, ILO Caribbean Office X Running head 117

X Annex III: Data collection guides for the interviews, focus group discussions, and the online survey

International Labour Organization Caribbean Office Green Business Case Study—Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia Data Collection Tools: Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and an Online Survey Prepared under contract by The University of the West Indies Open Campus 5 February 2021 (NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION) 118 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

A. General guidance for the research team

Summary of the data collection approach

Data collection tool Proposed target groups Method of administration

1. Interviews Refer to the inception report for Online using Zoom, Skype, the stakeholders that have been Google Meet and similar identified as key informants for platforms. the interviews. The questions will be administered based on the area of expertise of the interviewee. As a result, no interviewee will be expected to answer all of the questions on the interview guide.

Interviewees will also be asked to complete the online survey.

2. Focus group Refer to the inception report for Online using Zoom, Skype, discussions (FGDs) the stakeholders that have been Google Meet and similar identified as potential platforms. participants for the FGD. FGDs will be at the national level and each group should be between four to six participants. Where possible, emphasis will be placed on ensuring that the groups include both males and females.

Participants in the FGDs will also be asked to complete the online survey.

3. Online survey The online survey will be sent to Online survey to be rolled out all of the persons who have been using the Survey Monkey identified to participate in the platform. research, including those stakeholders who have been asked to participate in an interview or FGD.

The support of the main employers’ organizations will also be sought with the promotion and/or distribution of the survey link to their members. X Running head 119

B. Key operational definitions

1. Green business: “Green businesses can be defined from two perspectives: one relates to the outputs in the form of green products or services, while the other relates to the process of an economic activity. This means that entrepreneurs can enter into the “green” business sector by either providing environmentally friendly products or services or through environmentally friendly process[es] or with the help of clean technologies which reduce any negative effects of the business (p. 7)”.

2. Green jobs: “Green jobs are decent jobs in any economic sector (for example, agriculture, industry, services, administration) which contribute to preserving, restoring and enhancing environmental quality. Green jobs reduce the environmental impact of enterprises and economic sectors by improving the efficiency of energy, raw materials and water; de-carbonizing the economy and bringing down emissions of greenhouse gases; minimizing or avoiding all forms of waste and pollution; protecting or restoring ecosystems and biodiversity; and supporting adaptation to the effects of climate change”.

2b. Alternative Definition of Green Jobs: “The ILO defines green jobs as ‘decent jobs that contribute to preserve or restore the environment, be they in traditional sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such as renewable energy and energy efficiency”.

3. Green economy: “The United Nations Environment Programme defines a “green economy as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. In its simplest expression, a green economy can be thought of as one which is low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive”. 120 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

3b. Alternative Definition of Green Economy: “The European Commission views ‘greening of the economy’ as actions and policies that are relevant to ‘better management of resources, economic instruments that are good for the environment, support for innovation, better policies for water and waste, and efforts to boost sustainable consumption and production”. “A sustainable financial system is one that creates values and transacts financial assets in ways that shape real wealth to serve the long-term needs of an inclusive, environmentally sustainable economy. Green finance then refers to any financial instruments whose proceeds are used for sustainable development projects and initiatives, environmental products and policies under the single goal of promoting a green economic transformation toward low-carbon, sustainable and inclusive pathways.”

Sources:

1. ILO. (2017). Green Business Booklet. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

2. & 3.: ILO. Frequently Asked Questions on green jobs. For more information, see https://www.ilo.org/global/ topics/green-jobs/WCMS_214247_EN/lang--en/index.htm.

Last accessed 31 March 2021.

2b: ILO. What is a green job? For more information, see https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/news/ WCMS_220248/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed 31 March 2021.

3b: European Commission. The Green Economy. For more information, see https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ basics/green-economy/index_en.htm. Last accessed 31 March 2021.

Green Growth Knowledge Platform (Green Policy Platform). Explore Green Finance. For more information, see https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/page/explore-green-finance.

Last accessed 31 March 2021. X Running head 121

C. Interview guide

The University of the West Indies Open Campus (The UWI Open Campus) in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) Caribbean Office is conducting a research project on the promotion of green business in Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia. The research will examine the following areas:

X Regulatory initiatives for green business;

X Existing green certification programmes by sector;

X Initiatives by the public and private sectors as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to promote green business;

X Progress made on business climate resilience (disaster preparedness and response); and

X Opportunities for greening all sectors.

You were identified as one of the stakeholders who could share information about the current status and plans related to the green business sector. The interview will take approximately 45 minutes to one hour to complete. Any information that you provide will be kept in strict confidence, your answers will not be linked to you in any way and your name will only be listed in the final report as one of the people who participated in the research. Please also note that we would like to record the interview for use by the research team. Should you have any questions about the research, please feel free to contact Ms Nicole Hazel, Lead Researcher at [email protected], copying Dr Emily Dick-Forde, Project Coordinator at [email protected].

For the Interviewer: Questions should be selected based on the area of expertise/organization of the interviewee. For the note-taker only. Please note the following information for each interviewee.

X Sex: Male or Female

X Name

X Position

X Organization 122 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Section One: Business strategies, policies, and regulations in the country 1. Has your Government developed and or enacted any policies aimed at environmental protection? If yes, in what areas?

2. Has your Government developed and/or enacted any policies aimed at carbon reduction? If yes, in what areas?

3. Are there are laws that have been developed and or enacted that focus specifically on protecting the environment? If yes, what are some of the areas that the law focuses on. NB: Ask for a copy of the law.

4. Are there laws that have been developed and or enacted that focus specifically on carbon reduction either as direct action or carbon sequestration (extracting carbon from the atmosphere- more trees, etc)? If yes, what are some of the areas that the law focuses on. NB: Ask for a copy of the law or policy.

5. Does your organization currently have a green business policy? What are the major areas of focus of the policy? NB: Ask for a copy of the policy.

6. Since the introduction of the policy has this been readily accepted by the business community?

7. Are there any policies or regulations being proposed, which will assist in the development of Green Business in your country?

8. Is there any current policy or legislation which you think if implemented will help in green business development and growth?

9. What if any do you think are the main policy or legislative impediments to green business development and growth?

Section Two: Green business certification and standards 1. Are you aware of any national or regional green business certification programmes? If yes, what are they and in what sectors? And which organization is responsible for the award of the certification identified?

2. Have any public or private organizations been awarded green business certification within the last five years?

3. Do you know about any non-governmental organizations that have been recognised for their work in environmental sustainability? X Running head 123

4. Do professional bodies in your country Engineering and Architecture industry promote/provide Leadership in Energy and Environmental (LEED) design or any other green building rating system services?

5. Does the Government encourage green building/sustainable construction using LEED or other similar climate smart standards/codes for new building construction, including for Government funded housing developments?

6. Has the Government commenced climate smart codes and regulations for infrastructure development?

7. Has the Government commenced climate smart codes and/or regulations for land use planning?

8. Has the organization with which you are associated instituted or is targeting any specific objective or programme which will promote green business practices?

Section Three: Existing Institutions and their Initiatives on Green Business 1. Are you aware of any national or regional entities that have developed projects/programmes aimed at the promotion of green businesses?

2. Similarly, are there any national or regional entities that provide technical or financial support for the execution of environmental and/or climate smart initiatives?

3. Note to interviewer, ask about specific initiatives on the mapping based on the organization/area of expertise of the interviewee.

4. Were green jobs created out of any of the projects/programmes that were executed in support of green businesses?

Section Four: Business-related climate resilience programmes and institutions 1. Are businesses taking up investment opportunities related to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) made under the Paris Climate Agreement, and complementary climate action?

2. Has the private sector been engaged by Government to take up new business opportunities and or to partner to achieve the NDCs? 124 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

3. What are the sectors in your view which are most able to take advantage of green technology / business opportunities?

Section Five: Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors 1. Are there any financial institutions lending specifically for green business development including for renewable energy/solar water heaters/solar energy business? If yes, can you provide names and details?

2. What type of support or facilitation from the Government is most required to encourage finance institutions to lend for green business development in your country?

3. What are some of the greatest impediments that are negatively impacting green business generation and development?

4. What are some of the recommended actions that you have for Government, businesses and or NGOs?

Section Six: Questions for employer’s organizations, chambers of commerce and private enterprises only 1. Do you believe that the Government is doing enough to support environmental initiatives particularly within the business sector?

2. Reflect on the situation in your country, is the emphasis on green business limited to certain sectors or types of organizations?

3. Is the promotion of green businesses part of your support to members? If yes, in what ways?

4. Has your organization engaged the banks/credit unions to lend for green business development? If yes describe the outcomes.

5. Have any of your member’s developed policies aimed at the establishment of green businesses? NB: Ask for any available copies.

6. Do you know if the green business policies focus on the goods/services to be provided or the internal operations of the company?

7. Can you name at least two organizations that have developed green business policies? X Running head 125

8. Reflect about the two organizations that you mentioned earlier have they started to implement the policies?

9. Has there been a shift towards green jobs by your members? If yes, are there any particular qualifications that are more in demand than others?

10. Are you aware of any best practices that have been identified by your members as they transitioned to green businesses?

11. Similarly, what are some of the challenges experienced by member organizations as they transitioned to green businesses?

12. Do you believe that organizations can maintain green business initiatives in the long-term?

13. Has your organization promoted green consumerism as a part of supporting sustainable development in your country? If yes, please share the details on this.

14. Where would you say the main motivation for greening the economy and for the development of green business is coming from- Government, business, consumers, citizens’ groups, international/ regional agencies (United Nations, Caribbean Development Bank etc., other (specify)? 126 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

D. Focus group discussion guide

The University of the West Indies Open Campus (The UWI Open Campus) in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) Caribbean Office is conducting a research project on the promotion of green business in Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia. The research will examine the following areas:

X Regulatory initiatives for green business;

X Existing green certification programmes by sector;

X Initiatives by the public and private sectors as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to promote green business;

X Progress made on business climate resilience (disaster preparedness and response); and

X Opportunities for greening all sectors.

You were identified as one of the stakeholders who could share information about the current status and plans related to the green business sector. The focus group discussion will take approximately one hour and fifteen minutes. Any information that you provide will be kept in strict confidence, your answers will not be linked to you in any way and your name will only be listed in the final report as one of the people who participated in the research. Please also note that we would like to record the focus group for use by the research team. Should you have any questions about the research, please feel free to contact Ms Nicole Hazel, Lead Researcher at [email protected], copying Dr Emily Dick-Forde, Project Coordinator at [email protected].

For the Facilitator: A limited number of questions from the interview guide may also be asked based on the composition of the group. For the Note-taker Only. Please note the following information:

X Number of males and females

X Organization(s)

X Sector(s) X Running head 127

Section One: Enabling Environment for Green Business— business strategies, policies and regulations 1. Has your Government developed and or enacted any policies aimed at environmental protection? If yes, in what areas?

2. Are there are laws that have been developed and or enacted that focus specifically on protecting the environment? If yes, what are some of the areas that the law focuses on. NB: Ask for a copy of the law.

3. Does your organization currently have a green business policy? What are the major areas of focus of the policy? NB: Ask for a copy of the policy.

4. Since the introduction of the policy, has this been readily accepted by the business community?

Section Two: Green Business Certification and Standards 1. Are you aware of any national or regional green business certification programmes? If yes, what are they and in what sectors? And which organization is responsible for the award of the certification identified?

2. Have any public or private organizations been awarded green business certification within the last five years?

3. Do you know about any non-governmental organizations that have been recognised for their work in environmental sustainability?

Section Three: Existing Institutions and their Initiatives on Green Business 1. Are you aware of any national or regional entities that have developed programmes aimed at the promotion of green businesses?

2. Similarly, are there any national or regional entities that provide technical or financial support for the execution of environmental and/or climate smart initiatives?

Section Four: Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors 1. What are some of the greatest impediments that are negatively impacting green business generation and development?

2. What are some of the recommended actions that you have for Government, businesses and or NGOs? 128 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

E. Online survey

The University of the West Indies Open Campus (The UWI Open Campus) in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) Caribbean Office is conducting a research project on the promotion of green business in Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia. The research will examine the following areas:

X Regulatory initiatives for green business;

X Existing green certification programmes by sector;

X Initiatives by the public and private sectors as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to promote green business;

X Progress made on business climate resilience (disaster preparedness and response); and

X Opportunities for greening all sectors.

You were identified as one of the stakeholders who could share information about the current status and plans related to the green business sector. The survey will take approximately 25 minutes to complete. Any information that you provide will be kept in strict confidence, your answers will not be linked to you in any way and your name will only be listed in the final report as one of the people who participated in the research. Should you have any questions about the research or require any technical support with the survey, please feel free to contact Ms Nicole Hazel, Lead Researcher at [email protected], copying Dr Emily Dick-Forde, Project Coordinator at [email protected]. X Running head 129

Section One: Profile of the Respondent

1. Please select your current country of residence. a. Dominica

b. Guyana

c. Saint Lucia

2. Which of the following categories best describes our organizational affiliation? a. Employer’s Organization

b. Chamber of Commerce

c. Private Enterprise

d. Government

e. Trade Union

f. Non-governmental organization

g. Regional/International Development Organization

h. Other ((Please specify) ) ______

3. What is your organization’s main sector of focus? One option maybe selected. a. Eco-tourism

b. Construction

c. Manufacturing

d. Retail

e. Financial services

f. Public services 130 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

g. Agriculture including organic food production

h. Beautification/management of green spaces

i. Renewable energy

j. Environmental services to other entities

k. Environmental education

l. Management and treatment of waste

m. Recycling

n. Water management

o. Transportation and logistics

p. Other (Please specify) ______

4. For respondents from private enterprises only. (SKIP TO BE INCLUDED) Which of the following categories best describes your business or employer? a. A micro enterprise (that is, an entity with less than 10 employees)

b. A small enterprise (that is, an entity with 10 to 49 employees)

c. A medium-sized enterprise (that is, an entity with 50 to 249 employees)

d. A large enterprise (that is, an entity with 250 employees or more)

5. How did you hear about this survey? a. I was contacted by a member of the research team

b. Through the employer’s organization in my country

c. Other (Please specify) ______X Running head 131

Section Two: Green Business Sector

6. What is a green business?

______

7. What is a green job?

______

8. Does your organization currently have a green business policy? a. Yes

b. No (SKIP TO BE INCLUDED)

c. I do not know (SKIP TO BE INCLUDED)

9. Since the introduction of the policy, has it been readily accepted within your organization? a. Yes

b. No

a. Please explain your response ______132 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

10. Which sector in your country lends itself most to the realization of a green business? a. Eco-tourism

b. Construction

c. Manufacturing

d. Retail

e. Financial services

f. Public services

g. Agriculture including organic food production

h. Beautification/management of green spaces

i. Renewable energy

j. Environmental services to other entities

k. Environmental education

l. Management and treatment of waste

m. Recycling

n. Water management

o. Transportation and logistics

p. Other (Please specify) ______

11. For representatives from employer’s organizations only. (SKIP TO BE INCLUDED). Did your organization provide support to members with the transition to green businesses in any of the following areas? Multiple options maybe selected. a. Conducted awareness seminars

b. Brought members together to facilitate the sharing of ideas and experiences

c. Provided technical support with the development of green business policies X Running head 133

d. Provided technical support with the introduction of environmental initiatives

e. Referred members to organizations that provide support to start-up green businesses

f. Other (Please specify) ______

12. What are the greatest impediments to green business development and or growth in your country? Multiple options maybe selected. a. A weak policy and legislative environment

b. Lack of know how about green business

c. Challenging accessing finance

d. Cultural attitudes about environmental issues

e. Limited customer demands

f. Insufficient national research about the green business sector

g. Other (Please specify) ______

13. In your opinion, what are the main motivations for business that are engaged in green business? Only one option maybe selected. a. Government laws and regulations

b. Corporate social responsibility

c. Pressure by international agencies

d. Changes in external market conditions

e. Generation of profits 134 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Section Three: Tools and approaches towards greening economic sectors

14. What tools do you believe would result in more sustainable practices for your business or organization? Multiple options may be selected. a. Carbon footprint calculators

b. Life cycle analysis applications

c. Energy auditing applications

d. Green business best practice guidelines

e. Green building guidelines and best practices

f. Other (Please specify) ______

15. Reflect on the answers that you provided for question 14, what are two possible challenges associated with introducing these tools? ______

16.Which of the following materials or equipment would result in more sustainable practices for your business or organization? Multiple options may be selected. a. Solar photovoltaics (PVs)

b. Solar water heaters

c. Energy efficient heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems X Running head 135

d. Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

e. Water saving fixtures

f. Energy efficient appliances

g. Natural building materials

h. Other (Please specify) ______

17. Reflect on the answers that you provided for question 16, what are two possible challenges associated with introducing these materials or equipment?

______

18. If provided with the necessary knowledge and support, are you prepared to embrace and utilise new tools and equipment which will be beneficial to green business? a. Yes

b. No

c. I do not know

136 X Green business case study — Dominica, Guyana and Saint Lucia

Section Four: Initiatives on Green Business

19. Has your organization benefitted from any of the following initiatives in support of green business development and innovation? Multiple options may be selected. a. Virgin Atlantic/Inter-American Development Bank/The University of the West Indies Climate Smart Accelerator

b. SIDS Dock Support Programme for Small Island Developing States

c. Green Climate Fund (GCF) financed climate smart projects

d. Build Back Better Initiative – United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) / Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

e. Green Globe Certification Programme as implemented in the hotel sector

f. Support by the Chinese Government for rebuilding climate resilience in Dominica

g. Dominica Solar Photovoltaic system at the Dominica Water and Sewerage Company Limited (DOWASCO) - Implemented by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (5Cs) Guyana REDD Investment Fund

h. Amerindian Development Fund (a partnership with the UNDP)

i. Micro and Small Enterprise Development (MSE) Project (An IDB partnership valued at US$5 million)

j. Guyana Transitioning to National Energy Security, Bartica as a Model Green Town Implemented - Implemented by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (5Cs)

k. Saint Lucia Solar Carport and Electric Vehicle Charging Station implemented by the Government of Saint Lucia

l. Saint Lucia Mobile Desalination Plant implemented by Karlis Noel a fisherman from the village of Laborie X Running head 137

m. Rainwater Harvesting Systems under the Disaster Risk Vulnerability Project (DRVP) in Saint Lucia

n. Other (Please specify) ______

20. Do you have any additional comments about green business in your country?

______

Thank you for completing this survey!